Archive:Sanamahism

2023-09-01T15:01:39Z

178.120.59.67: /* Description */

{{Short description|Religious or philosophical tradition of Meitei ethnic origin}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox religion
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| name = Sanamahism <br /> <span style="white-space:nowrap">({{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤꯖꯝ}})</span>
| native_name = {{lang-mni|Sanamahi Laining}}<br />({{lit.|Sanamahi religion}})<ref name="Meitei 30">{{Cite book |last=Meitei |first=Mayanglambam Mangangsana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7E2EAAAQBAJ&q=meitei%20traditional%20religion%20which%20is%20loosely%20named%20Sanamahi%20Laining&pg=PA30 |title=The Sound of Pena in Manipur |date=2021-06-06 |publisher=Marjing Mayanglambam |isbn=978-93-5473-655-1 |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="URBAN POVERTY AND LIVELIHOODS">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNZvDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient%20Meitei%20religion,%20known%20as%20%22Sanamahi%20Laining%22%20or%20simply%20Sanamahi&pg=PA44 |title=URBAN POVERTY AND LIVELIHOODS |isbn=978-0-359-01332-6 |pages=44 |language=en|last1=Athing Ningshen |first1=Dr |last2=Ningson Primrose |first2=Mrs |date=14 September 2018 }}</ref>
| native_name_lang = mni
| image = The Symbol of Sanamahi.svg
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| caption = The Symbol of Sanamahism
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| type = [[Ethnic religion]]
| main_classification = [[Animism]]
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| scripture = [[Puya (Meitei texts)|Puya]]s written on religious beliefs originally in [[Meitei script]]
| theology = [[Polytheism]]
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{{IND}}
* [[Manipur]] ({{lang-mni|[[Kangleipak]]}})
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| number_of_followers = approx. 235,000<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm 2001 Census]</ref>
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{{contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''Sanamahism''' ({{lang-mni|Sanamahi Laining}}, [[Literal translation|lit.]] ''"Sanamahi religion"''<ref name="Meitei 30">{{Cite book |last=Meitei |first=Mayanglambam Mangangsana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7E2EAAAQBAJ&q=meitei%20traditional%20religion%20which%20is%20loosely%20named%20Sanamahi%20Laining&pg=PA30 |title=The Sound of Pena in Manipur |date=2021-06-06 |publisher=Marjing Mayanglambam |isbn=978-93-5473-655-1 |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="URBAN POVERTY AND LIVELIHOODS">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNZvDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient%20Meitei%20religion,%20known%20as%20%22Sanamahi%20Laining%22%20or%20simply%20Sanamahi&pg=PA44 |title=URBAN POVERTY AND LIVELIHOODS |isbn=978-0-359-01332-6 |pages=44 |language=en|last1=Athing Ningshen |first1=Dr |last2=Ningson Primrose |first2=Mrs |date=14 September 2018 }}</ref>) or '''Meiteism''' ({{lang-mni|Meitei Laining}}, [[Literal translation|lit.]] ''"Meitei religion"''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&q=Meitei%20Laining%20or%20Sanamahism&pg=PT185 |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |date=2020-11-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-29637-2 |pages=185 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Zehol |first=Lucy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qTRz27T_UcC&q=meiteism%20sanamahism&pg=PA79 |title=Ethnicity in Manipur: Experiences, Issues, and Perspectives |date=1998 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=978-81-86030-51-6 |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref>) or '''Lainingthouism'''{{efn|On April 23, 1992, the then Maharaja of Manipur, [[Okendrajit Sana]] declared that "I open the Lubak Tabu and abandon Hinduism as state religion and recognition is hereby withdrawn by the Royal Customary Law of the Country, instead the Royal Customary Law revives the Lainingthouism as the state religion and do herby give recognition as state religion."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Revivalism of Sanamahism |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.The_Revivalism_of_Sanamahism |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shimray |first=A. S. W. |title=History of the Tangkhul Nagas |date=2001 |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |isbn=978-81-87606-04-8 |pages=253 |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|"Lainingthouism" was the former official name of "Sanamahism".}} ([[Literal translation|lit.]] ''"faith of [[God-king]]"''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary.Meanings of Laining and Lainingthou |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1&matchtype=default |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>{{efn|In [[Meitei language]], "Laining" means "religion" and "Lainingthou" means "God King". Morphologically, "Lai" means "deity", "Ning" means "to worship" and "[[Ningthou]]" means "king". So, "Lainingthou" equals "Lai" plus "Ningthou" and "Laining" equals "Lai" plus "Ning".}}), is an [[ethnic religion]] of the [[Meitei people]] of {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}} in [[Northeast India]]. It is a polytheistic religion and is named after God [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]], one of the most important deities of the Meitei faith.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gourchandra |first=M. |date=1982 |title=Sanamahi Laihui |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465618}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Revivalism of Sanamahism |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.The_Revivalism_of_Sanamahism |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nilabir |first=Sairem |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465239 |title=Laiyingthou Sanamahi Amasung Sanamahi Laining Hinggat Ihou |date=2002}}</ref> Sanamahi is the eldest son of the supreme god [[Salailen Sidaba|Yaibirel Sidaba (also known as Saalailel Sidaba)]] and the supreme goddess [[Leimarel Sidabi]]. Traditionally every Meitei household, irrespective of the religion, worships Sanamahi and Leimarel Sidabi. The importance of Sanamahi in the religion is also emphasized in the name itself which means ''Liquid Gold''. Sanamahism does not have a religious head but has a body, Maru Loishang (also known as Pandit Loishang) that oversees the main religious activities and govern all affairs pertaining to the religion including conducts of priest and priestess.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Maru (Pandit Loisang) |url=https://panditloisangmanipur.wordpress.com/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Maru (Pandit Loisang) |language=en}}</ref> The Maru Loishang also acts a court for religious disputes.<ref name=":0" /> There are three main departments under the Pandit Loishang, namely, the Amaiba Loishang, the Pena Asheiba Loishang and the Amaibi Loishang.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=IGNCA's Workshop on Maibi Culture of Manipur {{!}} IGNCA |url=https://ignca.gov.in/regional-centers/northeastern-regional-centre-guwahati/report-workshop-on-maibi-culture-of-manipur/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=ignca.gov.in}}</ref> These departments have existed since the reign of King [[:simple:Naothingkhong|Meidingu Hongnemyoi Khunjao Naothingkhong]] of [[Manipur]] in 662 AD.<ref name=":1" />

The deities in Sanamhism can be classified into the main deities, ancestral deities called [[Apokpa (deity type)|Apokpa]], deities of Meitei clans (Yek Lai) or family (Saghei Lai) and regional deities called Lam Lai or Umang Lai. Worship of the Apokpa deities, the Yek Lais or the Saghei Lais are within a clan, families sharing the same surname. Regional deities are worshipped by the residents around the temple of the Umang Lais. The Umang Lais are often one of the main deities or an incarnation of the main deities. The worship of Umang Lais and the ritual that this entails, referred to as the Umang Lai Haraoba, is one of the main religious festivals in Sanamahism. There are similarities between the Umang Lais and the [[Nat (deity)|Nat]] deities of Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Myanmar Nat and Manipuri UmangLai Nat Festival |website=e-pao.net |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Festival_of_Manipur.Myanmar_Nat_and_Manipuri_UmangLai_Nat_Festival|access-date=2022-04-18}}</ref>

All the deities are denoted by the universal term Lai which means god in Manipuri. When referring to a male deity, the terms Lainingthou, Ebhudhou or Epa are used while the terms, Lairembi, Ebhendhou or Ema are used to refer to a female deity. Lairembi is mostly used for the Umang Lais.

==Origin==
The first mentions are found in the [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]], the Court Chronicles of the kings of [[Kangleipak]] (old name of [[Manipur]]), starting from the king [[Nongda Lairen Pakhangba]], who ruled for more than a century, from 33 to 154 CE.
[[File:Temple of God Pakhangba of Sanamahi religion inside the Kangla Fort, Imphal West, Manipur.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Kangla Pakhangba Laishang]], the temple of God [[Pakhangba]] of Sanamahi religion inside the [[Kangla Fort]], [[Imphal West]], [[Manipur]]]]

== Description ==
Sanamahism is an [[ethnic religion]]. Opponents and rebel groups have sought to revive Sanamahism and related practices to emphasize their [[Meitei]] heritage, along with seeking a ban on [[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali script]] and replacing it with the old [[Meitei script]] which was forcefully banned during the reign of King [[Gharib Nawaz (Manipur)|Garib Niwaz]] ({{lang-mni|[[Pamheiba]]}}).<ref>{{cite book|author=Bertil Lintner|title=Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fLOBwAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19567-5|pages=142–143}}</ref>{{sfn|Otojit Kshetrimayum|2009|pp=17-34}}
[[File:Depiction of the Puya Mei Thaba (Burning of the Meitei texts) ordered by Meitei King Pamheiba (AKA Garib Niwaj or Gopal Singh) under the influence of Bengali Hindu missionary Shantidas Gosai (AKA Shantidas Goswami or Shantidas Adhikari).jpg|thumb|300px|Depiction of Hinduised Meitei King [[Pamheiba]] (popularly called, [[Pamheiba|Garib Niwaj]]) and his advisor [[Shantidas Gosai]] ordering the burning of holy Meitei scriptures ({{lang-mni|Puya}}) written in [[Meitei script]] so as to replace it with [[Bengali script]] for writing [[Meitei language]] afterwards]]

== Revival ==
The collective effort of the revival of Sanamahism is often referred to as the Sanamahi movement. The earliest accounts can be traced back to the formation of the [[Apokpa Marup]] by Naorem Phullo (Laininghal Naoria) in 1930 at Cachar (present day Assam, India).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Meitei |first=Langonjam Chingkheinganba |title=Apokpa Marup_ Naoriya Phulo |url=https://www.academia.edu/3726228/Apokpa_Marup_Naoriya_Phulo}}</ref> The movement spread to the Manipur Valley by 1934. Although the movement did not gain momentum due to the [[Battle of Imphal|Japanese invasion]] in the Second world war, plans were initially made to intensify the movement under the leadership of Takhellambam Bokul (Sanamahi Bokul).<ref name=":2" /> Phullo died in 1941.

Three years after the death of Phullo in 1944, the movement finally started gaining momentum in Manipur. Resolutions were made to denounce Hinduism and to revive Sanamahism in Manipur. Mass campaign were held to popularize Sanamahi religion at various places in Manipur. On the 14th of May, 1945, the popular Meitei Marup was formed. This marked the beginning of the revival of Sanamahism and the [[Meitei script|Meitei Mayek]], original script of the Manipuri Language among other things. The term Sanamahism and Meitei Marup are often used interchangeably. The Brahma Sabha strongly opposed the movement and formally outcast 38 members of the Meitei Marup.

By the 1970s and 1980s, the Sanamahi Movement attracted more number of activist. Massive drives were held reclaiming shrines of deiteis and adverting Hindu practices or worship to ancient old traditions of Sanamahism. Notable movement was the seize of the idols of Sanamahi and Leimarel Sidabi from Hindu Brahmins which are now presently installed in the temple at First Manipur Rifles Ground, Imphal. On the 16th of February, 1974, mass convert to Sanamahism was held. The event is coined, ''Nongkhang Parei Hanba,'' symbolic to reversing the forced mass baptism into Hinduism in 1729, referred to as ''Nongkhang Iruppa''.

The [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] of India places the Sanamahi followers to be 8.19% of the total population of Manipur, India.

== Official Status ==
On 5 August 2022, the [[Manipur State Legislative Assembly]] re-affirmed a resolution to record the Sanamahi religion in the census data with a separate unique code as an officially recognised minority religion of India. In the past, on 31 July 2002 and on 1 August 2003, the Manipur State Legislative Assembly had adopted similar resolutions to allot a unique code for the religion but did not get approved by the Central [[Government of India]].{{efn|The [[Constitution of India]] guarantees every citizen of India the right to freedom of religion, and there is a provision for the protection of religious and ethnic minorities.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Separate code mooted for Sanamahi religion : 06th aug22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=9..060822.aug22 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

In the previous decades, many social, religious and political activists, associations and organisations struggled through violent agitations and protests to include the Sanamahi religion as an officially recognised minority religion of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chingkheinganba |first=Salam |title=Okram Joy threatens to throng at assembly if house fails to recognise Sanamahi as minority religion - Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/16776-okram-joy-threatens-to-throng-at-assembly-if-house-fails-to-recognise-sanamahi-as-minority-religion |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.imphaltimes.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Minority religion status sought |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/10/14/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Oct-14-The-Committee-on-Inclusion-of-Sanamahi-Religion-in-the-list.html |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Government should declare Sanamahi as minority religion, says O Joy |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/2/14/IMPHAL-Feb-14-Ex-MLA-O-Joy-has-urged-the-State-Government-to-declare-Sanamahi-as-a-religious-minority-.amp.html |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Practices ==
Many Sanamahi practices are focused on food offerings to deities, combined with hymns, as well as [[oracle|oracular]] ritual in which priestesses become possessed by a god or goddess. An offering formula to call up the gods, uttered by a priestess over a body of water during the [[Lai Haraoba]] festival, goes:

{{block quote|
<poem>
Incarnate Lord, Lairen (Lai- God, Len- Supreme) Deity Pakhangba, O golden one,
Goddess of the waters, Ruler of the rivers:
Golden Goddess (Laisana) fair and beautiful one:
For you, Lord and Lady, in order to call up your souls,
We have poured the rice on the finest of banana leaves,
And on it have placed the fertile egg and the langthrei buds.
We do not offer you the ordinary khayom (offering packet), we offer you your own khayoms,
And we have tied them with the seven bamboo strips.
Which (represent) the seven days of the week.
We offer you the khayoms as they are tied thus.
Lord and Lady, we beseech you,
Ascend from within the khayoms, riding along the hiris.<ref>{{cite book|author=Saroj Parratt|title=The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Vikas|isbn=8125904166|page=77}}</ref></poem>}}

Some esoteric practices are also a part of Sanamahism, such as the use of mantras for various purposes. The mystical text ''Sanamahi Naiyom'' provides several formulas, such as a mantra that is believed to stop rain.<ref>{{cite book|author=Soibam Birajit|title=Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=ARECOM|page=103}}</ref>

==Religious festivals==
{{Main|Fairs and Festivals in Manipur}}
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Sanamahi Ahong Khong Chingba]]
* [[Lai Haraoba]]
* [[Mera Hou Chongba]]
* [[Mera Chaorel Houba]]
* [[Kwaak Taanba]]
* [[Yaoshang]]
* [[Panthoibi Iratpa]]
* [[Imoinu Iratpa]]
* [[Sajibu Cheiraoba]]
* [[Heikru Hidongba]]
{{div col end}}
{{Sanamahism}}

== Deities ==
{{Main|Lists of deities in Sanamahism|Meitei mythology|Umang Lai}}

===Main deities ===
There are five main deities in Sanamahism:
* [[Lainingthou Sanamahi|Asheeba]]: Protector and guardian god of mankind.
* [[Kuru (mythology)|Atingaa Koilou Sitapa]]: [[Creator deity|Creator]] of the [[Universe]].
* [[Pakhangba|Apanba]]: Ruler of the universe and destroyer of evil.
* [[Leimarel Sidabi]]: Earth Goddess.
* [[Imoinu Ahongbi]]: An incarnation of Leimarel, and a goddess of wealth and prosperity.

===Related deities ===
Besides the five main deities, there are innumerable gods and goddesses, playing significant roles in the ancient pantheon, as well as in [[Meitei mythology|mythology]]. Examples include [[Panthoibi]], [[Lainingthou Nongpok Ningthou]], [[Lainingthou Koubru]], [[Ibudhou Marjing]], [[Thongalel]], [[Wangbren]], [[Eputhou Thangjing]], [[Kounu]], [[Nongshaba]], [[Nongthang Leima]], and [[Irai Leima]].

=== Umang Lai ===
{{See|Umang Lai}}
Besides, there are other deities associated with [[sacred groves]] called [[Umang Lai]] including the groves of [[Konthoujam Tampha Lairembi]].

===Ancestral deities ===
{{Main|Apokpa (deity type)}}

There are also deities for each clan (Yek Salai) and family ([[Yumnak]]), called [[Apokpa (deity type)|Apokpa]].

== Associations and organizations ==
* [[International Sanamahism Students' Association]] ({{lang-mni|[[Malem Sanamahi Laining Maheiroi Lup]]}})
* [[Lainingthou Sanamahi Sanapung]]
* [[Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board]]
* [[South East Asia Cultural Organisation]]

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Religion|Philosophy|India|History|Asia}}

* [[Kangla]]
** [[Kangla Nongpok Thong]]
** [[Kangla Nongpok Torban]]
** [[Pakhangba Temple, Kangla]]
* [[Lai Haraoba]]
** [[Moirang Sai]]
** [[Festival of Moirang Shai]]
* [[Lainingthou Sanamahi Kiyong]]
** [[Nongmaiching Ching]]
* [[Marjing]]
** [[Marjing Polo Statue]]
** [[Marjing Polo Complex]]
** [[Heingang Ching]]
* [[Lists of creatures in Meitei folklore]]
* [[Lists of deities in Sanamahism]]
* [[Meitei mythology]]
* [[Puya (Meitei texts)]]
* [[Sanamahi creation myth]]
* [[Umang Lai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|title= Women and Shamanism in Manipur and Korea: A Comparative Study| author= Otojit Kshetrimayum| journal= Indian Anthropologist| volume= 39| number= 1/2|year = 2009| pages= 17–34|jstor= 41920088|issn=0970-0927}}
* {{citation | last = Kshetrimayum | first = Otojit | year = 2014 | title = Ritual, Politics and Power in North East India: Contextualising the Lai Haraoba of Manipur | publisher = Ruby Press & Co. | isbn = 978-93-82395-50-8 }}
* {{citation | last = Hodson | first = T.C. | year = 2015 | title = The Meitheis | publisher = Ruby Press & Co. | isbn = 978-93-82395-56-0}}
* {{citation| title= The Religion of Manipur: Beliefs, Rituals and Historical Development| author= Saroj Nalini Parratt | year= 1974| publisher=Australian National University Press}}
* {{citation| title= The Second 'Women's War' and the Emergence of Democratic Government in Manipur| author1= Saroj N. Arambam Parratt |author2= John Parratt| journal = Modern Asian Studies| volume= 35| number = 4| year= 2001| pages= 905–919| doi= 10.1017/S0026749X0100405X | jstor=313195| s2cid= 145449486 }}
*{{citation| title= Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India| author = Sohini Ray| journal= Anthropological Quarterly| volume= 82| number=1| year=2009| pages= 129–154| doi = 10.1353/anq.0.0047| jstor= 25488260| s2cid = 140755509}}
* {{citation | last = Singh | first = Dr. Saikhom Gopal | year = 2015 | title = The Meeteis of Manipur: A Study in Human Geography | publisher = Ruby Press & Co. | isbn = 978-93-82395-21-8}}
* {{citation | last = Singh | first = Dr. Saikhom Gopal | year = 2015 | title = Population Geography of Manipur | publisher = Ruby Press & Co. | isbn = 978-93-82395-25-6}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Wiktionary|Sanamahism}}
{{Wikivoyage}}

{{Sanamahi1}}
{{Religion in India topics}}
{{Religion topics}}

[[Category:Sanamahism| ]]
[[Category:Ancient culture]]
[[Category:Animism]]
[[Category:Asian ethnic religion]]
[[Category:Asian folk culture]]
[[Category:Folk religion]]
[[Category:Indian religions]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Nature and religion]]
[[Category:Panentheism]]
[[Category:Pantheism]]
[[Category:Polytheism]]
[[Category:Religion in Assam]]
[[Category:Religion in Manipur]]
[[Category:Religion in Tripura]]
[[Category:Religion in South Asia]]
[[Category:Shamanism]]
[[Category:Spiritualism]]

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