IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Archive:More about language

2007-05-29T21:28:00Z

130.225.54.2: /* Wikiversity language courses */ Blech! Underscores!

<center>'''
[[Portal:Humanities|F<small>ACULTY FOR</small> H<small>UMANITIES</small>]]'''
[[School:Art and Design|Art and Design]] ·
[[School:Classics|Classics]] ·
[[School:Comparative Mythology|Mythology]] ·
[[School:Law|Law]] ·
[[School:Language and Literature|Language and Literature]] ·
[[School:Music|Music]] ·
[[School:Philosophy|Philosophy]] ·
[[School:Theology|Theology]]

'''W<small>ELCOME TO THE</small> S<small>CHOOL OF</small><br>L<small>ANGUAGE AND</small> L<small>ITERATURE</small>
part of the Faculty for [[Portal:Humanities|Humanities]].
</center>

Hello and welcome to the Wikiversity School of Language and Literature. Here we share our knowledge of methods and ways of writing poetry and prose, and learn foreign languages and explore their cultures, too. We also discuss many works of literature and literary epochs they belong to, as well as their historical development and main characteristics by which they can be recognized.

Science that studies the structure of a language and its development is called ''[[w:linguistics|linguistics]]''. Wikiversity's [[School:Linguistics|School of Linguistics]] is part of the Faculty of [[Portal:Social Sciences|Social Sciences]].

==School news and current events==
[[Image:Nuvola apps date.png|right|44px|News]]
* Looking for contributors.
*'''27 September 2006''' - A new division has been founded: '''[[Topic:French|French Language Division]]'''!
*'''22 October 2006''' - A new department has been founded: '''[[Topic:Tolkien Languages|Department of Tolkien languages]]'''!
*'''19 November 2006''' - A new division has been founded: '''[[Topic:Spanish|Spanish Language Division]]'''!
*'''11 December 2006''' - A new division has been founded: '''[[Topic:Esperanto|Esperanto Language Division]]'''!
*'''21 January 2007''' - A new school has been founded: '''[[Topic:Southeast Asian Languages|Southeast Asian Languages Division]]'''!
*'''12 April 2007:''' - A new school has been founded: '''[[Topic:Klingon|Klingon Language Department]]'''.

==School history==

The School of Literature and English Studies was founded within the Wikiversity's Department of Humanities on 15 July 2004, in the time when Wikiversity was still part of the [[:b:|Wikibooks]] project. Eventually, it became one of the most developed of Wikiversity's schools.

On 30 March 2005, the School of Foreign Language Learning was founded within the Department of Practical Arts and Sciences, though it failed to organize or function adequately.

Soon after the Wikiversity became a separate Wikimedia project, these two schools were merged together, creating the School of Language and Literature, as part of the Faculty of Humanities.

==Departments and divisions==
*[[School:Linguistics|School of Linguistics]]
*[[Topic:Literary Studies|Literary Studies Department]]
*[[Topic:English Language|English Studies Department]]
*[[Topic:Foreign Language Learning|Division of Foreign Languages]]
*[[Topic:Literary Studies|Literary studies]]
*[[Topic:Foreign Language Learning|Foreign languages learning]]
*[[Topic:English Language|English language]]
*[[Portal:Writing Center|Writing]]
*[[Topic:History of literature|History]]
*[[Topic:Arabic|Arabic]]
*[[Portal:Slavistics|Slavic]]
*[[Topic:French|French]]
*[[Topic:German|German]]
*[[Topic:Klingon|Klingon]]
*[[Topic:Tolkien Languages|Tolkien]]
*[[Topic:Southeast Asian Languages|Southeast Asian Languages]]
*[[20th Century British Novel|British novel]]
*[[20th Century British Poetry|British poetry]]
*[[20th Century American Poetry|American poetry]]
*[[School:Language and Literature/Catalogue|List of all projects and courses offered]]

==Learning resources==
==Wikiversity language courses==
* [[Russian language]]
* [[Introduction to Sanskrit Language]] (stub)
* [[Introduction to Swedish]]
** [[Common phrases in Swedish]]
* [[Mandarin]]
* [[Latin stream]]
* [[Introduction to Arabic]]
* [[Introduction to Finnish]]
* [[Introduction to Filipino]]
* [[Introduction to the Dutch Language]]
* [[Introductory Ancient Greek Language]]
* [[Japanese_I/Vocabulary/Question_words|Japanese question words]]
* [[Portuguese Alphabet]]
* [[Rules of Esperanto grammar]]
* [[Russian language]]
* [[Spanish]]
* [[ESL for Primary School]]
* [[Introductory Esperanto]]
* [[Learning the Basics of French]]
* [[Introductory Korean]]
* [[Korean writing system]]
* [[Aztec language]]
* [[Maya language]]

===Wikibooks===
*[[b:Wikibooks:Language and literature bookshelf|Books about language and literature]]
*[[b:Wikibooks:Languages bookshelf|Textbooks for learning languages]]
*[[b:Wikibooks:Humanities bookshelf|Humanities bookshelf]]
*[[b:Wikibooks:Social sciences bookshelf|Social sciences bookshelf]]

==Did you know...==
*...that '''[[Old English]]''' is grammatically closer to modern German than to modern English?
*...that '''[[Topic:Slavistics|Slavonic languages]]''' are mutually more similar than the German dialects?
*...that '''[[John Ronald Reuel Tolkien]]''', author of ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Hobbit'', has highly influenced later fictional literature worldwide? And did you know that he was also a great expert in languages, and that he has created about twenty artificial languages himself?
*...that '''[[Esperanto]]''' is the most famous among many artificial languages? It is an auxiliary language created by Polish doctor Zamenhof, whose pseudonym was ''doctor Esperanto''.
*...that '''[[Indo-European languages]]''', according to the theory that is accepted by most linguists and historians, probably originated in present-day India and Iran, but that linguists also believe they originated in Europe, since that's where most of them are spoken?

==Selected biography==
[[Image:VukKaradzic.jpg|right|100px|Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]] '''Vuk Stefanović Karadžić''' (1787-1864) was one the most prominent Serbian linguists. He reformed the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by applying the principles ''one letter per one sound'' and ''write as you speak'', and realized the idea of introducing the spoken language into the Serbian literature. He was collecting and publishing Serbian folk stories and poems. His major books were ''Serbian Dictionary'' and ''Serbian Grammar'', both published together in 1818, in which he for first time used the reformed alphabet. Although there were some opponents of Vuk's language reform, his principles were finally accepted and realized in Serbian literature and linguistics. Vuk's language was a base upon which the modern Serbian standard language was developed.

:'''[[:w:Vuk Stefanović Karadžić|read more...]]'''

==Notable quotes==
"Language is guardian of a nation. As long as the language exists, as long as we keep it, love it, and respect it, as long as we write in it and speak it; the nation exists as well, and it doesn't flow over into another one, nor it will disappear."<br>
— ''Vuk St. Karadzic, Serbian slavicist''

==See also==
*[[School:Linguistics|School of Linguistics]]
*[[School:Classics|School of Classics]]
*[[Portal:Humanities|Humanities Portal]]
*[[Portal:Social Sciences|Social Sciences Portal]]
*[[Portal:Writing Center|Wikiversity's Writing Center]]



[[Category:Language and Literature|*]]
[[Category:Wikiversity schools]]

P2P

2006-06-27T13:21:56Z

130.225.29.254: /* Distributed revision control systems */

This page is meant to be as a first draft of a system, which provides articles (from Wikipedia) in peer-to-peer networks.

== P2Pedia ==

The idea behind a P2Pedia (P2P + Wikipedia) is, that the technical goods of some already existing and maybe some future networks should be used to provide the collected knowledge to all who can't or won't reach the official main servers. Their would be also an increasing download-speed possible, especially for big medias or preloading and maybe the official http servers would be less used, so their reachability could be increased. According to the philosophy of a Wiki, the ability to get edited by all, a decentralized editing without redaction, the publishing of the data would be also decentralized.

== Client ==

It is aimed to use existing open source p2p-clients to download articles, but maybe this is only possible through a modification of that software. This could be possible through providing modules or patches, which will give them the ability to download these articles. It is also advisable to contact the developer communities of such software.

- maybe a new software will created(best method?), which uses both connection to main servers(to identifier actual article, search, edit, download text) and connection to p2p-networks(to download media and preloading)

== Editing ==

not (easily) possible
- main servers must have the actual version, so editing is only possible at the main servers
- p2p networks that support it, or combined clients, might proxy to the main servers; this is useful for accessing wikipedia from hostile environments

== Fileformat ==

- situation:
Existing p2p-networks identifier a file by a content based hash-code and most of them are searchable through filename (including extension), but not by content. Some software([http://www.shareaza.com Shareaza], [http://mark0.net/soft-trid-e.html Trid],...?) is able to identify a binary format and/or extract file-embedded metadata (ID3 tags, movie lenght, etc.) index the metadata and search for the metadata.

- needs:
- wikiidentifier(en, de, meta)
- title
- version/date
- keywords, categories

== Information used to identifier an actual article ==

If you call for an article in the Wikipedia, you need only the title of that article. The server will give you the actual version of the article.

- situation: in p2p-networks there are many different versions of the same article(with same title)

...

== Links ==

- maybe have to be modified
- have to contain identifier for articles(see above)

- there is the need to reserve a keyspace for any and all articles.
One article-->one keyspace
One article revision --> one key (sequential?) in the keyspace

== Networks ==

=== [[en:eDonkey|eDonkey]] [[en:eMule|eMule]]===
PROs
* Bigger network population
* Long availability

CONs
* It can not host many files using the server infrastructure
* It could require a dedicated server to index the articles available

=== [Kademlia]]===

* DHT

=== [[en:Freenet|Freenet]] ===

- slow (should be somewhat faster in 0.7)

- anonymous

- hostile environment capable (with darknet)

- naming is easy - SSK@pubkey,cryptokey,extra/wikipedia/edition#/articleName-language

- linking is likewise easy (relative links within the SSK)

- good match to web-style stuff like this

- 0.8 may have tor-style internal servers which could be used for editing

=== [[en:Gnutella2|Gnutella 2]] ===
PROs
* fast
* good keyword searches
* good metadata searches
* list of available articles is updated immediatly

CONs
* QHT is limited to 1 million entries (20 bits);
* QHT bigger than 24 bits are improbable, for now;
* this probably needs a dedicated QHT (1 entry per article file) as QHT need to be filled no more than 5-10%

=== [[en:BitTorrent|BitTorrent]] ===

PROs
* fast for big files

CONs
* probably not so fast for small ones e.g. articles?
* what exactly is distributed-tracker bittorrent capable of?
** DHT need to insert in the network one key/article at time, so inserting too many articles is problematic for a fleeting client

== Distributed revision control systems ==
I think p2pedia should work as p2p distributed revision control systems.

[http://www.gnu.org/software/gnu-arch/ Gnu Arch]

[http://www.nongnu.org/arx/ Arx]

[http://abridgegame.org/darcs/ Darcs]

[http://git.or.cz/ Git]

[http://www.venge.net/monotone/ Monotone]

[http://www.selenic.com/mercurial/wiki/index.cgi/Mercurial Mercurial]

[[Category:Proposals]]

Peer to peer wiki system

2006-06-27T13:21:56Z

130.225.29.254: /* Distributed revision control systems */

Biology

2004-06-09T01:11:36Z

130.225.29.254:

Welcome to the Wikiversity School of Biology.

==Courses==
Click a link to go to a course, some courses have subcourses so when you click the link you can choose to take introductory or advanced courses.
*[[Wikiversity:General Biology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Molecular Cell Biology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Genetics]]
*[[Wikiversity:Population Genetics]]
*[[Wikiversity:Animal Physiology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Plant Physiology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Evolutionary Biology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Ecology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Marine Biology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Microbiology]]
*[[Wikiversity:General Botany]]
*[[Wikiversity:Histology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Bioinformatics]]
*[[Wikiversity:Evolutionary Virology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Genome Analysis]]
*[[Wikiversity:Evolutionary Ecology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Immunology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Protein Structure and Function]]
*[[Wikiversity:Molecular Neurobiology]]
*[[Wikiversity:History of Biology]]

*[[Wikiversity:General Chemistry]]
*[[Wikiversity:Organic Chemistry]]
*[[Wikiversity:Applied Mathematics]]
*[[Wikiversity:Biochemistry]]
*[[Wikiversity:Physical Biochemistry]]

==Books==
*[[Cell Biology]]
*[[General Biology]]
*[[Evolutionary Biology]]
*[[Genetics]]

==Study guides==
*[[Invertebrate Zoology]]
*[[Botany]]

Biology

2004-06-09T01:07:42Z

130.225.29.254:

Welcome to the Wikiversity School of Biology.

==Courses==
Click a link to go to a course, some courses have subcourses so when you click the link you can choose to take introductory or advanced courses.
*[[Wikiversity:General Biology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Molecular Cell Biology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Genetics]]
*[[Wikiversity:Population Genetics]]
*[[Wikiversity:Animal Physiology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Plant Physiology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Evolutionary Biology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Ecology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Marine Biology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Microbiology]]
*[[Wikiversity:General Botany]]
*[[Wikiversity:Histology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Bioinformatics]]
*[[Wikiversity:Evolutionary Virology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Genome Analysis]]
*[[Wikiversity:Evolutionary Ecology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Immunology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Protein Structure and Function]]
*[[Wikiversity:Molecular Neurobiology]]

*[[Wikiversity:General Chemistry]]
*[[Wikiversity:Organic Chemistry]]
*[[Wikiversity:Applied Mathematics]]
*[[Wikiversity:Biochemistry]]
*[[Wikiversity:Physical Biochemistry]]

==Books==
*[[Cell Biology]]
*[[General Biology]]
*[[Evolutionary Biology]]
*[[Genetics]]

==Study guides==
*[[Invertebrate Zoology]]
*[[Botany]]

Biology

2004-06-09T00:55:01Z

130.225.29.254:

Welcome to the Wikiversity School of Biology.

==Basic Courses==
*[[Wikiversity:General Biology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Molecular Cell Biology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Genetics]]
*[[Wikiversity:Population Genetics]]
*[[Wikiversity:Animal Physiology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Plant Physiology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Evolutionary Biology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Ecology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Marine Biology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Microbiology]]
*[[Wikiversity:General Botany]]
*[[Wikiversity:Histology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Bioinformatics]]
<br>

*[[Wikiversity:General Chemistry]]
*[[Wikiversity:Organic Chemistry]]
*[[Wikiversity:Applied Mathematics]]
*[[Wikiversity:Biochemistry]]
*[[Wikiversity:Physical Biochemistry]]

==Advanced Courses==
*[[Wikiversity:Evolutionary Virology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Genome Analysis]]
*[[Wikiversity:Evolutionary Ecology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Immunology]]
*[[Wikiversity:Protein Structure and Function]]
*[[Wikiversity:Molecular Neurobiology]]

==Books==
*[[Cell Biology]]
*[[General Biology]]
*[[Evolutionary Biology]]
*[[Genetics]]

==Study guides==
*[[Invertebrate Zoology]]
*[[Botany]]