Archive:Sanamahism

2008-11-09T18:13:10Z

136.159.32.206: /* References */

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{|class="infobox bordered" style="width:22em; font-size:95%; text-align:left;" cellpadding="3"
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; background-color:#b08261; color:#fee8ab;" | SANAMAHISM
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:0px; border:none;" | {{{image|}}}
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| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:0px; border:none;" | {{{caption|}}}
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! style="background-color:#fee8ab;" | Total population
| style="background-color:#fff6d9;" | 235,000-250,000<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm 2001 Census]</ref>
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! style="background-color:#fee8ab;" | Regions with significant populations
| style="background-color:#fff6d9;" | Manipur, India
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! style="background-color:#fee8ab;" | Holy Books
| style="background-color:#fff6d9;" | [[Meitei language|Puya / written in Meitei Mayek]] (Manipuri)
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! style="background-color:#fee8ab;" | Place of Worship
| style="background-color:#fff6d9;" | [[Laishang / Umanglai (forest) /Home/Sanglen]] {{
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<th style="background-color:#fee8ab;">Related ethnic groups</th>
<td style="background-color:#fff6d9;">{{{related}}}</td>
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|}}
|}<noinclude>

'''Sanamahism''' is the worship of [[Sanamahi]], the [[Creator deity|Creator]] aspect of ''Sidaba Mapu'', the [[trinity]] [[God]] of the [[Meiteis]]. Sanamahism is one of the oldest sects of [[South Asia]]. It originated in [[Manipur]] [[India]] and is mainly practiced by the [[Meitei]]s, [[Kabui]], [[Zeliangrong]] and other communities who inhabit Manipur, [[Assam]], [[Tripura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Bangladesh]], with small populations in the [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], and [[Canada]].

== Revivalism ==
According to the last census, about eleven percent of Manipur belong to religions stated as 'other'. Most of this population can be assumed to represent followers of the Sanamahi religion. This represents a significant increase over the previous census. The revivalism of Sanamahism is recognized by the census records of the government of India due to the praise worthy efforts of late R. K. Birendro Singh, I.A.S.

Attitude of indigenous people of Manipur to the religion and concept of God is not possible without the proper understanding of Sanamahi religion. Pakhangba Laining was also currently employed to signify revivalism.

== Form of Worship ==
In assimilate features such as the worship of forces of nature like fire, water, mountain etc. ancestor worship (Apokpa), Lamlai, Yumlai, Ningthoulai and Umanglai. Religion of antiquity - in its pure native form it is as all as the history of Meetei/Meitei people.

===Deities worshiped===
There is reference to the worship of Sanamahi by King Kangba in the Hayi age. Manipur is a land of deities with Atiya Shidaba, also known as "Atiya Guru" meaning [[Shiva|Para Shiva]] as the Supreme God.

Atiya Shidaba, Apanba and Asheeba are the three manifestations or incarnations of God as the creator, the preserver and the annihilator of this universe respectively.
Pakhangba, Sannamahi and Nongpok Ningthou are the incarnations who play the role of the male deities of the Meiteis whereas Leimarel Shidabi and [[Panthoibi]], the role of female deities.

Panthoibi is the Mother of the Universe and Nongpok Ningthou ([[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]) is her mate.<ref> P. 4290 ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' By various </ref>
Besides these, three hundred and sixty four deities with their consorts are the most important deities worshipped by the Meiteis.

Maibis are priestesses and they invoke Shiva.<ref> P. 4290 ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' By various </ref>

The Plain Kabui are observed in worship of Shiva, Sanamahi and Ima Leimarel.<ref> ''People of India'' By Kumar Suresh Singh, S. B. Roy, Asok K. Ghosh </ref>

Shamulai is the name Manipuri for Ganesh.<ref> P. 176 ''Folk Culture of Manipur By Moirangthem Kirti Singh'' </ref>

Sanamahi (also known as Aseeba) has a creator brother (like him) named Pakhangba (Konjin Tuthokpa).<ref> P. 82 ''A History of Manipuri Literature'' By Ch Manihar Singh </ref>

===Food offerings===
Devout Meities offer food at sacred spots daily.<ref> P. 62 ''Feminism in a traditional society'' By Manjusri Chaki-Sircar </ref>

== Festivals ==
===Cheiraoba===
Cheiraoba is the new year's day for Meitei Hindus and is observed on either the 13th or 14th of April every year.<ref> P. 204 ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Tribes'' By S.S. Shashi </ref> During this occasion, Meitei houses are renovated and white washed to mark the new year's day.<ref> P. 204 ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Tribes'' By S.S. Shashi </ref> The householders offer fresh vegetables and cook vegetarian food to offer to gods and goddesses. In the afternoon, young boys and girls climb a small hillock called "Cieiraocheeng" to worship [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]].<ref> P. 204 ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Tribes'' By S.S. Shashi </ref>

===Lai Haraoba===
[[Lai Haraoba]] is the festival of the recollection of the creation stories played by all deities with the first origin of this universe and evolution of the plants and animals through the will of Atiya Shidaba.
[[Sannamahi]] and [[Leimarel]] are worshiped in every house of the Meiteis and other mentioned Indigenous community of Manipur and nearby states including Mayanmar.
The other gods and the three hundred and sixty four deities are worshipped in the ''Umanglai Laisangs'' (temple of gods in the reserved woods with spacious grounds) in the villages.

== Threats ==
In the 18th century, under King [[Meidingu Pamheiba]], the sacred writings of Sanamahi religion, the ''Puyas'', were collected and burned and Sanamahi scholars were expelled to remote villages.<ref>http://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/puwarimeitei.html</ref> This event is known as ''Puya-Meithaba'' among Meiteis.

Later in the 19th century mass conversion of the Hill tribes to Christianity began.

==See also==
*[[Folk Hinduism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.Meeteis_Surname Meeteis Surname]
*[http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.The_Revivalism_of_Sanamahism The Revivalism of Sanamahism]
*Sohini Ray "2000-01" ''The Body-Cult in Sanamahism: A Case of the Revival of an Indigenous Religion Among the Meiteis in Manipur'' is an ethnographic study of the sacred myths about the human body among the Meiteis, a community in Northeast India, and on how these mythological beliefs play a pivotal role in a socio-religious revival movement now occurring in the community. Sohini Ray recently received her Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of California, Los Angeles. [http://www.hds.harvard.edu/cswr/people/past/N-R.html]

[[Category:Hindu denominations]]
[[Category:Manipur]]
[[Category:Religion in India]]
[[Category:Religious faiths, traditions, and movements]]
[[Category:Tantra]]

How to use R/Tutorials/Introduction

2006-08-15T18:52:21Z

136.159.197.186: /* Loading and plotting data with R */

'''[[R programming language|R]]''' is both a programming language, and a software environment for statistical computing.

== Loading and plotting data with R ==
This tutorial demonstrates how to plot data loaded from files in R.

* Given the data file ''data.txt'' located at ''<path>'':
1970 45 63
1980 52 59
1990 59 52
2000 63 45

* This data can easilty be loaded into R using the following commands:
setwd("<path>") # change working directory
data <- read.table("data.txt") # load data

* Plotting can then be performed as follows:
# Setup empty plot window
plot(0, type = "n", main = "Plot Title", xlab = "X axis", ylab = "Y axis", xlim = c(1970,2000), ylim = c(0,100))
grid() # add grid
lines(data[,1], data[,2], lty = 1) # draw first dataset
lines(data[,1], data[,3], lty = 2) # draw second dataset
legend("topright", c("first dataset", "second dataset"), lty = c(1, 2) )

* Export of the plot to ''pdf'' is easilty performed by adding ''pdf("filename.pdf")'' prior to the plotting, and ''dev.off()'' after the plotting.
* Export to ''png'' can simmilarly be performed by calling ''png("filename.png")'' prior to the plotting, and ''dev.off()'' after the plotting. ''png("r_plot.png", width = 420, height = 340)'' will, for example yield the following figure:
[[Image:R_plot.png]]

{{stub}}
[[Category:Programming]]

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