IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Archive:Center for the Advancement of Capitalism

2008-05-29T07:40:56Z

125.237.76.222: added former name

The '''Center for the Advancement of Capitalism''' (formerly the Center for the Moral Defense of Capitalism) is a public policy group organized in 1998 with the mission of presenting analyses to policymakers, the judiciary, and the public to assist in the identification and protection of the [[individual rights]] of the American people. CAC applies [[Ayn Rand]]'s philosophy of [[Objectivist philosophy|Objectivism]] to contemporary public policy issues, and provides empirical studies and theoretical commentaries on the impact of legal and regulatory institutions upon the rights of American citizens.

==See also==
* [[List of think tanks]]

==External links==
* [http://www.capitalismcenter.org/ The Center for the Advancement of Capitalism]

[[Category:Objectivism]]
[[Category:Political and economic think tanks]]

Principles of Marketing

2008-05-09T01:09:00Z

125.237.249.89: /* Product Management */

Welcome to Principles of Marketing, a recommended prerequisite for many business majors.

Marketing as defined by www.dictionary.reference.com is "the total of activities involved in the transfer of goods from the producer or seller to the consumer or buyer, including advertising, shipping, storing, and selling."
:An alternate definition paraphrased from memory of an introductory business text is: <b>Marketing</b> is all activities conducted to prepare for sales. <b>Sales</b> is all activities required to close the deal. Shipping and customer satisfaction would be included in sales to avoid the customer from reversing or unclosing the deal.

Thus Marketing can be categorized as a branch of business as well as a social science. We buy goods (thus becoming the buyer/consumer) from a vendor (or producer/seller), creating a transaction. In the past, marketing involved traveling salesmen, while in modern times, marketing is more likely to involve television, the internet, and other forms of media bombardment.

As we progress in this age of technology it is vital for us to understand marketing and its place in the world. Understanding and applying the principles will be beneficial to the businessperson and the layperson.

== Marketing Management Process ==
This consists of:
*analyzing market opportunities,
*selecting target markets,
*designing marketing strategies,
*planning marketing programs,
*organizing, implementing and controlling the marketing effort.

#''Analyzing marketing opportunities''
#*Defining the market
#*Consumer assessment
#*Environmental assessment
#*Company resource assessment
#*Demand analysis and sales forecast
#''Identifying Market Segments and Selecting Target Markets''
#*Marketers set priorities for business opportunities, concentrating on market segments within which they expect to achieve the best overall economic return from their product or service. Market segmentation and target marketing are the processes used to isolate these opportunities. Market segmentation is the process of grouping customers based on their similarities
#*Market segmentation allows a company to:
#**Understand the different behavioral patterns and decision-making processes of different group of consumers
#**Select the most attractive segments or customers the company should target
#**Develop a strategy to target the selected segments based on their behavior
#''Developing marketing strategies''
#*Positioning
#*Develop new product, test and launch
#*Modification in the stages of product life cycle
#*Strategy choice depends on the strategy pursued by the firm
#*Consider changing global opportunities and challenges
#''Planning marketing programs''
#*Transforming strategy into programs
#*Managing Product Lines, Brands, and Packaging
#*Managing Service Businesses and Ancillary Services
#*Designing Pricing Strategies and Programs
#*Selecting and Managing Marketing Channels
#*Managing Retailing, Wholesaling, and Physical-Distribution Systems
#*Designing Communication and Promotion Mix Strategies
#*Designing Effective Advertising Programs
#*Designing Direct-Marketing, Sales-Promotion, and Public-Relations Programs
#*Managing the Sales force
#''Managing marketing efforts''
#*Organizing resources
#*Implementation
#*Control - Annual control, Profitability control, Strategic control

== Product Management ==

Product development: means offering new or improved products for present market. By knowing what the present markets needs, a firm may see ways to add or modify product features, create several quality levels, or add more types or sizes to better satisfy customers.

== The Product Life Cycle ==

Understanding the product life cycle is key to understanding how to market a product. Many marketing campaigns are won and lost because of knowledge of the product life cycle. If understood, the product life cycle will tell you how to market a product and how much money to spend.

The product life cycle is divided into four parts; introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. These parts of the cycle follow a the curve you would normally expect, a long slow initial acceptance, a period of rapid growth, a long length of time where the product has fully saturated the market, and its eventual decline in obsolescence.

The introduction phase of the product life cycle is the easiest to market, but the most resource and cost intensive. The target market is the early adopter. The problem is the early adopter is the most difficult consumer to convince. The early adopter seeks status. They crave new products, not because of usefulness, but sexiness. They want to feel this product they are buying into will bring them some amount of prestige among their constituents.

The question then is, how do you market to them? Ad and event intensive sales are probably the most useful. Ads should focus less on the feature-benefits and more on the emotional aspect a product. Once company that makes this distinction very clear in their advertisements is Apple Computers. When advertising for their personal computing products, they use the PC and Mac ads. They are entertaining and grab you attention, but focus mainly on the feature-benefit aspects of a product. The iPhone ads are very low on feature-benefits and high on the coolness factor.

Growth is the period when everyone knows your product, but they aren't sure if they want to use it or not. Here it is important to stop focusing on the coolness of a product, and start focusing on the features and benefits of a product. At this point, the early adopters have shown the world how cool the product is and how cool they are for having one. The rest of you market wants to know why it is they should get one. If they don't see a real benefit, then they will move on to the next product.

Maturity is the least expensive segment of a product's life cycle. When a product has generally been accepted, and the market has reached its final penetration, it has reached this point. Your marketing techniques should focus on maintaining customers and customer satisfaction. Your advertisements can focus on what you can do for them while they keep using you product.

Decline is the most difficult segment for most companies. Decline requires a lot of soul searching. If a company continues in the status quo, the product will decline and the company will continue to spend money on it. This is the recipe for disaster. A company has one of two paths it can take. Either, you can rebuild the product, or you must discontinue the product.

If the company wishes to revitalize a product, it usually does so in one of two ways. The first is nostalgia marketing. You remind the consumer about the product and that it was always their. The second, is to refresh the product. You can create new promotional material, new packaging, new advertising or new features.

The process of rebuilding a products market is often not feasible because of obsolescence. If this is the case, the company shouldn't just discontinue the product and leave the customer hanging. A well designed marketing plan should inform customers of the end of the products life cycle, and move them onto another of the companies replacement products.

== New Product Development ==

Every company must develop new products. New products development shapes the company’s future. A company can add new products through acquisition or development.

The acquisition route can take three forms:-
*the company can buy other companies
*it can acquire patents from other companies
*it can buy a license or franchise from another company

The development route can take two forms:
*the company can develop new products in its own laboratories; or
*it can contract with independent researchers or new-product development firms to develop specific new products.

Competition is strong and dynamic in most markets. So it essential for a firm to keep developing new products-as well as modifying its current products-to meet changing customer needs and competitors’ actions.

Booz, Allen and Hamilton have identified six categories of new products:-
1. New-to-the world products
2. New-product lines. New products that allow a company to enter an establishment market for the first time.
3. Additional to existing product lines: New products that supplement a company’s established product lines (package sizes, flavor and so on.)
4. Improvements and revisions of existing products: New products that provide improved performance or greater perceived value and replace existing products.
5. Repositioning existing products that are targeted to new markets or market segmentation.
6. Cost reduction: new products that provide similar performance at lower cost

An Organized New-Product Development Process is Critical
Identifying and developing new-product ideas and effective strategies to go with them is often the key to a firm’s success and survival. New-product development demands effort, time and talent-and still the risks and costs of failure are high.

A new product may fail for many reasons. Most often, companies fail to offer a unique benefit or underestimate the competition.
Specific reasons are:
• A high-level executive pushes a favorite idea thru’ in spite of negative market research findings.
• The idea is good but the market size is over-estimated.
• The product is not well designed.
• The product is incorrectly positioned in the market, not advertised effectively or over-priced.
• Development costs are higher than expected.
• Competitors fight back harder than expected.

Several other factors hinder new-product development
• Shortage of important ideas in certain areas.
• Fragmented markets
• Social and governmental constraints.
• Costliness of the development process.
• Capital shortages
• Faster required development time
• Shorter product life cycle

===New Product Development Process===

1. Idea Generation- is the idea worth considering?
Ideas might come from Internal sources: R & D, top mgt’ employees; External sources: Customers, competitors, distributors, suppliers, research institutes

2. Idea Screening- Is the product idea compatible with company objectives, strategies?
Strength and weaknesses, Fit with objectives, Market trends, Rough ROI (Return on Investment) estimate
Ideas are evaluated against criteria; most are eliminated.
Errors: A GO-Error
A DROP-Error

3. Concept development and testing-Can we find a good concept for the product that consumers say they would try?
Concept: who will use the product? What primary benefit should the product provide? When will people consume?
Concept testing is the way of testing new product concepts with a group of target consumers to find out if the concepts have strong consumer appeal. It can be presented symbolically or physically. Nowadays are designed and developed in a computer
Obtain: Reactions from customers, Rough estimates of cost, sales and profits

4. Marketing strategy development-can we find a cost-effective, affordable marketing strategy?
Preliminary market strategy plan describe:
• The target market, product positioning, and sales, share, and profit goals for the first few years.
• Product price, distribution, and marketing budget for the first year.
• Long-run sales and profit goals and the marketing mix strategy.

5. Business Analysis
Evaluating proposal’s business attractiveness - Will this product meet our profit goal? Management prepares sales, cost, and profit projections. As new information comes in, the analysis will undergo revision and expansion

6. Product development
R&D or reengineering – developing physical product
Prototype development and testing

7. Market testing
Not all companies undertake market testing. New-to the market products, high risk, high investment cost influence market testing.

Questions: have product sales met expectations? Or should we send the idea back for product development (stage 6)? how much market testing should be done, and what kind(s)? How many test cities? Which cities? Length of test? What information? What action to take?

8. Commercialization-Are product sales meeting expectations?
Contracting for manufacture or build or rent a full-scale manufacturing facility.
The company launching a new product must first decide on introduction timing, geographic strategy, target market prospects and introductory market strategy.
When? (introduction timing)
– First entry
– Parallel entry
– Late entry
Where? (geographic strategy)
– single location,
– a region,
– the national market or
– the international market.
To Whom? (target market prospects)
– Determining initial distribution and promotion
– Early adopters, heavy users and opinion leaders
How? (introductory market strategy)
– Developing action plan for introducing the product
– Critical path scheduling (CPS) can be used

'''MANAGING PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE'''
Stages in Product Life Cycle
• Introduction
• Growth
• Maturity
• Decline

''Introduction''
• Price: High
• Quality: Low
• Number of versions: Few
• Number of competitors: Few
• Intensity of Competition: Little
• Advertising: High to introduce
• Distribution: Little

''Growth''
• Price: High and dropping
• Quality: Low and growing
• Number of versions: Few and increasing
• Number of competitors: Few and growing
• Intensity of Competition: Growing
• Advertising: Still high to expand
• Distribution: Growing

''Maturity''
• Price: Dropping and stabilizing
• Quality: High
• Number of versions: Many
• Number of competitors: Many/dropping
• Intensity of Competition: High
• Advertising: Stable
• Distribution: Maximum

''Decline''
• Price: Dropping
• Quality: High
• Number of versions: Dropping
• Number of competitors: Dropping
• Intensity of Competition: Depends
• Advertising: Dropping
• Distribution: Losing

===Product and Product Mix===
Product Planning refers to the systematic decision making related to all aspects of the development and management of a firms products including branding and packaging.
A product is anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a want or need. Each product includes a bundle of attributes capable of exchange and use. Products that are marketed include physical goods, services, experiences, events, persons, places, organizations, properties, information, and ideas.
The marketing manager needs to understand how markets develop overtime, in order better to plan and manage products, their life-cycles and their marketing strategies.

''Differences between Goods and Services''
o Goods are tangible. You can see them, feel them, touch them etc.
o Services are intangible. The result of human or mechanical efforts to people or objects
o Sales of goods and services are frequently connected, i.e. a product will usually incorporate a tangible component (good) and an intangible component.

Product Levels
A product has five levels.
• Core benefits- the essential service or benefit that the buyer is buying. E.g. getting clean, rest and sleep,
• Basic (generic) products - the basic product recognized as such. E.g. soap; room components – bed, bathroom,
• Expected products - the set of attributes and conditions that the buyer normally expects in buying the product. E.g. smell, shape; clean bed, towel, quietness, etc
• Augmented products - additional services and benefits that the seller adds to distinguish the offer from competitors. E.g. anti-bacterial, moisturizing; fresh flowers, rapid services, etc
• Potential product- the set of possible new features and service that might eventually be added to the offer. that exceeds customer expectations. E.g. Vitamins; candy on the pillow.

===Product Classifications===
1) Durability and Tangibility
a) Non-durable goods
b) Durable goods
c) Services
2) Consumer goods Classification:
Classified according to shopping habits
a) Convenience goods
b) Shopping goods
c) Specialty goods
d) Unsought goods

3 Industrial Goods Classification
1) Material and parts
i-raw material
ii-manufactured materials and parts
2) Capital items a) installations and b) equipment
3) Supplies and business services

===Managing the Product Mix===
If an organization is marketing more than one product it has a product mix.
o Product item--a single product
o Product line--all items of the same type
o Product mix--total group of products that an organization markets

In a dynamic marketing environment, the product mix is not static. The effects of changing technology, evolving competition and changes in customer needs mean that is most important for an organization to find ways of keeping its product ranges fresh and interesting. This opens up a number of management problems, requiring planned procedures and strategies in order to:
o retain and maintain existing products so that they continue to meet their objectives
o modify and adapt existing products to take advantage of new technology, emerging opportunities or changing market conditions.
o delete old products that are close to the end of their working lives and no longer serve their purpose
o introduce a flow of new products to maintain or improve sales and profit levels and to form a firm foundation for tomorrow’s market.
Too many products could put an organization at risk, as product launch is resource intensive with no guarantee of success. At the other extreme, too many declining products could threaten the future of the business as sales and profits start to fall.

Elements of a Product Mix
Depth measures the # of products that are offered within each product line.
Width measures the # of product lines a company offers.

Product decisions
Marketers make product decisions at three levels:
o individual product decisions
o product line decisions
o product mix decisions

1. Individual product decisions are focused around the development and marketing of:
o Product attributes
o Branding
o Packaging
o Labelling
o Product support services.

2. The product line is comprised of a group of products that are closely related because:
o they function in a similar manner
o are sold to the same groups
o are marketed through the same types of outlet
o fall within given price ranges
The product line length involves the number of items in the product line. It is greatly influenced by the company objectives and the resources.
Product line growth needs to be planned carefully and is extended in two ways: ‘stretching’ and ‘filling’.

Product line stretching
Downward stretch: Company initially located at the top end of the market and then ‘stretches’ downwards to pre-empt a competitor or respond to an attack. Launch of C-Class by Mercedes-Benz.
Upward stretch: Companies stretching upwards to add prestige to their existing range of products. Toyota with the Lexus.
Can be risky due to customer perception and inability of sales people to trade up and negotiate to the new level.
Two-way stretch: Extending product lines upwards and downwards to address different segments of the market.

Product line filling: Increasing the product line by adding more items within the present range of the line.
Reasons for product filling:
 Extra profits
 Satisfying dealers
 Using excess capacity
 Being the leading full-line company
 Plugging holes to keep out the opposition
Care needs to be taken that the line filling does not lead to cannibalisation and customer confusion.

3. Product mix decisions
Product mix or product assortment consists of all the product lines and items that a particular seller offers for sale to buyers.
Dimensions of the product mix
Breadth or width - Wide product mix containing many different product lines. E.g Unilever producing cooking oil, toilet soap, cosmetics etc.
Length - Total number of products in the product lines
Depth - Different versions, such as size of packaging and different formulations.
Consistency - How closely related the various product lines are in end use, production requirements, distribution channels etc

Product mix strategies
• Company can add new product lines, thus widening the product mix.
• Company can lengthen the existing product lines to become a more full line company.
• It can add more product versions of each product and deepen its product mix.
• The company can pursue more product line consistency, or less, depending upon whether it wants to have a strong reputation in a single field or in several fields.

== Branding ==
Branding is an important element of the tangible product and, particularly in consumer markets. Is a means of linking items within a product line or emphasizing the new individuality of product items. Branding can also help in the development of a new product by facilitating the extension of a product line or mix, trough building on the consumer’s perceptions of the values and character represented by the brand name.

The common definition of brand, accepted by most marketers is that it consists of any name, term, design, style, words, symbols or any other feature that identifies the goods, and services of one seller from those of other sellers or that distinguish one product from another in the eyes of the customer.

Branding involves researching, developing and implementing brand names, brand marks, trade characters and trademarks. Branding is the art and cornerstone of marketing. Branding is a task that requires a significant contribution from marketing communications and is a long term exercise.

A successful brand is one which creates and sustains a strong, positive and lasting impression in the mind of a buyer. An organization’s approach to branding depends on its overall product mix and individual line strategy.

A brand is a complex symbol that can convey up to 6 levels of meaning
*Attributes eg. Mercedes suggests expensive, well-built, well-engineered, durable, high-prestige automobiles.
*Benefits attributes must be translated into functional and emotional benefits. The attribute "durable" could translate into the functional benefit.
*Values producer’s values eg Mercedes stands for high performance, safety and prestige
*Culture certain culture e.g. Mercedes represents German culture, organized, efficient, high quality
*Personality project a certain personality
*User the brand suggests the kind of consumer who buys a uses the product

Brand name: is any word or illustration that clearly distinguishes one seller’s goods from another. It can take the form of words or initials.
Trade name: is the legal name of an organization, which may or may not relate directly to the branding of its products e.g. Procter and Gamble-do not display the company name, although it is shown on the back or side of the pack-Persil, Surf.
Trade mark: is a brand, name, symbol or logo, which is registered and protected for the owners role use. Trademarks are valuable properties, as organizations invest much time and money in creating them and educating consumers about what they stand for e.g. coca-cola.
Brand mark: is specifically the element of the visual brand identity that does not consist of words, but of design and symbols eg, McDonalds symbol (M)

'''The benefits of branding'''

# '''The consumer'''
## Easier product identification
## Communicates features and benefits
## Helps products evaluation
## Establishes product’s position in the market
## Reduces risk in purchasing

# '''The manufacturer'''
## Helps creates loyalty
## Defends against competition
## Creates differential advantage
## Allows premium pricing
## Helps targeting/positioning
## Increases power over retailer

# '''The retailer'''
## Benefits from brand marketing support
## Attracts customer
## Helps differentiate the product from competitors

''Types of brands: -''

There are many forms of branding but primarily there are manufacturer, distributor, price and generic brands

Brand Equity: -
a) is an asset b) a degree of brand-name recognition perceived brand quality, strong mental and emotional associations, and other assets such as patents, trademarks and channel relationship. c) is a measure of a number of different components, including the beliefs, images and core associations consumer have about particular brand.Brand equity is the positive differential effect that knowing the brand by the buyer has on the seller.

== Packaging and Labeling ==

===Packaging===
Packaging includes the activities of designing and producing the container for a product. The package may include up to three levels of materials. E.g. Old spice aftershave
# ''Bottle'' - primary package
# ''Cardboard box'' - secondary package
# ''Corrugated box'' - shipping package
Packaging is any container or wrapping in which the product is offered for sale and can consist of a variety of materials such as glass, paper, metal or plastic depending on what is to be contained.
Packaging is an important part of the product that not only serves a functional purpose, but also acts as a means of communicating product information and brand character. The packaging is often the consumer’s first point of contact with the actual product and so it is essential to make it attractive and appropriate for both the products and the customers need.

Due to the growth of mass merchants and self-service, manufacturers have come to realize the value of packaging as a marketing tool. Today it is a vital part of a firm’s product-development strategy; a package may even be an integral part of the product itself.
Packaging has become a potent marketing tool. Well-designed packages can create convenience and promotional value.

Developing an effective package for a new product requires several decisions. The first task is to establish the packaging concept: defining what the package should basically be or do for the particular product. Decisions must include the following elements: size, shape, materials, color, text and brand mix.

The packaging elements must also be harmonized with decisions on pricing and other marketing elements. Once the packaging is designed, it must be tested.

Factors that have contributed to packaging growing use as a marketing tool:-
• Self service: An increasing number of products are sold on a self-service basis. The package attract attention, describe the products features, create consumer confidence and make a favorable overall impression
• Consumer affluence: Rising consumer affluence means consumers are willing to pay a little more for the convenience, appearance dependability and prestige of better packages.
• Company and brand image: packages contribute to instant recognition of the company or brand. It differentiates a product from competitors by its design, color, shapes and methods.
• Innovation opportunity: Innovative packaging can bring large benefits to consumers and profits to producers. Packaging can be a major element of new-product planning.
• Promotional tool: It serves as a promotional tool and is the final form of promotion the consumer sees prior to making purchase decision.
• Reminder: A package also serves as a reminder after a purchase is made.

Although packaging is expensive, developing effective packaging may cost several hundred thousand dollars and take several months to compete. Companies must pay attention to growing environmental and safety concerns about packaging. Shortages of paper, aluminum, and other materials suggest that marketers should try to reduce packaging.

===Labeling===
Labeling is a particular area within the packing field that represents the outermost layer of the product.
Labels have a strong functional dimension, in that they include warnings and instructions, as well as information required by law on best industry practice. Labels state, at the very least, the weight or volume of the product. A bar code and the name and contact address of the producer. Consumer demand has also led to the inclusion of far more product information, such as ingredients, nutritional information and the environment friendliness of the product. Information about the extent to which the packing is made of recycled is also much more common now.
Sellers must label products. The label may be a simple tag attached to the product or an elaborately designed graphic that is part of the package.
The label might carry only the brand name or a great deal of information. Even if the seller prefers a simple label, the law may require additional information.

== Free Audio Learning Resources ==

*[http://www.b2bmarketingpodcast.com/ Chief Marketing Officers from many of the world's largest brands explain the latest changes in their approaches to marketing], Series began March 2007

==Resources==

==See also==
* [[Lesson:Marketing to distributors]]
* [[Topic:Marketing Ph.D]]
* [[Topic:Marketing]]
* [[Marketing Strategy]]
* [[School:Entrepreneurship]]
* [[Tourism industry]]

[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:Principles]]
[[Category:Management]]
[[Category:Marketing]]
[http://www.wdalaw.com/trademark-registration.html trademarks]

Archive:Types of gestures

2007-08-31T05:06:43Z

125.237.24.193: /* Middle finger */

{{unreferenced||article|date=September 2006}}
Gestures are a form of [[Body language]] or [[Non-verbal communication]].
Although some [[gesture]]s, such as the ubiquitous act of [[Hand gesture|pointing]], differ little from one place to another, most gestures do not have invariable or universal meanings, having specific connotations only in certain cultures. Different types of gestures are distinguished. The most famous type of gestures are the so-called emblems or quotable gestures (see the examples below). These are [[culture]] specific gestures that can be used as replacement for words. Communities have repertoires of such gestures. A single emblematic gesture can have very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary to highly offensive.

Another type of gestures are the ones we use when we speak. These gestures are closely coordinated with speech. The meaningful part of the gesture is temporally synchronised with the co-expressive words. For example, a gesture that depicts the act of throwing will be synchronous with the word 'threw' in the utterance "and then he threw the ball right into the window." Other gestures like the so-called beat gestures, are used in conjunction with speech, keeping time with the rhythm of speech and to emphasize certain words or phrases. These types of gestures are integrally connected to speech and thought processes.

==Studies of gesture==
The first full-length study of gesture was published by [[John Bulwer]] in 1644. Bulwer analyzed dozens of gestures, and provided a guide on how to use gestures to increase eloquence and clarity for public speaking. Today, one of the most prominent researchers in the field of gesture research is [[Adam Kendon]]. He has investigated many aspects of gestures, including their role in communication, conventionalization of gesture, integration of gesture and speech, and the evolution of language. Other prominent researchers in this field include [[Susan Goldin-Meadow]] and [[David McNeill]].

==Social significance==
[[Image:VitarkaMudra.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Vitarka [[mudra]], [[Tarim Basin]], 9th century.]]

Gestures play a major role in many aspects of human life. Many animals, including humans, use gestures to initiate a [[Courtship|mating ritual]]. This may include elaborate [[dance]]s and other movements.

Religious and spiritual gestures are also common, such as the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[sign of the cross]]. In [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]], a ''[[mudra]]'' ([[Sanskrit]], meaning either "posture" or "currency" depending on the interpretation) is a symbolic gesture made with the hand or fingers. Each mudra has a specific meaning, playing a central role in Hindu and Buddhist [[iconography]]. An example is the Vitarka mudra, the gesture of discussion and transmission of Buddhist teaching. It is done by joining the tips of the thumb and the index together, while keeping the other fingers straight.

==Using one hand==
===Itching Under The Chin===
In Italian culture this represents "I don't care, I can't be bothered". This is done by keeping one hand straight, placing it under the chin, and 'throwing out' that hand toward the person receiving the gesture. In Italian American culture this represents "Screw You!"; U.S. Supreme Court justice [[Antonin Scalia]] received criticism for using this gesture towards a reporter.

Scratching or stroking the chin or beard (where possible) can be used to indicate that the gesticulater is thinking or puzzled.
In the UK, an "itchy chin" can be used to indicate that the person receiving the gesture is lying or talking nonsense, [[bullshit]], in other words.

===Bang bang===
[[Image:gesture thumb up then down forefinger out like gun.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This gesture mimes a [[handgun]].]]

The "bang bang" gesture is performed by raising the fist with the index finger and thumb extended. The index finger points at the recipient. The thumb is then brought down on top of the fingers. This imitation of the action of a revolver [[pistol]] is often meant to represent a [[handgun]] in children's games. It may also be used menacingly to mean "I'm gonna kill you", or simply as a playful greeting. The middle finger is often also extended to widen the "barrel".

[[Texas Tech University|Texas Tech]] fans use the "bang bang" salute (fingers pointed upward) to cheer their team. Also, the "bang bang" performed with both hands was a signature gesture of [[professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] [[Mick Foley]] while he was in his "Cactus Jack" [[gimmick (professional wrestling)|persona]].

Also, if the thumb and middle finger are used to click, and the thumb the pointed upwards to form the gun, this can also be interpreted as a greeting.

A two-handed version of the same gesture can be used to indicate sporting/business success or sexual conquest (frequently accompanied by a syncopated "pow-pow", esp. in a posh British accent).

=== Beckoning sign ===
Index finger sticking out of the clenched fist, palm facing the gesturer. The finger moves repeatedly towards the gesturer (in a hook) as to draw something nearer. It has the general meaning of "come here", although it is normally seen as condescending or anyway impolite. It is sometimes performed with the four fingers, with the entire hand, or even with the arm, depending on how far the recipient of the sign is.

When performed with the index finger, it may have a mild sexual connotation depending on the circumstance.

In [[Africa]], the [[Far East]] and many [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking countries, this sign is given with all four fingers and with the palm down.

In [[Japan]] there is a similar gesture, but the four fingers are used, the palm faces the recipient and the hand is at head's height. This is the gesture featured in the [[maneki neko]].

===Benediction and blessing===
[[Image:ConstantineCoin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Benediction gesture, on a coin of [[Constantine I (emperor)|Emperor Constantine]].]]

The benediction gesture is a raised right hand with the ring and pinky fingers touching the palm, while the middle and index fingers remain raised. Taken from Ancient Roman iconography for speaking (an example is the Augustus of Prima Porta where the emperor Augustus assumes the pose of an orator in addressing his troops), it is used as a simple [[charm]] or [[blessing]] amongst many [[neopagan|modern]] [[Paganism|Pagans]], and has a vast array of uses. Perhaps the most common and/or noteworthy use of the gesture is while tracing an invisible "air [[pentagram]]" before someone during certain [[Wicca]]n rituals such as the [[Great Rite]] performed during [[Beltane]] and [[Drawing down the Moon (ritual)|Drawing Down the Moon]] on the [[Esbat]]s. One might also use the gesture to trace invisible pentagrams or other sigils over items to be blessed or empowered, such as [[holy water]], [[ritual]] [[wine]], ritual [[ale]], or [[cannabis|the Sacred Herb]]. The two extended fingers are used to point (except when an [[athame]], [[wand]], or [[sword]] is used).

A similar sign, called the ''benediction'' gesture, is used by the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[clergy]] to perform [[blessing]]s with the [[sign of the cross]]; however Christians keep the thumb raised - the three raised fingers (index, middle, and thumb) are frequently allegorically interpreted as representing the three Persons of the [[Holy Trinity]]. It was shown by representations of [[Jesus]] as [[Christ Pantocrator]].

===Blah-blah===
The fingers are kept straight and together in a horizontal fashion while the thumb is held out straight. The fingers and thumb then snap together repeatedly to suggest a mouth talking. It is used to indicate contempt for a person talking for an excessive period of time about nothing the gesturer feels is important.

===Check, please===
This gesture, understood by waiters around the world to mean that a dinner patron wishes to pay the bill and depart, is executed by touching the index finger and thumb together and "writing" a wavy line in the air, as if to sign one's name. An alternate gesture with the same meaning is made by touching the index finger and thumb together and drawing a [[Tick (checkmark)|checkmark]] ({{unicode|<big>✓</big>}}) in the air. In [[Egypt]], the left hand is held palm-out and the right, palm-down, is tapped against the left wrist to request the check. In [[Thailand]], one makes a circling gesture with the thumb and fingers pinched together- as if you are holding an imaginary pencil and making imaginary scribbles on a piece of paper. Sometimes the opposite palm is used as the 'paper'. In the [[Philippines]], one outlines a rectangle in the air using the thumb and forefinger of both hands.

===Clenched fist===
A raised, clenched fist is used as a gesture of defiance by a number of groups. It is usually considered to be hostile, yet without any sexual, scatological, or notionally offensive connotations. It is especially associated with [[Communism|Communists]] and with other nationalist or ethnic [[revolution]]ary or would-be revolutionary movements, and with the [[Black Power]] movements of the [[1960s]] in the United States. It is the custom to make this gesture while singing ''[[The Internationale]]'', the [[Marxism|Marxist]] anthem. A clenched fist raised quickly up and down and then punched in some direction also signifies a military call for a heavy weapons team to close on the gesturer or to move or open fire in the direction indicated by the punch.

: See also: [[With a strong hand and an outstretched arm]]

=== Pound fist ===
Pound fist is a greeting, in which two individuals touch fists.

=== Clinton thumb ===
The gesture dubbed the "Clinton thumb" after its most famous user, [[Bill Clinton]], is used by politicians to provide emphasis in speeches without pointing the finger. This gesture has the thumb leaning against the thumbside portion of the index finger, which is part of a closed fist. It does not exhibit the anger of the clenched fist or pointing finger, and so is thought to be less threatening. This gesture was likely adopted by Clinton from [[John F. Kennedy]], who can be seen using it in many speeches during his political career.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} It is often used in extemporaenous speech and debate, as a tool for emphasizing points.

===Crossed fingers===
{{main|Crossed fingers}}
A gesture made by crossing the index and middle fingers such that the middle finger overlaps and intertwines the index finger, which can be used to signify one's hope that something should succeed (compare to the phrase "Keep your fingers crossed."). According to OldSuperstitions.com, this stems from the [[superstition]] that "Bad luck is trapped at the point where the two fingers meet so when we cross our fingers, we stop the bad luck from escaping and allow our wishes to come true.". However, if placed behind one's back, the gesture takes on an entirely different meaning: it is then normally used to indicate that the user secretly wishes for something ''contrary'' to what is being stated or going on, or that a lie is being told. This usage is often seen in dramatic contexts.

===Cuckoo sign===
A gesture made by closing ones fist, extending the index finger, and circling it around ones ear for several seconds. This gesture is used to indicate that someone is speaking nonsense or is crazy (more colloquially, this is described as being [[cuckoo]]). The "cuckoo" sign is well-known in the United States.

===Fig sign===
[[Image:gesture fist with thumb through fingers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "fig sign" is an ancient gesture with many uses.]]

The "fig sign" is a gesture made with the hand and fingers curled and the thumb thrust between the middle and index fingers, or, rarely, the middle and ring fingers, forming the fist so that the thumb partly pokes out. In some areas of the world, the gesture is considered a good luck charm, in others it is considered an obscene gesture, and in still others it is used in the "I've got your nose!" child's game. This gesture is also the letter "T" in the [[American Sign Language alphabet]]. In [[International Sign]], which otherwise uses the same manual alphabet, "T" has been modified to avoid possible offense.

In [[ancient Rome]], this gesture was called the ''mano fico'', and was a fertility and good luck charm designed to ward off evil. Although this usage has survived in [[Brazil]], where carved images of hands in this gesture are used in good luck [[Amulet|talisman]]s, in many other cultures, such as Indonesia, Turkey and Russia, the sign has come to have an insulting meaning roughly equivalent to "screw you", based on the thumb being seen as representing a [[clitoris]] or [[sexual intercourse]]. In modern Russia this gesture is used mostly by kids with the meaning "screw you/no way". The same meaning is expressed by adults either with bent elbow (rude, very emphatic, non-classy), or with a "finger" (used mostly by city dwellers). The "finger" made it to Russian gesture language from Western movies. In modern [[Italian language|Italian]], the gesture is called the ''mano fica'', taken to mean "fig hand", as the Italian word for "[[fig]]" is ''fico'' (''ficus'' in [[Latin]]). The obscene connotations of the gesture may partly originate from the fact that a similar Italian word, ''fica'', is a slang term referring to the [[vulva]]. This sexual connotation may date back to ancient Roman times; some Roman amulets combine a ''[[phallus]]'' and a ''mano fico'' gesture. In [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', [[Vanni Fucci]] curses [[God]] with a "fig" gesture. [http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/circle8b.html#vanni]

Also known as the [[Sicilian Fist]] in Sicily, worn as a good luck charm. * [http://www.italybyvip.com/1874.html Images of the "Sicilian Fist Charm" in Sicily]

The gesture is also used in a trick played by adults and parents, with the intention of convincing their child that his or her nose has been ripped off. Someone, usually an adult, grabs at the child's nose and forms the fig sign, exclaiming, "I've got your nose, I've got your nose!" The thumb is supposed to be the child's removed nose.

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use this gesture as a symbol of the [[mother goddess]] to help adherents identify one another. In this context, it is referred to as the "Sign of the Goddess". Its counterpart is the ''[[corna]]'' sign.

===Finger Snap===
{{Unreferenced|date=September 2006}}
One of several gestures familiar to modern people primarily through old [[animated cartoons]], this gesture generally expresses a confident "screw you!" in the face of an adversary. The gesturer holds one hand out, palm up, in the direction of his antagonist and snaps his thumb and middle finger, generally accompanied by a high-nosed, "snooty" facial expression and followed by crossing the arms.

In some countries, particularly Great Britain, snapping the fingers is used to signify remembering or failing to remember. Snapping the fingers repeatedly at a constant rate is commonly used to signify that the person has forgotten something and is trying to recall it. This is often done with the fingers snapped close to the temple, as though literally 'jogging the memory,' and is associated with the phrase 'it's on the tip of my tongue.'

A single snap, sometimes emphasized by an arced swing of the arm, is used when someone is reminded of something by another person, particularly if it is a job or a chore they have forgotten to do, or as a sign of disappointment or regret. Some people also snap their fingers to catch the attention of others. This is informal - some people may find it rude or even threatening, as it is common for the gesturer to snap his fingers very close to the other's face. In some cases, this may be interpreted as a face-threatening act or a sign of contempt.

==="Hanging"===
This gesture is performed by holding a clenched fist at the side of the head, tilting one's head away from one's fist, and making a choking sound. It may also be accompanied by hanging the tongue loosely out of one's mouth, and rolling of the eyes back into the head. It is generally used to signify "what I would rather be doing". It can also be used to show suicide.

===Horns===
{{main|Corna}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with index and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Corna]]

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use it as a symbol of the [[horned god]] to identify each other; in this context it is referred to as the "Sign of the Horned God". Its counterpart is the ''fig sign'', above.

Some say that it is meant to ward off — or to bestow — the [[evil eye]]. It is also a representation of the [[Devil]] by some [[Satanist]]s. The gesture's origin is believed to be an imitation of the shape of a goats head, which has many associations with the concept of Satan in [[Christianity]] [http://www.keyway.ca/htm2001/20010924.htm Satan's Goat]

It has a variety of other meanings as well, depending on culture and area. In some places, it is a sexual insult, charging a man with being a victim of [[adultery|cuckoldry]] (this insult is most common in [[Spain]] and [[Italy]] but is also used in Brazil). Perhaps because of its [[occult]] significance, it is used as a salute by fans of [[Devil horns#Heavy metal|heavy metal music]]. If one reverses the extended fingers, one gets the "inverted heavy metal salute" which can be given as a reply to a heavy metal salute. In this case, the sign is known as "devil horns".

Also a common hand gesture used by the University of Texas at Austin. The sign is also usually accompanied by the slogan "Hook 'Em Horns." The gesture is said to look like a head of a Longhorn, the University's mascot.
To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], it is called the "Sign of Voor" or the "Voorish Sign".and also a nother meaning for this is ROCK ON!

===Kodály Hand Signs===
Named after [[Zoltán Kodály]], and largely defined by [[John Curwen]], Kodály Hand Signs are a way of representing musical notes by holding the hand in a certain position for each note. The basic concept of using gestures to represent notes is quite ancient, however near the end of the 19th century, the concept was formalized as a standard teaching method. Kodály Hand Signs are featured in the [[1977]] film [[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]].

===Knocking on wood===
{{main|touch wood}}
This signifies the neutralization of a [[jinx]]ing brought on by mentioning an either hoped-for or feared result. The knuckles are rapped on a nearby piece of wood (or, jokingly, someone's head). Usually this is only valid if done on bare (i.e. unpainted) wood. One possible reason for the tradition could have been from an [[animist]] culture who believed that the knocking would release spirits to protect them. It has also been said to stem from a belief that any nearby evil spirits who overhear somebody speaking of good fortune which has come his way may send some bad luck to offset it; knocking on wood was thought to keep the spirits from hearing. It is also known as "tapping wood" or "touching wood".

In Italy, one knocks on iron with the hand in the ''[[corna]]'' horns position.

===Middle finger===
{{main|The finger}}
[[Image:Middle finger.JPG|thumb|right|200px|"[[The finger]]" is a very common offensive hand gesture.]]
"The finger" is a gesture consisting of a fist with the middle finger extended. It appears to be universally understood as "[[fuck|fuck you]]"or get stuffed due to its resemblance to the penis. It is certainly thousands of years old, being referred to in Ancient Roman literature as the ''digitus infamis'' or ''digitus impudicus''. Performing this gesture is also called "flipping the bird" in countries where "the finger" is used. In other regions, "flipping the bird" refers to the raising of the middle and index finger with the back of the hand directed at the recipient. It can also mean "Victor" (see ''[[#V Sign|V Sign]]'', below) in some countries, which is not to be mistaken for the "Peace" gesture, which is done with the palm facing the recipient of the gesture, but in Britain and some other countries it is an offensive gesture, equivalent to "the finger". [[George W. Bush]] can be seen making the gesture while he was the Governor of Texas, while goofing off before beginning filming of a public address.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9Do-s1cdPk Bush "One-fingered Victory Salute" Video] </ref>

Former [[professional wrestler]] [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] used the finger quite frequently in [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] shows. He raises both of the fingers to the crowd as a way of saluting to them. Also, he gestures the finger at his opponent before kicking them in the stomach and performing the [[Stone Cold Stunner]].

Comedian [[Dane Cook]] parodied the gesture with his "Super Finger" gesture, which consists of raising the middle finger, ring finger, and thumb on the same hand while lowering (or curling) the pointer and pinky finger. It is meant to be a more "powerful" version of "the finger".

The middle finger is also used to represent the number four when one counts in the hexadecimal system using one's fingers.<ref>[http://www.intuitor.com/counting/]</ref>

When this gesture is made with the palm facing forward, it is known to [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]] as the "Sign of Kish". Another Lovecraftian sign is the "Sign of Koth", which consists of fully extending the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and pinky, while the thumb is tucked against the flat of the hand.

=== Money sign ===
The thumb rubs repeatedly over the tip of the index finger and middle fingers. The ring finger and pinky touch the palm. This gesture is meant to resemble the act of rubbing two coins together (alternatively the act of counting paper bills) and has a general meaning of "money", or "expensive".

===OK===
{{main|Okay}}

This is the touching of the index and middle finger (or just index finger) with the thumb (forming a rough circle) with the raising of the remaining fingers. In the United States and most of Europe, it means "OK" and is inoffensive. The OK sign is used extensively in [[scuba diving]]. It can also mean "[[0 (number)|0]]," or "[[money]]," in [[Japan]].
However, in Germany, it is often seen on the Autobahn, as a silent way of calling someone an "Asshole" (with the fingers extended horizontally). Similar vulgar meanings are found in other countries, but usually you have to turn the 'Ring' upside down (supinated to show the ring in front) like this example from [http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/05/butthole-is-not-ok.html Brazil]. It is then a sexual or scatological gesture referring to the [[anus]]

===Pointing===
The typical pointing with the [[index finger]] is a universal gesture. There are many other ways to point, for example with the hand, a head nod or an eye gaze. In many cases pointing at a person is considered rude. A more polite way of pointing to a person would be to to direct the hand in their direction, as if holding a plate. You may point towards yourself to draw attention, and this behavior is seen commonly in [[monkeys]].

===Moutza (Palm of hand)===
{{main|Moutza}}
In most places, a palm raised towards somebody means "stop".

In [[Greece]], the palm of the hand thrust towards somebody with the fingers splayed is an offensive gesture equivalent to giving the finger. The gesture is known in Greek as "moutza". It originates from the Byzantine punishment of parading a chained criminal around town with his face smeared with [[cinder]], or ''moutzos'' in Greek. An even more offensive version is achieved by using both hands to double the gesture, and smacking the palm of one hand against the back of the other, in the direction of the intended recipient. Both the one-handed and the two-handed versions of this gesture can be (and often are) combined with the term "''na''!", meaning "here you go!" or "there!", or "''na, malaka''!", meaning "there, you wanker!"

===Salute===
{{main|Salute}}
There are many forms of [[salute]] gestures, most of which are used to denote respect or obedience for an authority. A common [[military]] hand salute consists of raising the right hand, held flat, to the right eyebrow. [[Scouting]] organizations use related salutes. The armies of various countries adopt slightly different forms of salute: in the United States, the military salute places the hand directed outward over the eyebrow, like a visor; in the United Kingdom armed forces, the hand is brought to the forehead palm outward in military and air force contexts, whereas the naval salute is as in the US forces - the US forces derived their saluting habits from the [[Royal Navy]].

One of the most infamous forms of salute is the "[[Hitler salute]]", which is performed by extending the whole right arm, palm outstretched and facing down, upwards into the air at approximately a 45 degree angle from the ground. Sometimes, this is accompanied by holding the index and middle fingers under the nose, representing Hitler's iconic moustache. This gesture is associated with [[Nazism]] and its leader, [[Adolf Hitler]], as well as with [[Germany]] during [[World War II]]. It is occasionally performed to mock someone or something for perceived [[authoritarianism]] or [[bigotry]]. This gesture was based on the [[Roman salute]], and it was in that capacity that it was revived by [[Tennis Court Oath|French Revolutionaries]] and later by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Fascism|Fascist]] party.

In some countries, mostly in Europe, it is forbidden by law to perform this gesture, although this does not deter [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] and white supremacists from using the gesture in public rallies. Even in other countries, it is generally considered taboo to use the gesture, and this partly caused the [[United States]] to abandon the similar [[Bellamy salute]] used when reciting the [[Pledge of Allegiance]], in favor of the current hand-on-heart gesture.

===Shaka===
{{main|Shaka sign}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with thumb and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "[[shaka sign|shaka]]" sign is a common greeting in beach and surfer culture.]]

The "shaka" sign is a common greeting gesture often associated with [[Hawaii]], [[California]], and [[beach]] and [[surfing|surfer]] culture in general. It consists of extending the thumb and pinky finger while keeping the three middle fingers curled, and is often described colloquially as the "hang loose"or "chilax" gesture. It is similar to [[American Sign Language]] letter "''Y''", where a fist is also made with only the thumb and pinky extended. The sign is often followed by waving as a greeting or acknowledgment. It can be used when driving as a signal of thanks to other drivers (for example, someone who stopped to let another driver onto the road from a driveway).

The "shaka" sign is also the greeting gesture for members of [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] Fraternity, Inc. which is the "phi" sign. All African-American Greek fraternities and sororities have hand greeting gestures.
====Similar gestures====

In Britain and Northern Europe the symbol is used as a signal for owners of older model [[Volkswagen]] vans when passing on roads. The silhouette of the hand reveals a "W"-shaped outline along the top of the hand standing for Volkswagen.

In Spain and Italy, if the thumb points to the mouth, it means "drinking", since it is similar the shape of a ''[[porrón]]'' vessel. This is also true of the [[United States]] and [[Portugal]].

In some countries, if the thumb points to the mouth, it can also represent [[marijuana]] usage, in particular the use of a [[bong]]. This is usually accompanied by a sucking noise.

In China, it is also the sign for the number six.

A similar gesture is the "call me" sign, which also has the pinky finger and thumb outstretched, but then also holds it up to the ear, to signify a telephone. This gesture is a common way to silently tell someone to call him or her, such as to continue a conversation in private.

It is also used by [[FC Barcelona]] player [[Ronaldinho]] as part of his goal celebration.

In India, rolling the shaka in a winding motion signifies that the listener does not believe what is being said and that the speaker needs to "spool in the yarn from spinning out too far".

==="Thanks!" Salute===
Another gesture familiar from vintage cartoons, this is performed by sweeping an opened hand from near one's brow toward the person being addressed, and expresses gratitude. It is adapted from [[American Sign Language]], and alludes to tipping your hat or cap.

===Three middle fingers===
Gestures consisting of fully extending the index, middle, and ring fingers with the thumb and pinky tucked together under the palm have had a variety of meanings over the years.

The gesture was also used by [[Bosnian Croat]]s as a victory sign, representing the Christian [[Trinity]], during the [[Bosnian War]]. To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], this gesture is known as the "Sign of the Elders." With the palm facing outwards, the fingers closed (without gaps), the right hand's fingertips to the same-side temple, it is used by the [[scouting|Boy scouts]] as their identifying [[salute]].

In the United States, when the back of the hand faces outwards, this gesture is often used as a [[euphemism]] for "[[#middle finger|the finger]]." It is used especially when a jocular effect is desired. Originally, an accompanying verbal explanation was usual — "Read [[subtext|between the lines]]," referring to the common English expression denoting that one must read carefully to glean the subtle meaning in a passage — but this phrase is now commonly omitted.

===Thumbs up, thumbs down===

A closed fist held with the thumb extended upward or downward is a gesture of approval or disapproval respectively. These gestures have become metaphors in English: ''"My boss gave my proposal the thumbs-up"'' means that the boss approved the proposal, regardless of whether the gesture was made — indeed, the gesture itself is unlikely in a business setting.

The source of the gesture is obscure. Though a favorite of Hollywood '[[sword and sandal|swords and sandals]]' epics, where the "thumbs down" symbol means that the loser in a gladiatorial combat should be put to death, recent research suggests the meanings of the symbols have changed over the years. In [[1997]], Professor [[Anthony Philip Corbeill]] of the [[University of Kansas]] concluded that the thumbs up actually meant "Kill him," basing his assertion on a study of hundreds of ancient artworks. Thus, the "thumbs up" was an approval of the gladiator's request to kill his vanquished foe rather than a vote to allow the defeated to remain alive. Corbeill wrote that a closed fist with a wraparound thumb was the indication for a gladiator's life to be spared.

[[Image:Jean-Leon Gerome Pollice Verso.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Pollice Verso'' by Jean-Léon Gérôme, [[1872]] is the immediate source of the "thumbs down" gesture in [[popular culture]].]]

In [[Latin]], the "thumbs up" gesture is called ''pollice recto'', "thumbs down" is ''pollice verso''. It is not certain that the contemporary gestures are identical to the gestures performed in [[ancient Rome]]. The current version was popularized by a widely reproduced [[academic art|academic painting]] by the [[19th century]] artist [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], whose ''Pollice Verso'' depicts a triumphant gladiator standing over a fallen foe, looking up into the [[bleacher]]s for the verdict of the crowd.

Additionally, [[Desmond Morris]]' ''Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution'' traces the practice back to a [[medieval]] custom used to seal business transactions... Over time, the mere sight of an upraised thumb came to symbolize harmony and kind feelings... The gesture's popularization in America is generally attributed to the practices of World War II pilots, who used the thumbs up to communicate with ground crews prior to take-off. American GIs are reputed to have picked up on the thumb and spread it throughout Europe as they marched toward Berlin." [http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

More recently, these gestures are associated with [[film|movie]] [[review]]s, having been popularized by [[Gene Siskel]] and [[Roger Ebert]] in their televised reviews — the thumb up meaning a positive opinion of a film; the thumb down meaning a negative one. One or two thumbs up, often held over the head, may also be used by athletes in celebration of a victory.

"'Thumbs up' traditionally translates as the foulest of Middle-Eastern gesticular insults — the most straightforward interpretation is 'Up yours, pal!' The sign has a similarly pejorative meaning in parts of West Africa, South America, Russia, Iran, Greece, and Sardinia, according to Roger E. Axtell's book ''Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World''."[http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

[[Hitchhiker]]s traditionally use a thumbs up gesture to solicit rides from oncoming vehicles, although in this presentation the arm is generally outstretched with the palm and closed fingers facing the motorist.

Additionally, supporters of [[Texas A&M University]] athletic teams use the thumbs-up sign, associated with the cheer, "Gig 'em, Aggies." The Thumb refers to a "gig" used for hunting frogs. The saying came when the Aggies had a big rival in the Southwest Conference in the TCU Horned Frogs.

Thumbs up and thumbs down are extensively used in scuba diving as commands to ascend or descend.

[[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstar [[Dave Bautista|Batista]] uses this gesture to signify his finisher, the [[Batista Bomb]].

=== Tsk-tsk ===
Palm towards the recipient, all fingers closed except for the index, which alternates from left to right, like a [[metronome]]. In English-speaking countries it has a disapproving meaning and can be accompanied by a "[[tsk|tsk-tsk]]" sound.

In Italy it simply means "no", and does not have any patronizing connotation.

===V sign===
[[Image:Nixon-depart.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Richard Nixon]] gives the V-sign one last time after resigning from the presidency.]]
{{main|V sign}}

The "V sign" is made by lifting the middle and index finger with the palm of the hand facing the recipient (and the remaining fingers clenched). It was associated with the [[catchphrase]] ''"V" for Victory'' in [[World War II]]. In the [[1960s]], it came to be known as the "[[peace]] sign," the gestural equivalent of the [[peace symbol]]. It was associated with British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] during World War II, and later, with U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]]. It is also the sign for the letter V in [[American Sign Language]].

This sign is frequently used by the Japanese, most times holding up 2 "V" signs very close to either side of their face with a big grin during pictures.

In the UK, Australia, and some other countries, reversing the V sign so that the back of the hand facing the recipient is seen as the equivalent of giving [[finger (gesture)|the finger]]. Popular myth supposes it was originally a taunt by Welsh Archers towards the French who were known to cut off an Welsh Archer's first and middle fingers if captured.

Additionally, due to its use in an advertisement for the Australian made Valiant Charger (which ceased production around 1980) many people still display the V sign, in homage to the ad, and the car, if that vehicle happens to be driven past. Hardly an every day occurrence, but of some trivial interest.

===Vulcan salute===
{{main|Vulcan salute}}

The Vulcan salute consists of a raised hand, palm outward, fingers extended, with the index and middle finger kept close together, and the ring and pinky finger close together, with a "V" shaped space between them, and the thumb sticking out alone.

This gesture is associated with the phrase "Live long and prosper", and derives from ''[[Star Trek]]'', where it is used as a salute by fictional humanoid species the [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcans]].

It was introduced by [[Leonard Nimoy]] in his character of [[Mr. Spock]] and is drawn directly from the benedictory gesture made with both hands by a [[Kohen]] (priest in Judaism, a descendant of Aaron) during the [[Priestly Blessing]] ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: ''Birkat Kohanim''). The [[Kohen|Kohanim]] recite a blessing while performing this "gesture" and the other congregants respond with [[Amen]]s.

This gesture is also known as the "Spocker" in allusion to [[Shocker (hand gesture)|the Shocker]].

===Wanker===
[[Image:Fingers and thumb in circle downward motion.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Wanker]]
A loose fist (with all fingers forming a cylindrical shape) is made, and shaken up and down (or sometimes, back and forth) at the wrist.

The gesture is imitative of the motions of male [[masturbation]]. Its meaning is equivalent to the word [[wanker]] or implies something is of little importance. If directed to a person or group, who are not necessarily present, it is considered a display of contempt toward them.

The name for this gesture is described by speakers of [[American English]] as a [[Britishism]].

[[Image:Portugal Wanker Gesture.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Overhand Portuguese Wanker Gesture]]

In [[Portugal]] they use the wanker gesture but with the palm facing the ground thereby implying that the person is masturbating someone else rather than themselves. As such this has [[homosexual]] or promiscuous implications when directed at someone instead of the milder suggestion that they enjoy self-gratification.

===Wave===
A wave is a gesture in which the hand is raised and moved back and forth, as a [[greeting]] or sign of departure. The orientation of the hand varies by culture and situation. In many cultures, the palm is oriented toward the recipient of the wave.

In Chinese culture, orienting the hand palm-down and waving it up and down signifies "come here", rather than a greeting. 

===Whoop-Dee-Doo===
Point the index finger up and rotate it. This is a usually used as a response gesture to indicate something is uninteresting or irrelavent. Similar to saying a sarcastic "Whoop-Dee-Doo" or "Big deal".

==Using two hands==

===Awkward Turtle===
The Awkward Turtle is a gesture made after something awkward just happened, or when there is an awkward silence.
To perform an awkward turtle there are three steps to take. First, place hands on top of each other. Next, move thumbs out and away from the hands. Finally, rotate the thumbs.

Nowadays the gesture is used in the United States to hush children, or to calm participants in a heated argument. In [[Japan]], the same gesture may be used to request the check when dining at a restaurant (see also [[#Check, please|Check, please]], above).

==="Gills"===
This gesture involves holding the backs of the wrists against the jawline (with elbows outstretched) and then waggling one's fingers. The gesture is often accompanied by a feminine-voiced "Ooooo!" which rises and falls in intonation. It is used when one would normally say (sarcastically) "well aren't you clever?", or to imply that someone is acting too posh for their station. It is peculiar to Scotland owing to its use in Scottish TV sketch show [[Chewin the Fat]].

==="Shame on you"===
This gesture involves pointing at a person with the index finger of one hand while rubbing the pointed finger with the index finger of the opposite hand. The rubbing motion is directed toward the intended recipient and is repeated at least three times. It is used to imply that the targeted person should feel shame.

===Time-out===
The "time-out" gesture — a "T" formed with the hands, with one hand with flat palm placed perpendicular to the other hand with flat palm, roughly in the center — originates in American sports. It was, and is, used where a brief [[sport time-out|pause in play]] is called for, such as to make substitutions. In [[basketball]], the gesture is used to indicate that a player or coach is guilty of a [[technical foul]].

===Whatever!===
A gesture associated with [[Valley Girl|Valley Girls]]. Forming the letter "W" by extending the two index fingers upward and touching the thumbs together at a 45 degree angle, this hand sign is used silently or in conjuction with an uttered "Whatever!" (pronounced with a slight pause after the first syllable, emphasis on the second, and drawing out the third syllable to a hard "r"). It is a sarcastic response dismissing whatever has just been said to the person making the gesture.

==Hand with body gestures==
{{Mergeto|Hand gestures|Talk page|date=April 2007}}
===Bent elbow===

This is performed in two parts: first, the right hand is placed in the elbow crook of the left arm. The left arm is then raised (fist clenched) at the victim in a smooth and continuous motion. While the motion is essential to the gesture, the choice of arm is not. This gesture is associated with [[Italy|Italians]] and is considered a more theatrical and physically exuberant version of the [[finger (gesture)|finger]], and may even be combined with the finger. In Italian it is known as the ''gesto dell'ombrello'', meaning literally "the umbrella gesture." It is typically used in two different situations: 1) to answer "no way!" in an extremely emphatic (and quite vulgar) way; 2) after a triumph against some unfair enemy, with a sense of revenge. The gesture is frequently made stronger by crying "toh!" or "tiè!", both meaning "take this!", at the precise moment the hand touches the crook of the elbow.

This gesture is also in use in [[France]] as ''bras d'honneur'' (arm of honour), where it is usually understood as ''va te faire foutre'', still meaning "fuck off." In [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]], it is a ''corte de mangas'' ("[[sleeve]] cut") or a ''manguito'' (a cover formerly worn by public services bureaucratic workers on the arms to protect one's sleeves from ink splatters) respectively and is done with the left hand on the right elbow, without the continuous motion. In [[Portugal]], the iconic fictional character [[Zé Povinho]], created by [[Bordalo Pinheiro]], is usually depicted performing this gesture.

The gesture is sometimes used repetitively by fans at [[Citizens Bank Park]] in [[Philadelphia]] when the [[Phillies]] face the [[Atlanta Braves]] as a [[parody]] of the Braves' [[tomahawk chop]], and this usage is known as the "[[South Philly]] tomahawk chop" due to the gritty reputation of [[Philadelphia]] sports fans.

The gesture above has long been known in Slavic countries in the above senses plus "fuck you", without any standard name. In [[Poland]] its name has been standardized to "Kozakiewicz's gesture", after Polish [[pole vault]] jumper [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]], who had shown this gesture to the jeering Russian public during the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]].

===Biting one's thumb===
[[Image:Sampson bites his thumb.JPG|left|200px|thumb|How NOT to bite your thumb]]
[[Image:Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb]]
[[Biting one's thumb]] was an old rude British gesture. It is comparable to "[[#middle finger|the Finger]]" in modern terms. In [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', Sampson bites his thumb at the Montagues (Act 1, Scene 1).

The gesture does not literally involve biting the thumb. The fingernail of a thumb is placed behind the upper teeth, with the thumb thus pointing upwards, and the thumb is then bent forwards, the fingernail making a clicking sound as it flicks past the teeth.

An equivalent gesture still persists in [[Italy]].

=== Biting one's hand ===
In Sicily, biting one's flat hand or fist is a powerful threat.

===Bowing, kneeling, kowtowing===
A [[bowing (social)|bow]] is a gesture of respect involving lowering the head, usually performed by a social inferior to a social superior. Various cultures have different degrees or ways of performing the bow; [[China]] and [[Japan]] are particularly associated with elaborate and formal bowing. Bowing is also done by many groups as a ritual associated with [[prayer]]. In the Western world, women [[curtsey]] rather than bow. [[Kneel]]ing and "[[kowtow]]ing" are more extreme or elaborate forms of self-abasement before a social superior.

===Choking sign===
[[Image:Chokinggesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Choking" sign]]
The standard gesture to indicate that one is [[choking]] is to hold the throat as if strangling oneself. This is recognized as a request for immediate [[first aid]] for choking. It is promoted as a way to prevent onlookers from confusing the victim's distress with some other problem, such as a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], when the person cannot speak. The gesture is sometimes used metaphorically to refer to someone or something "choking" in the slang sense of failing at something while under pressure, for instance at an athletic event.

===Crossing oneself===
{{main|Sign of the cross}}
The "[[sign of the cross|sign of the Cross]]" is the use of the right hand to touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, and right shoulder, consecutively. It represents the [[Christian cross]]. (Roman Catholics crossing themselves touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, then right shoulder; Byzantine (Eastern) Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians touch the right shoulder before the left, with the thumb and first two fingers joined — symbolizing the Trinity — and the tips of the last two fingers touching the palm, symbolizing the dual nature of Christ in one being. )

This gesture is used by [[Roman Catholic]]s, [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], and some other Christian groups in [[prayer]]s, to perform blessings, and as a salute before entering a [[church]] or similar place of religious significance. It is also used in various kinds of Christian [[folk religion]] to avert [[evil]] or [[bad luck]].

===Cutthroat===
[[Image:Cutthroatgesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Cutthroat" sign]]
This gesture is performed by drawing the hand, or a finger or two, across the throat. It represents slitting the throat with a knife, and means that the gesturer or someone else is metaphorically being killed. It is rarely if ever used literally to refer to death, though it is occasionally used as a theatrical threat ("I'm going to kill you"). In these contexts, it is sometimes accompanied by a harsh "kkkkkch" sound.

This gesture can also mean to "cut," "stop," or to discontinue a particular action. It can also be used to indicate something has ended or a previous process has concluded. [[Scuba diving|Scuba]] divers use this gesture with the palm swept across the throat to indicate that they have run out of air. Airport ground personnel also use this gesture to indicate a variety of things (due to the loud environment), such as baggage offload has completed or the last of the passengers have disembarked. In this context, it can be understood to mean: "That's it."

Also used by movie personell when having to signal a cesation of activity under silent conditions.

Additionally, [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstar [[The Undertaker]] uses this gesture to signify his signature moves, the [[Chokeslam]], [[Powerbomb#Elevated_powerbomb|Last Ride]], and [[Piledriver_(professional_wrestling)#Tombstone_piledriver|Tombstone piledriver]], as did [[Chris Benoit]] until his recent death.

=== Drinking sign ===
In UK, the gesture for drinking (used for example as an invitation to "go down the [[pub]]") is made by putting the back of the thumb just below the lower lip, while the other fingers are close together as if holding an imaginary [[pint]] of beer, tipping it repeatedly.
In other countries, the shaka sign is used in a similar way, as described above.

===Flipping the fingers out from under the chin===

A [http://news.bostonherald.com/localRegional/view.bg?articleid=132932 traditional Sicilian gesture] analogous in meaning to the raised middle finger. This gesture became the center of a controversy in March of 2006, when [[U.S. Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] [[Associate Justice]] [[Antonin Scalia]] was photographed allegedly making the gesture to illustrate his response to his critics. Scalia later claimed that he used a different gesture, waving his fingers beneath his chin, a gesture translating to "I couldn't care less."
===Forehead Clunk===
This gesture indicates stupidity, usually a minor and immediately recognized slip of logic, judgment, or speech; and is performed by striking the forehead with the heel of the hand.

=== Hand over heart ===
This gesture involves placing one's right hand, palm outstretched and facing in, over one's heart. Male [[hat]] or cap wearers typically remove their hats and hold them in this hand. In some cultures, it is used as a gesture of respect towards [[flag]]s or during singing of a [[national anthem]]. In the United States, it is also performed as a part of the rituals of the [[Pledge of Allegiance]]. It can also be used to indicate sincerity, shock, or hurt.

===Loser===
This gesture is performed by raising the index finger and thumb of your right hand perpendicular to each other so that they form the letter "L". It is then placed onto one's forehead. It signifies that the person to whom this gesture is directed is a loser.
However, when the opposite hand is used, the gesture becomes highly ironic.

===My eye===

In France, Germany, and parts of Europe it is common to point your index finger at your eye and even pull the skin under the eye lightly down to emphasize the presenting of the eye. The gesture displays disbelief or that a certain statement is made jokingly, similar to winking in American culture.

In Japan, tugging at the eye, often accompanied by sticking out one's tongue, is used as a childishly offensive gesture, or to indicate boredom.

In Italy, Portugal, Brazil and all Spanish-speaking nations it means "watch out" (POR, ITA:''occhio!'',SPA:''¡ojo!''), and is used for warning or threatening.

===Nonsense===
Performed by waving the palm of your hand in front of your face, it may be used to tell the other person that an idea he or she had was nonsense.

In [[Portugal]], this gesture usually means the person being referred to missed an extremely obvious detail.

===Nose thumbing ===
For this gesture, also known as "cocking a snoot", "giving the five-finger salute", "cocking a snook", or Queen Anne's Fan the thumb is placed on the tip of the nose, with the remaining fingers of the hand extended and waggled freely. This gesture can be ended with a dramatic flicking of the thumb away from the end of the nose and towards the recipient. It is used in (gentle) mockery of someone. It dates back to at least the 18th century and is probably much older.

To add emphasis, the gesture can be made using both hands, connecting them by touching the little finger of the first hand with the thumb of the second, and waggling the remaining seven fingers. It is frequently accompanied by [[blowing a raspberry]], or by sticking out the tongue.

===Suck my dick===
This gesture is performed by crossing the outstretched arms across the thighs, putting emphasis on the [[groin]]. This was used by popular professional wrestling [[stable (wrestling)|stable]], [[D-Generation X]].

There is a variation to this where a fist is made and shook near the mouth while bulging ones tongue against their cheeks to mimic fellatio.

===Touched / screw loose===
Tapping one's index finger against the head indicates that a person or an idea being discussed is insane or "touched in the head". A similar, more elaborate gesture uses a circling motion of the finger at the temple or side of the head. This signifies that the person is "mixed up" or "has a screw loose". In Germany, tapping or pointing to the temple is used as an insult, often with the accompanying phrase "du hast einen Vogel." While this literally means "You have a bird," it is idiomatic for saying that you are insane. Also, in Indonesia, drawing a line across the forehead with the side of the right index finger denotes a similar meaning.

A variant of this one is the suicide. Make a gun with your hand and pretend to shoot point blank at your own temple. It can be accompanied with sticking out the tongue or a shooting sound for full effect, and often implies that the speaker is a "complete idiot". A more recent use of this is in the movie, "40-Year Old Virgin" where one of the characters, after being bored with a conversation, proceeds to aim at his temple and pretend to fire. Afterwards, he uses his other hand and does a reverse cupping motion outward from the other side of his head to signify his brains splattering out.

In Japan, a variation of this is knocking on the temple with the knuckle of the index finger. This is usually used in reference to the signer; "I'm such an idiot!"

==="Wiping" one's forehead===
The act of wiping one's own forehead, regardless of whether sweat has actually formed there, is a sign indicating many things such as "That was close" or "What a relief".

==Body and facial gestures==
{{further|[[Facial expression]]}}
[[Image:Eyeroll.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Rolling one's eyes can express exasperation or condescension.]]

Many gestures utilize only the face or body, without the hands.

===Eye-rolling===
Performed by rotating the eyes upward, it indicates condescension, contempt, boredom, or exasperation. This is often referred to as "rolling ones eyes to Heaven," as though wishing for a divine intervention for a rescue from boredom, frustration, etc.

===Mooning===
[[Mooning]] is the act of displaying one's [[nudity|bare]] [[buttocks]] by lowering the back side of one's [[trousers]] and [[underpants]], usually without exposing the [[genitals]]. Mooning is used in some cultures to express protest, scorn, disrespect, or provocation. It can also be done for [[shock value]] or fun.

===The "peacock"===
Expresses superiority or domination combined with a certain degree of smug arrogance. Performed by pushing the chest up and out at the front as well as tilting the face slightly upward. This may be accompanied by motions of hooking both thumbs under one's [[lapels]] or [[suspenders]] even if they are not present.

{{Gestures}}

[[Category:Gestures]]

Archive:Types of gestures

2007-08-31T05:02:04Z

125.237.24.193: /* Shaka */

{{unreferenced||article|date=September 2006}}
Gestures are a form of [[Body language]] or [[Non-verbal communication]].
Although some [[gesture]]s, such as the ubiquitous act of [[Hand gesture|pointing]], differ little from one place to another, most gestures do not have invariable or universal meanings, having specific connotations only in certain cultures. Different types of gestures are distinguished. The most famous type of gestures are the so-called emblems or quotable gestures (see the examples below). These are [[culture]] specific gestures that can be used as replacement for words. Communities have repertoires of such gestures. A single emblematic gesture can have very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary to highly offensive.

Another type of gestures are the ones we use when we speak. These gestures are closely coordinated with speech. The meaningful part of the gesture is temporally synchronised with the co-expressive words. For example, a gesture that depicts the act of throwing will be synchronous with the word 'threw' in the utterance "and then he threw the ball right into the window." Other gestures like the so-called beat gestures, are used in conjunction with speech, keeping time with the rhythm of speech and to emphasize certain words or phrases. These types of gestures are integrally connected to speech and thought processes.

==Studies of gesture==
The first full-length study of gesture was published by [[John Bulwer]] in 1644. Bulwer analyzed dozens of gestures, and provided a guide on how to use gestures to increase eloquence and clarity for public speaking. Today, one of the most prominent researchers in the field of gesture research is [[Adam Kendon]]. He has investigated many aspects of gestures, including their role in communication, conventionalization of gesture, integration of gesture and speech, and the evolution of language. Other prominent researchers in this field include [[Susan Goldin-Meadow]] and [[David McNeill]].

==Social significance==
[[Image:VitarkaMudra.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Vitarka [[mudra]], [[Tarim Basin]], 9th century.]]

Gestures play a major role in many aspects of human life. Many animals, including humans, use gestures to initiate a [[Courtship|mating ritual]]. This may include elaborate [[dance]]s and other movements.

Religious and spiritual gestures are also common, such as the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[sign of the cross]]. In [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]], a ''[[mudra]]'' ([[Sanskrit]], meaning either "posture" or "currency" depending on the interpretation) is a symbolic gesture made with the hand or fingers. Each mudra has a specific meaning, playing a central role in Hindu and Buddhist [[iconography]]. An example is the Vitarka mudra, the gesture of discussion and transmission of Buddhist teaching. It is done by joining the tips of the thumb and the index together, while keeping the other fingers straight.

==Using one hand==
===Itching Under The Chin===
In Italian culture this represents "I don't care, I can't be bothered". This is done by keeping one hand straight, placing it under the chin, and 'throwing out' that hand toward the person receiving the gesture. In Italian American culture this represents "Screw You!"; U.S. Supreme Court justice [[Antonin Scalia]] received criticism for using this gesture towards a reporter.

Scratching or stroking the chin or beard (where possible) can be used to indicate that the gesticulater is thinking or puzzled.
In the UK, an "itchy chin" can be used to indicate that the person receiving the gesture is lying or talking nonsense, [[bullshit]], in other words.

===Bang bang===
[[Image:gesture thumb up then down forefinger out like gun.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This gesture mimes a [[handgun]].]]

The "bang bang" gesture is performed by raising the fist with the index finger and thumb extended. The index finger points at the recipient. The thumb is then brought down on top of the fingers. This imitation of the action of a revolver [[pistol]] is often meant to represent a [[handgun]] in children's games. It may also be used menacingly to mean "I'm gonna kill you", or simply as a playful greeting. The middle finger is often also extended to widen the "barrel".

[[Texas Tech University|Texas Tech]] fans use the "bang bang" salute (fingers pointed upward) to cheer their team. Also, the "bang bang" performed with both hands was a signature gesture of [[professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] [[Mick Foley]] while he was in his "Cactus Jack" [[gimmick (professional wrestling)|persona]].

Also, if the thumb and middle finger are used to click, and the thumb the pointed upwards to form the gun, this can also be interpreted as a greeting.

A two-handed version of the same gesture can be used to indicate sporting/business success or sexual conquest (frequently accompanied by a syncopated "pow-pow", esp. in a posh British accent).

=== Beckoning sign ===
Index finger sticking out of the clenched fist, palm facing the gesturer. The finger moves repeatedly towards the gesturer (in a hook) as to draw something nearer. It has the general meaning of "come here", although it is normally seen as condescending or anyway impolite. It is sometimes performed with the four fingers, with the entire hand, or even with the arm, depending on how far the recipient of the sign is.

When performed with the index finger, it may have a mild sexual connotation depending on the circumstance.

In [[Africa]], the [[Far East]] and many [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking countries, this sign is given with all four fingers and with the palm down.

In [[Japan]] there is a similar gesture, but the four fingers are used, the palm faces the recipient and the hand is at head's height. This is the gesture featured in the [[maneki neko]].

===Benediction and blessing===
[[Image:ConstantineCoin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Benediction gesture, on a coin of [[Constantine I (emperor)|Emperor Constantine]].]]

The benediction gesture is a raised right hand with the ring and pinky fingers touching the palm, while the middle and index fingers remain raised. Taken from Ancient Roman iconography for speaking (an example is the Augustus of Prima Porta where the emperor Augustus assumes the pose of an orator in addressing his troops), it is used as a simple [[charm]] or [[blessing]] amongst many [[neopagan|modern]] [[Paganism|Pagans]], and has a vast array of uses. Perhaps the most common and/or noteworthy use of the gesture is while tracing an invisible "air [[pentagram]]" before someone during certain [[Wicca]]n rituals such as the [[Great Rite]] performed during [[Beltane]] and [[Drawing down the Moon (ritual)|Drawing Down the Moon]] on the [[Esbat]]s. One might also use the gesture to trace invisible pentagrams or other sigils over items to be blessed or empowered, such as [[holy water]], [[ritual]] [[wine]], ritual [[ale]], or [[cannabis|the Sacred Herb]]. The two extended fingers are used to point (except when an [[athame]], [[wand]], or [[sword]] is used).

A similar sign, called the ''benediction'' gesture, is used by the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[clergy]] to perform [[blessing]]s with the [[sign of the cross]]; however Christians keep the thumb raised - the three raised fingers (index, middle, and thumb) are frequently allegorically interpreted as representing the three Persons of the [[Holy Trinity]]. It was shown by representations of [[Jesus]] as [[Christ Pantocrator]].

===Blah-blah===
The fingers are kept straight and together in a horizontal fashion while the thumb is held out straight. The fingers and thumb then snap together repeatedly to suggest a mouth talking. It is used to indicate contempt for a person talking for an excessive period of time about nothing the gesturer feels is important.

===Check, please===
This gesture, understood by waiters around the world to mean that a dinner patron wishes to pay the bill and depart, is executed by touching the index finger and thumb together and "writing" a wavy line in the air, as if to sign one's name. An alternate gesture with the same meaning is made by touching the index finger and thumb together and drawing a [[Tick (checkmark)|checkmark]] ({{unicode|<big>✓</big>}}) in the air. In [[Egypt]], the left hand is held palm-out and the right, palm-down, is tapped against the left wrist to request the check. In [[Thailand]], one makes a circling gesture with the thumb and fingers pinched together- as if you are holding an imaginary pencil and making imaginary scribbles on a piece of paper. Sometimes the opposite palm is used as the 'paper'. In the [[Philippines]], one outlines a rectangle in the air using the thumb and forefinger of both hands.

===Clenched fist===
A raised, clenched fist is used as a gesture of defiance by a number of groups. It is usually considered to be hostile, yet without any sexual, scatological, or notionally offensive connotations. It is especially associated with [[Communism|Communists]] and with other nationalist or ethnic [[revolution]]ary or would-be revolutionary movements, and with the [[Black Power]] movements of the [[1960s]] in the United States. It is the custom to make this gesture while singing ''[[The Internationale]]'', the [[Marxism|Marxist]] anthem. A clenched fist raised quickly up and down and then punched in some direction also signifies a military call for a heavy weapons team to close on the gesturer or to move or open fire in the direction indicated by the punch.

: See also: [[With a strong hand and an outstretched arm]]

=== Pound fist ===
Pound fist is a greeting, in which two individuals touch fists.

=== Clinton thumb ===
The gesture dubbed the "Clinton thumb" after its most famous user, [[Bill Clinton]], is used by politicians to provide emphasis in speeches without pointing the finger. This gesture has the thumb leaning against the thumbside portion of the index finger, which is part of a closed fist. It does not exhibit the anger of the clenched fist or pointing finger, and so is thought to be less threatening. This gesture was likely adopted by Clinton from [[John F. Kennedy]], who can be seen using it in many speeches during his political career.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} It is often used in extemporaenous speech and debate, as a tool for emphasizing points.

===Crossed fingers===
{{main|Crossed fingers}}
A gesture made by crossing the index and middle fingers such that the middle finger overlaps and intertwines the index finger, which can be used to signify one's hope that something should succeed (compare to the phrase "Keep your fingers crossed."). According to OldSuperstitions.com, this stems from the [[superstition]] that "Bad luck is trapped at the point where the two fingers meet so when we cross our fingers, we stop the bad luck from escaping and allow our wishes to come true.". However, if placed behind one's back, the gesture takes on an entirely different meaning: it is then normally used to indicate that the user secretly wishes for something ''contrary'' to what is being stated or going on, or that a lie is being told. This usage is often seen in dramatic contexts.

===Cuckoo sign===
A gesture made by closing ones fist, extending the index finger, and circling it around ones ear for several seconds. This gesture is used to indicate that someone is speaking nonsense or is crazy (more colloquially, this is described as being [[cuckoo]]). The "cuckoo" sign is well-known in the United States.

===Fig sign===
[[Image:gesture fist with thumb through fingers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "fig sign" is an ancient gesture with many uses.]]

The "fig sign" is a gesture made with the hand and fingers curled and the thumb thrust between the middle and index fingers, or, rarely, the middle and ring fingers, forming the fist so that the thumb partly pokes out. In some areas of the world, the gesture is considered a good luck charm, in others it is considered an obscene gesture, and in still others it is used in the "I've got your nose!" child's game. This gesture is also the letter "T" in the [[American Sign Language alphabet]]. In [[International Sign]], which otherwise uses the same manual alphabet, "T" has been modified to avoid possible offense.

In [[ancient Rome]], this gesture was called the ''mano fico'', and was a fertility and good luck charm designed to ward off evil. Although this usage has survived in [[Brazil]], where carved images of hands in this gesture are used in good luck [[Amulet|talisman]]s, in many other cultures, such as Indonesia, Turkey and Russia, the sign has come to have an insulting meaning roughly equivalent to "screw you", based on the thumb being seen as representing a [[clitoris]] or [[sexual intercourse]]. In modern Russia this gesture is used mostly by kids with the meaning "screw you/no way". The same meaning is expressed by adults either with bent elbow (rude, very emphatic, non-classy), or with a "finger" (used mostly by city dwellers). The "finger" made it to Russian gesture language from Western movies. In modern [[Italian language|Italian]], the gesture is called the ''mano fica'', taken to mean "fig hand", as the Italian word for "[[fig]]" is ''fico'' (''ficus'' in [[Latin]]). The obscene connotations of the gesture may partly originate from the fact that a similar Italian word, ''fica'', is a slang term referring to the [[vulva]]. This sexual connotation may date back to ancient Roman times; some Roman amulets combine a ''[[phallus]]'' and a ''mano fico'' gesture. In [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', [[Vanni Fucci]] curses [[God]] with a "fig" gesture. [http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/circle8b.html#vanni]

Also known as the [[Sicilian Fist]] in Sicily, worn as a good luck charm. * [http://www.italybyvip.com/1874.html Images of the "Sicilian Fist Charm" in Sicily]

The gesture is also used in a trick played by adults and parents, with the intention of convincing their child that his or her nose has been ripped off. Someone, usually an adult, grabs at the child's nose and forms the fig sign, exclaiming, "I've got your nose, I've got your nose!" The thumb is supposed to be the child's removed nose.

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use this gesture as a symbol of the [[mother goddess]] to help adherents identify one another. In this context, it is referred to as the "Sign of the Goddess". Its counterpart is the ''[[corna]]'' sign.

===Finger Snap===
{{Unreferenced|date=September 2006}}
One of several gestures familiar to modern people primarily through old [[animated cartoons]], this gesture generally expresses a confident "screw you!" in the face of an adversary. The gesturer holds one hand out, palm up, in the direction of his antagonist and snaps his thumb and middle finger, generally accompanied by a high-nosed, "snooty" facial expression and followed by crossing the arms.

In some countries, particularly Great Britain, snapping the fingers is used to signify remembering or failing to remember. Snapping the fingers repeatedly at a constant rate is commonly used to signify that the person has forgotten something and is trying to recall it. This is often done with the fingers snapped close to the temple, as though literally 'jogging the memory,' and is associated with the phrase 'it's on the tip of my tongue.'

A single snap, sometimes emphasized by an arced swing of the arm, is used when someone is reminded of something by another person, particularly if it is a job or a chore they have forgotten to do, or as a sign of disappointment or regret. Some people also snap their fingers to catch the attention of others. This is informal - some people may find it rude or even threatening, as it is common for the gesturer to snap his fingers very close to the other's face. In some cases, this may be interpreted as a face-threatening act or a sign of contempt.

==="Hanging"===
This gesture is performed by holding a clenched fist at the side of the head, tilting one's head away from one's fist, and making a choking sound. It may also be accompanied by hanging the tongue loosely out of one's mouth, and rolling of the eyes back into the head. It is generally used to signify "what I would rather be doing". It can also be used to show suicide.

===Horns===
{{main|Corna}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with index and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Corna]]

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use it as a symbol of the [[horned god]] to identify each other; in this context it is referred to as the "Sign of the Horned God". Its counterpart is the ''fig sign'', above.

Some say that it is meant to ward off — or to bestow — the [[evil eye]]. It is also a representation of the [[Devil]] by some [[Satanist]]s. The gesture's origin is believed to be an imitation of the shape of a goats head, which has many associations with the concept of Satan in [[Christianity]] [http://www.keyway.ca/htm2001/20010924.htm Satan's Goat]

It has a variety of other meanings as well, depending on culture and area. In some places, it is a sexual insult, charging a man with being a victim of [[adultery|cuckoldry]] (this insult is most common in [[Spain]] and [[Italy]] but is also used in Brazil). Perhaps because of its [[occult]] significance, it is used as a salute by fans of [[Devil horns#Heavy metal|heavy metal music]]. If one reverses the extended fingers, one gets the "inverted heavy metal salute" which can be given as a reply to a heavy metal salute. In this case, the sign is known as "devil horns".

Also a common hand gesture used by the University of Texas at Austin. The sign is also usually accompanied by the slogan "Hook 'Em Horns." The gesture is said to look like a head of a Longhorn, the University's mascot.
To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], it is called the "Sign of Voor" or the "Voorish Sign".and also a nother meaning for this is ROCK ON!

===Kodály Hand Signs===
Named after [[Zoltán Kodály]], and largely defined by [[John Curwen]], Kodály Hand Signs are a way of representing musical notes by holding the hand in a certain position for each note. The basic concept of using gestures to represent notes is quite ancient, however near the end of the 19th century, the concept was formalized as a standard teaching method. Kodály Hand Signs are featured in the [[1977]] film [[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]].

===Knocking on wood===
{{main|touch wood}}
This signifies the neutralization of a [[jinx]]ing brought on by mentioning an either hoped-for or feared result. The knuckles are rapped on a nearby piece of wood (or, jokingly, someone's head). Usually this is only valid if done on bare (i.e. unpainted) wood. One possible reason for the tradition could have been from an [[animist]] culture who believed that the knocking would release spirits to protect them. It has also been said to stem from a belief that any nearby evil spirits who overhear somebody speaking of good fortune which has come his way may send some bad luck to offset it; knocking on wood was thought to keep the spirits from hearing. It is also known as "tapping wood" or "touching wood".

In Italy, one knocks on iron with the hand in the ''[[corna]]'' horns position.

===Middle finger===
{{main|The finger}}
[[Image:Middle finger.JPG|thumb|right|200px|"[[The finger]]" is a very common offensive hand gesture.]]
"The finger" is a gesture consisting of a fist with the middle finger extended. It appears to be universally understood as "[[fuck|fuck you]]" due to its resemblance to the penis. It is certainly thousands of years old, being referred to in Ancient Roman literature as the ''digitus infamis'' or ''digitus impudicus''. Performing this gesture is also called "flipping the bird" in countries where "the finger" is used. In other regions, "flipping the bird" refers to the raising of the middle and index finger with the back of the hand directed at the recipient. It can also mean "Victor" (see ''[[#V Sign|V Sign]]'', below) in some countries, which is not to be mistaken for the "Peace" gesture, which is done with the palm facing the recipient of the gesture, but in Britain and some other countries it is an offensive gesture, equivalent to "the finger". [[George W. Bush]] can be seen making the gesture while he was the Governor of Texas, while goofing off before beginning filming of a public address.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9Do-s1cdPk Bush "One-fingered Victory Salute" Video] </ref>

Former [[professional wrestler]] [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] used the finger quite frequently in [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] shows. He raises both of the fingers to the crowd as a way of saluting to them. Also, he gestures the finger at his opponent before kicking them in the stomach and performing the [[Stone Cold Stunner]].

Comedian [[Dane Cook]] parodied the gesture with his "Super Finger" gesture, which consists of raising the middle finger, ring finger, and thumb on the same hand while lowering (or curling) the pointer and pinky finger. It is meant to be a more "powerful" version of "the finger".

The middle finger is also used to represent the number four when one counts in the hexadecimal system using one's fingers.<ref>[http://www.intuitor.com/counting/]</ref>

When this gesture is made with the palm facing forward, it is known to [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]] as the "Sign of Kish". Another Lovecraftian sign is the "Sign of Koth", which consists of fully extending the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and pinky, while the thumb is tucked against the flat of the hand.

=== Money sign ===
The thumb rubs repeatedly over the tip of the index finger and middle fingers. The ring finger and pinky touch the palm. This gesture is meant to resemble the act of rubbing two coins together (alternatively the act of counting paper bills) and has a general meaning of "money", or "expensive".

===OK===
{{main|Okay}}

This is the touching of the index and middle finger (or just index finger) with the thumb (forming a rough circle) with the raising of the remaining fingers. In the United States and most of Europe, it means "OK" and is inoffensive. The OK sign is used extensively in [[scuba diving]]. It can also mean "[[0 (number)|0]]," or "[[money]]," in [[Japan]].
However, in Germany, it is often seen on the Autobahn, as a silent way of calling someone an "Asshole" (with the fingers extended horizontally). Similar vulgar meanings are found in other countries, but usually you have to turn the 'Ring' upside down (supinated to show the ring in front) like this example from [http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/05/butthole-is-not-ok.html Brazil]. It is then a sexual or scatological gesture referring to the [[anus]]

===Pointing===
The typical pointing with the [[index finger]] is a universal gesture. There are many other ways to point, for example with the hand, a head nod or an eye gaze. In many cases pointing at a person is considered rude. A more polite way of pointing to a person would be to to direct the hand in their direction, as if holding a plate. You may point towards yourself to draw attention, and this behavior is seen commonly in [[monkeys]].

===Moutza (Palm of hand)===
{{main|Moutza}}
In most places, a palm raised towards somebody means "stop".

In [[Greece]], the palm of the hand thrust towards somebody with the fingers splayed is an offensive gesture equivalent to giving the finger. The gesture is known in Greek as "moutza". It originates from the Byzantine punishment of parading a chained criminal around town with his face smeared with [[cinder]], or ''moutzos'' in Greek. An even more offensive version is achieved by using both hands to double the gesture, and smacking the palm of one hand against the back of the other, in the direction of the intended recipient. Both the one-handed and the two-handed versions of this gesture can be (and often are) combined with the term "''na''!", meaning "here you go!" or "there!", or "''na, malaka''!", meaning "there, you wanker!"

===Salute===
{{main|Salute}}
There are many forms of [[salute]] gestures, most of which are used to denote respect or obedience for an authority. A common [[military]] hand salute consists of raising the right hand, held flat, to the right eyebrow. [[Scouting]] organizations use related salutes. The armies of various countries adopt slightly different forms of salute: in the United States, the military salute places the hand directed outward over the eyebrow, like a visor; in the United Kingdom armed forces, the hand is brought to the forehead palm outward in military and air force contexts, whereas the naval salute is as in the US forces - the US forces derived their saluting habits from the [[Royal Navy]].

One of the most infamous forms of salute is the "[[Hitler salute]]", which is performed by extending the whole right arm, palm outstretched and facing down, upwards into the air at approximately a 45 degree angle from the ground. Sometimes, this is accompanied by holding the index and middle fingers under the nose, representing Hitler's iconic moustache. This gesture is associated with [[Nazism]] and its leader, [[Adolf Hitler]], as well as with [[Germany]] during [[World War II]]. It is occasionally performed to mock someone or something for perceived [[authoritarianism]] or [[bigotry]]. This gesture was based on the [[Roman salute]], and it was in that capacity that it was revived by [[Tennis Court Oath|French Revolutionaries]] and later by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Fascism|Fascist]] party.

In some countries, mostly in Europe, it is forbidden by law to perform this gesture, although this does not deter [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] and white supremacists from using the gesture in public rallies. Even in other countries, it is generally considered taboo to use the gesture, and this partly caused the [[United States]] to abandon the similar [[Bellamy salute]] used when reciting the [[Pledge of Allegiance]], in favor of the current hand-on-heart gesture.

===Shaka===
{{main|Shaka sign}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with thumb and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "[[shaka sign|shaka]]" sign is a common greeting in beach and surfer culture.]]

The "shaka" sign is a common greeting gesture often associated with [[Hawaii]], [[California]], and [[beach]] and [[surfing|surfer]] culture in general. It consists of extending the thumb and pinky finger while keeping the three middle fingers curled, and is often described colloquially as the "hang loose"or "chilax" gesture. It is similar to [[American Sign Language]] letter "''Y''", where a fist is also made with only the thumb and pinky extended. The sign is often followed by waving as a greeting or acknowledgment. It can be used when driving as a signal of thanks to other drivers (for example, someone who stopped to let another driver onto the road from a driveway).

The "shaka" sign is also the greeting gesture for members of [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] Fraternity, Inc. which is the "phi" sign. All African-American Greek fraternities and sororities have hand greeting gestures.
====Similar gestures====

In Britain and Northern Europe the symbol is used as a signal for owners of older model [[Volkswagen]] vans when passing on roads. The silhouette of the hand reveals a "W"-shaped outline along the top of the hand standing for Volkswagen.

In Spain and Italy, if the thumb points to the mouth, it means "drinking", since it is similar the shape of a ''[[porrón]]'' vessel. This is also true of the [[United States]] and [[Portugal]].

In some countries, if the thumb points to the mouth, it can also represent [[marijuana]] usage, in particular the use of a [[bong]]. This is usually accompanied by a sucking noise.

In China, it is also the sign for the number six.

A similar gesture is the "call me" sign, which also has the pinky finger and thumb outstretched, but then also holds it up to the ear, to signify a telephone. This gesture is a common way to silently tell someone to call him or her, such as to continue a conversation in private.

It is also used by [[FC Barcelona]] player [[Ronaldinho]] as part of his goal celebration.

In India, rolling the shaka in a winding motion signifies that the listener does not believe what is being said and that the speaker needs to "spool in the yarn from spinning out too far".

==="Thanks!" Salute===
Another gesture familiar from vintage cartoons, this is performed by sweeping an opened hand from near one's brow toward the person being addressed, and expresses gratitude. It is adapted from [[American Sign Language]], and alludes to tipping your hat or cap.

===Three middle fingers===
Gestures consisting of fully extending the index, middle, and ring fingers with the thumb and pinky tucked together under the palm have had a variety of meanings over the years.

The gesture was also used by [[Bosnian Croat]]s as a victory sign, representing the Christian [[Trinity]], during the [[Bosnian War]]. To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], this gesture is known as the "Sign of the Elders." With the palm facing outwards, the fingers closed (without gaps), the right hand's fingertips to the same-side temple, it is used by the [[scouting|Boy scouts]] as their identifying [[salute]].

In the United States, when the back of the hand faces outwards, this gesture is often used as a [[euphemism]] for "[[#middle finger|the finger]]." It is used especially when a jocular effect is desired. Originally, an accompanying verbal explanation was usual — "Read [[subtext|between the lines]]," referring to the common English expression denoting that one must read carefully to glean the subtle meaning in a passage — but this phrase is now commonly omitted.

===Thumbs up, thumbs down===

A closed fist held with the thumb extended upward or downward is a gesture of approval or disapproval respectively. These gestures have become metaphors in English: ''"My boss gave my proposal the thumbs-up"'' means that the boss approved the proposal, regardless of whether the gesture was made — indeed, the gesture itself is unlikely in a business setting.

The source of the gesture is obscure. Though a favorite of Hollywood '[[sword and sandal|swords and sandals]]' epics, where the "thumbs down" symbol means that the loser in a gladiatorial combat should be put to death, recent research suggests the meanings of the symbols have changed over the years. In [[1997]], Professor [[Anthony Philip Corbeill]] of the [[University of Kansas]] concluded that the thumbs up actually meant "Kill him," basing his assertion on a study of hundreds of ancient artworks. Thus, the "thumbs up" was an approval of the gladiator's request to kill his vanquished foe rather than a vote to allow the defeated to remain alive. Corbeill wrote that a closed fist with a wraparound thumb was the indication for a gladiator's life to be spared.

[[Image:Jean-Leon Gerome Pollice Verso.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Pollice Verso'' by Jean-Léon Gérôme, [[1872]] is the immediate source of the "thumbs down" gesture in [[popular culture]].]]

In [[Latin]], the "thumbs up" gesture is called ''pollice recto'', "thumbs down" is ''pollice verso''. It is not certain that the contemporary gestures are identical to the gestures performed in [[ancient Rome]]. The current version was popularized by a widely reproduced [[academic art|academic painting]] by the [[19th century]] artist [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], whose ''Pollice Verso'' depicts a triumphant gladiator standing over a fallen foe, looking up into the [[bleacher]]s for the verdict of the crowd.

Additionally, [[Desmond Morris]]' ''Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution'' traces the practice back to a [[medieval]] custom used to seal business transactions... Over time, the mere sight of an upraised thumb came to symbolize harmony and kind feelings... The gesture's popularization in America is generally attributed to the practices of World War II pilots, who used the thumbs up to communicate with ground crews prior to take-off. American GIs are reputed to have picked up on the thumb and spread it throughout Europe as they marched toward Berlin." [http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

More recently, these gestures are associated with [[film|movie]] [[review]]s, having been popularized by [[Gene Siskel]] and [[Roger Ebert]] in their televised reviews — the thumb up meaning a positive opinion of a film; the thumb down meaning a negative one. One or two thumbs up, often held over the head, may also be used by athletes in celebration of a victory.

"'Thumbs up' traditionally translates as the foulest of Middle-Eastern gesticular insults — the most straightforward interpretation is 'Up yours, pal!' The sign has a similarly pejorative meaning in parts of West Africa, South America, Russia, Iran, Greece, and Sardinia, according to Roger E. Axtell's book ''Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World''."[http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

[[Hitchhiker]]s traditionally use a thumbs up gesture to solicit rides from oncoming vehicles, although in this presentation the arm is generally outstretched with the palm and closed fingers facing the motorist.

Additionally, supporters of [[Texas A&M University]] athletic teams use the thumbs-up sign, associated with the cheer, "Gig 'em, Aggies." The Thumb refers to a "gig" used for hunting frogs. The saying came when the Aggies had a big rival in the Southwest Conference in the TCU Horned Frogs.

Thumbs up and thumbs down are extensively used in scuba diving as commands to ascend or descend.

[[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstar [[Dave Bautista|Batista]] uses this gesture to signify his finisher, the [[Batista Bomb]].

=== Tsk-tsk ===
Palm towards the recipient, all fingers closed except for the index, which alternates from left to right, like a [[metronome]]. In English-speaking countries it has a disapproving meaning and can be accompanied by a "[[tsk|tsk-tsk]]" sound.

In Italy it simply means "no", and does not have any patronizing connotation.

===V sign===
[[Image:Nixon-depart.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Richard Nixon]] gives the V-sign one last time after resigning from the presidency.]]
{{main|V sign}}

The "V sign" is made by lifting the middle and index finger with the palm of the hand facing the recipient (and the remaining fingers clenched). It was associated with the [[catchphrase]] ''"V" for Victory'' in [[World War II]]. In the [[1960s]], it came to be known as the "[[peace]] sign," the gestural equivalent of the [[peace symbol]]. It was associated with British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] during World War II, and later, with U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]]. It is also the sign for the letter V in [[American Sign Language]].

This sign is frequently used by the Japanese, most times holding up 2 "V" signs very close to either side of their face with a big grin during pictures.

In the UK, Australia, and some other countries, reversing the V sign so that the back of the hand facing the recipient is seen as the equivalent of giving [[finger (gesture)|the finger]]. Popular myth supposes it was originally a taunt by Welsh Archers towards the French who were known to cut off an Welsh Archer's first and middle fingers if captured.

Additionally, due to its use in an advertisement for the Australian made Valiant Charger (which ceased production around 1980) many people still display the V sign, in homage to the ad, and the car, if that vehicle happens to be driven past. Hardly an every day occurrence, but of some trivial interest.

===Vulcan salute===
{{main|Vulcan salute}}

The Vulcan salute consists of a raised hand, palm outward, fingers extended, with the index and middle finger kept close together, and the ring and pinky finger close together, with a "V" shaped space between them, and the thumb sticking out alone.

This gesture is associated with the phrase "Live long and prosper", and derives from ''[[Star Trek]]'', where it is used as a salute by fictional humanoid species the [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcans]].

It was introduced by [[Leonard Nimoy]] in his character of [[Mr. Spock]] and is drawn directly from the benedictory gesture made with both hands by a [[Kohen]] (priest in Judaism, a descendant of Aaron) during the [[Priestly Blessing]] ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: ''Birkat Kohanim''). The [[Kohen|Kohanim]] recite a blessing while performing this "gesture" and the other congregants respond with [[Amen]]s.

This gesture is also known as the "Spocker" in allusion to [[Shocker (hand gesture)|the Shocker]].

===Wanker===
[[Image:Fingers and thumb in circle downward motion.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Wanker]]
A loose fist (with all fingers forming a cylindrical shape) is made, and shaken up and down (or sometimes, back and forth) at the wrist.

The gesture is imitative of the motions of male [[masturbation]]. Its meaning is equivalent to the word [[wanker]] or implies something is of little importance. If directed to a person or group, who are not necessarily present, it is considered a display of contempt toward them.

The name for this gesture is described by speakers of [[American English]] as a [[Britishism]].

[[Image:Portugal Wanker Gesture.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Overhand Portuguese Wanker Gesture]]

In [[Portugal]] they use the wanker gesture but with the palm facing the ground thereby implying that the person is masturbating someone else rather than themselves. As such this has [[homosexual]] or promiscuous implications when directed at someone instead of the milder suggestion that they enjoy self-gratification.

===Wave===
A wave is a gesture in which the hand is raised and moved back and forth, as a [[greeting]] or sign of departure. The orientation of the hand varies by culture and situation. In many cultures, the palm is oriented toward the recipient of the wave.

In Chinese culture, orienting the hand palm-down and waving it up and down signifies "come here", rather than a greeting. 

===Whoop-Dee-Doo===
Point the index finger up and rotate it. This is a usually used as a response gesture to indicate something is uninteresting or irrelavent. Similar to saying a sarcastic "Whoop-Dee-Doo" or "Big deal".

==Using two hands==

===Awkward Turtle===
The Awkward Turtle is a gesture made after something awkward just happened, or when there is an awkward silence.
To perform an awkward turtle there are three steps to take. First, place hands on top of each other. Next, move thumbs out and away from the hands. Finally, rotate the thumbs.

Nowadays the gesture is used in the United States to hush children, or to calm participants in a heated argument. In [[Japan]], the same gesture may be used to request the check when dining at a restaurant (see also [[#Check, please|Check, please]], above).

==="Gills"===
This gesture involves holding the backs of the wrists against the jawline (with elbows outstretched) and then waggling one's fingers. The gesture is often accompanied by a feminine-voiced "Ooooo!" which rises and falls in intonation. It is used when one would normally say (sarcastically) "well aren't you clever?", or to imply that someone is acting too posh for their station. It is peculiar to Scotland owing to its use in Scottish TV sketch show [[Chewin the Fat]].

==="Shame on you"===
This gesture involves pointing at a person with the index finger of one hand while rubbing the pointed finger with the index finger of the opposite hand. The rubbing motion is directed toward the intended recipient and is repeated at least three times. It is used to imply that the targeted person should feel shame.

===Time-out===
The "time-out" gesture — a "T" formed with the hands, with one hand with flat palm placed perpendicular to the other hand with flat palm, roughly in the center — originates in American sports. It was, and is, used where a brief [[sport time-out|pause in play]] is called for, such as to make substitutions. In [[basketball]], the gesture is used to indicate that a player or coach is guilty of a [[technical foul]].

===Whatever!===
A gesture associated with [[Valley Girl|Valley Girls]]. Forming the letter "W" by extending the two index fingers upward and touching the thumbs together at a 45 degree angle, this hand sign is used silently or in conjuction with an uttered "Whatever!" (pronounced with a slight pause after the first syllable, emphasis on the second, and drawing out the third syllable to a hard "r"). It is a sarcastic response dismissing whatever has just been said to the person making the gesture.

==Hand with body gestures==
{{Mergeto|Hand gestures|Talk page|date=April 2007}}
===Bent elbow===

This is performed in two parts: first, the right hand is placed in the elbow crook of the left arm. The left arm is then raised (fist clenched) at the victim in a smooth and continuous motion. While the motion is essential to the gesture, the choice of arm is not. This gesture is associated with [[Italy|Italians]] and is considered a more theatrical and physically exuberant version of the [[finger (gesture)|finger]], and may even be combined with the finger. In Italian it is known as the ''gesto dell'ombrello'', meaning literally "the umbrella gesture." It is typically used in two different situations: 1) to answer "no way!" in an extremely emphatic (and quite vulgar) way; 2) after a triumph against some unfair enemy, with a sense of revenge. The gesture is frequently made stronger by crying "toh!" or "tiè!", both meaning "take this!", at the precise moment the hand touches the crook of the elbow.

This gesture is also in use in [[France]] as ''bras d'honneur'' (arm of honour), where it is usually understood as ''va te faire foutre'', still meaning "fuck off." In [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]], it is a ''corte de mangas'' ("[[sleeve]] cut") or a ''manguito'' (a cover formerly worn by public services bureaucratic workers on the arms to protect one's sleeves from ink splatters) respectively and is done with the left hand on the right elbow, without the continuous motion. In [[Portugal]], the iconic fictional character [[Zé Povinho]], created by [[Bordalo Pinheiro]], is usually depicted performing this gesture.

The gesture is sometimes used repetitively by fans at [[Citizens Bank Park]] in [[Philadelphia]] when the [[Phillies]] face the [[Atlanta Braves]] as a [[parody]] of the Braves' [[tomahawk chop]], and this usage is known as the "[[South Philly]] tomahawk chop" due to the gritty reputation of [[Philadelphia]] sports fans.

The gesture above has long been known in Slavic countries in the above senses plus "fuck you", without any standard name. In [[Poland]] its name has been standardized to "Kozakiewicz's gesture", after Polish [[pole vault]] jumper [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]], who had shown this gesture to the jeering Russian public during the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]].

===Biting one's thumb===
[[Image:Sampson bites his thumb.JPG|left|200px|thumb|How NOT to bite your thumb]]
[[Image:Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb]]
[[Biting one's thumb]] was an old rude British gesture. It is comparable to "[[#middle finger|the Finger]]" in modern terms. In [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', Sampson bites his thumb at the Montagues (Act 1, Scene 1).

The gesture does not literally involve biting the thumb. The fingernail of a thumb is placed behind the upper teeth, with the thumb thus pointing upwards, and the thumb is then bent forwards, the fingernail making a clicking sound as it flicks past the teeth.

An equivalent gesture still persists in [[Italy]].

=== Biting one's hand ===
In Sicily, biting one's flat hand or fist is a powerful threat.

===Bowing, kneeling, kowtowing===
A [[bowing (social)|bow]] is a gesture of respect involving lowering the head, usually performed by a social inferior to a social superior. Various cultures have different degrees or ways of performing the bow; [[China]] and [[Japan]] are particularly associated with elaborate and formal bowing. Bowing is also done by many groups as a ritual associated with [[prayer]]. In the Western world, women [[curtsey]] rather than bow. [[Kneel]]ing and "[[kowtow]]ing" are more extreme or elaborate forms of self-abasement before a social superior.

===Choking sign===
[[Image:Chokinggesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Choking" sign]]
The standard gesture to indicate that one is [[choking]] is to hold the throat as if strangling oneself. This is recognized as a request for immediate [[first aid]] for choking. It is promoted as a way to prevent onlookers from confusing the victim's distress with some other problem, such as a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], when the person cannot speak. The gesture is sometimes used metaphorically to refer to someone or something "choking" in the slang sense of failing at something while under pressure, for instance at an athletic event.

===Crossing oneself===
{{main|Sign of the cross}}
The "[[sign of the cross|sign of the Cross]]" is the use of the right hand to touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, and right shoulder, consecutively. It represents the [[Christian cross]]. (Roman Catholics crossing themselves touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, then right shoulder; Byzantine (Eastern) Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians touch the right shoulder before the left, with the thumb and first two fingers joined — symbolizing the Trinity — and the tips of the last two fingers touching the palm, symbolizing the dual nature of Christ in one being. )

This gesture is used by [[Roman Catholic]]s, [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], and some other Christian groups in [[prayer]]s, to perform blessings, and as a salute before entering a [[church]] or similar place of religious significance. It is also used in various kinds of Christian [[folk religion]] to avert [[evil]] or [[bad luck]].

===Cutthroat===
[[Image:Cutthroatgesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Cutthroat" sign]]
This gesture is performed by drawing the hand, or a finger or two, across the throat. It represents slitting the throat with a knife, and means that the gesturer or someone else is metaphorically being killed. It is rarely if ever used literally to refer to death, though it is occasionally used as a theatrical threat ("I'm going to kill you"). In these contexts, it is sometimes accompanied by a harsh "kkkkkch" sound.

This gesture can also mean to "cut," "stop," or to discontinue a particular action. It can also be used to indicate something has ended or a previous process has concluded. [[Scuba diving|Scuba]] divers use this gesture with the palm swept across the throat to indicate that they have run out of air. Airport ground personnel also use this gesture to indicate a variety of things (due to the loud environment), such as baggage offload has completed or the last of the passengers have disembarked. In this context, it can be understood to mean: "That's it."

Also used by movie personell when having to signal a cesation of activity under silent conditions.

Additionally, [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstar [[The Undertaker]] uses this gesture to signify his signature moves, the [[Chokeslam]], [[Powerbomb#Elevated_powerbomb|Last Ride]], and [[Piledriver_(professional_wrestling)#Tombstone_piledriver|Tombstone piledriver]], as did [[Chris Benoit]] until his recent death.

=== Drinking sign ===
In UK, the gesture for drinking (used for example as an invitation to "go down the [[pub]]") is made by putting the back of the thumb just below the lower lip, while the other fingers are close together as if holding an imaginary [[pint]] of beer, tipping it repeatedly.
In other countries, the shaka sign is used in a similar way, as described above.

===Flipping the fingers out from under the chin===

A [http://news.bostonherald.com/localRegional/view.bg?articleid=132932 traditional Sicilian gesture] analogous in meaning to the raised middle finger. This gesture became the center of a controversy in March of 2006, when [[U.S. Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] [[Associate Justice]] [[Antonin Scalia]] was photographed allegedly making the gesture to illustrate his response to his critics. Scalia later claimed that he used a different gesture, waving his fingers beneath his chin, a gesture translating to "I couldn't care less."
===Forehead Clunk===
This gesture indicates stupidity, usually a minor and immediately recognized slip of logic, judgment, or speech; and is performed by striking the forehead with the heel of the hand.

=== Hand over heart ===
This gesture involves placing one's right hand, palm outstretched and facing in, over one's heart. Male [[hat]] or cap wearers typically remove their hats and hold them in this hand. In some cultures, it is used as a gesture of respect towards [[flag]]s or during singing of a [[national anthem]]. In the United States, it is also performed as a part of the rituals of the [[Pledge of Allegiance]]. It can also be used to indicate sincerity, shock, or hurt.

===Loser===
This gesture is performed by raising the index finger and thumb of your right hand perpendicular to each other so that they form the letter "L". It is then placed onto one's forehead. It signifies that the person to whom this gesture is directed is a loser.
However, when the opposite hand is used, the gesture becomes highly ironic.

===My eye===

In France, Germany, and parts of Europe it is common to point your index finger at your eye and even pull the skin under the eye lightly down to emphasize the presenting of the eye. The gesture displays disbelief or that a certain statement is made jokingly, similar to winking in American culture.

In Japan, tugging at the eye, often accompanied by sticking out one's tongue, is used as a childishly offensive gesture, or to indicate boredom.

In Italy, Portugal, Brazil and all Spanish-speaking nations it means "watch out" (POR, ITA:''occhio!'',SPA:''¡ojo!''), and is used for warning or threatening.

===Nonsense===
Performed by waving the palm of your hand in front of your face, it may be used to tell the other person that an idea he or she had was nonsense.

In [[Portugal]], this gesture usually means the person being referred to missed an extremely obvious detail.

===Nose thumbing ===
For this gesture, also known as "cocking a snoot", "giving the five-finger salute", "cocking a snook", or Queen Anne's Fan the thumb is placed on the tip of the nose, with the remaining fingers of the hand extended and waggled freely. This gesture can be ended with a dramatic flicking of the thumb away from the end of the nose and towards the recipient. It is used in (gentle) mockery of someone. It dates back to at least the 18th century and is probably much older.

To add emphasis, the gesture can be made using both hands, connecting them by touching the little finger of the first hand with the thumb of the second, and waggling the remaining seven fingers. It is frequently accompanied by [[blowing a raspberry]], or by sticking out the tongue.

===Suck my dick===
This gesture is performed by crossing the outstretched arms across the thighs, putting emphasis on the [[groin]]. This was used by popular professional wrestling [[stable (wrestling)|stable]], [[D-Generation X]].

There is a variation to this where a fist is made and shook near the mouth while bulging ones tongue against their cheeks to mimic fellatio.

===Touched / screw loose===
Tapping one's index finger against the head indicates that a person or an idea being discussed is insane or "touched in the head". A similar, more elaborate gesture uses a circling motion of the finger at the temple or side of the head. This signifies that the person is "mixed up" or "has a screw loose". In Germany, tapping or pointing to the temple is used as an insult, often with the accompanying phrase "du hast einen Vogel." While this literally means "You have a bird," it is idiomatic for saying that you are insane. Also, in Indonesia, drawing a line across the forehead with the side of the right index finger denotes a similar meaning.

A variant of this one is the suicide. Make a gun with your hand and pretend to shoot point blank at your own temple. It can be accompanied with sticking out the tongue or a shooting sound for full effect, and often implies that the speaker is a "complete idiot". A more recent use of this is in the movie, "40-Year Old Virgin" where one of the characters, after being bored with a conversation, proceeds to aim at his temple and pretend to fire. Afterwards, he uses his other hand and does a reverse cupping motion outward from the other side of his head to signify his brains splattering out.

In Japan, a variation of this is knocking on the temple with the knuckle of the index finger. This is usually used in reference to the signer; "I'm such an idiot!"

==="Wiping" one's forehead===
The act of wiping one's own forehead, regardless of whether sweat has actually formed there, is a sign indicating many things such as "That was close" or "What a relief".

==Body and facial gestures==
{{further|[[Facial expression]]}}
[[Image:Eyeroll.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Rolling one's eyes can express exasperation or condescension.]]

Many gestures utilize only the face or body, without the hands.

===Eye-rolling===
Performed by rotating the eyes upward, it indicates condescension, contempt, boredom, or exasperation. This is often referred to as "rolling ones eyes to Heaven," as though wishing for a divine intervention for a rescue from boredom, frustration, etc.

===Mooning===
[[Mooning]] is the act of displaying one's [[nudity|bare]] [[buttocks]] by lowering the back side of one's [[trousers]] and [[underpants]], usually without exposing the [[genitals]]. Mooning is used in some cultures to express protest, scorn, disrespect, or provocation. It can also be done for [[shock value]] or fun.

===The "peacock"===
Expresses superiority or domination combined with a certain degree of smug arrogance. Performed by pushing the chest up and out at the front as well as tilting the face slightly upward. This may be accompanied by motions of hooking both thumbs under one's [[lapels]] or [[suspenders]] even if they are not present.

{{Gestures}}

[[Category:Gestures]]

Archive:Types of gestures

2007-08-31T05:00:19Z

125.237.24.193: /* Horns */

{{unreferenced||article|date=September 2006}}
Gestures are a form of [[Body language]] or [[Non-verbal communication]].
Although some [[gesture]]s, such as the ubiquitous act of [[Hand gesture|pointing]], differ little from one place to another, most gestures do not have invariable or universal meanings, having specific connotations only in certain cultures. Different types of gestures are distinguished. The most famous type of gestures are the so-called emblems or quotable gestures (see the examples below). These are [[culture]] specific gestures that can be used as replacement for words. Communities have repertoires of such gestures. A single emblematic gesture can have very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary to highly offensive.

Another type of gestures are the ones we use when we speak. These gestures are closely coordinated with speech. The meaningful part of the gesture is temporally synchronised with the co-expressive words. For example, a gesture that depicts the act of throwing will be synchronous with the word 'threw' in the utterance "and then he threw the ball right into the window." Other gestures like the so-called beat gestures, are used in conjunction with speech, keeping time with the rhythm of speech and to emphasize certain words or phrases. These types of gestures are integrally connected to speech and thought processes.

==Studies of gesture==
The first full-length study of gesture was published by [[John Bulwer]] in 1644. Bulwer analyzed dozens of gestures, and provided a guide on how to use gestures to increase eloquence and clarity for public speaking. Today, one of the most prominent researchers in the field of gesture research is [[Adam Kendon]]. He has investigated many aspects of gestures, including their role in communication, conventionalization of gesture, integration of gesture and speech, and the evolution of language. Other prominent researchers in this field include [[Susan Goldin-Meadow]] and [[David McNeill]].

==Social significance==
[[Image:VitarkaMudra.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Vitarka [[mudra]], [[Tarim Basin]], 9th century.]]

Gestures play a major role in many aspects of human life. Many animals, including humans, use gestures to initiate a [[Courtship|mating ritual]]. This may include elaborate [[dance]]s and other movements.

Religious and spiritual gestures are also common, such as the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[sign of the cross]]. In [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]], a ''[[mudra]]'' ([[Sanskrit]], meaning either "posture" or "currency" depending on the interpretation) is a symbolic gesture made with the hand or fingers. Each mudra has a specific meaning, playing a central role in Hindu and Buddhist [[iconography]]. An example is the Vitarka mudra, the gesture of discussion and transmission of Buddhist teaching. It is done by joining the tips of the thumb and the index together, while keeping the other fingers straight.

==Using one hand==
===Itching Under The Chin===
In Italian culture this represents "I don't care, I can't be bothered". This is done by keeping one hand straight, placing it under the chin, and 'throwing out' that hand toward the person receiving the gesture. In Italian American culture this represents "Screw You!"; U.S. Supreme Court justice [[Antonin Scalia]] received criticism for using this gesture towards a reporter.

Scratching or stroking the chin or beard (where possible) can be used to indicate that the gesticulater is thinking or puzzled.
In the UK, an "itchy chin" can be used to indicate that the person receiving the gesture is lying or talking nonsense, [[bullshit]], in other words.

===Bang bang===
[[Image:gesture thumb up then down forefinger out like gun.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This gesture mimes a [[handgun]].]]

The "bang bang" gesture is performed by raising the fist with the index finger and thumb extended. The index finger points at the recipient. The thumb is then brought down on top of the fingers. This imitation of the action of a revolver [[pistol]] is often meant to represent a [[handgun]] in children's games. It may also be used menacingly to mean "I'm gonna kill you", or simply as a playful greeting. The middle finger is often also extended to widen the "barrel".

[[Texas Tech University|Texas Tech]] fans use the "bang bang" salute (fingers pointed upward) to cheer their team. Also, the "bang bang" performed with both hands was a signature gesture of [[professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] [[Mick Foley]] while he was in his "Cactus Jack" [[gimmick (professional wrestling)|persona]].

Also, if the thumb and middle finger are used to click, and the thumb the pointed upwards to form the gun, this can also be interpreted as a greeting.

A two-handed version of the same gesture can be used to indicate sporting/business success or sexual conquest (frequently accompanied by a syncopated "pow-pow", esp. in a posh British accent).

=== Beckoning sign ===
Index finger sticking out of the clenched fist, palm facing the gesturer. The finger moves repeatedly towards the gesturer (in a hook) as to draw something nearer. It has the general meaning of "come here", although it is normally seen as condescending or anyway impolite. It is sometimes performed with the four fingers, with the entire hand, or even with the arm, depending on how far the recipient of the sign is.

When performed with the index finger, it may have a mild sexual connotation depending on the circumstance.

In [[Africa]], the [[Far East]] and many [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking countries, this sign is given with all four fingers and with the palm down.

In [[Japan]] there is a similar gesture, but the four fingers are used, the palm faces the recipient and the hand is at head's height. This is the gesture featured in the [[maneki neko]].

===Benediction and blessing===
[[Image:ConstantineCoin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Benediction gesture, on a coin of [[Constantine I (emperor)|Emperor Constantine]].]]

The benediction gesture is a raised right hand with the ring and pinky fingers touching the palm, while the middle and index fingers remain raised. Taken from Ancient Roman iconography for speaking (an example is the Augustus of Prima Porta where the emperor Augustus assumes the pose of an orator in addressing his troops), it is used as a simple [[charm]] or [[blessing]] amongst many [[neopagan|modern]] [[Paganism|Pagans]], and has a vast array of uses. Perhaps the most common and/or noteworthy use of the gesture is while tracing an invisible "air [[pentagram]]" before someone during certain [[Wicca]]n rituals such as the [[Great Rite]] performed during [[Beltane]] and [[Drawing down the Moon (ritual)|Drawing Down the Moon]] on the [[Esbat]]s. One might also use the gesture to trace invisible pentagrams or other sigils over items to be blessed or empowered, such as [[holy water]], [[ritual]] [[wine]], ritual [[ale]], or [[cannabis|the Sacred Herb]]. The two extended fingers are used to point (except when an [[athame]], [[wand]], or [[sword]] is used).

A similar sign, called the ''benediction'' gesture, is used by the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[clergy]] to perform [[blessing]]s with the [[sign of the cross]]; however Christians keep the thumb raised - the three raised fingers (index, middle, and thumb) are frequently allegorically interpreted as representing the three Persons of the [[Holy Trinity]]. It was shown by representations of [[Jesus]] as [[Christ Pantocrator]].

===Blah-blah===
The fingers are kept straight and together in a horizontal fashion while the thumb is held out straight. The fingers and thumb then snap together repeatedly to suggest a mouth talking. It is used to indicate contempt for a person talking for an excessive period of time about nothing the gesturer feels is important.

===Check, please===
This gesture, understood by waiters around the world to mean that a dinner patron wishes to pay the bill and depart, is executed by touching the index finger and thumb together and "writing" a wavy line in the air, as if to sign one's name. An alternate gesture with the same meaning is made by touching the index finger and thumb together and drawing a [[Tick (checkmark)|checkmark]] ({{unicode|<big>✓</big>}}) in the air. In [[Egypt]], the left hand is held palm-out and the right, palm-down, is tapped against the left wrist to request the check. In [[Thailand]], one makes a circling gesture with the thumb and fingers pinched together- as if you are holding an imaginary pencil and making imaginary scribbles on a piece of paper. Sometimes the opposite palm is used as the 'paper'. In the [[Philippines]], one outlines a rectangle in the air using the thumb and forefinger of both hands.

===Clenched fist===
A raised, clenched fist is used as a gesture of defiance by a number of groups. It is usually considered to be hostile, yet without any sexual, scatological, or notionally offensive connotations. It is especially associated with [[Communism|Communists]] and with other nationalist or ethnic [[revolution]]ary or would-be revolutionary movements, and with the [[Black Power]] movements of the [[1960s]] in the United States. It is the custom to make this gesture while singing ''[[The Internationale]]'', the [[Marxism|Marxist]] anthem. A clenched fist raised quickly up and down and then punched in some direction also signifies a military call for a heavy weapons team to close on the gesturer or to move or open fire in the direction indicated by the punch.

: See also: [[With a strong hand and an outstretched arm]]

=== Pound fist ===
Pound fist is a greeting, in which two individuals touch fists.

=== Clinton thumb ===
The gesture dubbed the "Clinton thumb" after its most famous user, [[Bill Clinton]], is used by politicians to provide emphasis in speeches without pointing the finger. This gesture has the thumb leaning against the thumbside portion of the index finger, which is part of a closed fist. It does not exhibit the anger of the clenched fist or pointing finger, and so is thought to be less threatening. This gesture was likely adopted by Clinton from [[John F. Kennedy]], who can be seen using it in many speeches during his political career.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} It is often used in extemporaenous speech and debate, as a tool for emphasizing points.

===Crossed fingers===
{{main|Crossed fingers}}
A gesture made by crossing the index and middle fingers such that the middle finger overlaps and intertwines the index finger, which can be used to signify one's hope that something should succeed (compare to the phrase "Keep your fingers crossed."). According to OldSuperstitions.com, this stems from the [[superstition]] that "Bad luck is trapped at the point where the two fingers meet so when we cross our fingers, we stop the bad luck from escaping and allow our wishes to come true.". However, if placed behind one's back, the gesture takes on an entirely different meaning: it is then normally used to indicate that the user secretly wishes for something ''contrary'' to what is being stated or going on, or that a lie is being told. This usage is often seen in dramatic contexts.

===Cuckoo sign===
A gesture made by closing ones fist, extending the index finger, and circling it around ones ear for several seconds. This gesture is used to indicate that someone is speaking nonsense or is crazy (more colloquially, this is described as being [[cuckoo]]). The "cuckoo" sign is well-known in the United States.

===Fig sign===
[[Image:gesture fist with thumb through fingers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "fig sign" is an ancient gesture with many uses.]]

The "fig sign" is a gesture made with the hand and fingers curled and the thumb thrust between the middle and index fingers, or, rarely, the middle and ring fingers, forming the fist so that the thumb partly pokes out. In some areas of the world, the gesture is considered a good luck charm, in others it is considered an obscene gesture, and in still others it is used in the "I've got your nose!" child's game. This gesture is also the letter "T" in the [[American Sign Language alphabet]]. In [[International Sign]], which otherwise uses the same manual alphabet, "T" has been modified to avoid possible offense.

In [[ancient Rome]], this gesture was called the ''mano fico'', and was a fertility and good luck charm designed to ward off evil. Although this usage has survived in [[Brazil]], where carved images of hands in this gesture are used in good luck [[Amulet|talisman]]s, in many other cultures, such as Indonesia, Turkey and Russia, the sign has come to have an insulting meaning roughly equivalent to "screw you", based on the thumb being seen as representing a [[clitoris]] or [[sexual intercourse]]. In modern Russia this gesture is used mostly by kids with the meaning "screw you/no way". The same meaning is expressed by adults either with bent elbow (rude, very emphatic, non-classy), or with a "finger" (used mostly by city dwellers). The "finger" made it to Russian gesture language from Western movies. In modern [[Italian language|Italian]], the gesture is called the ''mano fica'', taken to mean "fig hand", as the Italian word for "[[fig]]" is ''fico'' (''ficus'' in [[Latin]]). The obscene connotations of the gesture may partly originate from the fact that a similar Italian word, ''fica'', is a slang term referring to the [[vulva]]. This sexual connotation may date back to ancient Roman times; some Roman amulets combine a ''[[phallus]]'' and a ''mano fico'' gesture. In [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', [[Vanni Fucci]] curses [[God]] with a "fig" gesture. [http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/circle8b.html#vanni]

Also known as the [[Sicilian Fist]] in Sicily, worn as a good luck charm. * [http://www.italybyvip.com/1874.html Images of the "Sicilian Fist Charm" in Sicily]

The gesture is also used in a trick played by adults and parents, with the intention of convincing their child that his or her nose has been ripped off. Someone, usually an adult, grabs at the child's nose and forms the fig sign, exclaiming, "I've got your nose, I've got your nose!" The thumb is supposed to be the child's removed nose.

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use this gesture as a symbol of the [[mother goddess]] to help adherents identify one another. In this context, it is referred to as the "Sign of the Goddess". Its counterpart is the ''[[corna]]'' sign.

===Finger Snap===
{{Unreferenced|date=September 2006}}
One of several gestures familiar to modern people primarily through old [[animated cartoons]], this gesture generally expresses a confident "screw you!" in the face of an adversary. The gesturer holds one hand out, palm up, in the direction of his antagonist and snaps his thumb and middle finger, generally accompanied by a high-nosed, "snooty" facial expression and followed by crossing the arms.

In some countries, particularly Great Britain, snapping the fingers is used to signify remembering or failing to remember. Snapping the fingers repeatedly at a constant rate is commonly used to signify that the person has forgotten something and is trying to recall it. This is often done with the fingers snapped close to the temple, as though literally 'jogging the memory,' and is associated with the phrase 'it's on the tip of my tongue.'

A single snap, sometimes emphasized by an arced swing of the arm, is used when someone is reminded of something by another person, particularly if it is a job or a chore they have forgotten to do, or as a sign of disappointment or regret. Some people also snap their fingers to catch the attention of others. This is informal - some people may find it rude or even threatening, as it is common for the gesturer to snap his fingers very close to the other's face. In some cases, this may be interpreted as a face-threatening act or a sign of contempt.

==="Hanging"===
This gesture is performed by holding a clenched fist at the side of the head, tilting one's head away from one's fist, and making a choking sound. It may also be accompanied by hanging the tongue loosely out of one's mouth, and rolling of the eyes back into the head. It is generally used to signify "what I would rather be doing". It can also be used to show suicide.

===Horns===
{{main|Corna}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with index and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Corna]]

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use it as a symbol of the [[horned god]] to identify each other; in this context it is referred to as the "Sign of the Horned God". Its counterpart is the ''fig sign'', above.

Some say that it is meant to ward off — or to bestow — the [[evil eye]]. It is also a representation of the [[Devil]] by some [[Satanist]]s. The gesture's origin is believed to be an imitation of the shape of a goats head, which has many associations with the concept of Satan in [[Christianity]] [http://www.keyway.ca/htm2001/20010924.htm Satan's Goat]

It has a variety of other meanings as well, depending on culture and area. In some places, it is a sexual insult, charging a man with being a victim of [[adultery|cuckoldry]] (this insult is most common in [[Spain]] and [[Italy]] but is also used in Brazil). Perhaps because of its [[occult]] significance, it is used as a salute by fans of [[Devil horns#Heavy metal|heavy metal music]]. If one reverses the extended fingers, one gets the "inverted heavy metal salute" which can be given as a reply to a heavy metal salute. In this case, the sign is known as "devil horns".

Also a common hand gesture used by the University of Texas at Austin. The sign is also usually accompanied by the slogan "Hook 'Em Horns." The gesture is said to look like a head of a Longhorn, the University's mascot.
To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], it is called the "Sign of Voor" or the "Voorish Sign".and also a nother meaning for this is ROCK ON!

===Kodály Hand Signs===
Named after [[Zoltán Kodály]], and largely defined by [[John Curwen]], Kodály Hand Signs are a way of representing musical notes by holding the hand in a certain position for each note. The basic concept of using gestures to represent notes is quite ancient, however near the end of the 19th century, the concept was formalized as a standard teaching method. Kodály Hand Signs are featured in the [[1977]] film [[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]].

===Knocking on wood===
{{main|touch wood}}
This signifies the neutralization of a [[jinx]]ing brought on by mentioning an either hoped-for or feared result. The knuckles are rapped on a nearby piece of wood (or, jokingly, someone's head). Usually this is only valid if done on bare (i.e. unpainted) wood. One possible reason for the tradition could have been from an [[animist]] culture who believed that the knocking would release spirits to protect them. It has also been said to stem from a belief that any nearby evil spirits who overhear somebody speaking of good fortune which has come his way may send some bad luck to offset it; knocking on wood was thought to keep the spirits from hearing. It is also known as "tapping wood" or "touching wood".

In Italy, one knocks on iron with the hand in the ''[[corna]]'' horns position.

===Middle finger===
{{main|The finger}}
[[Image:Middle finger.JPG|thumb|right|200px|"[[The finger]]" is a very common offensive hand gesture.]]
"The finger" is a gesture consisting of a fist with the middle finger extended. It appears to be universally understood as "[[fuck|fuck you]]" due to its resemblance to the penis. It is certainly thousands of years old, being referred to in Ancient Roman literature as the ''digitus infamis'' or ''digitus impudicus''. Performing this gesture is also called "flipping the bird" in countries where "the finger" is used. In other regions, "flipping the bird" refers to the raising of the middle and index finger with the back of the hand directed at the recipient. It can also mean "Victor" (see ''[[#V Sign|V Sign]]'', below) in some countries, which is not to be mistaken for the "Peace" gesture, which is done with the palm facing the recipient of the gesture, but in Britain and some other countries it is an offensive gesture, equivalent to "the finger". [[George W. Bush]] can be seen making the gesture while he was the Governor of Texas, while goofing off before beginning filming of a public address.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9Do-s1cdPk Bush "One-fingered Victory Salute" Video] </ref>

Former [[professional wrestler]] [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] used the finger quite frequently in [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] shows. He raises both of the fingers to the crowd as a way of saluting to them. Also, he gestures the finger at his opponent before kicking them in the stomach and performing the [[Stone Cold Stunner]].

Comedian [[Dane Cook]] parodied the gesture with his "Super Finger" gesture, which consists of raising the middle finger, ring finger, and thumb on the same hand while lowering (or curling) the pointer and pinky finger. It is meant to be a more "powerful" version of "the finger".

The middle finger is also used to represent the number four when one counts in the hexadecimal system using one's fingers.<ref>[http://www.intuitor.com/counting/]</ref>

When this gesture is made with the palm facing forward, it is known to [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]] as the "Sign of Kish". Another Lovecraftian sign is the "Sign of Koth", which consists of fully extending the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and pinky, while the thumb is tucked against the flat of the hand.

=== Money sign ===
The thumb rubs repeatedly over the tip of the index finger and middle fingers. The ring finger and pinky touch the palm. This gesture is meant to resemble the act of rubbing two coins together (alternatively the act of counting paper bills) and has a general meaning of "money", or "expensive".

===OK===
{{main|Okay}}

This is the touching of the index and middle finger (or just index finger) with the thumb (forming a rough circle) with the raising of the remaining fingers. In the United States and most of Europe, it means "OK" and is inoffensive. The OK sign is used extensively in [[scuba diving]]. It can also mean "[[0 (number)|0]]," or "[[money]]," in [[Japan]].
However, in Germany, it is often seen on the Autobahn, as a silent way of calling someone an "Asshole" (with the fingers extended horizontally). Similar vulgar meanings are found in other countries, but usually you have to turn the 'Ring' upside down (supinated to show the ring in front) like this example from [http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/05/butthole-is-not-ok.html Brazil]. It is then a sexual or scatological gesture referring to the [[anus]]

===Pointing===
The typical pointing with the [[index finger]] is a universal gesture. There are many other ways to point, for example with the hand, a head nod or an eye gaze. In many cases pointing at a person is considered rude. A more polite way of pointing to a person would be to to direct the hand in their direction, as if holding a plate. You may point towards yourself to draw attention, and this behavior is seen commonly in [[monkeys]].

===Moutza (Palm of hand)===
{{main|Moutza}}
In most places, a palm raised towards somebody means "stop".

In [[Greece]], the palm of the hand thrust towards somebody with the fingers splayed is an offensive gesture equivalent to giving the finger. The gesture is known in Greek as "moutza". It originates from the Byzantine punishment of parading a chained criminal around town with his face smeared with [[cinder]], or ''moutzos'' in Greek. An even more offensive version is achieved by using both hands to double the gesture, and smacking the palm of one hand against the back of the other, in the direction of the intended recipient. Both the one-handed and the two-handed versions of this gesture can be (and often are) combined with the term "''na''!", meaning "here you go!" or "there!", or "''na, malaka''!", meaning "there, you wanker!"

===Salute===
{{main|Salute}}
There are many forms of [[salute]] gestures, most of which are used to denote respect or obedience for an authority. A common [[military]] hand salute consists of raising the right hand, held flat, to the right eyebrow. [[Scouting]] organizations use related salutes. The armies of various countries adopt slightly different forms of salute: in the United States, the military salute places the hand directed outward over the eyebrow, like a visor; in the United Kingdom armed forces, the hand is brought to the forehead palm outward in military and air force contexts, whereas the naval salute is as in the US forces - the US forces derived their saluting habits from the [[Royal Navy]].

One of the most infamous forms of salute is the "[[Hitler salute]]", which is performed by extending the whole right arm, palm outstretched and facing down, upwards into the air at approximately a 45 degree angle from the ground. Sometimes, this is accompanied by holding the index and middle fingers under the nose, representing Hitler's iconic moustache. This gesture is associated with [[Nazism]] and its leader, [[Adolf Hitler]], as well as with [[Germany]] during [[World War II]]. It is occasionally performed to mock someone or something for perceived [[authoritarianism]] or [[bigotry]]. This gesture was based on the [[Roman salute]], and it was in that capacity that it was revived by [[Tennis Court Oath|French Revolutionaries]] and later by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Fascism|Fascist]] party.

In some countries, mostly in Europe, it is forbidden by law to perform this gesture, although this does not deter [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] and white supremacists from using the gesture in public rallies. Even in other countries, it is generally considered taboo to use the gesture, and this partly caused the [[United States]] to abandon the similar [[Bellamy salute]] used when reciting the [[Pledge of Allegiance]], in favor of the current hand-on-heart gesture.

===Shaka===
{{main|Shaka sign}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with thumb and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "[[shaka sign|shaka]]" sign is a common greeting in beach and surfer culture.]]

The "shaka" sign is a common greeting gesture often associated with [[Hawaii]], [[California]], and [[beach]] and [[surfing|surfer]] culture in general. It consists of extending the thumb and pinky finger while keeping the three middle fingers curled, and is often described colloquially as the "hang loose" gesture. It is similar to [[American Sign Language]] letter "''Y''", where a fist is also made with only the thumb and pinky extended. The sign is often followed by waving as a greeting or acknowledgment. It can be used when driving as a signal of thanks to other drivers (for example, someone who stopped to let another driver onto the road from a driveway).

The "shaka" sign is also the greeting gesture for members of [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] Fraternity, Inc. which is the "phi" sign. All African-American Greek fraternities and sororities have hand greeting gestures.
====Similar gestures====

In Britain and Northern Europe the symbol is used as a signal for owners of older model [[Volkswagen]] vans when passing on roads. The silhouette of the hand reveals a "W"-shaped outline along the top of the hand standing for Volkswagen.

In Spain and Italy, if the thumb points to the mouth, it means "drinking", since it is similar the shape of a ''[[porrón]]'' vessel. This is also true of the [[United States]] and [[Portugal]].

In some countries, if the thumb points to the mouth, it can also represent [[marijuana]] usage, in particular the use of a [[bong]]. This is usually accompanied by a sucking noise.

In China, it is also the sign for the number six.

A similar gesture is the "call me" sign, which also has the pinky finger and thumb outstretched, but then also holds it up to the ear, to signify a telephone. This gesture is a common way to silently tell someone to call him or her, such as to continue a conversation in private.

It is also used by [[FC Barcelona]] player [[Ronaldinho]] as part of his goal celebration.

In India, rolling the shaka in a winding motion signifies that the listener does not believe what is being said and that the speaker needs to "spool in the yarn from spinning out too far".

==="Thanks!" Salute===
Another gesture familiar from vintage cartoons, this is performed by sweeping an opened hand from near one's brow toward the person being addressed, and expresses gratitude. It is adapted from [[American Sign Language]], and alludes to tipping your hat or cap.

===Three middle fingers===
Gestures consisting of fully extending the index, middle, and ring fingers with the thumb and pinky tucked together under the palm have had a variety of meanings over the years.

The gesture was also used by [[Bosnian Croat]]s as a victory sign, representing the Christian [[Trinity]], during the [[Bosnian War]]. To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], this gesture is known as the "Sign of the Elders." With the palm facing outwards, the fingers closed (without gaps), the right hand's fingertips to the same-side temple, it is used by the [[scouting|Boy scouts]] as their identifying [[salute]].

In the United States, when the back of the hand faces outwards, this gesture is often used as a [[euphemism]] for "[[#middle finger|the finger]]." It is used especially when a jocular effect is desired. Originally, an accompanying verbal explanation was usual — "Read [[subtext|between the lines]]," referring to the common English expression denoting that one must read carefully to glean the subtle meaning in a passage — but this phrase is now commonly omitted.

===Thumbs up, thumbs down===

A closed fist held with the thumb extended upward or downward is a gesture of approval or disapproval respectively. These gestures have become metaphors in English: ''"My boss gave my proposal the thumbs-up"'' means that the boss approved the proposal, regardless of whether the gesture was made — indeed, the gesture itself is unlikely in a business setting.

The source of the gesture is obscure. Though a favorite of Hollywood '[[sword and sandal|swords and sandals]]' epics, where the "thumbs down" symbol means that the loser in a gladiatorial combat should be put to death, recent research suggests the meanings of the symbols have changed over the years. In [[1997]], Professor [[Anthony Philip Corbeill]] of the [[University of Kansas]] concluded that the thumbs up actually meant "Kill him," basing his assertion on a study of hundreds of ancient artworks. Thus, the "thumbs up" was an approval of the gladiator's request to kill his vanquished foe rather than a vote to allow the defeated to remain alive. Corbeill wrote that a closed fist with a wraparound thumb was the indication for a gladiator's life to be spared.

[[Image:Jean-Leon Gerome Pollice Verso.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Pollice Verso'' by Jean-Léon Gérôme, [[1872]] is the immediate source of the "thumbs down" gesture in [[popular culture]].]]

In [[Latin]], the "thumbs up" gesture is called ''pollice recto'', "thumbs down" is ''pollice verso''. It is not certain that the contemporary gestures are identical to the gestures performed in [[ancient Rome]]. The current version was popularized by a widely reproduced [[academic art|academic painting]] by the [[19th century]] artist [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], whose ''Pollice Verso'' depicts a triumphant gladiator standing over a fallen foe, looking up into the [[bleacher]]s for the verdict of the crowd.

Additionally, [[Desmond Morris]]' ''Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution'' traces the practice back to a [[medieval]] custom used to seal business transactions... Over time, the mere sight of an upraised thumb came to symbolize harmony and kind feelings... The gesture's popularization in America is generally attributed to the practices of World War II pilots, who used the thumbs up to communicate with ground crews prior to take-off. American GIs are reputed to have picked up on the thumb and spread it throughout Europe as they marched toward Berlin." [http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

More recently, these gestures are associated with [[film|movie]] [[review]]s, having been popularized by [[Gene Siskel]] and [[Roger Ebert]] in their televised reviews — the thumb up meaning a positive opinion of a film; the thumb down meaning a negative one. One or two thumbs up, often held over the head, may also be used by athletes in celebration of a victory.

"'Thumbs up' traditionally translates as the foulest of Middle-Eastern gesticular insults — the most straightforward interpretation is 'Up yours, pal!' The sign has a similarly pejorative meaning in parts of West Africa, South America, Russia, Iran, Greece, and Sardinia, according to Roger E. Axtell's book ''Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World''."[http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

[[Hitchhiker]]s traditionally use a thumbs up gesture to solicit rides from oncoming vehicles, although in this presentation the arm is generally outstretched with the palm and closed fingers facing the motorist.

Additionally, supporters of [[Texas A&M University]] athletic teams use the thumbs-up sign, associated with the cheer, "Gig 'em, Aggies." The Thumb refers to a "gig" used for hunting frogs. The saying came when the Aggies had a big rival in the Southwest Conference in the TCU Horned Frogs.

Thumbs up and thumbs down are extensively used in scuba diving as commands to ascend or descend.

[[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstar [[Dave Bautista|Batista]] uses this gesture to signify his finisher, the [[Batista Bomb]].

=== Tsk-tsk ===
Palm towards the recipient, all fingers closed except for the index, which alternates from left to right, like a [[metronome]]. In English-speaking countries it has a disapproving meaning and can be accompanied by a "[[tsk|tsk-tsk]]" sound.

In Italy it simply means "no", and does not have any patronizing connotation.

===V sign===
[[Image:Nixon-depart.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Richard Nixon]] gives the V-sign one last time after resigning from the presidency.]]
{{main|V sign}}

The "V sign" is made by lifting the middle and index finger with the palm of the hand facing the recipient (and the remaining fingers clenched). It was associated with the [[catchphrase]] ''"V" for Victory'' in [[World War II]]. In the [[1960s]], it came to be known as the "[[peace]] sign," the gestural equivalent of the [[peace symbol]]. It was associated with British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] during World War II, and later, with U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]]. It is also the sign for the letter V in [[American Sign Language]].

This sign is frequently used by the Japanese, most times holding up 2 "V" signs very close to either side of their face with a big grin during pictures.

In the UK, Australia, and some other countries, reversing the V sign so that the back of the hand facing the recipient is seen as the equivalent of giving [[finger (gesture)|the finger]]. Popular myth supposes it was originally a taunt by Welsh Archers towards the French who were known to cut off an Welsh Archer's first and middle fingers if captured.

Additionally, due to its use in an advertisement for the Australian made Valiant Charger (which ceased production around 1980) many people still display the V sign, in homage to the ad, and the car, if that vehicle happens to be driven past. Hardly an every day occurrence, but of some trivial interest.

===Vulcan salute===
{{main|Vulcan salute}}

The Vulcan salute consists of a raised hand, palm outward, fingers extended, with the index and middle finger kept close together, and the ring and pinky finger close together, with a "V" shaped space between them, and the thumb sticking out alone.

This gesture is associated with the phrase "Live long and prosper", and derives from ''[[Star Trek]]'', where it is used as a salute by fictional humanoid species the [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcans]].

It was introduced by [[Leonard Nimoy]] in his character of [[Mr. Spock]] and is drawn directly from the benedictory gesture made with both hands by a [[Kohen]] (priest in Judaism, a descendant of Aaron) during the [[Priestly Blessing]] ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: ''Birkat Kohanim''). The [[Kohen|Kohanim]] recite a blessing while performing this "gesture" and the other congregants respond with [[Amen]]s.

This gesture is also known as the "Spocker" in allusion to [[Shocker (hand gesture)|the Shocker]].

===Wanker===
[[Image:Fingers and thumb in circle downward motion.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Wanker]]
A loose fist (with all fingers forming a cylindrical shape) is made, and shaken up and down (or sometimes, back and forth) at the wrist.

The gesture is imitative of the motions of male [[masturbation]]. Its meaning is equivalent to the word [[wanker]] or implies something is of little importance. If directed to a person or group, who are not necessarily present, it is considered a display of contempt toward them.

The name for this gesture is described by speakers of [[American English]] as a [[Britishism]].

[[Image:Portugal Wanker Gesture.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Overhand Portuguese Wanker Gesture]]

In [[Portugal]] they use the wanker gesture but with the palm facing the ground thereby implying that the person is masturbating someone else rather than themselves. As such this has [[homosexual]] or promiscuous implications when directed at someone instead of the milder suggestion that they enjoy self-gratification.

===Wave===
A wave is a gesture in which the hand is raised and moved back and forth, as a [[greeting]] or sign of departure. The orientation of the hand varies by culture and situation. In many cultures, the palm is oriented toward the recipient of the wave.

In Chinese culture, orienting the hand palm-down and waving it up and down signifies "come here", rather than a greeting. 

===Whoop-Dee-Doo===
Point the index finger up and rotate it. This is a usually used as a response gesture to indicate something is uninteresting or irrelavent. Similar to saying a sarcastic "Whoop-Dee-Doo" or "Big deal".

==Using two hands==

===Awkward Turtle===
The Awkward Turtle is a gesture made after something awkward just happened, or when there is an awkward silence.
To perform an awkward turtle there are three steps to take. First, place hands on top of each other. Next, move thumbs out and away from the hands. Finally, rotate the thumbs.

Nowadays the gesture is used in the United States to hush children, or to calm participants in a heated argument. In [[Japan]], the same gesture may be used to request the check when dining at a restaurant (see also [[#Check, please|Check, please]], above).

==="Gills"===
This gesture involves holding the backs of the wrists against the jawline (with elbows outstretched) and then waggling one's fingers. The gesture is often accompanied by a feminine-voiced "Ooooo!" which rises and falls in intonation. It is used when one would normally say (sarcastically) "well aren't you clever?", or to imply that someone is acting too posh for their station. It is peculiar to Scotland owing to its use in Scottish TV sketch show [[Chewin the Fat]].

==="Shame on you"===
This gesture involves pointing at a person with the index finger of one hand while rubbing the pointed finger with the index finger of the opposite hand. The rubbing motion is directed toward the intended recipient and is repeated at least three times. It is used to imply that the targeted person should feel shame.

===Time-out===
The "time-out" gesture — a "T" formed with the hands, with one hand with flat palm placed perpendicular to the other hand with flat palm, roughly in the center — originates in American sports. It was, and is, used where a brief [[sport time-out|pause in play]] is called for, such as to make substitutions. In [[basketball]], the gesture is used to indicate that a player or coach is guilty of a [[technical foul]].

===Whatever!===
A gesture associated with [[Valley Girl|Valley Girls]]. Forming the letter "W" by extending the two index fingers upward and touching the thumbs together at a 45 degree angle, this hand sign is used silently or in conjuction with an uttered "Whatever!" (pronounced with a slight pause after the first syllable, emphasis on the second, and drawing out the third syllable to a hard "r"). It is a sarcastic response dismissing whatever has just been said to the person making the gesture.

==Hand with body gestures==
{{Mergeto|Hand gestures|Talk page|date=April 2007}}
===Bent elbow===

This is performed in two parts: first, the right hand is placed in the elbow crook of the left arm. The left arm is then raised (fist clenched) at the victim in a smooth and continuous motion. While the motion is essential to the gesture, the choice of arm is not. This gesture is associated with [[Italy|Italians]] and is considered a more theatrical and physically exuberant version of the [[finger (gesture)|finger]], and may even be combined with the finger. In Italian it is known as the ''gesto dell'ombrello'', meaning literally "the umbrella gesture." It is typically used in two different situations: 1) to answer "no way!" in an extremely emphatic (and quite vulgar) way; 2) after a triumph against some unfair enemy, with a sense of revenge. The gesture is frequently made stronger by crying "toh!" or "tiè!", both meaning "take this!", at the precise moment the hand touches the crook of the elbow.

This gesture is also in use in [[France]] as ''bras d'honneur'' (arm of honour), where it is usually understood as ''va te faire foutre'', still meaning "fuck off." In [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]], it is a ''corte de mangas'' ("[[sleeve]] cut") or a ''manguito'' (a cover formerly worn by public services bureaucratic workers on the arms to protect one's sleeves from ink splatters) respectively and is done with the left hand on the right elbow, without the continuous motion. In [[Portugal]], the iconic fictional character [[Zé Povinho]], created by [[Bordalo Pinheiro]], is usually depicted performing this gesture.

The gesture is sometimes used repetitively by fans at [[Citizens Bank Park]] in [[Philadelphia]] when the [[Phillies]] face the [[Atlanta Braves]] as a [[parody]] of the Braves' [[tomahawk chop]], and this usage is known as the "[[South Philly]] tomahawk chop" due to the gritty reputation of [[Philadelphia]] sports fans.

The gesture above has long been known in Slavic countries in the above senses plus "fuck you", without any standard name. In [[Poland]] its name has been standardized to "Kozakiewicz's gesture", after Polish [[pole vault]] jumper [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]], who had shown this gesture to the jeering Russian public during the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]].

===Biting one's thumb===
[[Image:Sampson bites his thumb.JPG|left|200px|thumb|How NOT to bite your thumb]]
[[Image:Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb]]
[[Biting one's thumb]] was an old rude British gesture. It is comparable to "[[#middle finger|the Finger]]" in modern terms. In [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', Sampson bites his thumb at the Montagues (Act 1, Scene 1).

The gesture does not literally involve biting the thumb. The fingernail of a thumb is placed behind the upper teeth, with the thumb thus pointing upwards, and the thumb is then bent forwards, the fingernail making a clicking sound as it flicks past the teeth.

An equivalent gesture still persists in [[Italy]].

=== Biting one's hand ===
In Sicily, biting one's flat hand or fist is a powerful threat.

===Bowing, kneeling, kowtowing===
A [[bowing (social)|bow]] is a gesture of respect involving lowering the head, usually performed by a social inferior to a social superior. Various cultures have different degrees or ways of performing the bow; [[China]] and [[Japan]] are particularly associated with elaborate and formal bowing. Bowing is also done by many groups as a ritual associated with [[prayer]]. In the Western world, women [[curtsey]] rather than bow. [[Kneel]]ing and "[[kowtow]]ing" are more extreme or elaborate forms of self-abasement before a social superior.

===Choking sign===
[[Image:Chokinggesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Choking" sign]]
The standard gesture to indicate that one is [[choking]] is to hold the throat as if strangling oneself. This is recognized as a request for immediate [[first aid]] for choking. It is promoted as a way to prevent onlookers from confusing the victim's distress with some other problem, such as a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], when the person cannot speak. The gesture is sometimes used metaphorically to refer to someone or something "choking" in the slang sense of failing at something while under pressure, for instance at an athletic event.

===Crossing oneself===
{{main|Sign of the cross}}
The "[[sign of the cross|sign of the Cross]]" is the use of the right hand to touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, and right shoulder, consecutively. It represents the [[Christian cross]]. (Roman Catholics crossing themselves touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, then right shoulder; Byzantine (Eastern) Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians touch the right shoulder before the left, with the thumb and first two fingers joined — symbolizing the Trinity — and the tips of the last two fingers touching the palm, symbolizing the dual nature of Christ in one being. )

This gesture is used by [[Roman Catholic]]s, [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], and some other Christian groups in [[prayer]]s, to perform blessings, and as a salute before entering a [[church]] or similar place of religious significance. It is also used in various kinds of Christian [[folk religion]] to avert [[evil]] or [[bad luck]].

===Cutthroat===
[[Image:Cutthroatgesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Cutthroat" sign]]
This gesture is performed by drawing the hand, or a finger or two, across the throat. It represents slitting the throat with a knife, and means that the gesturer or someone else is metaphorically being killed. It is rarely if ever used literally to refer to death, though it is occasionally used as a theatrical threat ("I'm going to kill you"). In these contexts, it is sometimes accompanied by a harsh "kkkkkch" sound.

This gesture can also mean to "cut," "stop," or to discontinue a particular action. It can also be used to indicate something has ended or a previous process has concluded. [[Scuba diving|Scuba]] divers use this gesture with the palm swept across the throat to indicate that they have run out of air. Airport ground personnel also use this gesture to indicate a variety of things (due to the loud environment), such as baggage offload has completed or the last of the passengers have disembarked. In this context, it can be understood to mean: "That's it."

Also used by movie personell when having to signal a cesation of activity under silent conditions.

Additionally, [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstar [[The Undertaker]] uses this gesture to signify his signature moves, the [[Chokeslam]], [[Powerbomb#Elevated_powerbomb|Last Ride]], and [[Piledriver_(professional_wrestling)#Tombstone_piledriver|Tombstone piledriver]], as did [[Chris Benoit]] until his recent death.

=== Drinking sign ===
In UK, the gesture for drinking (used for example as an invitation to "go down the [[pub]]") is made by putting the back of the thumb just below the lower lip, while the other fingers are close together as if holding an imaginary [[pint]] of beer, tipping it repeatedly.
In other countries, the shaka sign is used in a similar way, as described above.

===Flipping the fingers out from under the chin===

A [http://news.bostonherald.com/localRegional/view.bg?articleid=132932 traditional Sicilian gesture] analogous in meaning to the raised middle finger. This gesture became the center of a controversy in March of 2006, when [[U.S. Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] [[Associate Justice]] [[Antonin Scalia]] was photographed allegedly making the gesture to illustrate his response to his critics. Scalia later claimed that he used a different gesture, waving his fingers beneath his chin, a gesture translating to "I couldn't care less."
===Forehead Clunk===
This gesture indicates stupidity, usually a minor and immediately recognized slip of logic, judgment, or speech; and is performed by striking the forehead with the heel of the hand.

=== Hand over heart ===
This gesture involves placing one's right hand, palm outstretched and facing in, over one's heart. Male [[hat]] or cap wearers typically remove their hats and hold them in this hand. In some cultures, it is used as a gesture of respect towards [[flag]]s or during singing of a [[national anthem]]. In the United States, it is also performed as a part of the rituals of the [[Pledge of Allegiance]]. It can also be used to indicate sincerity, shock, or hurt.

===Loser===
This gesture is performed by raising the index finger and thumb of your right hand perpendicular to each other so that they form the letter "L". It is then placed onto one's forehead. It signifies that the person to whom this gesture is directed is a loser.
However, when the opposite hand is used, the gesture becomes highly ironic.

===My eye===

In France, Germany, and parts of Europe it is common to point your index finger at your eye and even pull the skin under the eye lightly down to emphasize the presenting of the eye. The gesture displays disbelief or that a certain statement is made jokingly, similar to winking in American culture.

In Japan, tugging at the eye, often accompanied by sticking out one's tongue, is used as a childishly offensive gesture, or to indicate boredom.

In Italy, Portugal, Brazil and all Spanish-speaking nations it means "watch out" (POR, ITA:''occhio!'',SPA:''¡ojo!''), and is used for warning or threatening.

===Nonsense===
Performed by waving the palm of your hand in front of your face, it may be used to tell the other person that an idea he or she had was nonsense.

In [[Portugal]], this gesture usually means the person being referred to missed an extremely obvious detail.

===Nose thumbing ===
For this gesture, also known as "cocking a snoot", "giving the five-finger salute", "cocking a snook", or Queen Anne's Fan the thumb is placed on the tip of the nose, with the remaining fingers of the hand extended and waggled freely. This gesture can be ended with a dramatic flicking of the thumb away from the end of the nose and towards the recipient. It is used in (gentle) mockery of someone. It dates back to at least the 18th century and is probably much older.

To add emphasis, the gesture can be made using both hands, connecting them by touching the little finger of the first hand with the thumb of the second, and waggling the remaining seven fingers. It is frequently accompanied by [[blowing a raspberry]], or by sticking out the tongue.

===Suck my dick===
This gesture is performed by crossing the outstretched arms across the thighs, putting emphasis on the [[groin]]. This was used by popular professional wrestling [[stable (wrestling)|stable]], [[D-Generation X]].

There is a variation to this where a fist is made and shook near the mouth while bulging ones tongue against their cheeks to mimic fellatio.

===Touched / screw loose===
Tapping one's index finger against the head indicates that a person or an idea being discussed is insane or "touched in the head". A similar, more elaborate gesture uses a circling motion of the finger at the temple or side of the head. This signifies that the person is "mixed up" or "has a screw loose". In Germany, tapping or pointing to the temple is used as an insult, often with the accompanying phrase "du hast einen Vogel." While this literally means "You have a bird," it is idiomatic for saying that you are insane. Also, in Indonesia, drawing a line across the forehead with the side of the right index finger denotes a similar meaning.

A variant of this one is the suicide. Make a gun with your hand and pretend to shoot point blank at your own temple. It can be accompanied with sticking out the tongue or a shooting sound for full effect, and often implies that the speaker is a "complete idiot". A more recent use of this is in the movie, "40-Year Old Virgin" where one of the characters, after being bored with a conversation, proceeds to aim at his temple and pretend to fire. Afterwards, he uses his other hand and does a reverse cupping motion outward from the other side of his head to signify his brains splattering out.

In Japan, a variation of this is knocking on the temple with the knuckle of the index finger. This is usually used in reference to the signer; "I'm such an idiot!"

==="Wiping" one's forehead===
The act of wiping one's own forehead, regardless of whether sweat has actually formed there, is a sign indicating many things such as "That was close" or "What a relief".

==Body and facial gestures==
{{further|[[Facial expression]]}}
[[Image:Eyeroll.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Rolling one's eyes can express exasperation or condescension.]]

Many gestures utilize only the face or body, without the hands.

===Eye-rolling===
Performed by rotating the eyes upward, it indicates condescension, contempt, boredom, or exasperation. This is often referred to as "rolling ones eyes to Heaven," as though wishing for a divine intervention for a rescue from boredom, frustration, etc.

===Mooning===
[[Mooning]] is the act of displaying one's [[nudity|bare]] [[buttocks]] by lowering the back side of one's [[trousers]] and [[underpants]], usually without exposing the [[genitals]]. Mooning is used in some cultures to express protest, scorn, disrespect, or provocation. It can also be done for [[shock value]] or fun.

===The "peacock"===
Expresses superiority or domination combined with a certain degree of smug arrogance. Performed by pushing the chest up and out at the front as well as tilting the face slightly upward. This may be accompanied by motions of hooking both thumbs under one's [[lapels]] or [[suspenders]] even if they are not present.

{{Gestures}}

[[Category:Gestures]]