TeXnicCenter

2008-09-25T16:29:56Z

130.207.178.169: Removed Crimson Editor from See Also; No direct relevance.

{{Infobox_Software
| name = TeXnicCenter
| logo =
| screenshot = [[Image:Texniccenter.png|300px|TeXnicCenter screenshot]]
| caption = TeXnicCenter screenshot
| collapsible = yes
| developer = The TeXnicCenter Team
| latest_release_version = 1 Beta 7.50
| latest_release_date = [[June 21]], [[2008]]
| operating_system = [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]
| genre = [[LaTeX]]
| license = [[GNU General Public License|GPL]]
| website = http://www.texniccenter.org
}}
'''TeXnicCenter''' is a [[free software|free]] [[open source]] [[Integrated development environment|IDE]] for the [[LaTeX]] typesetting language. It uses the [[MiKTeX]] or [[TeX Live]] distributions. It allows the user to type documents in LaTeX and to compile them in [[Portable Document Format|PDF]], [[DVI file format|DVI]] or [[PostScript|PS]]. A menu gives access easily to precoded elements and environments (formulas, symbols, sections). It also allows for the creation of projects to organise and access the sections and environments of documents, and to insert a bibliography (using [[BibTeX]]) and an index (using [[MakeIndex]]).

To use TeXLive 2005 distribution, you need to make a minor change to the output profiles by replacing each of the output argument options with their Unix format variants (even for running on Windows), e.g. the command line arguments "%pm" becomes "%Pm" and "%bm" becomes "%Bm".

==Interoperability with other software==

TeXnicCenter has been designed to work with the [[MiKTeX]] distribution. After installation, TeXnicCenter recognizes MiKTeX and sets up the paths to command-line compilers bundled with MiKTeX automatically. Similarly, [[Adobe Acrobat|Adobe Acrobat Reader/Professional]] and [[Foxit Reader|Foxit Reader]], when available, is configured as a viewer for the generated PDF documents. Acrobat can also be configured to close an opened PDF file before recompiling it with LaTeX. These operations are accomplished using [[Dynamic Data Exchange]] calls, documented in [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/acrobat/sdk/pdf/iac/IACOverview.pdf Acrobat Interapplication Communication Overview] and [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/acrobat/sdk/pdf/iac/IACReference.pdf Acrobat Interapplication Communication Reference].

Instructions on how to set up TeXnicCenter to work with Adobe Acrobat Reader/Professional 7.x can be found in [http://texnik.dante.de/cgi-bin/mainFAQ.cgi?file=gui/TeXnikCenter]. The same instructions apply to Adobe Acrobat Reader/Professional 8.0.0, but the [[Dynamic Data Exchange|DDE]] calls have to be modified as proposed in [http://www.adobeforums.com/cgi-bin/webx/.3bc27d26] because of a bug in this version of Acrobat.

==See also==
{{Portal|Free software|Free Software Portal Logo.svg}}
*[[Comparison of text editors]]
*[[List of text editors]]
*[[LyX]], an [[open source]] [[cross-platform]] editor and shell
*[[Texmaker]], an [[open source]] [[cross-platform]] editor and shell
*[[WinShell]], a [[freeware]] editor

== External links ==
*[http://www.texniccenter.org/ TeXnicCenter homepage]
*[http://sourceforge.net/projects/texniccenter/ TeXnicCenter] on [[SourceForge]]

[[Category:Free TeX editors]]
[[Category:TeX SourceForge projects]]

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Precipitation (chemistry)

2006-12-15T10:07:27Z

130.207.180.49: Doggy Style has nothing to do with precipitation....

: ''"Precipitate" redirects here, for the [[Interpol (band)|Interpol]] [[Extended play|EP]] see [[Precipitate (EP)]].''

'''Precipitation''' is the formation of a [[solid]] in a [[solution]] during a [[chemical reaction]]. When the chemical reaction occurs the solid formed is called the '''precipitate'''. This can occur when an insoluble substance, the '''precipitate''', is formed in the solution due to a reaction or when the solution has been [[supersaturated]] by a compound. The formation of a precipitate is a sign of a chemical change. In most situations, the solid forms ("falls") out of the solute phase, and sinks to the bottom of the solution (though it will float if it is less dense than the solvent, or form a [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]).

This effect is useful in many industrial and scientific applications whereby a chemical reaction may produce a solid that can be collected from the solution by various methods (e.g. filtration, decanting, centrifuging). Precipitation from a [[solid solution]] is also a useful way to [[precipitation strengthening|strengthen]] [[alloy]]s, this process is known as [[solid solution strengthening]].

An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of [[nucleation]]. The creation of a hypothetical solid particle includes the formation of an interface, which requires some energy based on the relative [[surface energy]] of the solid and the solution. If this energy is not available, and no suitable nucleation surface is available, [[supersaturation]] occurs.

An example of a precipitation reaction: Aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO3) is added to a solution containing potassium chloride (KCl) and the precipitation of a white solid, silver chloride is observed. (Zumdahl, 2005)

:AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)

The silver chloride(AgCl) has formed a solid, which is observed as a precipitate.

This reaction can be written emphasizing the dissociated ions in a combined solution
:Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + K+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(solid) + K+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

A final way to represent a precipitate reaction is known as a ''net ionic reaction''. In this case, any spectator ions (those which do not contribute to the reaction) are left out of the formula completely. This simplifies the above equations to the following:
:Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s)

==Cation sensitivity==
Precipitate formation is useful in the detection of the type of [[cation]] in an unknown [[salt]]. To do this, an [[alkali]] first reacts with the unknown salt to produce a precipitate which is the hydroxide of the unknown salt.

To identify the cation, the colour of the precipitate and its solubility in excess are noted.

Similar processes are often used to separate chemically similar elements, such as the [[rare earth]] metals.

==Reference==

Zumdahl, Steven S. ''Chemical Principles.'' 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.

==External links==
* http://www.hci.edu.sg/~limth/lessons/2002/qa/cations.htm

[[Category:Chemical processes]]

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TeXnicCenter

Precipitation (chemistry)