IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Software industry

2020-09-18T06:39:06Z

117.197.243.177:

{{Multiple issues|
{{globalize|date=December 2010}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2012}}
}}
The '''software industry''' includes businesses for [[software development|development]], [[software maintenance|maintenance]] and [[software publisher|publication]] of [[software]] that are using different business models, mainly either "license/maintenance based" (on-premises) or "[[Cloud computing|Cloud]] based" (such as [[SaaS]], [[PaaS]], [[IaaS]], MaaS, AaaS, etc.). The industry also includes [[software service]]s, such as [[training]], [[software documentation|documentation]], consulting and [[data recovery]] .

==History==
The word "software" was coined as a prank as early as 1953, but did not appear in print until the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |author= Paul Niquette |title= Softword: Provenance for the Word 'Software' |year= 1995 |url= http://www.niquette.com/books/softword/tocsoft.html }} adapted from ''Sophisticated: The Magazine'' {{ISBN|1-58922-233-4}}</ref> Before this time, computers were programmed either by customers, or the few commercial computer vendors of the time, such as [[UNIVAC]] and [[IBM]]. The first company founded to provide software products and services was [[Computer Usage Company]] in 1955.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Recollections of the first software company |author= Elmer C. Kubie |journal= [[Annals of the History of Computing]] |volume= 16 |issue= 2 |publisher= [[IEEE Computer Society]] |date= Summer 1994 |pages= 65–71 |doi= 10.1109/85.279238 }}</ref>

The software industry expanded in the early 1960s, almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities. Universities, government, and business customers created a demand for software. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers. Some were distributed freely between users of a particular machine for no charge. Others were done on a commercial basis, and other firms such as [[Computer Sciences Corporation]] (founded in 1959) started to grow. Other influential or typical software companies begun in the early 1960s included [[Advanced Computer Techniques]], [[Automatic Data Processing]], [[Applied Data Research]], and [[Informatics General]].<ref>{{cite book | title=From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog: A History of the Software Industry | url=https://archive.org/details/fromairlinereser00mart_0 | url-access=registration | first=Martin | last=Campbell-Kelly | authorlink=Martin Campbell-Kelly | publisher=MIT Press | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | year=2003 | page=[https://archive.org/details/fromairlinereser00mart_0/page/57 57]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=The Computer Establishment | first=Katharine Davis | last=Fishman | publisher= McGraw-Hill Book Company | location=New York | year=1981 | type=paperback 1982 | page=268}}</ref> The computer/[[Computer hardware|hardware]] makers started bundling [[operating systems]], [[systems software]] and programming environments with their machines.

When [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] (DEC) brought a relatively low-priced [[microcomputer]] to market, it brought computing within the reach of many more companies and universities worldwide, and it spawned great innovation in terms of new, powerful programming languages and methodologies. New software was built for microcomputers, so other manufacturers including IBM, followed DEC's example quickly, resulting in the [[IBM AS/400]] amongst others.

The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the [[personal computer]] ("PC") in the mid-1970s, which brought desktop computing to the office worker for the first time. In the following years, it also created a growing market for games, applications, and utilities. [[DOS]], [[Microsoft]]'s first [[operating system]] product, was the dominant operating system at the time.

In the early years of the 21st century, another successful [[business model]] has arisen for hosted software, called [[software-as-a-service]], or SaaS; this was at least the third time{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}} this model had been attempted. From the point of view of producers of some [[proprietary software]], SaaS reduces the concerns about [[Software copyright|unauthorized copying]], since it can only be accessed through the Web, and by definition no [[client software]] is loaded onto the end user's PC.

==Size of the industry==
According to industry analyst [[Gartner]], the size of the worldwide software industry in 2013 was US$407.3 billion, an increase of 4.8% over 2012. As in past years, the largest four software vendors were [[Microsoft]], [[Oracle Corporation]], [[IBM]], and [[SAP SE|SAP]] respectively.
<ref>{{cite news|title=Gartner Says Worldwide Software Market Grew 4.8 Percent in 2013
|url=http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2696317}}</ref>

==Mergers and acquisitions==
The software industry has been subject to a high degree of consolidation over the past couple of decades. Between 1995 and 2018 around 37,039 [[mergers and acquisitions]] have been announced with a total known value of US$1,166 bil. USD.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.arcstechnologies.com/|title=Web Development Partner | ARCS Solutions Private Ltd - built highly interactive and responsive website using cutting edge web technologies|access-date=2020-09-18|language=en-US}}</ref> The highest number and value of deals was set in 2000 during the high times of the [[dot-com bubble]] with 2,674 transactions valued at 105. bil. USD. In 2017, 2,547 deals were announced valued at $111 billion. Approaches to successfully acquire and integrate software companies are available. <ref>{{cite book |last=Popp |first=Karl Michael |title=Mergers and Acquisitions in the Software Industry - foundations of due diligence |year=2013 |publisher=Books on demand |location=Norderstedt |isbn=978-3-7322-4381-5 |url=http://mergerduediligence.com/ }}</ref>

==Business models within the software industry==
Business models of software companies have been widely discussed.<ref name="Karl2010">{{cite book
| title = Profit from Software Ecosystems: Business Models, Ecosystems and Partnerships in the Software Industry
| year = 2010
| publisher = BOD
| location = Norderstedt, Germany
| isbn = 3-8391-6983-6
| author = Karl M. Popp and Ralf Meyer}}</ref><ref name="cusumano">Cusumano M. (2003) Finding Your balance in the Products and Service Debate, Communications of the ACM. Vol. 46:3</ref> [[Network effect|Network effects]] in [[software ecosystem]]s, networks of companies, and their customers are an important element in the strategy of software companies.<ref>{{cite book
| title = Software Ecosystem: Understanding an Indispensable Technology and Industry
| year = 2003
| publisher = MIT Press
| location = Cambridge, MA, USA
| isbn = 0-262-13432-2
| author9 = David G. Messerschmitt and Clemens Szyperski}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Software engineering]]
* [[World's largest software companies]]
* [[Function point]]
* [[Software development effort estimation]]
* [[Comparison of development estimation software]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}

* {{cite web
|url = https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.en.html#SoftwareIndustry
|title = Software Industry
|work = Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing
|publisher = [[Free Software Foundation]]
|date = 2012-11-20
|accessdate = 2013-01-31
}}

{{Industries}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Software Industry}}
[[Category:Software industry| ]]

Software industry

2020-09-18T06:35:13Z

117.197.243.177:

{{Multiple issues|
{{globalize|date=December 2010}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2012}}
}}
The '''software industry''' includes businesses for [[software development|development]], [[software maintenance|maintenance]] and [[software publisher|publication]] of [[software]] that are using different business models, mainly either "license/maintenance based" (on-premises) or "[[Cloud computing|Cloud]] based" (such as [[SaaS]], [[PaaS]], [[IaaS]], MaaS, AaaS, etc.). The industry also includes [[software service]]s, such as [[training]], [[software documentation|documentation]], consulting and [[data recovery]] .

==History==
The word "software" was coined as a prank as early as 1953, but did not appear in print until the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |author= Paul Niquette |title= Softword: Provenance for the Word 'Software' |year= 1995 |url= http://www.niquette.com/books/softword/tocsoft.html }} adapted from ''Sophisticated: The Magazine'' {{ISBN|1-58922-233-4}}</ref> Before this time, computers were programmed either by customers, or the few commercial computer vendors of the time, such as [[UNIVAC]] and [[IBM]]. The first company founded to provide software products and services was [[Computer Usage Company]] in 1955.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Recollections of the first software company |author= Elmer C. Kubie |journal= [[Annals of the History of Computing]] |volume= 16 |issue= 2 |publisher= [[IEEE Computer Society]] |date= Summer 1994 |pages= 65–71 |doi= 10.1109/85.279238 }}</ref>

The software industry expanded in the early 1960s, almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities. Universities, government, and business customers created a demand for software. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers. Some were distributed freely between users of a particular machine for no charge. Others were done on a commercial basis, and other firms such as [[Computer Sciences Corporation]] (founded in 1959) started to grow. Other influential or typical software companies begun in the early 1960s included [[Advanced Computer Techniques]], [[Automatic Data Processing]], [[Applied Data Research]], and [[Informatics General]].<ref>{{cite book | title=From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog: A History of the Software Industry | url=https://archive.org/details/fromairlinereser00mart_0 | url-access=registration | first=Martin | last=Campbell-Kelly | authorlink=Martin Campbell-Kelly | publisher=MIT Press | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | year=2003 | page=[https://archive.org/details/fromairlinereser00mart_0/page/57 57]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=The Computer Establishment | first=Katharine Davis | last=Fishman | publisher= McGraw-Hill Book Company | location=New York | year=1981 | type=paperback 1982 | page=268}}</ref> The computer/[[Computer hardware|hardware]] makers started bundling [[operating systems]], [[systems software]] and programming environments with their machines.

When [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] (DEC) brought a relatively low-priced [[microcomputer]] to market, it brought computing within the reach of many more companies and universities worldwide, and it spawned great innovation in terms of new, powerful programming languages and methodologies. New software was built for microcomputers, so other manufacturers including IBM, followed DEC's example quickly, resulting in the [[IBM AS/400]] amongst others.

The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the [[personal computer]] ("PC") in the mid-1970s, which brought desktop computing to the office worker for the first time. In the following years, it also created a growing market for games, applications, and utilities. [[DOS]], [[Microsoft]]'s first [[operating system]] product, was the dominant operating system at the time.

In the early years of the 21st century, another successful [[business model]] has arisen for hosted software, called [[software-as-a-service]], or SaaS; this was at least the third time{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}} this model had been attempted. From the point of view of producers of some [[proprietary software]], SaaS reduces the concerns about [[Software copyright|unauthorized copying]], since it can only be accessed through the Web, and by definition no [[client software]] is loaded onto the end user's PC.

==Size of the industry==
According to industry analyst [[Gartner]], the size of the worldwide software industry in 2013 was US$407.3 billion, an increase of 4.8% over 2012. As in past years, the largest four software vendors were [[Microsoft]], [[Oracle Corporation]], [[IBM]], and [[SAP SE|SAP]] respectively.
<ref>{{cite news|title=Gartner Says Worldwide Software Market Grew 4.8 Percent in 2013
|url=http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2696317}}</ref>

==Mergers and acquisitions==
The software industry has been subject to a high degree of consolidation over the past couple of decades. Between 1995 and 2018 around 37,039 [[mergers and acquisitions]] have been announced with a total known value of US$1,166 bil. USD.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.arcstechnologies.com/|title=ARCS by Industries - Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA)|work=Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA)|access-date=2018-02-28|language=en-US}}</ref> The highest number and value of deals was set in 2000 during the high times of the [[dot-com bubble]] with 2,674 transactions valued at 105. bil. USD. In 2017, 2,547 deals were announced valued at $111 billion. Approaches to successfully acquire and integrate software companies are available. <ref>{{cite book |last=Popp |first=Karl Michael |title=Mergers and Acquisitions in the Software Industry - foundations of due diligence |year=2013 |publisher=Books on demand |location=Norderstedt |isbn=978-3-7322-4381-5 |url=http://mergerduediligence.com/ }}</ref>

==Business models within the software industry==
Business models of software companies have been widely discussed.<ref name="Karl2010">{{cite book
| title = Profit from Software Ecosystems: Business Models, Ecosystems and Partnerships in the Software Industry
| year = 2010
| publisher = BOD
| location = Norderstedt, Germany
| isbn = 3-8391-6983-6
| author = Karl M. Popp and Ralf Meyer}}</ref><ref name="cusumano">Cusumano M. (2003) Finding Your balance in the Products and Service Debate, Communications of the ACM. Vol. 46:3</ref> [[Network effect|Network effects]] in [[software ecosystem]]s, networks of companies, and their customers are an important element in the strategy of software companies.<ref>{{cite book
| title = Software Ecosystem: Understanding an Indispensable Technology and Industry
| year = 2003
| publisher = MIT Press
| location = Cambridge, MA, USA
| isbn = 0-262-13432-2
| author9 = David G. Messerschmitt and Clemens Szyperski}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Software engineering]]
* [[World's largest software companies]]
* [[Function point]]
* [[Software development effort estimation]]
* [[Comparison of development estimation software]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}

* {{cite web
|url = https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.en.html#SoftwareIndustry
|title = Software Industry
|work = Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing
|publisher = [[Free Software Foundation]]
|date = 2012-11-20
|accessdate = 2013-01-31
}}

{{Industries}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Software Industry}}
[[Category:Software industry| ]]

Archive:Data acquisition system

2009-03-22T16:36:15Z

117.197.52.241:

{{Confusing|date=December 2006}}

A '''data acquisition system''' is a device designed to measure and log some parameters. The purpose of the data acquisition system is generally the analysis of the logged data and the improvement of the object of measurements. The data acquisition system is normally electronics based, and it is made of hardware and software.
The hardware part is made of sensors, cables and electronics components (among which memory is where information are stored). The software part is made of the data acquisition logic and the analysis software (and some other utilities that can be used to configure the logic or to move data from data acquisition memory to a laptop or to a mainframe computer).
An example: [[Data logging]], carried out by a '''data acquisition system''' (DAS), can be used to measure parameters such as [[temperature]] and [[humidity]] in storage facilities with perishable products; the measurement data are then stored for analysis to improve quality assurance.
Another example: a '''data acquisition system''' can be placed on a race car to measure RPM and vehicle speed to analyze car's behaviour once it's back to pits and improve the car setup.

==Data logging systems==
Data logging systems consist of four elements:

#Measuring output ([[sensor]]s around the vehicle)
#Recording output signals (logger unit)
#Uploading/accessing recorded data ([[telemetry]])
#Analysis of recorded data. (DAQ [[software]])

The 4 elements above have specific requirements which need to physically present and included in the design process. Sensors to measure selected parameters must meet certain specifications, and the routing of the sensor [[cable]]s ensures they will not suffer from [[electromagnetic]] interference from other electronic systems. The DAQ unit (including [[memory]]) and the link from the DAQ unit to the operating platform to upload the acquired data via a [[hardwire]] cable or telemetry also must conform to requirements.

Most [[race car]]s use two types of telemetry. The first is sent to the [[engineer]]s in the pits every time the vehicle acquires more than 50[[megabyte|Mb]] of data, containing an insight into the state of the vehicle. The second is transferred each time the vehicle is in the [[pit stop|pit lane]], providing information on every part of the vehicle. With the most advanced telemetry, the data are sent constantly for analysis through a [[transmitter]] as long as a good connection is present usually through a hovering [[helicopter]] (not always possible in parts of certain [[raceways]] due to an [[overpass]] obstruction).

The [[operating platform]] acquisition system are broken into three generic categories, which are also interlinked due to system requirements and the complexity of major components (for example, a wheel [[speed]] sensor not only monitors the wheel speed but also the speed of the vehicle, location on the track and an input to [[traction]] and [[launch control (automotive)|launch control]] systems):

#'''[[Engine]]:''' [[Rev]]s per minute, fuel and [[oil]] pressure, water and oil temperature, [[turbo charger]] boost pressure, [[exhaust]] gas temperature, [[battery (electricity)|battery]] voltage, inlet air temperature and [[throttle]] position sensor.
#'''[[Chassis]]:''' Wheel speed, steering angle, [[lateral]] and [[longitudinal]] [[G-force]] (applied from braking and cornering), Brake line pressure, damper movement and gear position.
#*'''Advanced Chassis DAS''': Ride height, [[drive shaft]] or [[prop shaft]] [[torque]], [[Suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] loads, tyre pressure and compound temperature, and brake disk temperature. ''Optional'': [[aerodynamic]] parameters, including air speed and local air pressures.
#'''Driver:''' Both engine and chassis-related factors which are controlled by the driver, such as throttle position, gear position, steering angle and brake line pressure or directly controlled parameters such as engine revs per minute, speed and G-force.

The accurate information provided by telemetry sent by DAS in a practice run takes significant fine tuning, such as ensuring the correct [[gear ratio]]s are present according to track layout, or that the engine acceleration speed according to throttle position and sensitivity is set to the required conditions of a race. The engine control system will be programmed with suitable engine maps giving the driver more control of the throttle input. On a track with a large number of corners, the first part of pedal movement would be made very sensitive in order to effectively negotiate the course. On other courses, however, the vehicle might be required to come out of the [[chicanes]] and directly to peak power levels, thus less sensitivity required on the pedal.

The DAS during race time is monitored by engineers in the pit and [[automobile repair shop|garage]] area, who diagnose any faults which may occur. In this case, the DAS is used as an early warning system of potential mechanical failure, allowing the designers and material analysis team to easily distinguish the cause of the fault. This can result in a significant decrease of the danger to a driver.

Race strategists and engineers can use DAS with telemetry in real time for making more informed decisions pertaining to vehicle performance and driver technique. Information about other vehicles on the track can also be captured and added to the data analysis process. Total data from a motor sport event may exceed 80 gigs of storage space. A new technology born from Associate Systems research or artificial intelligence (AI) has increased the safety factor for spectators, drivers, and officials

A good example for critical data acquisition systems in motor sports can be taken from the [[2003 British Grand Prix]], when engineers in the pits observed the loss of pressure from one of Coulthards tyres. The DAS allowed the team to recall him from his practice, resolving the fault before a dangerous situation occurred, likely saving property and life.

“Formula 1 telemetry is the technological lifeblood of the sport, helping the drivers and engineers to better understand how a car functions and how they can optimise its set-up.”{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

Archive:Introduction to Functional Groups

2008-05-08T12:50:39Z

117.197.64.19: /* Alkene */

==Introduction==

Functional groups are groups of atoms within a molecule that affect its function. Some basic ones are listed below.

==Hydroxyl Group==
[[Image:Alcohol-(general)-skeletal.png|75px|thumb|right|Hydroxyl Group]]

The hydroxyl group is formed by attaching a [[oxygen]] and a [[hydrogen]] atom to a molecule. Both the bond from the molecule to the oxygen and the bond from the oxygen to the hydrogen are single bonds; thus hydroxyl groups are usually denoted R-O-H. (where O is oxygen, H is hydrogen, and R is the molecule the hydroxyl group is attached to)

An organic compound that contains a hydroxyl group is called an alcohol.

Reactions of alcohols is covered in Section 4.2

==Carbonyl Group==
[[Image:carbonyl-general.png|75px|thumb|right|Carbonyl group]]
The Carbonyl group is formed by attaching a oxygen to a [[carbon]] by a [[double bond]], then attaching that same carbon atom to a molecule. A carbonyl group is denoted X-C=O

==Carboxyl Group==
[[Image:Carboxylic-acid-skeletal.svg|thumb|80px|right|Carboxyl group]]
The carboxyl group is formed by starting with a carbonyl group , then attaching a hydroxyl group to the same carbon atom in the carbonyl group. Finally, the carboxyl group is added to a molecule. Because carbon has four [[bonding sites]], and three of them are taken up by the hydrogen and oxygen, the bond from the carbon to the molecule is a single bond. A carboxyl group is denoted X-COH=O

==Alkane==

Every organic structure is based on alkanes. They contain only carbon and hydrogen, which are only connected through single bonds (C-H or C-C). These bounds are quite stable, non-polar and therefore hydrophobic.

You can differ between linear, branched and cyclic alkanes.

-list of linear alkanes with names, structure and semistructure will follow

Molecular Formula of Alkene is :C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub>

==Alkyl==

==Aromatic==

==Haloalkane==

==Ether==

==Amine==

==Aldehyde==

==Ketone==

==Ester==

==Amide==

==Nitrile==