https://ideawaza.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=128.83.0.0%2F16 2026-09-29T17:38:16Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.46.0 https://ideawaza.com/index.php?title=Hindi/Plurals_and_postpositions&diff=18485 2009-03-27T22:18:33Z

<p>128.83.154.87: </p> <hr /> <div>==Plurals==<br /> Singular nouns are nouns that describe one object or thing. One dog, one idea. Plurals nouns describe more than onte thing Two dogs, two ideas.<br /> <br /> Hindi forms plurals by modifying the end of a noun, just like English adds an s to the end of a noun. However, in Hindi there are four different ways of forming a plural depending on the gender of a noun and its ending (type 1 or 2).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Masculine Nouns'''<br /> <br /> '''Type 1'''<br /> <br /> Type 1 masculine nouns form plurals by changing the आ ''ā'' into an ए ''e'':<br /> <br /> <br /> लड़्का ''laṛkā'' boy<br /> <br /> लड़्के ''laṛke'' boys<br /> <br /> <br /> कुरता ''kurtā'' an indian collarless shirt<br /> <br /> कुरते ''kurte'' kurtas/shirts<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Type 2'''<br /> <br /> The plural form of type 2 masculine is the same as the singular:<br /> <br /> <br /> आम ''ām'' mango, mangoes<br /> <br /> गाँव ''găv'' village, vilages<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Feminine Nouns'''<br /> <br /> '''Type 1'''<br /> <br /> Type 1 feminine nouns form plurals by replacing ई ''ī'' with इयाँ ''iyă'':<br /> <br /> <br /> लड़्की ''laṛkī'' girl<br /> <br /> लड़कियाँ ''laṛkiyă'' girls<br /> <br /> <br /> साड़ी ''saṛī'' sari<br /> <br /> साड़ियाँ ''saṛiyă'' saris<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Type 2'''<br /> <br /> Type 2 feminine nouns form plurals by ading एँ ''ẽ'' to the end.<br /> <br /> <br /> औरत ''aurat'' lady, woman<br /> <br /> औरतें ''auratẽ'' ladies, women<br /> <br /> <br /> बस ''bas'' bus<br /> <br /> बसें ''basẽ'' buses<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Postpositions==<br /> Postpositions are words that come after a noun to indicate a relationship to something else. (English uses prepositions which come before the word). These are words such as, in, before, about, with. Some examples:<br /> <br /> <br /> को ''ko'' to<br /> <br /> में ''mẽ'' in <br /> <br /> से ''se'' of, with<br /> <br /> पर ''par'' on <br /> <br /> तक ''tak'' up to<br /> <br /> <br /> Hindi also uses more complex prepositions beginning with के ke:<br /> <br /> <br /> के पस ''ke pas'' near<br /> <br /> ले लिए ''ke lie'' for <br /> <br /> के बारे में ''ke bāre mẽ'' about <br /> <br /> के अंदर ''ke andar'' inside <br /> <br /> के बद ''ke bad'' after<br /> <br /> के बिना ''ke binā'' without<br /> <br /> के साथ ''ke sath'' with<br /> <br /> के ऊपर ''ke ūpar'' on top of<br /> <br /> <br /> The nouns that postpositions act on must be put into a new case, called the oblique case. (Note: the case previously considered is called the direct case) The oblique case has two endings for singular and plural nouns:<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Masculine Nouns'''<br /> <br /> '''Type 1'''<br /> <br /> लड़का ''laṛkā'' boy<br /> <br /> लड़के को ''laṛke ko'' to the boy<br /> <br /> लड़कों को ''laṛkõ ko'' to the boys<br /> <br /> <br /> कुरता ''kurtā'' an indian collarless shirt<br /> <br /> कुरते के पस ''kurte ke pas'' near the kurta<br /> <br /> कुरतों के पस ''kurtõ ke pas'' near the kurtas<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Type 2'''<br /> <br /> आम ''ām'' mango<br /> <br /> आम से ''ām se'' with a mango<br /> <br /> आमों से ''āmõ se'' with mangoes<br /> <br /> <br /> गाँव ''găv'' village, vilages<br /> <br /> गाँव में ''găv mẽ'' in the village<br /> <br /> गाँवों में ''găvõ mẽ'' in the vilages<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Feminine Nouns'''<br /> <br /> '''Type 1'''<br /> <br /> लड़की ''laṛkī'' girl<br /> <br /> लड़की के बद 'laṛkī ke bad'' after the girl<br /> <br /> लड़कियों के बद ''laṛkiyõ ke bad'' after the girls<br /> <br /> <br /> साड़ी ''saṛī'' sari<br /> <br /> साड़ी के ऊपर ''saṛī ke ūpar'' on top of the sari<br /> <br /> साड़ियों के ऊपर ''saṛiyõ ke ūpar'' on top of the saris<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Type 2'''<br /> <br /> औरत ''aurat'' lady, woman<br /> <br /> औरत के लिए ''aurat ke lie'' for the woman<br /> <br /> औरतओं के लिए ''auratõ ke lie'' for the women<br /> <br /> <br /> बस ''bas'' bus<br /> <br /> बस के आंदर ''bas ke andar'' inside the bus<br /> <br /> बसों के आंदर ''basõ ke andar'' inside the buses<br /> <br /> <br /> The pattern here might look complicated, but there are some straightforward rules:<br /> <br /> *Masculine type 1 nouns change by removing ā from the end and adding a letter<br /> *Feminine type 2 nouns change by removing ī and adding iy + a letter<br /> *All type 2 nouns change by adding a letter to the end<br /> <br /> <br /> *In the accusative plural masculine type 1 nouns add e, feminine type one add ă, and feminine type 2 add ẽ. Masculine type 2 nouns do not change.<br /> *Only masculine type 1 nouns change in the singular oblique, adding e just like the plural.<br /> *All nouns add õ in the plural oblique.<br /> <br /> ==Excercises==</div>

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