IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

List of intelligence gathering disciplines

2009-06-10T23:02:56Z

132.206.33.50: Undid revision 295468341 by 68.195.47.193 (talk)

'''Intelligence Gathering Disciplines'''

==[[HUMINT]]==
Human Intelligence—gathered from a person on the ground.
*[[HUMINT#Espionage|Espionage]]
*[[HUMINT#Diplomatic reporting|Friendly accredited diplomats]]
*[[HUMINT#Military attaches|Military attaches]]
*[[HUMINT#Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)|Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)]]
*[[HUMINT#Patrolling (Military police, patrols, etc)|Patrolling (Military police, patrols, etc.)]]
*[[HUMINT#Prisoners of war (POW's) or detainees|Prisoners of war (POWs) or detainees]]
*[[HUMINT#Refugees|Refugees]]
*[[HUMINT#Strategic reconnaissance|Strategic reconnaissance, as by Special Forces]]
*[[HUMINT#Traveler debriefing|Traveler debriefing (e.g., CIA Domestic Contact Service)]]

==[[GEOINT]]==
Geospatial Intelligence—gathered from satellite, aerial photography, mapping/terrain data
*[[IMINT]]—Imagery Intelligence: gathered from satellite and aerial photography

==[[MASINT]]==
Measurement and Signature Intelligence
*[[Electro-optical MASINT]]
**[[Electro-optical MASINT#Airborne Electro-Optical Missile Tracking MASINT | Airborne Electro-Optical Missile Tracking MASINT]]
**[[Electro-optical MASINT#Tactical Countermortar Sensors | Tactical Countermortar Sensors]]
**[[Electro-optical MASINT#Infrared MASINT| Infrared MASINT]]
**[[Electro-optical MASINT#Airborne Electro-Optical Missile Tracking MASINT | Airborne Electro-Optical Missile Tracking MASINT]]
**[[Electro-optical MASINT#Optical Measurement of Nuclear Explosions| Optical Measurement of Nuclear Explosions]]
**[[Electro-optical MASINT#LASER MASINT | LASER MASINT]]
**[[Electro-optical MASINT#Spectroscopic MASINT | Spectroscopic MASINT]]
**[[Electro-optical MASINT#Hyperspectral Imagery MASINT | Hyperspectral Imagery MASINT]]
**[[Electro-optical MASINT#Space-based Staring Infrared Sensors | Space-based Staring Infrared Sensors]]
*[[Nuclear MASINT]]
**[[Nuclear MASINT#Radiation survey and dosimetry | Radiation survey and dosimetry]]
**[[Nuclear MASINT#Space-based Nuclear Energy Detection | Space-based Nuclear Energy Detection]]
**[[Nuclear MASINT#Effects of Ionizing Radiation on materials | Effects of Ionizing Radiation on materials]]
*[[Geophysical MASINT]]
**[[Geophysical MASINT#Weather and Sea Intelligence MASINT | Weather and Sea Intelligence MASINT]]
**[[Geophysical MASINT#Acoustic Intelligence MASINT | Acoustic MASINT]] (also known as [[ACOUSTINT]]- Acoustic phenomena)
**[[Geophysical MASINT#Seismic MASINT | Seismic MASINT]]
**[[Geophysical MASINT#Magnetic MASINT | Magnetic MASINT]]
**[[Geophysical MASINT#Gravitimetric MASINT | Gravitimetric MASINT]]
*[[Radar MASINT]]
**[[Radar MASINT#Line-of-Sight Radar MASINT | Line-of-Sight Radar MASINT]]
**[[Radar MASINT#Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) MASINT | Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) MASINT]]
**[[Radar MASINT#Non-Cooperative Target Recognition | Non-Cooperative Target Recognition]]
**[[Radar MASINT#Multistatic Radar MASINT | Multistatic Radar MASINT]]
**[[Radar MASINT#Passive Covert Radar | Passive Covert Radar]]
*[[Materials MASINT]]
**[[Materials MASINT#Chemical Materials MASINT|Chemical Materials MASINT]]
**[[Materials MASINT#Biological Materials MASINT|Biological Materials MASINT]]
**[[Materials MASINT#Nuclear test analysis|Nuclear test analysis]]
*[[Radiofrequency MASINT]]
**[[Radiofrequency MASINT#Frequency Domain MASINT | Frequency Domain MASINT]]
**[[Radiofrequency MASINT#Electromagnetic Pulse MASINT | Electromagnetic Pulse MASINT]]
**[[Radiofrequency MASINT#Unintentional Radiation MASINT | Unintentional Radiation MASINT]]

==[[OSINT]]==
Open Source Intelligence—gathered from open sources.

Can be further segmented by source type; Internet/General, Scientific/Technical and various HUMINT specialties (e.g. trade shows, association meetings, interviews, etc.)

==[[SIGINT]]==
Signals Intelligence—gathered from interception of signals
*[[COMINT]]—Communications Intelligence
*[[ELINT]]—Electronic Intelligence: gathered from non-communications electronic emissions
**[[FISINT]]—Foreign Instrumentation Signals Intelligence
***[[TELINT]]—Telemetry Intelligence: the collection and analysis of telemetry data from the target's missile or sometimes from aircraft tests.

==[[TECHINT]]==
Technical Intelligence—gathered from analysis of weapons and equipment used by the armed forces of foreign nations, or environmental conditions.
*[[MEDINT]]—Medical Intelligence: gathered from analysis of medical records and/or actual physiological examinations to determine health and/or particular ailments/allergetic conditions for exploitation.

==[[FININT]]==
Financial Intelligence—gathered from analysis of monetary transactions

==See also==
*[[Cryptanalysis]]
*[[Meteorological intelligence]]
*[[Spy satellite]]
*[[TEMPEST]]
*[[Traffic analysis]]

{{intelligence cycle management}}

[[Category:Intelligence gathering disciplines| ]]
[[Category:Open source intelligence]]

Archive:Wikicracy

2007-08-09T19:20:31Z

132.206.54.84: /* Wikimedia projects : the ultimate tool towards world unification of the human race */

==Wikicracy - Wikidemocracy - the future of democracy==
Note : this is wiki, please feel free to contribute to this paper. Thanks
==INTRODUCTION : Let's imagine the future of wiki==
==Wikimedia projects : the ultimate tool towards world unification of the human race==
http://commons.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button.png

Wiki projects are one a the few revolutionary inventions of the last years in the social field.
The philosophy behind the tool itself is at the same time simple and extremely powerful : everyone can contribute, in its own language, to the building of humanity knowledge.

It helps humans to participate together efficiently without having to hold frequent meetings somewhere specific : everyone can participate, whatever location he is, provided he has access to internet.

And even more, which is absolutely genius, is that contrary to forums, chats, e-mail or telephone conversations, it is building upon what is previously stated : the first contribution made by someone is not forgotten. The information written down on the screen is corrected, modified, completed by all the readers that will be reading the articles afterwards. And it provides safeguards if someone intentionally or not had come and deleted useful information.

It is already a success :
* for the global encyclopedia (wikipedia)
* for the dictionary (wikionary)

And other new projects, all having their own part in building a mankind-made information access for mankind.

Meanwhile, it helps building a global database that can be freely used by all humans, for photo media (wikimedia commons) [http://commons.wikimedia.org/]

==The revolution has just begun==
==Where we are : efficient building up of knowledge==
Wikimedia projects have mainly succeeded where information shall be according to the facts.
Why ?
Because information is always biased in some way, more or less depending many things. Sometime, one may focuses on one aspect of reality and forget about other aspects, and in worst case scenario, false information maybe delivered by someone to close of the interests concerned by the subject of an article.
Thanks to the community and the wiki tool, large amount of people check the articles, and thus can complete the other aspects not mentioned in the article, or put a warning if the article is thought to be biased. The more people are watching the article, the more likely experts in the field will be looking at it, and the less chances are that errors won't get noticed.
This is the key for most perfect information, once we understand that like everything in this world, nothing is perfect, but everything can be improved and tend towards the (unreachable by definition) ideal of perfection.

==Where we can go : efficient building up of action decision process making - the future of democracy==
Just like the amelioration of knowledge by participation of all people interested in an article, the wiki tool can become, if adapted, the ultimate tool for building up action programs and assist decision making processes. That is, it can become a tool more powerful, more efficient than various basic forms of democracy.

Today, '''what I propose is to build together the tool that will allow a better democracy''', accessible from anyone in the world with internet access, '''enabling efficient online proposals study/amendment and vote/adoption procedures and elections''', '''for virtually any kind of group of people, association, political party, city board, country, international institution, and could also be adapted to business shareholders decision making'''.

==List of ideas for the foundation of the tool==
* The tool shall be able to do what wiki does already. (writing of proposals classified by categories, history, discussion about the proposals, etc)
* Categories would not be called ''category'', they would be called ''issues'', and a page would present all issues related facts and if needed, the explanation for why something shall be done about it.
* The content would not be called ''articles'', they would be called ''proposals''
* Proposals shall adopt the following structure :
** main proposition
** other propositions
** alternative proposals ('amendment 1', 'amendment 2', etc)
The pros and against argumentation would not figure in the proposal itself, it would figure in the discussion part of the wikicracy, so that the 'proposal' remains a working document that could be adopted if so decided.
* Every fixed term or every time administrators of the section believe the proposal has reached a good quality level, a vote is organized. Everyone of the group entitled to vote is contacted by e-mail to cast his vote. The proposal and its amendment reaching a specified % (by default, 50%, but this could be more or less depending of the organization requirements) of the entitled members would be adopted and the executive body shall enforce it. After the % of YES is reached and the proposal is accepted, or after the expiration time for casting vote is reached without reaching the % of YES needed, the proposal shall still be alive and open for modifications, unless a significant % of people vote for abandoning this proposal. Voters will be asked to explain their vote. Votes can be casted on the new amendments, and eventually, if the members are not too many and share common goals, they will all agree to support the final proposal
(All this to say the objective is 100% agreement on the proposals, but proposals shall be able to be adopted if, let's say between 50% for a very large group with conflicting interests and 100% for a small group of good friends, accept it).

* A special section shall be available for elections of people.
** it would present a list of coming elections/nominations and the voting agenda.
** people could present themselves as candidates, and a discussion shall be open for those who want to explain why they support this candidate. Another discussion board would be open for each one of the candidate's personal proposals (for or against, and why). And another section would be available to ask the candidates questions. (note : I believe it is not necessary nor good that there be a place available for saying why they hate the candidate. If you don't like someone not because of its proposals, you can just go to another candidate and say why you support him.)
** At the time decided and until the deadline is met, every potential voter is asked to cast his vote.

== Others ==
* All vote including choice between more than 2 positions or 2 candidates shall be done by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condorcet_method Condorcet Method] or other similar systems (a choice between different systems could be proposed later). Results shall be calculated automatically.
* For specific demands, a version of the wikicracy should make it possible for the voters to choose to vote/post comment anonymously.
* On the opposite, votes casted by elected representatives shall never be anonymous, representative shall be accountable of their actions towards the people who elected them.
* For specific decision making organizations, it shall be possible to give more weight to the vote of some people than others. For instance, vote for shareholders assembly shall be proportional to its share of the Capital.

Immunology basics

2007-04-20T18:33:04Z

132.206.211.134: adding link to the online version of Janeway's Immunobiology textbook.

'''Immunology''' is a broad branch of [[biomedical science|biomedical]] [[science]] that covers the study of all aspects of the [[immune system]] in all [[organism]]s. It deals with, among other things, the [[physiology|physiological]] functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders ([[autoimmune diseases]], [[hypersensitivity|hypersensitivities]], [[immune deficiency]], [[transplant|allograft]] rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system [[in vitro]], [[in situ]], and [[in vivo]]. Immunology has various applications in several disciplines of science, and as such is further divided.

==Histological examination of the immune system==
Even before the concept of [[immunity (medical)|immunity]] (from ''immunis'', Latin for "exempt") was developed, numerous early physicians characterised organs that would later prove to be part of the immune system. The key organs of the immune system are [[thymus]], [[spleen]], [[bone marrow]], [[lymphatic system|lymph vessels]], [[lymph node]]s and secondary lymphatic tissues such as [[tonsil]]s, [[adenoid]]s, and [[skin]]. When health conditions warrant, immune system organs including the thymus, spleen, portions of bone marrow, lymph nodes and secondary lymphatic tissues can be [[surgery|surgically]] excised for examination while patients are still alive.

Many components of the immune system are actually [[cell (biology)|cell]]ular in nature and not associated with any specific organ but rather are embedded or circulating in various [[tissue (anatomy)|tissues]] located throughout the body.

==Classical immunology==
Classical immunology ties in with the fields of [[epidemiology]] and [[medicine]]. It studies the relationship between the body systems, [[pathogen]]s, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the [[Pandemic|plague]] of [[Athens]] in [[430 BCE]]. [[Thucydides]] noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could [[nurse]] the sick without contracting the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the [[19th century|19th]] and [[20th century|20th centuries]] before the concept developed into scientific theory.

The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive [[innate immunity|innate immune system]], and [[adaptive immunity|acquired or adaptive immune system]] of vertebrates, the latter of which is further divided into [[humoral immunity|humoral]] and [[cell-mediated immunity|cellular components]].

The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between [[antibody|antibodies]] and [[antigen]]s. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells (B lymphocytes). Antigens are defined as anything that elicits generation of antibodies, hence they are '''Anti'''body '''Gen'''erators. Immunology itself rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities. However, equally important is the cellular response, which can not only kill infected cells in its own right, but is also crucial in controlling the antibody response. Put simply, both systems are highly interdependent.

In the [[21st century]], immunology has broadened its horizons with much research being performed in the more specialized niches of immunology. This includes the immunological function of cells, organs and systems not normally associated with the immune system, as well as the function of the immune system outside classical models of immunity.

==Clinical immunology==
Clinical immunology is the study of [[disease]]s caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.

The diseases caused by disorders of the immune system fall into two broad categories: [[immunodeficiency]], in which parts of the immune system fail to provide an adequate response (examples include [[chronic granulomatous disease]]), and [[autoimmunity]], in which the immune system attacks its own host's body (examples include [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Hashimoto's disease]] and [[myasthenia gravis]]). Other immune system disorders include different [[hypersensitivity|hypersensitivities]], in which the system responds inappropriately to harmless compounds ([[asthma]] and [[allergy|allergies]]) or responds too intensely.

The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is [[Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome|AIDS]], caused by [[HIV]]. AIDS is an immunodeficiency characterized by the lack of CD4+ ("helper") [[T cells]] and [[macrophages]], which are destroyed by HIV.

Clinical immunologists also study ways to prevent [[transplant rejection]], in which the immune system attempts to destroy [[allograft]]s or [[xenograft]]s.

==Immunotherapy==
:''See main article [[Immunotherapy]]''

The use of immune system components to treat a disease or disorder is known as immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is most commonly used in the context of the treatment of [[cancer]]s together with [[chemotherapy]] ([[Medication|drug]]s) and [[radiotherapy]] ([[electromagnetic radiation|radiation]]). However, immunotherapy is also often used in the immunosuppressed (such as [[HIV]] patients) and people suffering from other immune deficiencies or autoimmune diseases.

==Diagnostic immunology==
:''See main article [[Diagnostic immunology]]''
The specificity of the bond between antibody and antigen has made it an excellent tool in the detection of substances in a variety of diagnostic techniques. Antibodies specific for a desired [[antigen]] can be conjugated with a radiolabel, fluorescent label, or color-forming enzyme and are used as a "probe" to detect it.

==Evolutionary immunology==
Study of the immune system in extant and [[extinction|extinct]] species is capable of giving us a key understanding of the [[evolution]] of species and the immune system.

A development of complexity of the immune system can be seen from simple phagocytotic protection of single celled organisms, to circulating antimicrobial peptides in insects to lymphoid organs in vertebrates. Of course, like much of evolutionary observation, these physical properties are often seen from the [[anthropocentric]] aspect. It should be recognised, that every organism living today has an immune system absolutely capable of protecting it from most forms of harm; those organisms that did not adapt their immune systems to external threats are no longer around to be observed.

[[Insect]]s and other [[arthropod]]s, while not possessing true adaptive immunity, show highly evolved systems of innate immunity, and are additionally protected from external injury (and exposure to pathogens) by their [[chitin]]ous shells.

==See also==
*[[immune system]]
*[[autoimmunity]]
*[[list of immunologists]]
*[[history of immunology]]
*[[serology]]
*[[Immunodeficiency]]

==References==
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Immunology Wikibooks Immunology Textbook]
* Goldsby RA, Kindt TK, Osborne BA and Kuby J (2003) '''Immunology''', 5th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, New York, ISBN 0-7167-4947-5

==External links==
{{WVD}}
*[http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcimmunol/ BMC: Immunology]- [[BioMed Central]]:Immunology is an [[open access journal]] publishing original peer-reviewed research articles.
*[[Nature Reviews Immunology]] ([http://www.nature.com/nri/index.html journal home])
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=imm.TOC&depth=2 Janeway's Immunobiology textbook] Searchable free online version at the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]]
* [http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/esimmuno/progmenu.htm Overview] at [[Medical College of Georgia]]

{{Medicine}}
[[Category:Immunology| ]]
[[Category:Subjects taught in medical school]]

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[[ja:免疫学]]
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Mathematics

2006-08-23T19:59:45Z

132.206.52.79: /* Divisions and Departments */

<center><big>'''Welcome to the School of mathematics!'''</big></center>

==Divisions and Departments==

* [[Topic:Actuarial Science|Department of Actuarial Science]]
* [[Topic:Applied Mathematics|Department of Applied Mathematics]]
* [[Topic:Combinatorics and Optimization|Department of Combinatorics and Optimization]]
* [[Topic:Computer Science|Division of Computer Science]]
* [[Topic:Pure Math|Division of Pure Mathematics]]
* [[Topic:Statistics|Department of Statistics]]

==Active participants==
*[[User:Tastymangojuice|Tastymangojuice]] (Computer Science)<br />

==School news==
* '''August 20, 2006''' - School founded!
* '''August 21, 2006''' - Added various departments

[[Category:Mathematics]]
[[Category:Wikiversity schools|Mathematics]]