IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Archive:More about language

2007-12-23T17:49:00Z

12.154.188.5:

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[[Portal:Humanities|FACULTY FOR HUMANITIES]]'''
[[School:Art and Design|Art and Design]] ·
[[School:Classics|Classics]] ·
[[School:Comparative Mythology|Mythology]] ·
[[School:Law|Law]] ·
[[School:Language and Literature|Language and Literature]] ·
[[School:Music|Music]] ·
[[School:Philosophy|Philosophy]] ·
[[School:Theology|Theology]]

'''WELCOME TO THE SCHOOL OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
part of the Faculty for [[Portal:Humanities|Humanities]].
</center>

Hello and welcome to the Wikiversity School of Language and Literature. Here we share our knowledge of methods and ways of writing poetry and prose, and learn non US-English languages and explore their cultures, too. We also discuss many works of literature and literary epochs they belong to, as well as their historical development and the main characteristics by which they can be recognized.

Science that studies the structure of a language and its development is called ''[[w:linguistics|linguistics]]''. Wikiversity's [[School:Linguistics|School of Linguistics]] is part of the Faculty of [[Portal:Social Sciences|Social Sciences]].

==School news and current events==
[[Image:Nuvola apps date.png|right|44px|News]]
* Looking for contributors.
*'''12 April 2007:''' - A new school has been founded: '''[[Topic:Klingon|Klingon Language Department]]'''.

==School history==

The School of Literature and English Studies was founded within the Wikiversity's Department of Humanities on 15 July 2004, in the time when Wikiversity was still part of the [[:b:|Wikibooks]] project. Eventually, it became one of the most developed of Wikiversity's schools.

On 30 March 2005, the School of Foreign Language Learning was founded within the Department of Practical Arts and Sciences, though it failed to organize or function adequately.

Soon after the Wikiversity became a separate Wikimedia project, these two schools were merged together, creating the School of Language and Literature, as part of the Faculty of Humanities.

==Departments and divisions==
*[[School:Linguistics|School of Linguistics]]
*[[Topic:Literary Studies|Literary Studies Department]]
*[[Topic:English Language|English Studies Department]]
*[[Topic:Literary Studies|Literary studies]]
*[[Topic:Foreign Language Learning|Foreign language learning]]
*[[Topic:English Language|English language]]
*[[Portal:Writing Center|Writing]]
*[[Topic:History of literature|History]]
*[[Topic:Arabic|Arabic]]
*[[Portal:Slavistics|Slavic]]
*[[Topic:French|French]]
*[[Brythonic Celtic Languages Division]]
**[[Topic:Cornish|The Cornish Language]]
*[[Topic:German|German]]
*[[Topic:Hebrew|Hebrew]]
*[[Topic:Italian|Italian]]
*[[Topic:Klingon|Klingon]]
*[[Topic:Tolkien Languages|Tolkien]]
*[[Topic:Southeast Asian Languages|Southeast Asian Languages]]
*[[20th Century British Novel|British novel]]
*[[20th Century British Poetry|British poetry]]
*[[20th Century American Poetry|American poetry]]
*[[School:Language and Literature/Catalogue|List of all projects and courses offered]]

==Learning resources==
==Wikiversity language courses==
* [[Introduction to Russian]]
* [[Introduction to Sanskrit Language]] (stub)
* [[Introduction to Swedish]]
** [[Common phrases in Swedish]]
* [[Mandarin]]
* [[Latin stream]]
* [[Introduction to Arabic]]
* [[Introduction to Finnish]]
* [[Introduction to Filipino]]
* [[Introduction to Italian]]
* [[Introduction to the Dutch Language]]
* [[Introductory Ancient Greek Language]]
* [[Japanese_I/Vocabulary/Question_words|Japanese question words]]
* [[Portuguese Alphabet]]
* [[Rules of Esperanto grammar]]
* [[Russian language]]
* [[Spanish]]
* [[ESL for Primary School]]
* [[Introductory Esperanto]]
* [[Learning the Basics of French]]
* [[Introductory Korean]]
* [[Korean writing system]]
* [[Aztec language]]
* [[Maya language]]
* [[Kernewek Onan]]

===Wikibooks===
*[[b:Wikibooks:Language and literature bookshelf|Books about language and literature]]
*[[b:Wikibooks:Languages bookshelf|Textbooks for learning languages]]
*[[b:Wikibooks:Humanities bookshelf|Humanities bookshelf]]
*[[b:Wikibooks:Social sciences bookshelf|Social sciences bookshelf]]

==Did you know...==
*...that '''[[Old English]]''' is grammatically closer to modern German than to modern English?
*...that '''[[Topic:Slavistics|Slavonic languages]]''' are mutually more similar than the German dialects?
*...that '''[[John Ronald Reuel Tolkien]]''', author of ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Hobbit'', has highly influenced later fictional literature worldwide? And did you know that he was also a great expert in languages, and that he has created about twenty artificial languages himself?
*...that '''[[Esperanto]]''' is the most famous among many artificial languages? It is an auxiliary language created by Polish doctor Zamenhof, whose pseudonym was ''doctor Esperanto''.
*...that '''[[Tamil]]''' is the oldest surviving language in the world, still spoken in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.

==Selected biography==
[[Image:VukKaradzic.jpg|right|100px|Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]] '''Vuk Stefanović Karadžić''' (1787-1864) was one the most prominent Serbian linguists. He reformed the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by applying the principles ''one letter per one sound'' and ''write as you speak'', and realized the idea of introducing the spoken language into the Serbian literature. He was collecting and publishing Serbian folk stories and poems. His major books were ''Serbian Dictionary'' and ''Serbian Grammar'', both published together in 1818, in which he for first time used the reformed alphabet. Although there were some opponents of Vuk's language reform, his principles were finally accepted and realized in Serbian literature and linguistics. Vuk's language was a base upon which the modern Serbian standard language was developed.

:'''[[:w:Vuk Stefanović Karadžić|read more...]]'''

==Notable quotes==
"Language is guardian of a nation. As long as the language exists, as long as we keep it, love it, and respect it, as long as we write in it and speak it; the nation exists as well, and it doesn't flow over into another one, nor it will disappear." 
— ''Vuk St. Karadzic, Serbian slavicist''

==See also==
*[[School:Linguistics|School of Linguistics]]
*[[School:Classics|School of Classics]]
*[[Portal:Humanities|Humanities Portal]]
*[[Portal:Social Sciences|Social Sciences Portal]]
*[[Portal:Writing Center|Wikiversity's Writing Center]]



[[Category:Language and Literature|*]]
[[Category:Wikiversity schools]]

Yogi Tea

2007-07-24T14:52:34Z

12.154.213.62:

{{Unreferenced|date=March 2007}}
[[Image:Yogi Tea1.JPG|thumb|Yogi Tea]]
'''Yogi Tea''' is the name of a range of [[herbal tea]]s manufactured by the [[Golden Temple Company]] in [[Eugene, Oregon]]. The recipes use [[cardamom|cardamom seed]], [[cinnamon|cinnamon bark]], [[clove|clove bud]], [[ginger root]] and [[black pepper]] as the basic ingredients, and the packaging informs that the recipes were formulated along the principles of [[ayurvedic medicine]].

==History==
The Yogi Tea Company was founded in 1982 as an outgrowth of the Golden Temple Vegetarian Restaurant in West Hollywood, California. Restaurant would prepare a blend of tea containing cinnamon, cardamom, cloves, ginger and black pepper (the basic ingredients found in [[chai]] a popular south-Asian tea) which the Bhajan's yoga students and Restaurant devotees dubbed “Yogi tea”. The tea was so popular at Golden Temple Vegetarian Restaurant that they started packaging it.

Over time the company introduced new blends and lines, such as Healing Formula teas in 1991. Also in 1991, the company started making its teas from organic ingredients. The company eventually expanded from [[herbal tea]]s to include blends of [[black tea|black]] and [[green tea|green]] teas, too.

Since 2000, the boxes have featured illustrations by Seva Kaur. The illustrations are based on a devotional poem or prayer found on the inside of the box. The illustrations found on the Chai, Woman's, and Exotic Teas, are done by Latvian artist Anita Kreituse. The boxes use vegetable based inks and dyes, and non-irradiated recycled carton materials.

==Product==

==External links==

*[http://www.yogitea.nl/ Yogi Tea Europe]

[[Category:Tea brands]]
[[de:Yogi-Tee]]

Yogi Tea

2007-07-23T21:15:31Z

12.154.213.62: ←Blanked the page

Precipitation (chemistry)

2006-09-20T19:06:21Z

12.154.53.15: evaporation is a physical reaction not a chemical reaction

: ''"Precipitate" redirects here, for the [[Interpol (band)|Interpol]] [[Extended play|EP]] see [[Precipitate (EP)]].''

'''Precipitation''' is the formation of a [[solid]] in a [[solution]] during a [[physical reaction]], such as evaporation. A substance that causes precipitation when it is added to a solution is called a '''precipitant'''. This can occur when an insoluble substance is formed in the solution due to a reaction or when the solution has been [[supersaturated]] by a compound. In most situations, the solid forms ("falls") out of the solute phase, and sinks to the bottom of the solution (though it will float if it is less dense than the solvent, or form a [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]).

This effect is useful in many industrial and scientific applications whereby a chemical reaction may produce a solid that can be collected from the solution by various methods (e.g. filtration, decanting, centrifuging). Precipitation from a [[solid solution]] is also a useful way to [[precipitation strengthening|strengthen]] [[alloy]]s.

An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of [[nucleation]]. The creation of a hypothetical solid particle includes the formation of an interface, which requires some energy based on the relative [[surface energy]] of the solid and the solution. If this energy is not available, and no suitable nucleation surface is available, [[supersaturation]] occurs.

An example of a precipitation reaction: Aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO3) is added to a solution containing potassium chloride (KCl) and the precipitation of a white solid, silver chloride is observed. (Zumdahl, 2005)
AgNO3(aqueous) + KCl(aqueous) ---> AgCl(solid) + KNO3(aqueous)
The silver chloride(AgCl) has formed a solid, which is observed as a precipitate.

This reaction can be written emphasizing the dissociated ions in a combined solution
Ag+, NO3-, K+, Cl- ---> AgCl(solid), K+, NO3-

==Cation sensitivity==
Precipitate formation is useful in the detection of the type of [[cation]] in an unknown [[salt]]. To do this, an [[alkali]] first reacts with the unknown salt to produce a precipitate which is the hydroxide of the unknown salt.

To identify the cation, the colour of the precipitate and its solubility in excess are noted.

Similar processes are often used to separate chemically similar elements, such as the [[rare earth]] metals.

==Reference==

Zumdahl, Steven S. ''Chemical Principles.'' 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.

==External links==
* http://www.hci.edu.sg/~limth/lessons/2002/qa/cations.htm

[[Category:Chemical processes]]

[[de:Fällungsreaktion]]
[[es:Precipitado]]
[[fr:Précipité]]
[[nl:Neerslag (scheikunde)]]
[[ja:沈殿]]
[[ru:Преципитат (химия)]]
[[sv:Fällningsreaktion]]
[[zh:沉淀]]