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Phosphate buffered saline

2009-03-06T09:30:51Z

130.238.7.41:

'''Phosphate buffered saline''' (abbreviated PBS) is a [[buffer solution]] commonly used in [[biology | biological research]]. It is a salty solution containing [[sodium chloride]], [[sodium phosphate]], and (in some formulations) [[potassium chloride]] and [[potassium phosphate]]. The buffer helps to maintain a constant [[pH]]. The osmolarity and ion concentrations of the solution usually match those of the human body ([[isotonic]]).

==Applications==
PBS has many uses because it is isotonic and non-toxic to cells. It can be used to dilute substances. It is used to rinse containers containing cells. PBS can be used as a diluent in methods to dry biomolecules, as water molecules within it will be structured around the substance (protein, for example) to be 'dried' and immobilized to a solid surface {{fact|date=April 2008}}. The thin film of water that binds to the substance prevents [[Denaturation_%28biochemistry%29 | denaturation]] or other conformational changes. Carbonate buffers may be used for the same purpose but with less effectiveness {{fact|date=April 2008}}. PBS can be used to take a reference spectrum when measuring the protein adsorption in ellipsometry {{fact|date=April 2008}}.

Additives can be used to add function. For example, PBS with [[EDTA]] is also used to disengage attached and clumped cells. Divalent [[metals]] such as [[zinc]], however, cannot be added as this will result in precipitation. For these types of applications, [[Good's buffers]] are recommended.

==Preparation==
There are many different ways to prepare PBS. Some formulations do not contain potassium, while others contain calcium or magnesium<ref>Dulbecco, R. et al. (1954): ''Plaque formation and isolation of pure lines with poliomyelitis viruses''. In: ''J. Exp. Med.'' vol. 99 (2), pp. 167-182. PMID 13130792</ref>. One of the most common preparations is described below.

The simplest way to prepare a PBS solution is to use PBS buffer tablets. They are formulated to give a ready to use PBS solution upon dissolution in a specified quantity of distilled water. They are available in the standard volumes: 100, 200, 500 and 1000 ml <ref>[http://www.medicago.se/_filer/PBS28-eng.pdf Medicago AB, (2003) Phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4 specification sheet]</ref>.

A 10 liter stock of 10x PBS can be prepared by dissolving 800 g NaCl, 20 g KCl, 144 g Na2HPO4 · 12H2O and 24 g KH2PO4 in 8 L of distilled water, and topping up to 10 L. The pH is ~6.8, but when diluted to 1x PBS it should change to 7.4. When making buffer solutions, it is good practice to always measure the pH directly using a [[pH meter]]. If necessary, pH can be adjusted using [[hydrochloric acid]] or [[sodium hydroxide]].
On dilution, the resultant 1x PBS should have a final concentration of 137 mM NaCl, 10 mM Phosphate, 2.7 mM KCl, and a pH of 7.4.

Another preparation is described in Molecular Cloning by Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis, Apendix B.12<ref>Sambrook, Fritsch, and Maniatis (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, volume 3, appendix B.12</ref> as follows:

For 1 litre of Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS buffer) use:
- Dissolve in 800 ml of distilled H2O:
- 8 g of NaCl
- 0.2 g of KCl
- 1.44 g of Na2HPO4 · 12H2O and
- 0.24 g of KH2PO4
- Adjust the pH to 7.4 with HCl
- Add H2O to 1 liter.

Dispense the solution into aliquots and sterilize them by autoclaving (20 min, 121°C, liquid cycle).
Store at room temperature.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==

[[Category:Buffers]]

{{biochem-stub}}

[[de:PBS-Puffer]]
[[fr:Tampon phosphate salin]]
[[he:PBS (ביוכימיה)]]
[[ja:リン酸緩衝生理食塩水]]
[[pt:Tampão fosfato-salino]]

Phosphate buffered saline

2009-03-06T09:29:59Z

130.238.7.41:

'''Phosphate buffered saline''' (abbreviated PBS) is a [[buffer solution]] commonly used in [[biology | biological research]]. It is a salty solution containing [[sodium chloride]], [[sodium phosphate]], and (in some formulations) [[potassium chloride]] and [[potassium phosphate]]. The buffer helps to maintain a constant [[pH]]. The osmolarity and ion concentrations of the solution usually match those of the human body ([[isotonic]]).

==Applications==
PBS has many uses because it is isotonic and non-toxic to cells. It can be used to dilute substances. It is used to rinse containers containing cells. PBS can be used as a diluent in methods to dry biomolecules, as water molecules within it will be structured around the substance (protein, for example) to be 'dried' and immobilized to a solid surface {{fact|date=April 2008}}. The thin film of water that binds to the substance prevents [[Denaturation_%28biochemistry%29 | denaturation]] or other conformational changes. Carbonate buffers may be used for the same purpose but with less effectiveness {{fact|date=April 2008}}. PBS can be used to take a reference spectrum when measuring the protein adsorption in ellipsometry {{fact|date=April 2008}}.

Additives can be used to add function. For example, PBS with [[EDTA]] is also used to disengage attached and clumped cells. Divalent [[metals]] such as [[zinc]], however, cannot be added as this will result in precipitation. For these types of applications, [[Good's buffers]] are recommended.

==Preparation==
There are many different ways to prepare PBS. Some formulations do not contain potassium, while others contain calcium or magnesium<ref>Dulbecco, R. et al. (1954): ''Plaque formation and isolation of pure lines with poliomyelitis viruses''. In: ''J. Exp. Med.'' vol. 99 (2), pp. 167-182. PMID 13130792</ref>. One of the most common preparations is described below.

The simplest way to prepare a PBS solution is to use PBS buffer tablets. They are formulated to give a ready to use PBS solution upon dissolution in a specified quantity of distilled water. They are available in the standard volumes: 100, 200, 500 and 1000 ml <ref>[http://www.medicago.se/_filer/PBS28-eng.pdf] Medicago AB, (2003) Phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4 specification sheet</ref>.

A 10 liter stock of 10x PBS can be prepared by dissolving 800 g NaCl, 20 g KCl, 144 g Na2HPO4 · 12H2O and 24 g KH2PO4 in 8 L of distilled water, and topping up to 10 L. The pH is ~6.8, but when diluted to 1x PBS it should change to 7.4. When making buffer solutions, it is good practice to always measure the pH directly using a [[pH meter]]. If necessary, pH can be adjusted using [[hydrochloric acid]] or [[sodium hydroxide]].
On dilution, the resultant 1x PBS should have a final concentration of 137 mM NaCl, 10 mM Phosphate, 2.7 mM KCl, and a pH of 7.4.

Another preparation is described in Molecular Cloning by Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis, Apendix B.12<ref>Sambrook, Fritsch, and Maniatis (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, volume 3, appendix B.12</ref> as follows:

For 1 litre of Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS buffer) use:
- Dissolve in 800 ml of distilled H2O:
- 8 g of NaCl
- 0.2 g of KCl
- 1.44 g of Na2HPO4 · 12H2O and
- 0.24 g of KH2PO4
- Adjust the pH to 7.4 with HCl
- Add H2O to 1 liter.

Dispense the solution into aliquots and sterilize them by autoclaving (20 min, 121°C, liquid cycle).
Store at room temperature.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==

[[Category:Buffers]]

{{biochem-stub}}

[[de:PBS-Puffer]]
[[fr:Tampon phosphate salin]]
[[he:PBS (ביוכימיה)]]
[[ja:リン酸緩衝生理食塩水]]
[[pt:Tampão fosfato-salino]]

TeXnicCenter

2008-01-24T13:43:34Z

130.238.5.7: /* See also */

{{Infobox_Software |
name = TeXnicCenter |
logo = |
screenshot = [[Image:Texniccenter.png|300px|TeXnicCenter screenshot]] |
caption = TeXnicCenter screenshot |
developer = The TeXnicCenter Team |
latest_release_version = 1 Beta 7.01 |
latest_release_date = [[June 18]], [[2006]] |
operating_system = [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] |
genre = [[LaTeX]] |
license = [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] |
website = [http://www.texniccenter.org www.texniccenter.org] |
}}
'''TeXnicCenter''' is a [[free software|free]] [[open source]] [[Integrated development environment|IDE]] for the [[LaTeX]] typesetting language. It uses the [[MiKTeX]] or [[TeX Live]] distributions. It allows the user to type documents in LaTeX and to compile them in [[Portable Document Format|PDF]], [[DVI file format|DVI]] or [[PostScript|PS]]. A menu gives access easily to precoded elements and environments (formulas, symbols, sections). It also allows for the creation of projects to organise and access the sections and environments of documents, and to insert a bibliography (using [[BibTeX]]) and an index (using [[MakeIndex]]).

To use TeXLive 2005 distribution, you need to make a minor change to the output profiles by replacing each of the output argument options with their Unix format variants (even for running on Windows), e.g. the command line arguments "%pm" becomes "%Pm" and "%bm" becomes "%Bm".

==Interoperability with other software==

TeXnicCenter has been designed to work with the [[MiKTeX]] distribution. After installation, TeXnicCenter recognizes MiKTeX and sets up the paths to command-line compilers bundled with MiKTeX automatically. Similarly, [[Adobe Acrobat|Adobe Acrobat Reader/Professional]] and [[Foxit Reader|Foxit Reader]], when available, is configured as a viewer for the generated PDF documents. Acrobat can also be configured to close an opened PDF file before recompiling it with LaTeX. These operations are accomplished using [[Dynamic Data Exchange]] calls, documented in [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/acrobat/sdk/pdf/iac/IACOverview.pdf Acrobat Interapplication Communication Overview] and [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/acrobat/sdk/pdf/iac/IACReference.pdf Acrobat Interapplication Communication Reference].

Instructions on how to set up TeXnicCenter to work with Adobe Acrobat Reader/Professional 7.x can be found in [http://www.tug.org/TeXnik/mainFAQ.cgi?file=gui/TeXnikCenter]. The same instructions apply to Adobe Acrobat Reader/Professional 8.0.0, but the [[Dynamic Data Exchange|DDE]] calls have to be modified as proposed in [http://www.adobeforums.com/cgi-bin/webx/.3bc27d26] because of a bug in this version of Acrobat.

==See also==
{{Portal|Free software|Free Software Portal Logo.svg}}
*[[Comparison of text editors]]
*[[Crimson Editor]] - An [[open source]] [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] editor
*[[List of text editors]]
*[[LyX]] - An [[open source]] [[cross-platform]] editor and shell
*[[Texmaker]] - An [[open source]] [[cross-platform]] editor and shell
*[[WinShell]] - A [[freeware]] editor

== External links ==
*[http://www.texniccenter.org/ TeXnicCenter homepage]
*[http://sourceforge.net/projects/texniccenter/ TeXnicCenter] on [[SourceForge]]

[[Category:Free TeX editors]]
[[Category:TeX SourceForge projects]]

[[de:TeXnicCenter]]
[[es:TeXnicCenter]]
[[fr:TeXnicCenter]]
[[nl:TeXnicCenter]]
[[pl:TeXnicCenter]]
[[sq:TeXnicCenter]]
[[sv:TeXnicCenter]]