IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Aerospace engineering

2008-07-23T13:26:29Z

138.253.189.65:

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Welcome to the Department of Aerospace Engineering.

Aerospace Engineering deals specifically with aircraft and spacecraft, as well as any other types of machines that can fly. Topics within aerospace engineering include, but are not limited to, aerodynamics, structural dynamics, fluid mechanics, orbital mechanics, flight dynamics, propulsion, and control systems. These topics can be applied to missiles, space structures, satellites, and all aspects related to atmosphere and space flight.

Aerospace engineers design, develop, and test aircraft, spacecraft, and missiles and supervise the production of these products. Those who work with aircraft are called aeronautical engineers, and those working specifically with spacecraft are astronautical engineers. Aerospace engineers develop new technologies for use in aviation, defense systems, and space exploration, often specializing in areas such as structural design, guidance, navigation and control, instrumentation and communication, or production methods. They also may specialize in a particular type of aerospace product, such as commercial aircraft, military fighter jets, helicopters, spacecraft, or missiles and rockets, and may become experts in aerodynamics, thermodynamics, celestial mechanics, propulsion, acoustics, or guidance and control systems.
== Areas of study ==
[[Image:F-l3 lift fan.jpg|thumb|400px|right|X-35B lift fan; the VTOL propulsion system is designed and manufactured by [[w:Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce plc]]]]
===General Prerequisites===
* [[Basic Mathematics]] - differentials, integrals, basic mechanics, vector algebra, matrices and matrix manipulation, total derivative (for mass and momentum equations, among others)
** [[wikibooks:Calculus | Calculus]]
** [[wikibooks:Differential Equations | Differential Equations]]
* [[Thermodynamics]]/Heat Transfer - Zereoth, First, Second and Third [[laws of thermodynamics|Laws]], [[Enthalpy]], [[Entropy]], Clausius Inequality and ??, Steady State Equation, Modelling Gas Turbines/Engines, [[Conduction]], [[Convection]], [[Radiation]] ([[Black Body]], Grey Body)
** [[wikibooks:Engineering Thermodynamics | Engineering Thermodynamics]]
* Circuits/Electronics
* Physics - Forces, Gravity Equation
** [[wikibooks:Physics Study Guide/Gravity | Gravity]]

=== Statics ===
* Structural Analysis
* Mechanics - Friction on a surface, Rolling bodies, Stability, Pure/Damped/Forced Harmonic Motion, Orbits (reaching orbit, geostationary point, changing orbit, escape velocity)
** [[wikibooks:Solid mechanics | Solid Mechanics]]

=== Fluid mechanics ===
* Aerodynamics - Derivation of [[shear stress]] on a fluid, [[perfect gas equation]], [[Bernoulli equation]], [[Langrangian and Eulerian reference frames]], [[control volumes]] and control surfaces, [[Conservation of mass]] up to 3-d, [[balance of momentum equations]] up to 3-d, [[Aerofoils]], [[Circulation]], [[Mach Number]] & [[Reynolds Number]], [[Laminar flow|laminar]] and [[turbulent flow]], [[Propulsion]] & [[Turbomachinery]]
** [[wikibooks:Jet Propulsion/Aerodynamics | Aerodynamics]]
** [[wikibooks:Jet Propulsion | Jet Propulsion]]
** [[wikibooks:Rocket Propulsion:Contents | Rocket Propulsion]]

===Aircraft Structures===
* Basic Strength of Materials
* Aircraft Structures - Basic
* Aircraft Structures - Advanced
* Structural Analysis
* Recent Topics
=== Materials Science ===
* [[Material Classes]] - Metals, Ceramics, Composites, Polymers, Ionic and Covalents
* [[Material Microstructure]]
* [[Properties of Materials]] - Strength, Stiffness, Young's Modulus, Elasiticity and Modulus of Elasticity, Hardness, Toughness, Electrical Properties?
* [[Materials Selection]]
* [[Material Processes]] - Annealing, Quenching, Precipitation Hardening, Case Hardening
* [[Failure]] - Fatigue, Creep, Fracture, Case studies (aircraft)
* [[Composites]] - matrix and fibers, explanation of directional properties, case studies (carbon fibre, kevlar, fibreglass)
** [[wikibooks:Material science | Material Science]]

=== Aircraft Design ===
* Basic Aircraft Performance - Air density at altitudes, Perfect Gas equation,
* Dynamics and Control - Control Surfaces,

=== Aviation engines ===
*Hydraulic gas dynamics - characteristics of gas flowing through
*[[Theory of impeler machines]] - profiling blades of compressor and turbine, multi-stage compressor and multi-stage turbine
*Theory of jet engines - modelling turbojet engines
*Construction of jet engines

=== Computational Fluid Dynamics ===
*Introduction
*Principles
*Solver Types
*Grid Generation

=== Aeroelasticity ===
*Introduction
*Static Aeroelasticity
*Dynamic Aeroelasticity
*Flight Testing

=== Rover Design ===
*[[Rover Mission Analysis and Design]]

==Department news==
The Aerospace Department is concerned with the technology that constitutes of Aeronautical and Astronautical engineering.

==Topics==
[[Image:Dn8310-2_700.jpg|300px|right|thumb|‘Blended wing’ craft prototype]]
* [[Topic:Fluid mechanics]]
* [[Topic:Aerodynamics]]
* [[Topic:Aeronautics]]
* [[Topic:Astrodynamics]]
* [[Topic:Orbital mechanics]]
* [[Topic:Statics]]
* [[Topic:Engineering mechanics]]
* [[School:Mathematics]]
* [[Topic:Electrotechnology]]
* [[Topic:Turbomachinery]]
* [[Topic:Control engineering]]
* [[Topic:Aircraft flight control systems]]
* [[Topic:Aircraft structures]]
* [[Topic:Materials science]]
* [[Topic:Solid mechanics]]
* [[Topic:Aeroelasticity]]
* [[Topic:Avionics]]
* [[Topic:Reliability engineering]]
* [[Topic:Noise control]]
* [[Topic:Flight testing]]

== External links ==
* [http://cafefoundation.org/v2/pav_home.php Personal Air Vehicle Page at Cafe Foundation (in affiliation with NASA)]
* [http://psas.pdx.edu/ Open avionics]
* [http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/business/130398_electplane11.html Boeing's electric plane using fuelcells.]
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/openavionics/ OpenAvionics]
* [http://www.aiaa.org/ American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]
* [http://aero.stanford.edu/adgprojects.html Projects at Standford's Aerodynamics Design Group]
* [http://dthrocket.blogspot.com/ A Project to create a supersonic homebrew rocket]

===Books===
* [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1428996389&id=mViQar7gcfkC&dq=nanotechnology&as_brr=1 Research opportunities in advanced aerospace concepts]

*[[Wikibooks:Astrodynamics|Astrodynamics]]

===Videos===
*[http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A481C3DD60812502 MIT 16.01 Unified Engineering - Video Lecture]

*[http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=35721A60B7B57386 MIT 16.885J Aircraft Systems Engineering - Video Lecture]

===Related news===
* (2008) [http://www.physorg.com/news127060603.html 'Avoiding wind tunnels, computer simulations pave way for hypersonic flight']
* '''April 26, 2007''' - [http://www.newscientist.com/channel/fundamentals/mg18925331.200-take-a-leap-into-hyperspace.html Paper on hyperdrive system wins award at conference and is examined by US Government researchers...][http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/01/06/hyperdrive/]
* '''March 27, 2007''' - [http://www.physorg.com/news94233194.html NASA seeks research proposals.]
* '''March 20, 2007''' - [http://www.physorg.com/news93631842.html Private company to launch rocket.]

[[Category:Engineering]]
[[Category:Mechanical engineering]]
[[Category:Aerospace engineering]]
[[Category:Departments]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2007-06-07T12:44:05Z

138.253.205.70:

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'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[Colonial India|India]] and [[British colonization of the Americas|North America]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Duke of Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and Classical period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)
* [[Boudica#Boudica.27s uprising|Boudica's uprising]] (61)
** [[Battle of Watling Street]]

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066)
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[The Anarchy]] (1135–1154) - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[First War of Scottish Independence|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1328)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Second War of Scottish Independence|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Modern period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
** [[War of the League of Cambrai]] (1511-1513)
** [[Italian War of 1521]] (1521-1525)
** [[Italian War of 1542]] (1542-1546)
** [[Italian War of 1551]] (1557-1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513; 1544-1551)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1625)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1625-1630) (As a small part of the Thirty Years' War)
* [[Anglo-French War (1626)|Anglo-French War]] (1626-1629)
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[English Civil War]] (1642–1651)
*** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
*** [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|civil war in Scotland]] (1644–1647)
*** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648)
*** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
*** [[Third English Civil War]] (1650–1651)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689-91; 1715-16; 1719; 1745-46) - Civil War
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
** [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Clifton Moor Skirmish]], near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742) - Great Britain v Spain
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1742–1748) - Great Britain, Austria and Holland v France and Germany
** [[King George's War]] (1744–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1754–1763) - Great Britain and Germany v Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain and Portugal
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763) - North America
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769) - India
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782) - India
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792) - India

===19th Century===
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802) - Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Russia, Germany v France
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799) - India
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815) - United Kingdom, Prussia, Austria, Sweden and Russia v France
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
** [[Hundred Days]] (1815)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804) - India
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805) - India
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806) - India
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818) - India
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
**[[Battle of Ghazni]]
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) - United Kingdom v China
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846) - India
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849) - India
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856) - United Kingdom, France, Turkey, and Piedmont-Sardinia v Russia
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860) - United Kingdom and France v China
* [[Anglo-Persian War|Anglo-Persian War (1856–1857)]] - United Kingdom and Persia
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859) - United Kingdom v USA
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Gun War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Mahdist War]] (1881–1899)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)

===20th Century===
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900) - United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and USA v China
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902) - Nigeria
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918) - United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Serbia, Italy, Russia, United States v Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey
* [[Easter Rising]] (1916) - Ireland
* [[Russian Civil War]] (1918–1922)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945)
** [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945) United Kingdom, USA and China v Japan
** [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953)
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960)
* [[History of Cyprus#Proposed Union with Greece|Cyprus Emergency]] (1955–1959)
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956)
* [[Brunei Revolt]] (1962)
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966)
* [[Aden#The Aden Emergency|Aden Emergency]] (1963–1967)
* [[Troubles|Northern Ireland Troubles]] (1969-mid 1990s)
* [[Cod War|Cod War Confrontation]] (1975–1976)
* [[Falklands War]] (1982)
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991)
* [[Bosnian War|The Bosnian War]] (1995–1996)
* [[Kosovo War|The Kosovo War]] (1999)
* [[Operation Palliser|Sierra Leone Civil War]] (2000)

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

===List of Civil Wars===
# [[Rebellion of 1088]] - in [[England]] and [[Normandy]]
# [[The Anarchy]] (1135–1154) - in [[England]]
# [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - in [[England]], [[Normandy]], and [[Anjou]]
# [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - in [[England]]
# [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - in [[England]]
# [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - in [[England]] and [[Wales]]
# [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - in [[England]] and [[Wales]]; [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat
# [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - in [[England]], [[Wales]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]]
#* [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
#* [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
#* [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
#* [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
#* [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
#* [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1644–1647)
#* [[Second English Civil War]] (1648)
#* [[Third English Civil War]] (1650–1651)
#* [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
# [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - in [[England]]
# [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689-91; 1715-16; 1719; 1745-46) - in [[England]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]]
#* [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
#* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
#* [[Clifton Moor]], near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
#* [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
# [[American Revolutionary War]] (1775–1783) - Effectively Civil War with Loyalists fighting Revolutionaries

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[Coquet Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[British Home Guard|Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
*[[Auld Alliance]] ([[1295]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance refers to a treaty of mutual defence concluded between [[France]] and [[Scotland]] in October 1295. It was renewed in 1326 in the [[Treaty of Corbeil]] and at several points thereafter. It provides for assistance if either of the parties to the treaty is attacked by a third nation. Though no third party nation is named, the treaty was most often invoked against [[England]]. In the early 1330s the [[French king]] [[Philip VI of France|Philip VI]] offered active military support to his ally during the [[Second War of Scottish Independence]], amongst other things providing a refuge for the infant [[David II]]. In 1346 David, who had returned home in 1341, invaded England to take the pressure off the French, recently defeated at the [[Battle of Crécy]], only to be defeated himself at the [[Battle of Neville's Cross]]. In 1421 , at the [[Battle of Baugé]], French and Scots forces defeated an English army, their first such reverse in open battle during the [[Hundred Years War]]. In 1429 Scots came to the aid of [[Joan of Arc]] in the relief of [[Orléans]]; many went on to form the [[Garde Écossaise]], the bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish soldiers chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves Scots. In 1513 [[Louis XII]], under threat from [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], asked [[James IV]] to launch a diversionary attack on northern England. James complied, only to meet defeat and death at the [[Battle of Flodden]]. The alliance was finally ended by the 1560 [[Treaty of Edinburgh]]. By this time the Scots saw the Catholic French as a greater threat to their liberty than their fellow Protestants in England.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal, signed in 1373, is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain). This treaty largely influenced the British involvement in the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty affected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War, when the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland briefly took part in the war as an ally of France.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - 1697)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902-1923)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]
* [[United Kingdom Casualties of War]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://www.remuseum.org.uk/rem_his_history.htm Royal Engineers Museum] - Royal Engineers History
*[http://www.iwm.org.uk/ Imperial War Museum]

{{Europe in topic|Military history of}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom| ]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2007-06-07T12:41:50Z

138.253.205.70:

{{Refimprove|date=May 2007}}
{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[Colonial India|India]] and [[British colonization of the Americas|North America]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Duke of Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].<!--This enormous run-on sentence needs breaking up.

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and Classical period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)
* [[Boudica#Boudica.27s uprising|Boudica's uprising]] (61)
** [[Battle of Watling Street]]

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066)
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[The Anarchy]] (1135–1154) - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[First War of Scottish Independence|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1328)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Second War of Scottish Independence|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Modern period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
** [[War of the League of Cambrai]] (1511-1513)
** [[Italian War of 1521]] (1521-1525)
** [[Italian War of 1542]] (1542-1546)
** [[Italian War of 1551]] (1557-1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513; 1544-1551)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1625)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1625-1630) (As a small part of the Thirty Years' War)
* [[Anglo-French War (1626)|Anglo-French War]] (1626-1629)
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[English Civil War]] (1642–1651)
*** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
*** [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|civil war in Scotland]] (1644–1647)
*** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648)
*** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
*** [[Third English Civil War]] (1650–1651)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689-91; 1715-16; 1719; 1745-46) - Civil War
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
** [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Clifton Moor Skirmish]], near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742) - Great Britain v Spain
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1742–1748) - Great Britain, Austria and Holland v France and Germany
** [[King George's War]] (1744–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1754–1763) - Great Britain and Germany v Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain and Portugal
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763) - North America
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769) - India
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782) - India
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792) - India

===19th Century===
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802) - Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Russia, Germany v France
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799) - India
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815) - United Kingdom, Prussia, Austria, Sweden and Russia v France
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
** [[Hundred Days]] (1815)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804) - India
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805) - India
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806) - India
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818) - India
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
**[[Battle of Ghazni]]
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) - United Kingdom v China
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846) - India
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849) - India
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856) - United Kingdom, France, Turkey, and Piedmont-Sardinia v Russia
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860) - United Kingdom and France v China
* [[Anglo-Persian War|Anglo-Persian War (1856–1857)]] - United Kingdom and Persia
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859) - United Kingdom v USA
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Gun War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Mahdist War]] (1881–1899)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)

===20th Century===
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900) - United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and USA v China
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902) - Nigeria
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918) - United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Serbia, Italy, Russia, United States v Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey
* [[Easter Rising]] (1916) - Ireland
* [[Russian Civil War]] (1918–1922)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945)
** [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945) United Kingdom, USA and China v Japan
** [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953)
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960)
* [[History of Cyprus#Proposed Union with Greece|Cyprus Emergency]] (1955–1959)
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956)
* [[Brunei Revolt]] (1962)
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966)
* [[Aden#The Aden Emergency|Aden Emergency]] (1963–1967)
* [[Troubles|Northern Ireland Troubles]] (1969-mid 1990s)
* [[Cod War|Cod War Confrontation]] (1975–1976)
* [[Falklands War]] (1982)
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991)
* [[Bosnian War|The Bosnian War]] (1995–1996)
* [[Kosovo War|The Kosovo War]] (1999)
* [[Operation Palliser|Sierra Leone Civil War]] (2000)

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

===List of Civil Wars===
# [[Rebellion of 1088]] - in [[England]] and [[Normandy]]
# [[The Anarchy]] (1135–1154) - in [[England]]
# [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - in [[England]], [[Normandy]], and [[Anjou]]
# [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - in [[England]]
# [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - in [[England]]
# [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - in [[England]] and [[Wales]]
# [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - in [[England]] and [[Wales]]; [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat
# [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - in [[England]], [[Wales]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]]
#* [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
#* [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
#* [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
#* [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
#* [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
#* [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1644–1647)
#* [[Second English Civil War]] (1648)
#* [[Third English Civil War]] (1650–1651)
#* [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
# [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - in [[England]]
# [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689-91; 1715-16; 1719; 1745-46) - in [[England]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]]
#* [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
#* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
#* [[Clifton Moor]], near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
#* [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
# [[American Revolutionary War]] (1775–1783) - Effectively Civil War with Loyalists fighting Revolutionaries

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[Coquet Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[British Home Guard|Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
*[[Auld Alliance]] ([[1295]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance refers to a treaty of mutual defence concluded between [[France]] and [[Scotland]] in October 1295. It was renewed in 1326 in the [[Treaty of Corbeil]] and at several points thereafter. It provides for assistance if either of the parties to the treaty is attacked by a third nation. Though no third party nation is named, the treaty was most often invoked against [[England]]. In the early 1330s the [[French king]] [[Philip VI of France|Philip VI]] offered active military support to his ally during the [[Second War of Scottish Independence]], amongst other things providing a refuge for the infant [[David II]]. In 1346 David, who had returned home in 1341, invaded England to take the pressure off the French, recently defeated at the [[Battle of Crécy]], only to be defeated himself at the [[Battle of Neville's Cross]]. In 1421 , at the [[Battle of Baugé]], French and Scots forces defeated an English army, their first such reverse in open battle during the [[Hundred Years War]]. In 1429 Scots came to the aid of [[Joan of Arc]] in the relief of [[Orléans]]; many went on to form the [[Garde Écossaise]], the bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish soldiers chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves Scots. In 1513 [[Louis XII]], under threat from [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], asked [[James IV]] to launch a diversionary attack on northern England. James complied, only to meet defeat and death at the [[Battle of Flodden]]. The alliance was finally ended by the 1560 [[Treaty of Edinburgh]]. By this time the Scots saw the Catholic French as a greater threat to their liberty than their fellow Protestants in England.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal, signed in 1373, is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain). This treaty largely influenced the British involvement in the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty affected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War, when the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland briefly took part in the war as an ally of France.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - 1697)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902-1923)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]
* [[United Kingdom Casualties of War]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://www.remuseum.org.uk/rem_his_history.htm Royal Engineers Museum] - Royal Engineers History
*[http://www.iwm.org.uk/ Imperial War Museum]

{{Europe in topic|Military history of}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom| ]]

Immunology basics

2005-09-29T12:04:51Z

138.253.239.195: /* Diagnostic immunology */

'''Immunology''' is a broad branch of [[biomedical science|biomedical]] [[science]] that covers study of all aspects of the [[immune system]] in all [[organism]]s. It deals with, among other things, the [[physiology|physiological]] functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders ([[autoimmune diseases]], [[hypersensitivity|hypersensitivities]], [[immune deficiency]], [[transplant|allograft]] rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system [[in vitro]], [[in situ]], and [[in vivo]]. Immunology has various applications in several disciplines of science, and as such is further divided.

==Histological examination of the immune system==
Before even the concept of [[immunity]] was developed numerous early physicians characterised organs that would later prove to be part of the immune system. The key organs of the immune system are [[thymus]], [[spleen]], [[bone marrow]], [[lymphatic system|lymph vessels]], [[lymph node]]s and secondary lymphatic tissues such as [[tonsil]]s and [[adenoid]]s) and [[skin]]. The major organs, the thymus and spleen, are examined [[histology|histologically]] only post-mortem during [[autopsy]]. However some lymph nodes, and secondary lymphatic tissues can be [[surgery|surgically]] excised for examination while patients are still alive.

Many components of the immune system are actually [[cell (biology)|cell]]ular in nature and not associated with any specific organ, but imbedded or circulating in various [[tissue (anatomy)|tissues]] located about the body.

==Classical immunology==
Classical immunology ties in with the fields of [[epidemiology]] and [[medicine]]. It studies the relationship between the body systems, [[pathogen]]s and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the [[plague]] of [[Athens]] in [[430 BC]]. [[Thucydides]] noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could [[nurse]] the sick without coming down with the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the [[19th century|19th]] and [[20th century|20th centuries]] before the concept developed into scientific theory.

The study of molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into [[innate immunity|innate immune system]], and [[adaptive immunity|acquired or adaptive immune system]], the latter of which is further divided into [[humoral immunity|humoral]] and [[cell-mediated immunity|cellular components]].

The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between [[antibody|antibodies]] and [[antigen]]s. Without an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities, much of immunology would be non-existent. However, equally important is the cellular response which can not only kill infected cells in its own right, but is also crucial in controlling the antibody response. Put simply, both systems are highly interdependent.

In the [[21st century]] though, immunology has broadened its horizons with much research being performed in the more specialised niches of immunology. This includes the immunological function of cells, organs and systems not normally associated with the immune system, as well as the function of the immune system outside classical models of immunity.

==Clinical immunology==
[[Clinical immunology]] is the study of [[disease]]s caused by the immune system and diseases of the immune system from a medical perspective.

Many diseases caused by the immune system fall into two broad categories: [[immunodeficiency]], in which parts of the immune system fail to provide an adequate response (examples include [[chronic granulomatous disease]]), and [[autoimmunity]], in which the immune system attacks its own antigens (examples include [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Hashimoto's disease]] and [[myasthenia gravis]]). Other immune system disorders include different [[hypersensitivity|hypersensitivities]], in which the system responds inappropriately to harmless compounds ([[asthma]] and [[allergy|allergies]]) or responds too intensively.

The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is [[Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome|AIDS]], caused by the [[HIV virus]]. AIDS is an immunodeficiency characterized by the lack of CD4+ ("helper") [[T cells]] and [[macrophages]], which are destroyed by the HIV virus.

Clinical immunologists also study ways to prevent [[transplant rejection]], in which the immune system attempts to destroy [[allograft]]s or [[xenograft]]s.

==Immunotherapy==
''See main article [[Immunotherapy]]''

The use of immune system components to treat a disease or disorder is known as immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is most commonly used in the context of the treatment of [[cancer]]s together with [[chemotherapy]] ([[drug]]s) and [[radiotherapy]] ([[electromagnetic radiation|radiation]]). However, immunotherapy is also often used in the immunosuppressed (such as [[HIV]] patients) and people suffering from other immune deficiencies or autoimmune diseases.

==Diagnostic immunology==
The specificity of the bond between antibody and antigen has made it an excellent tool in the detection of substances in a variety of diagnostic techniques. Antibodies specific for a desired [[antigen]] can be conjugated with a radiolabel, fluorescent label, or color-forming enzyme and are used as a "probe" to detect it.

Well known applications of this include [[immunoblot]]ting, [[ELISA]] and immunohistochemical staining of microscope slides. The speed, accuracy and simplicity of such tests has led to the development of rapid techniques for the diagnosis of disease, microbes and even illegal drugs ''[[in vivo]]'' (of course tests conducted in a closed environment have a higher degree of accuracy). Such testing is also used to distinguish compatible [[blood type]]s.

==Evolutionary immunology==
Study of the immune system in extant and [[extinction|extinct]] species is capable of giving us a key understanding of the [[evolution]] of species and the immune system.

A development of complexity of the immune system can be seen from simple phagocytotic protection of single celled organisms, to circulating antimicrobial peptides in insects to lymphoid organs in vertebrates. Of course, like much of evolution, this is often seen from the [[anthropocentric]] aspect, but it must be recognised, that every organism's immune system is absolutely capable of protecting it from most forms of harm.

[[Insect]]s and other [[arthropod]]s, while not possessing true adaptive immunity, show highly evolved systems of innate immunity, and are additionally protected from external injury (and exposure to pathogens) by their [[chitin]]ous shells.

==See Also==
*[[Immune system]]
*[[autoimmunity]]
*[[List of immunologists]]

==References==
* Goldsby RA, Kindt TK, Osborne BA and Kuby J (2003) '''Immunology''', 5th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, New York, ISBN 0-7167-4947-5

[[Category:Immunology| ]]

[[cs:Imunologie]]
[[da:Immunologi]]
[[de:Immunologie]]
[[es:Inmunología]]
[[fr:Immunologie]]
[[ko:면역학]]
[[he:אימונולוגיה]]
[[lb:Immunologie]]
[[hu:Immunológia]]
[[nl:Immunologie]]
[[ja:免疫学]]
[[pl:Immunologia]]
[[pt:Alergia e imunologia]]
[[ro:Imunologie]]
[[ru:Иммунология]]
[[simple:Immunology]]
[[fi:Immunologia]]
[[sv:Immunologi]]
[[th:ภูมิคุ้มกันวิทยา]]
[[zh:免疫学]]

Immunology basics

2005-09-29T12:04:20Z

138.253.239.195: /* Diagnostic immunology */

'''Immunology''' is a broad branch of [[biomedical science|biomedical]] [[science]] that covers study of all aspects of the [[immune system]] in all [[organism]]s. It deals with, among other things, the [[physiology|physiological]] functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders ([[autoimmune diseases]], [[hypersensitivity|hypersensitivities]], [[immune deficiency]], [[transplant|allograft]] rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system [[in vitro]], [[in situ]], and [[in vivo]]. Immunology has various applications in several disciplines of science, and as such is further divided.

==Histological examination of the immune system==
Before even the concept of [[immunity]] was developed numerous early physicians characterised organs that would later prove to be part of the immune system. The key organs of the immune system are [[thymus]], [[spleen]], [[bone marrow]], [[lymphatic system|lymph vessels]], [[lymph node]]s and secondary lymphatic tissues such as [[tonsil]]s and [[adenoid]]s) and [[skin]]. The major organs, the thymus and spleen, are examined [[histology|histologically]] only post-mortem during [[autopsy]]. However some lymph nodes, and secondary lymphatic tissues can be [[surgery|surgically]] excised for examination while patients are still alive.

Many components of the immune system are actually [[cell (biology)|cell]]ular in nature and not associated with any specific organ, but imbedded or circulating in various [[tissue (anatomy)|tissues]] located about the body.

==Classical immunology==
Classical immunology ties in with the fields of [[epidemiology]] and [[medicine]]. It studies the relationship between the body systems, [[pathogen]]s and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the [[plague]] of [[Athens]] in [[430 BC]]. [[Thucydides]] noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could [[nurse]] the sick without coming down with the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the [[19th century|19th]] and [[20th century|20th centuries]] before the concept developed into scientific theory.

The study of molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into [[innate immunity|innate immune system]], and [[adaptive immunity|acquired or adaptive immune system]], the latter of which is further divided into [[humoral immunity|humoral]] and [[cell-mediated immunity|cellular components]].

The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between [[antibody|antibodies]] and [[antigen]]s. Without an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities, much of immunology would be non-existent. However, equally important is the cellular response which can not only kill infected cells in its own right, but is also crucial in controlling the antibody response. Put simply, both systems are highly interdependent.

In the [[21st century]] though, immunology has broadened its horizons with much research being performed in the more specialised niches of immunology. This includes the immunological function of cells, organs and systems not normally associated with the immune system, as well as the function of the immune system outside classical models of immunity.

==Clinical immunology==
[[Clinical immunology]] is the study of [[disease]]s caused by the immune system and diseases of the immune system from a medical perspective.

Many diseases caused by the immune system fall into two broad categories: [[immunodeficiency]], in which parts of the immune system fail to provide an adequate response (examples include [[chronic granulomatous disease]]), and [[autoimmunity]], in which the immune system attacks its own antigens (examples include [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Hashimoto's disease]] and [[myasthenia gravis]]). Other immune system disorders include different [[hypersensitivity|hypersensitivities]], in which the system responds inappropriately to harmless compounds ([[asthma]] and [[allergy|allergies]]) or responds too intensively.

The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is [[Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome|AIDS]], caused by the [[HIV virus]]. AIDS is an immunodeficiency characterized by the lack of CD4+ ("helper") [[T cells]] and [[macrophages]], which are destroyed by the HIV virus.

Clinical immunologists also study ways to prevent [[transplant rejection]], in which the immune system attempts to destroy [[allograft]]s or [[xenograft]]s.

==Immunotherapy==
''See main article [[Immunotherapy]]''

The use of immune system components to treat a disease or disorder is known as immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is most commonly used in the context of the treatment of [[cancer]]s together with [[chemotherapy]] ([[drug]]s) and [[radiotherapy]] ([[electromagnetic radiation|radiation]]). However, immunotherapy is also often used in the immunosuppressed (such as [[HIV]] patients) and people suffering from other immune deficiencies or autoimmune diseases.

==Diagnostic immunology==
The specificity of the bond between antibody and antigen has made it an excellent tool in the detection of substances in a variety of diagnostic techniques. Antibodies specific for a desired [[antigen]] can be conjugated with a radiolabel, fluorescent label, or color-forming enzyme and are used as a "probe" to detect it.

Well known applications of this include [[immunoblot]]ting, [[ELISA]] and immunohistochemical staining of microscope slides. The speed, accuracy and simplicity of such tests has led to the development of rapid techniques for the diagnosis of disease, microbes and even illegal drugs ''[[in vivo]]'' (of course tests conducted in a closed environment have a higher degree of accuracy). Such testing is also used to distinguish compatible [[blood type]]s. Stoke is a bad example of an immunology lab especially working with Glenn Hussey the fake BMS biochemist pretending to be an Immunologist.

==Evolutionary immunology==
Study of the immune system in extant and [[extinction|extinct]] species is capable of giving us a key understanding of the [[evolution]] of species and the immune system.

A development of complexity of the immune system can be seen from simple phagocytotic protection of single celled organisms, to circulating antimicrobial peptides in insects to lymphoid organs in vertebrates. Of course, like much of evolution, this is often seen from the [[anthropocentric]] aspect, but it must be recognised, that every organism's immune system is absolutely capable of protecting it from most forms of harm.

[[Insect]]s and other [[arthropod]]s, while not possessing true adaptive immunity, show highly evolved systems of innate immunity, and are additionally protected from external injury (and exposure to pathogens) by their [[chitin]]ous shells.

==See Also==
*[[Immune system]]
*[[autoimmunity]]
*[[List of immunologists]]

==References==
* Goldsby RA, Kindt TK, Osborne BA and Kuby J (2003) '''Immunology''', 5th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, New York, ISBN 0-7167-4947-5

[[Category:Immunology| ]]

[[cs:Imunologie]]
[[da:Immunologi]]
[[de:Immunologie]]
[[es:Inmunología]]
[[fr:Immunologie]]
[[ko:면역학]]
[[he:אימונולוגיה]]
[[lb:Immunologie]]
[[hu:Immunológia]]
[[nl:Immunologie]]
[[ja:免疫学]]
[[pl:Immunologia]]
[[pt:Alergia e imunologia]]
[[ro:Imunologie]]
[[ru:Иммунология]]
[[simple:Immunology]]
[[fi:Immunologia]]
[[sv:Immunologi]]
[[th:ภูมิคุ้มกันวิทยา]]
[[zh:免疫学]]