IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

The Cookbook/Naan Bread

2009-03-13T14:33:23Z

124.186.128.15:

{{recipesummary|Flatbread recipes|4|2 hours|3|Image=[[Image:Naan shiva.jpg|Naan|200px]]}}
{{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Pakistan|Pakistani Cuisine]] | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of India|Indian Cuisine]]

'''Naan''' is a round [[Cookbook:Flatbread|flatbread]] made with white [[Cookbook:Flour|flour]] and is a staple accompaniment to hot meals in central and southern Asia.

==Ingredients==
To make approximately 4 large naan breads:
* 3 [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] (450g) plain [[Cookbook:Flour|flour]]
* 1 cup (240ml) [[Cookbook:Yogurt|yogurt]]
* 1 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|teaspoon]] [[Cookbook:Baking Soda|baking soda]]
* 2 teaspoons [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]]
* 3/4 cup (180ml) water

==Procedure==
# [[Cookbook:Knead|Knead]] the dough by combining all the ingredients and sufficient water (this will be approximately 3/4 cup but some judgement is required).
# Wrap the dough in a damp muslin cloth and leave it to rise for 2-3 hours.
# Divide the dough into small balls.
# Roll out the balls in oblong or round shape with a rolling pin or by slapping and stretching with your hands.
# Smear the surface with water and bake in a tandoor or preheated oven (as hot as your oven will go).
# The naans should puff up a little, and be ready to remove from the oven in 4 to 5 minutes.
# Brush the naan with butter. Serve hot.

==Alternative Recipe Ingredients==
* 1 tsp dried active yeast
* 1 tsp sugar
* 200g/7oz white bread flour
* pinch black onion seeds (nigella seeds)
* ¼ tsp salt
* ½ tsp baking powder
* 1 tbsp vegetable oil
* 2 tbsp natural yoghurt
* 2 tbsp milk

==Alternative Recipe Procedure==
# Preheat the oven to 140C/275F/Gas 1.
# In a small bowl, mix the yeast with one tablespoon of warm water. Stir in the sugar and leave it in a warm place for five minutes until the yeast is covered with froth. This will show that the yeast is ready to use.
# Mix together the flour, onion seeds, salt and baking powder. Stir in the oil, yoghurt and milk, then stir in the activated yeast mixture.
# To knead the dough, clench your hand into a fist, wet your knuckles with a little water, then press them repeatedly into the dough. Continue pressing and kneading until you have a soft, pliable dough. It should take about 10 minutes. Leave to rest for 10 minutes and then knead again for another 5 minutes.
# Place the dough in a mixing bowl, cover it with cling film and leave it in a warm place to rise for 20-30 minutes.
# Divide the dough into four balls and place on a floured surface or board. Roll each into a long oval shape about 0.5cm (¼ inch) thick.
# Place them on a greased baking tray and put them in the centre of the oven for 10-15 minutes. They are ready when they have puffed up a little. Serve fresh from the oven.

==Notes, tips and variations==
{{wikipedia}}
* To add an extra crispy finish, pop the baked naans under a preheated grill for 30 seconds before brushing with butter and serving.
* To add extra flavour, consider adding finely chopped garlic and coriander to the butter you brush over your cooked naan breads. Then return them to the oven (or place under a grill) for a short time to cook the garlic.

[[Category:Flatbread recipes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Pakistani recipes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Indian recipes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Recipes with images|{{PAGENAME}}]]

Software industry

2007-06-06T09:39:44Z

124.186.63.162:

{{globalize}}
{{Expand|date=January 2007}}

[[Image:Packagedsoftwareatretail.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Starting in the 1980s, application software has been sold in mass-produced packages through retailers]]

The '''software industry''' comprises of businesses involved in the [[software development|development]], maintenance and [[software publisher|publication]] of [[computer software]]. The software industry started in the mid-1970s at the time of the personal computer revolution. The industry also includes software [[service]]s, such as training and consultancy. '''Mathew Simpson, a 16 year old male who attends St Johns is totally queer,''' '''he''' '''likes to lick a guys butt!''' The largest and most profitable of software companies are located in the [[United States]]. As of 2006, the software industry is dominated by [[Microsoft]]. [[Software Magazine]]'s 500 list in 2005 shows the total amount of revenue brought in by software companies per locale, with the highest being [[California]] due to [[Silicon Valley]] and the amount of [[Fortune 500]] software companies residing in that area. <ref>[http://www.softwaremag.com/SW500/index.cfm?StartRow=1&RowsPer=50&BusCat_Search=&PrimBus_Search=&PrimBusCat_Search=&RankSort=ASC&CompSort=&trk=n&id=5 Software Magazine 500] (2005)</ref>

== Overview ==
There are mainly two types of businesses in the software industry; those developing [[proprietary]] software such as [[Microsoft]], and those developing [[open source]] software. Developing proprietary software is costly and involves software licensing and the need to protect the software from [[cracking]] and [[piracy]].

The main financial return on open source comes from selling services, such as training and support, rather than the software itself. Many contributors to open source software (especially those developing software tools) also feel that there is a significant long-term return in the form of improved resources and capabilities within the software industry. Despite doing much business in properietary software, some companies like [[Sun Microsystems]] and [[IBM]] participate in developing free and open source software to deter from [[monopoly|monopolies]] and take a portion of their [[market share]]. [[Netscape]]'s actions are an example of this, and thus [[Firefox]] has become more popular.

== Practices ==

=== Freeware ===
[[Freeware]] is [[copyright]]ed computer [[software]] which is made available for use free of charge, for an unlimited time, as opposed to [[shareware]] where the user is required to pay (e.g. after some trial period or for additional functionality). Authors of freeware often want to "give something to the community", but also want credit for their software and to retain control of its future development. Sometimes when programmers decide to stop developing a freeware product, they will give the source code to another programmer or release the product's source code to the public as [[free software]].

=== Shareware===
[[Shareware]] is a [[marketing]] method for [[computer software]]. Shareware software is typically obtained free of charge, either by downloading from the Internet or on magazine cover-disks. A user tries out the program, and thus shareware has also been known as "try before you buy". A shareware program is accompanied by a request for payment, and the software's distribution license often requires such a payment.

=== Open source ===
[[Open source]] describes the principles and methodologies to promote open access to the '''production''' and '''design''' process for various goods, products, resources and technical [[conclusions]] or advice. The term is most commonly applied to the [[source code]] of [[software]] that is made available to the general public with either relaxed or non-existent [[intellectual property]] restrictions. This allows users to create [[user generated content|user-generated software content]] through either incremental individual effort, or [[collaboration]].

=== Commercial ===
Commercial software is [[computer software]] sold for [[commerce|commercial]] purposes or that serves commercial purposes. Commercial software is most often [[proprietary software]], but [[free software]] is also used as commercial software.<ref>[[Free Software Foundation]]. ''Categories of Free and Non-Free Software''.[http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html]</ref> All or parts of software packages and services that support commerce are increasingly made available as [[free software]], including products from [[RedHat]], [[Apple Computer]], [[Sun Microsystems]], and [[Google]]. The [[Microsoft Corporation]] uses "commercial software", rather than "proprietary software", to describe their [[business model]].<ref>http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/craig/05-03sharedsource.mspx</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Software]]
* [[Software development]]
* [[Software publisher]]
* [[Software engineering]]
* [[Software engineering economics]]

== References ==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

== External links ==
* [http://www.sao.org/ Software Association of Oregon website]
* [http://www.siprofessionals.org/ Software Industry Professionals website]
* [http://www.siia.net/ Software and Information Industry Association website]
* [http://www.softwaremag.com/ Software Magazine website]

[[Category:Industries]]
[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:Information technology]]

{{software-stub}}
{{business-stub}}

[[es:Industria del software]]

Software industry

2007-06-06T09:38:53Z

124.186.63.162:

{{globalize}}
{{Expand|date=January 2007}}

[[Image:Packagedsoftwareatretail.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Starting in the 1980s, application software has been sold in mass-produced packages through retailers]]

The '''software industry''' comprises of businesses involved in the [[software development|development]], maintenance and [[software publisher|publication]] of [[computer software]]. The software industry started in the mid-1970s at the time of the personal computer revolution. The industry also includes software [[service]]s, such as training and consultancy. '''Mathew Simpson, a 16 year old male who attends St Johns is totally queer,''' '''he''' '''likes''' '''Bold text'''to lick a guys butt! The largest and most profitable of software companies are located in the [[United States]]. As of 2006, the software industry is dominated by [[Microsoft]]. [[Software Magazine]]'s 500 list in 2005 shows the total amount of revenue brought in by software companies per locale, with the highest being [[California]] due to [[Silicon Valley]] and the amount of [[Fortune 500]] software companies residing in that area. <ref>[http://www.softwaremag.com/SW500/index.cfm?StartRow=1&RowsPer=50&BusCat_Search=&PrimBus_Search=&PrimBusCat_Search=&RankSort=ASC&CompSort=&trk=n&id=5 Software Magazine 500] (2005)</ref>

== Overview ==
There are mainly two types of businesses in the software industry; those developing [[proprietary]] software such as [[Microsoft]], and those developing [[open source]] software. Developing proprietary software is costly and involves software licensing and the need to protect the software from [[cracking]] and [[piracy]].

The main financial return on open source comes from selling services, such as training and support, rather than the software itself. Many contributors to open source software (especially those developing software tools) also feel that there is a significant long-term return in the form of improved resources and capabilities within the software industry. Despite doing much business in properietary software, some companies like [[Sun Microsystems]] and [[IBM]] participate in developing free and open source software to deter from [[monopoly|monopolies]] and take a portion of their [[market share]]. [[Netscape]]'s actions are an example of this, and thus [[Firefox]] has become more popular.

== Practices ==

=== Freeware ===
[[Freeware]] is [[copyright]]ed computer [[software]] which is made available for use free of charge, for an unlimited time, as opposed to [[shareware]] where the user is required to pay (e.g. after some trial period or for additional functionality). Authors of freeware often want to "give something to the community", but also want credit for their software and to retain control of its future development. Sometimes when programmers decide to stop developing a freeware product, they will give the source code to another programmer or release the product's source code to the public as [[free software]].

=== Shareware===
[[Shareware]] is a [[marketing]] method for [[computer software]]. Shareware software is typically obtained free of charge, either by downloading from the Internet or on magazine cover-disks. A user tries out the program, and thus shareware has also been known as "try before you buy". A shareware program is accompanied by a request for payment, and the software's distribution license often requires such a payment.

=== Open source ===
[[Open source]] describes the principles and methodologies to promote open access to the '''production''' and '''design''' process for various goods, products, resources and technical [[conclusions]] or advice. The term is most commonly applied to the [[source code]] of [[software]] that is made available to the general public with either relaxed or non-existent [[intellectual property]] restrictions. This allows users to create [[user generated content|user-generated software content]] through either incremental individual effort, or [[collaboration]].

=== Commercial ===
Commercial software is [[computer software]] sold for [[commerce|commercial]] purposes or that serves commercial purposes. Commercial software is most often [[proprietary software]], but [[free software]] is also used as commercial software.<ref>[[Free Software Foundation]]. ''Categories of Free and Non-Free Software''.[http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html]</ref> All or parts of software packages and services that support commerce are increasingly made available as [[free software]], including products from [[RedHat]], [[Apple Computer]], [[Sun Microsystems]], and [[Google]]. The [[Microsoft Corporation]] uses "commercial software", rather than "proprietary software", to describe their [[business model]].<ref>http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/craig/05-03sharedsource.mspx</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Software]]
* [[Software development]]
* [[Software publisher]]
* [[Software engineering]]
* [[Software engineering economics]]

== References ==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

== External links ==
* [http://www.sao.org/ Software Association of Oregon website]
* [http://www.siprofessionals.org/ Software Industry Professionals website]
* [http://www.siia.net/ Software and Information Industry Association website]
* [http://www.softwaremag.com/ Software Magazine website]

[[Category:Industries]]
[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:Information technology]]

{{software-stub}}
{{business-stub}}

[[es:Industria del software]]