IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Medicine

2007-03-16T13:27:31Z

192.35.79.70: /* Divisions and Departments */

<center><big>'''Welcome to the School of Medicine!'''</big></center>

[[Image:Vaccination-polio-india.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[w:Polio|Polio]] vaccination.]]
'''[[w:Medicine|Medicine]]''' is the art and science of the causation, diagnosis and treatment of [[w:disease|disease]] and [[w:injury|injury]]. It is both an ''area of knowledge'' – a [[w:science|science]] of [[w:body|body]] [[w:organ system|systems]], their diseases and treatment – and the ''applied practice'' of that knowledge. However, ''medicine'' often refers more specifically to matters dealt with by [[w:physician|physicians]] and [[w:surgery|surgeons]].

The various specialized branches of the science of medicine correspond to the equally specialized medical professions dealing with particular organs or diseases. The science of medicine is the knowledge of body systems and diseases, while the [[w:profession|profession]] of medicine refers to the social structure of the group of people formally trained to apply that knowledge to treat disease.

Medicine comprises various specialities, such as [[w:cardiology|cardiology]], [[w:pulmonology|pulmonology]], [[w:neurology|neurology]], or other fields such as sports medicine, research or public health.

==Divisions and Departments==
Divisions and Departments of the School exist on pages in "topic" namespace. Start the name of departments with the "Topic:" prefix; departments reside in the [[Wikiversity:Namespaces|Topic: namespace]]. Departments and divisions link to learning materials and learning projects. Divisions can link subdivisions or to departments. For more information on schools, divisions and departments look at the [[Wikiversity:Naming_conventions|Naming Conventions]].
[[Image:Cell differentiation.gif|thumb|right|400px|The early embryo and some cell types derived from the major embryonic cell lineages. '''Note''': the cells of the future baby are derived from the embryonic ectoderm, not the extra-embryonic support tissues which is marked "mesoderm" here. (see: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=Early+Mammalian+Development+AND+dbio%5Bbook%5D+AND+131744%5Buid%5D&rid=dbio.section.2609 Early Mammalian Development] in "Developmental Biology" by Scott F. Gilbert).]]
===[[Topic:Basic sciences|Basic sciences]]===
* [[Topic:Chemistry|Chemistry]]
* [[Topic:Physics|Physics]]
* [[Topic:Molecular biology|Molecular Biology]]
* [[Topic:Cell Biology|Cell Biology]] - Ready for participants.
* [[The Human Body]]
* [[Topic:Anatomy|Anatomy]]
* [[School:Psychology|Psychology]]
* [[Topic:Communication|Communication]]
* [[School:Law|Law]]
* [[Topic:Philosophy|Philosophy]]
* [[Topic:Division of Biology|General Biology]]
* [[Topic:Histology|Histology]]
* [[Topic:Medical Microbiology|Medical Microbiology]]
* [[Topic:Pathology|Pathology]]
* [[Topic:Pharmacology|Pharmacology]]
* [[Topic:Physiotherapy|Physiotherapy]]
* [[Topic:Physiology|Physiology]]
* [[Topic:Immunology|Immunology]]
* [[Topic:Laboratory Techniques|Laboratory Techniques]]
* [[Topic:Genetics|Genetics]]
* [[Topic:Serology|Serology]] - The Study of the blood serum.
* [[Topic:Virology|Virology]]
* [[Topic:Bacteriology|Bacteriology]]
* [[Topic:Health Informatics|Health Informatics]]
* [[Topic:Occupational Therapy|Occupational Therapy]]
* [[Topic:Cytogenetics|Cytogenetics]]

===Medical Specializations / Divisions and Departments===

Recommend reorganization of topic:

I. CLINICAL Medicine

*Primary care
**General Internal Medicine
**Pediatrics
**Family Medicine
**Geriatrics
**Emergency Medicine/Urgent Care
**Nursing Practice
**General Practice
**Taxpayer-supported clinics

*Subspecialty Medicine and Surgery
**Internal Medicine subspecialties
**Obstetrics and Gynecology
**General Surgery
**Surgical subspecialties
**Emergency Care
**Hospital Medicine

II. OTHER Medicine

*Research and Education
*Public Health
*Administration

====Division of Surgery and Anaesthesiology====
* [[Topic:Surgery|Surgery]]
** [[Topic:General surgery|General surgery]]
** [[Topic:Cardiothoracic surgery|Cardiothoracic surgery]]
** [[Topic:Neurosurgery|Neurosurgery]]
** [[Topic:Ophthalmology|Ophthalmology]]
** [[Topic:Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedic surgery]]
** [[Topic:Plastic surgery|Plastic surgery]]
** [[Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery]]
** [[Topic:Paediatric surgery|Paediatric surgery]]
** [[Topic:Urology|Urology]]
** [[Topic:Vascular surgery|Vascular surgery]]
* [[Topic:Anaesthesiology|Anaesthesiology]]
* [[Topic:Emergency Medicine|Emergency Medicine]]
* [[Topic:Intensive care medicine|Intensive care medicine]]
* [[Topic:Pain medicine|Pain medicine]]

====Division of General and Internal Medicine====
* [[Topic:Internal medicine|Internal medicine]]
**[[Topic:Cardiology|Cardiology]]
**[[Topic:Endocrinology|Endocrinology]]
**[[Topic:Gastroenterology|Gastroenterology]]
**[[Topic:Geriatric medicine|Geriatric medicine]]
**[[Topic:Hematology|Hematology]]
**[[Topic:Infectious diseases|Infectious diseases]]
**[[Topic:Nephrology|Nephrology]]
**[[Topic:Oncology|Oncology]]
**[[Topic:Pulmonology|Pulmonology]]
**[[Topic:Rheumatology|Rheumatology]]
* [[Topic:Dermatology|Dermatology]]
* [[Topic:Family practice|Family Medicine]]
* [[Topic:Sports medicine|Sports medicine]]

====Division of Healthcare and General Practice====
* [[Topic:General practice|General practice]]
* [[Topic:Public Health & Occupational Medicine|Public Health & Occupational Medicine]]

====Division of Woman, Child and Geriatric Health====
* [[Topic:Obstetrics & Gynecology|Obstetrics & Gynecology]]
* [[Topic:Pediatrics|Pediatrics]]
* [[Topic:Geriatrics|Geriatrics]]

====Division of Clinical Neurosciences====
* [[Topic:Psychiatry|Psychiatry]]
* [[Topic:Neurology|Neurology]]
* [[Topic:Neuroradiology|Neuroradiology]]
* [[Topic:Neurosurgery|Neurosurgery]]
* [[Topic:Neuroscience|Neuroscience]]
* [[School:Psychology|Psychology]]

====Division of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences====
* [[Topic:Radiology|Radiology]]
* [[Topic:Radiation Oncology|Radiation Oncology]]
* [[Topic:Cancer Treatment|Cancer Treatment]]

====Division of Experimental Medicine====
* [[Topic:Biomedical Informatics|Biomedical Informatics]]

====Division of Military Medicine====
* [[Topic:Military Medicine|Military Medicine]] ''(empty article)''

==Multidisciplinary courses==
* [[Clinical cases]]
* [[Healthcare reform - ideas to consider, questions to ask, implications]]
**a. The 'personal physician' or 'medical home' vs fragmented care
**b. Where: United States vs the rest of the world
**c. Spend more tax dollars vs increase individual responsibility
**d. Encourage preventive medicine, management of chronic disease, timely and cost-effective treatment of acute illness vs sporadic emergency care and treatment of advanced disease that might have been prevented
**e. Reimburse for thinking vs reimburse for doing
**f. Sell or give away fish vs teach 'how to fish'
**g. An approach that will keep on giving vs an approach that will keep on taking
**h. Targeting decreased risk of medical errors vs paying no attention to risk of medical errors
**i. Fixing the process vs fixing a 'problem'
**j. Will 'reform' facilitate improved functioning of the patient within society? vs Will it Wcause patients to be more dependent on society?
**k. Will 'reform' simplify? vs Will 'reform' complicate?
**l. Strengthen the family? vs Place increased strain on the family

==Active participants==
# [[User:Stevenfruitsmaak|Steven Fruitsmaak]] ([[User_talk:Stevenfruitsmaak|Talk]]) 00:10, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
# [[User:Daniel575|Daniel575]] 15:34, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
# [[User:Xrayman|Richard]] 06:25, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
# [[User:Zerackam|Pouyan Golshani]] 10:08, 17 September 2006 (UTC
# [[User:Eukesh|Eukesh]] 20:32, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
# [[User:Riad|Riad]] 17:18, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

== School news ==
* '''August 24, 2006''' - School founded! Also most elements transferred from WikiBooks. Let the learning begin!
* '''October 2, 2006''' - Special learning project [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] - explain the science behind each year's award.
* '''October 4, 2006''' - Special learning project [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] - explain the science behind each year's award.

== Related news ==
* '''March 2, 2007''' - [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-03/ucl-nmf030207.php New study shows treating disease in the mouth can improve cardiovascular health.]

==See also==
*[[School:Biology|The School of Biology]]
*[[School:Pharmacy|The School of Pharmacy]]

{{Wikibooks|Medicine}}

[[Category:Medicine|*]]
[[Category:Wikiversity schools|Medicine]]

[[de:Fachbereich_Humanmedizin]]

Medicine

2007-03-16T13:27:14Z

192.35.79.70: /* Divisions and Departments */

<center><big>'''Welcome to the School of Medicine!'''</big></center>

[[Image:Vaccination-polio-india.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[w:Polio|Polio]] vaccination.]]
'''[[w:Medicine|Medicine]]''' is the art and science of the causation, diagnosis and treatment of [[w:disease|disease]] and [[w:injury|injury]]. It is both an ''area of knowledge'' – a [[w:science|science]] of [[w:body|body]] [[w:organ system|systems]], their diseases and treatment – and the ''applied practice'' of that knowledge. However, ''medicine'' often refers more specifically to matters dealt with by [[w:physician|physicians]] and [[w:surgery|surgeons]].

The various specialized branches of the science of medicine correspond to the equally specialized medical professions dealing with particular organs or diseases. The science of medicine is the knowledge of body systems and diseases, while the [[w:profession|profession]] of medicine refers to the social structure of the group of people formally trained to apply that knowledge to treat disease.

Medicine comprises various specialities, such as [[w:cardiology|cardiology]], [[w:pulmonology|pulmonology]], [[w:neurology|neurology]], or other fields such as sports medicine, research or public health.

==Divisions and Departments==
Divisions and Departments in the School exist on pages in "topic" namespace. Start the name of departments with the "Topic:" prefix; departments reside in the [[Wikiversity:Namespaces|Topic: namespace]]. Departments and divisions link to learning materials and learning projects. Divisions can link subdivisions or to departments. For more information on schools, divisions and departments look at the [[Wikiversity:Naming_conventions|Naming Conventions]].
[[Image:Cell differentiation.gif|thumb|right|400px|The early embryo and some cell types derived from the major embryonic cell lineages. '''Note''': the cells of the future baby are derived from the embryonic ectoderm, not the extra-embryonic support tissues which is marked "mesoderm" here. (see: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=Early+Mammalian+Development+AND+dbio%5Bbook%5D+AND+131744%5Buid%5D&rid=dbio.section.2609 Early Mammalian Development] in "Developmental Biology" by Scott F. Gilbert).]]
===[[Topic:Basic sciences|Basic sciences]]===
* [[Topic:Chemistry|Chemistry]]
* [[Topic:Physics|Physics]]
* [[Topic:Molecular biology|Molecular Biology]]
* [[Topic:Cell Biology|Cell Biology]] - Ready for participants.
* [[The Human Body]]
* [[Topic:Anatomy|Anatomy]]
* [[School:Psychology|Psychology]]
* [[Topic:Communication|Communication]]
* [[School:Law|Law]]
* [[Topic:Philosophy|Philosophy]]
* [[Topic:Division of Biology|General Biology]]
* [[Topic:Histology|Histology]]
* [[Topic:Medical Microbiology|Medical Microbiology]]
* [[Topic:Pathology|Pathology]]
* [[Topic:Pharmacology|Pharmacology]]
* [[Topic:Physiotherapy|Physiotherapy]]
* [[Topic:Physiology|Physiology]]
* [[Topic:Immunology|Immunology]]
* [[Topic:Laboratory Techniques|Laboratory Techniques]]
* [[Topic:Genetics|Genetics]]
* [[Topic:Serology|Serology]] - The Study of the blood serum.
* [[Topic:Virology|Virology]]
* [[Topic:Bacteriology|Bacteriology]]
* [[Topic:Health Informatics|Health Informatics]]
* [[Topic:Occupational Therapy|Occupational Therapy]]
* [[Topic:Cytogenetics|Cytogenetics]]

===Medical Specializations / Divisions and Departments===

Recommend reorganization of topic:

I. CLINICAL Medicine

*Primary care
**General Internal Medicine
**Pediatrics
**Family Medicine
**Geriatrics
**Emergency Medicine/Urgent Care
**Nursing Practice
**General Practice
**Taxpayer-supported clinics

*Subspecialty Medicine and Surgery
**Internal Medicine subspecialties
**Obstetrics and Gynecology
**General Surgery
**Surgical subspecialties
**Emergency Care
**Hospital Medicine

II. OTHER Medicine

*Research and Education
*Public Health
*Administration

====Division of Surgery and Anaesthesiology====
* [[Topic:Surgery|Surgery]]
** [[Topic:General surgery|General surgery]]
** [[Topic:Cardiothoracic surgery|Cardiothoracic surgery]]
** [[Topic:Neurosurgery|Neurosurgery]]
** [[Topic:Ophthalmology|Ophthalmology]]
** [[Topic:Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedic surgery]]
** [[Topic:Plastic surgery|Plastic surgery]]
** [[Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery]]
** [[Topic:Paediatric surgery|Paediatric surgery]]
** [[Topic:Urology|Urology]]
** [[Topic:Vascular surgery|Vascular surgery]]
* [[Topic:Anaesthesiology|Anaesthesiology]]
* [[Topic:Emergency Medicine|Emergency Medicine]]
* [[Topic:Intensive care medicine|Intensive care medicine]]
* [[Topic:Pain medicine|Pain medicine]]

====Division of General and Internal Medicine====
* [[Topic:Internal medicine|Internal medicine]]
**[[Topic:Cardiology|Cardiology]]
**[[Topic:Endocrinology|Endocrinology]]
**[[Topic:Gastroenterology|Gastroenterology]]
**[[Topic:Geriatric medicine|Geriatric medicine]]
**[[Topic:Hematology|Hematology]]
**[[Topic:Infectious diseases|Infectious diseases]]
**[[Topic:Nephrology|Nephrology]]
**[[Topic:Oncology|Oncology]]
**[[Topic:Pulmonology|Pulmonology]]
**[[Topic:Rheumatology|Rheumatology]]
* [[Topic:Dermatology|Dermatology]]
* [[Topic:Family practice|Family Medicine]]
* [[Topic:Sports medicine|Sports medicine]]

====Division of Healthcare and General Practice====
* [[Topic:General practice|General practice]]
* [[Topic:Public Health & Occupational Medicine|Public Health & Occupational Medicine]]

====Division of Woman, Child and Geriatric Health====
* [[Topic:Obstetrics & Gynecology|Obstetrics & Gynecology]]
* [[Topic:Pediatrics|Pediatrics]]
* [[Topic:Geriatrics|Geriatrics]]

====Division of Clinical Neurosciences====
* [[Topic:Psychiatry|Psychiatry]]
* [[Topic:Neurology|Neurology]]
* [[Topic:Neuroradiology|Neuroradiology]]
* [[Topic:Neurosurgery|Neurosurgery]]
* [[Topic:Neuroscience|Neuroscience]]
* [[School:Psychology|Psychology]]

====Division of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences====
* [[Topic:Radiology|Radiology]]
* [[Topic:Radiation Oncology|Radiation Oncology]]
* [[Topic:Cancer Treatment|Cancer Treatment]]

====Division of Experimental Medicine====
* [[Topic:Biomedical Informatics|Biomedical Informatics]]

====Division of Military Medicine====
* [[Topic:Military Medicine|Military Medicine]] ''(empty article)''

==Multidisciplinary courses==
* [[Clinical cases]]
* [[Healthcare reform - ideas to consider, questions to ask, implications]]
**a. The 'personal physician' or 'medical home' vs fragmented care
**b. Where: United States vs the rest of the world
**c. Spend more tax dollars vs increase individual responsibility
**d. Encourage preventive medicine, management of chronic disease, timely and cost-effective treatment of acute illness vs sporadic emergency care and treatment of advanced disease that might have been prevented
**e. Reimburse for thinking vs reimburse for doing
**f. Sell or give away fish vs teach 'how to fish'
**g. An approach that will keep on giving vs an approach that will keep on taking
**h. Targeting decreased risk of medical errors vs paying no attention to risk of medical errors
**i. Fixing the process vs fixing a 'problem'
**j. Will 'reform' facilitate improved functioning of the patient within society? vs Will it Wcause patients to be more dependent on society?
**k. Will 'reform' simplify? vs Will 'reform' complicate?
**l. Strengthen the family? vs Place increased strain on the family

==Active participants==
# [[User:Stevenfruitsmaak|Steven Fruitsmaak]] ([[User_talk:Stevenfruitsmaak|Talk]]) 00:10, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
# [[User:Daniel575|Daniel575]] 15:34, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
# [[User:Xrayman|Richard]] 06:25, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
# [[User:Zerackam|Pouyan Golshani]] 10:08, 17 September 2006 (UTC
# [[User:Eukesh|Eukesh]] 20:32, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
# [[User:Riad|Riad]] 17:18, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

== School news ==
* '''August 24, 2006''' - School founded! Also most elements transferred from WikiBooks. Let the learning begin!
* '''October 2, 2006''' - Special learning project [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] - explain the science behind each year's award.
* '''October 4, 2006''' - Special learning project [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] - explain the science behind each year's award.

== Related news ==
* '''March 2, 2007''' - [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-03/ucl-nmf030207.php New study shows treating disease in the mouth can improve cardiovascular health.]

==See also==
*[[School:Biology|The School of Biology]]
*[[School:Pharmacy|The School of Pharmacy]]

{{Wikibooks|Medicine}}

[[Category:Medicine|*]]
[[Category:Wikiversity schools|Medicine]]

[[de:Fachbereich_Humanmedizin]]

Phosphate buffered saline

2006-12-05T15:50:58Z

192.35.79.70:

'''Phosphate buffered saline''' (abbreviated PBS) is a [[buffer solution]] commonly used in [[biochemistry]]. It is a salty solution containing sodium chloride, sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate. The buffer helps to maintain a constant pH. The concentration usually matches the human body (isotonic).

PBS has many uses because it is isotonic and non-toxic to cells. It can be used to dilute substances.
It is used as a cellular cleaning solution.

Additives can be used to add function. For example, PBS with [[EDTA]] is also used to disengage attached and clumped cells. Divalent [[metals]] such as [[zinc]], however, cannot be added as this will cause precipitation. For these sorts of applications, [[Good's buffers]] are recommended.

To make a 10 liter stock of 10x PBS:

1. weigh the following
::*800 g NaCl
::*20 g KCl
::*144 g Na2HPO4
::*24 g KH2PO4

2. add and dissolve in 8 L of distilled water under mixing

3. pH is ~6.8, but when you dilute the 10x PBS to 1x PBS it should change to 7.4 (try with a little sample; Phosphate buffers change their pH with the dilution)

4. fill up to 10 L with distilled water

1x PBS final concentration : 137 mM NaCl, 10 mM Phosphate, 2.7 mM KCl, pH 7.4

{{biochem-stub}}

[[Category:Buffers]]

Phosphate buffered saline

2006-12-05T15:49:45Z

192.35.79.70:

'''Phosphate buffered saline''' (abbreviated PBS) is a [[buffer solution]] commonly used in [[biochemistry]]. It is a salty solution containing sodium chloride, sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate. The buffer helps to maintain a constant pH. The concentration usually matches the human body (isotonic).

PBS has many uses because it is isotonic and non-toxic to cells. It can be used to dilute substances.
It is used as a cellular cleaning solution.

Additives can be used to add function. For example, PBS with [[EDTA]] is also used to disengage attached and clumped cells. Divalent [[metals]] such as [[zinc]], however, cannot be added as this will cause precipitation. For these sorts of applications, [[Good's buffers]] are recommended.

To make a 10 liter stock of 10x PBS:
1. weigh the following
::*800 g NaCl
::*20 g KCl
::*144 g Na2HPO4
::*24 g KH2PO4
2. add and dissolve in 8 L of distilled water under mixing
3. pH is ~6.8, but when you dilute the 10x PBS to 1x PBS it should change to 7.4 (try with a little sample; Phosphate buffers change their pH with the dilution)
4. fill up to 10 L with distilled water

1x PBS final concentration : 137 mM NaCl, 10 mM Phosphate, 2.7 mM KCl, pH 7.4

{{biochem-stub}}

[[Category:Buffers]]

Archive:Anshu Jain

2006-08-14T15:21:03Z

192.35.17.10: /* External links */

'''Anshu Jain''' is an [[India]]n financier. He is the head of global markets at [[Deutsche Bank]].

He was ranked second in the '''''eFinancialNews''''' article ''100 Most Influential People''.

In his freetime, he captains Deutsche Bank's cricket team and is known as a keen amateur photographer.

==External links==
* [http://www.efinancialnews.com/index.cfm?page=fn100&c=02] efinancialnews.com

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

[[de:Anshu Jain]]

Anshu Jain is Head of Global Markets and a member of Deutsche Bank’s Group Executive Committee. He is responsible for Deutsche Bank’s debt sales and trading operations, including government and corporate bonds, commodities, emerging markets, foreign exchange, money markets, interest rate and credit derivatives. He is also jointly responsible for managing the bank’s EUR 170 billion corporate loan portfolio. Anshu joined Deutsche Bank in 1995 and was appointed to his present position in January 2001.

Prior to his career at Deutsche, Anshu was a managing director at Merrill Lynch in New York . Between 1985 and 1988 he worked in Derivative Research at Kidder Peabody.

Anshu holds an MBA in Finance (Beta Gamma Sigma) from the University of Massachusetts , Amherst and a BA (Honours) in Economics from Delhi University . In addition to his Deutsche Bank commitments he is a non-executive director of Sasol , South Africa ’s leading oil and gas company.

List of names of the official languages of the European Union in the official languages

2006-01-18T08:59:44Z

192.35.17.30:

{| {{prettytable}}
!width="100" align="left"|[[ISO 639|ISO 639-1]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[English language|English]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Czech language|Czech]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Danish language|Danish]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Estonian language|Estonian]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Finnish language|Finnish]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[French language|French]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[German language|German]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Greek language|Greek]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Irish language|Irish]]
|-
|cs||Czech||'''čeština'''||tjekkisk||Tsjechisch||tšehhi||tšekki||tchèque||Tschechisch||Τσεχικά||cseh||Seicis
|-
|da||Danish||dánština||'''dansk'''||Deens||taani||tanska||danois||Dänisch||Δανικά||dán||Danmhairgis
|-
|nl||Dutch||nizozemština||nederlandsk||'''Nederlands'''||hollandi||hollanti||néerlandais||Niederländisch||Ολλανδικά||holland||Ollannais
|-
|en||'''English'''||angličtina||engelsk||Engels||inglise||englanti||anglais||Englisch||Αγγλικά||angol||Béarla
|-
|et||Estonian||estonština||estisk||Estisch||'''eesti'''||viro||estonien||Estnisch||Εσθονικά||észt||Eastóinis
|-
|fi||Finnish||finština||finsk||Fins||soome||'''suomi'''||finnois||Finnisch||Φινλανδικά||finn||Fionlannais
|-
|fr||French||francouzština||fransk||Frans||prantsuse||ranska||'''français'''||Französisch||Γαλλικά||francia||Fraincis
|-
|de||German||němčina||tysk||Duits||saksa||saksa||allemand||'''Deutsch'''||Γερμανικά||német||Gearmáinis
|-
|el||Greek||řečtina||græsk||Grieks||kreeka||kreikka||grec||Griechisch||'''Ελληνικά'''||görög||Gréigis
|-
|hu||Hungarian||maďarština||ungarsk||Hongaars||ungari||unkari||hongrois||Ungarisch||Ουγγρικά||'''magyar'''||Ungáiris
|-
|ga||Irish||irština||irsk||Iers||iiri||iiri||irlandais||Irisch||Ιρλανδικά||ír||'''Gaeilge'''
|-
|it||Italian||italština||italiensk||Italiaans||itaalia||italia||italien||Italienisch||Ιταλικά||olasz||Iodáilis
|-
|lv||Latvian||lotyština||lettisk||Lets||läti||latvia||letton||Lettisch||Λετονικά||lett||Laitvis
|-
|lt||Lithuanian||litevština||litauisk||Litouws||leedu||liettua||lituanien||Litauisch||Λιθουανικά||litván||Liotuáinis
|-
|mt||Maltese||maltština||maltesisk||Maltees||malta||malta||maltais||Maltesisch||Μαλτεζικά||máltai||Máltais
|-
|pl||Polish||polština||polsk||Pools||poola||puola||polonais||Polnisch||Πολωνικά||lengyel||Polainnis
|-
|pt||Portuguese||portugalština||portugisisk||Portugees||portugali||portugali||portugais||Portugiesisch||Πορτογαλικά||portugál||Portaingéilis
|-
|sk||Slovak||slovenština||slovakisk||Slowaaks||slovaki||slovakki||slovaque||Slowakisch||Σλοβακικά||szlovák||Slóvaicis
|-
|sl||Slovene||slovinština||slovensk||Sloveens||sloveeni||sloveeni||slovène||Slowenisch||Σλοβενικά||szlovén||Slóivéinis
|-
|es||Spanish||španělština||spansk||Spaans||hispaania||espanja||espagnol||Spanisch||Ισπανικά||spanyol||Spáinnis
|-
|sv||Swedish||švédština||svensk||Zweeds||rootsi||ruotsi||suédois||Schwedisch||Σουηδικά||svéd||Sualainnis
|}

{| {{prettytable}}
!width="100" align="left"|[[ISO 639|ISO 639-1]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Italian language|Italian]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Latvian language|Latvian]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Maltese language|Maltese]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Polish language|Polish]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Slovak language|Slovak]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Slovenian language|Slovene]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Spanish language|Spanish]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Swedish language|Swedish]]
|-
|cs||ceco||čehu||čekų||Ċek||czeski||checo||čeština||češčina||checo||tjeckiska
|-
|da||danese||dāņu||danų||Daniż||duński||dinamarquês||dánčina||danščina||danés||danska
|-
|nl||olandese||nīderlandiešu||olandų||Olandiż||holenderski||holandês||holandčina||nizozemščina||neerlandés||nederländska
|-
|en||inglese||angļu||anglų||Ingliż||angielski||inglês||angličtina||angleščina||inglés||engelska
|-
|et||estone||igauņu||estų||Eston||estoński||estónio||estónčina||estonščina||estonio||estniska
|-
|fi||finlandese||somu||suomių||Finlandiż||fiński||finlandês||fínčina||finščina||finés||finska
|-
|fr||francese||franču||prancūzų||Franċiż||francuski||francês||francúzština||francoščina||francés||franska
|-
|de||tedesco||vācu||vokiečių||Ġermaniż||niemiecki||alemão||nemčina||nemščina||alemán||tyska
|-
|el||greco||grieķu||graikų||Grieg||grecki||grego||gréčtina||grščina||griego||grekiska
|-
|hu||ungherese||ungāru||vengrų||Ungeriż||węgierski||húngaro||maďarčina||madžarščina||húngaro||ungerska
|-
|ga||irlandese||īru||airių||Irlandiż||irlandzki||irlandês||irščina||irsko||irlandés||iriska
|-
|it||'''italiano'''||itāļu||italų||Taljan||włoski||italiano||taliančina||italijanščina||italiano||italienska
|-
|lv||lettone||'''latviešu'''||latvių||Latvjan||łotewski||letão||lotyština||latvijščina||letón||lettiska
|-
|lt||lituano||lietuviešu||'''lietuvių'''||Litwan||litewski||lituano||litovčina||litvanščina||lituano||litauiska
|-
|mt||maltese||maltiešu||maltiečių||'''Malti'''||maltański||maltês||maltčina||malteščina||maltés||maltesiska
|-
|pl||polacco||poļu||lenkų||Pollakk||'''polski'''||polaco||poľština||poljščina||polaco||polska
|-
|pt||portoghese||portugāļu||portugalų||Portugiż||portugalski||'''português'''||portugalčina||portugalščina||portugués||portugisiska
|-
|sk||slovacco||slovāku||slovakų||Slovakk||słowacki||eslovaco||'''slovenčina'''||slovaščina||eslovaco||slovakiska
|-
|sl||sloveno||slovēņu||slovėnų||Sloven||słoweński||esloveno||slovinčina||'''slovenščina'''||esloveno||slovenska
|-
|es||spagnolo||spāņu||ispanų||Ispanjol||hiszpański||espanhol||španielčina||španščina||'''español'''||spanska
|-
|sv||svedese||zviedru||švedų||Isvediż||szwedzki||sueco||švédčina||švedščina||sueco||'''svenska'''
|}

==See also==
*[[Languages of the European Union]]

[[Category:Language policy of the European Union]]
[[Category:Language comparison]]

List of names of the official languages of the European Union in the official languages

2006-01-17T15:18:40Z

192.35.17.11:

{| {{prettytable}}
!width="100" align="left"|[[ISO 639|ISO 639-1]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[English language|English]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Czech language|Czech]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Danish language|Danish]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Estonian language|Estonian]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Finnish language|Finnish]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[French language|French]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[German language|German]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Greek language|Greek]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
!width="100" align="left"|[[Irish language|Irish]]
|-
|cs||Czech||'''čeština'''||tjekkisk||Tsjechisch||tšehhi||tšekki||tchèque||Tschechisch||Τσεχικά||cseh||Seicis
|-
|da||Danish||dánština||'''dansk'''||Deens||taani||tanska||danois||Dänisch||Δανικά||dán||Danmhairgis
|-
|nl||Dutch||nizozemština||nederlandsk||'''Nederlands'''||hollandi||hollanti||néerlandais||Niederländisch||Ολλανδικά||holland||Ollannais
|-
|en||'''English'''||angličtina||engelsk||Engels||inglise||englanti||anglais||Englisch||Αγγλικά||angol||Béarla
|-
|et||Estonian||estonština||estisk||Estisch||'''eesti'''||viro||estonien||Estnisch||Εσθονικά||észt||Eastóinis
|-
|fi||Finnish||finština||finsk||Fins||soome||'''suomi'''||finnois||Finnisch||Φινλανδικά||finn||Fionlannais
|-
|fr||French||francouzština||fransk||Frans||prantsuse||ranska||'''français'''||Französisch||Γαλλικά||francia||Fraincis
|-
|de||German||němčina||tysk||Duits||saksa||saksa||allemand||'''Deutsch'''||Γερμανικά||német||Gearmáinis
|-
|el||Greek||řečtina||græsk||Grieks||kreeka||kreikka||grec||Griechisch||'''Ελληνικά'''||görög||Gréigis
|-
|hu||Hungarian||maďarština||ungarsk||Hongaars||ungari||unkari||hongrois||Ungarisch||Ουγγρικά||'''magyar'''||Ungáiris
|-
|ga||Irish||irština||irsk||Iers||iiri||iiri||irlandais||Irisch||Ιρλανδικά||ír||'''Gaeilge'''
|-
|it||Italian||italština||italiensk||Italiaans||itaalia||italia||italien||Italienisch||Ιταλικά||olasz||Iodáilis
|-
|lv||Latvian||lotyština||lettisk||Lets||läti||latvia||letton||Lettisch||Λετονικά||lett||Laitvis
|-
|lt||Lithuanian||litevština||litauisk||Litouws||leedu||liettua||lituanien||Litauisch||Λιθουανικά||litván||Liotuáinis
|-
|mt||Maltese||maltština||maltesisk||Maltees||malta||malta||maltais||Maltesisch||Μαλτεζικά||máltai||Máltais
|-
|pl||Polish||polština||polsk||Pools||poola||puola||polonais||Polnisch||Πολωνικά||lengyel||Polainnis
|-
|pt||Portuguese||portugalština||portugisisk||Portugees||portugali||portugali||portugais||Portugiesisch||Πορτογαλικά||portugál||Portaingéilis
|-
|sk||Slovak||slovenština||slovakisk||Slowaaks||slovaki||slovakki||slovaque||Slowakisch||Σλοβακικά||szlovák||Slóvaicis
|-
|sl||Slovene||slovinština||slovensk||Sloveens||sloveeni||sloveeni||slovène||Slowenisch||Σλοβενικά||szlovén||Slóivéinis
|-
|es||Spanish||španělština||spansk||Spaans||hispaania||espanja||espagnol||Spanisch||Ισπανικά||spanyol||Spáinnis
|-
|sv||Swedish||švédština||svensk||Zweeds||rootsi||ruotsi||suédois||Schwedisch||Σουηδικά||svéd||Sualainnis
|}

{|
!English ||[[Italian language|Italian]]||[[Latvian language|Latvian]] ||[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] ||[[Maltese language|Maltese]] ||[[Polish language|Polish]] ||[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ||[[Slovak language|Slovak]]||[[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] ||[[Spanish language|Spanish]] ||[[Swedish language|Swedish]]
|-
|Czech||ceco||čehu||čekų||Ċek||czeski||checo||čeština||češčina||checo||tjeckiska
|-
|Danish||danese||dāņu||danų||Daniż||duński||dinamarquês||dánčina||danščina||danés||danska
|-
|Dutch||olandese||nīderlandiešu||olandų||Olandiż||holenderski||holandês||holandčina||nizozemščina||neerlandés||nederländska
|-
|English||inglese||angļu||anglų||Ingliż||angielski||inglês||angličtina||angleščina||inglés||engelska
|-
|Estonian||estone||igauņu||estų||Eston||estoński||estónio||estónčina||estonščina||estonio||estniska
|-
|Finnish||finlandese||somu||suomių||Finlandiż||fiński||finlandês||fínčina||finščina||finés||finska
|-
|French||francese||franču||prancūzų||Franċiż||francuski||francês||francúzština||francoščina||francés||franska
|-
|German||tedesco||vācu||vokiečių||Ġermaniż||niemiecki||alemão||nemčina||nemščina||alemán||tyska
|-
|Greek||greco||grieķu||graikų||Grieg||grecki||grego||gréčtina||grščina||griego||grekiska
|-
|Hungarian||ungherese||ungāru||vengrų||Ungeriż||węgierski||húngaro||maďarčina||madžarščina||húngaro||ungerska
|-
|Irish||irlandese||īru||airių||Irlandiż||irlandzki||irlandês||irščina||irsko||irlandés||iriska
|-
|Italian||'''italiano'''||itāļu||italų||Taljan||włoski||italiano||taliančina||italijanščina||italiano||italienska
|-
|Latvian||lettone||'''latviešu'''||latvių||Latvjan||łotewski||letão||lotyština||latvijščina||letón||lettiska
|-
|Lithuanian||lituano||lietuviešu||'''lietuvių'''||Litwan||litewski||lituano||litovčina||litvanščina||lituano||litauiska
|-
|Maltese||maltese||maltiešu||maltiečių||'''Malti'''||maltański||maltês||maltčina||malteščina||maltés||maltesiska
|-
|Polish||polacco||poļu||lenkų||Pollakk||'''polski'''||polaco||poľština||poljščina||polaco||polska
|-
|Portuguese||portoghese||portugāļu||portugalų||Portugiż||portugalski||'''português'''||portugalčina||portugalščina||portugués||portugisiska
|-
|Slovak||slovacco||slovāku||slovakų||Slovakk||słowacki||eslovaco||'''slovenčina'''||slovaščina||eslovaco||slovakiska
|-
|Slovene||sloveno||slovēņu||slovėnų||Sloven||słoweński||esloveno||slovinčina||'''slovenščina'''||esloveno||slovenska
|-
|Spanish||spagnolo||spāņu||ispanų||Ispanjol||hiszpański||espanhol||španielčina||španščina||'''español'''||spanska
|-
|Swedish||svedese||zviedru||švedų||Isvediż||szwedzki||sueco||švédčina||švedščina||sueco||'''svenska'''
|}

==See also==
*[[Languages of the European Union]]

[[Category:Language policy of the European Union]]
[[Category:Language comparison]]

Archive:Total parenteral nutrition

2003-12-11T18:10:43Z

192.35.35.35: Corrected Mispelling

'''Total parenteral nutrition''' ([[TPN]]), also called [[hyperalimentation]], is the practice of feeding a person without using the gut. It is normally used during surgical recoveries. It has been used for patients in coma, although enteric (tube) feeding is usually adequate, and less prone to complications. Chronic TPN is occasionally used treat people suffering the extended consequences of an accident or surgery. Most controversially, TPN has extended the life of a small number of children born with nonexistent or severely birth-deformed guts. The oldest were eight in 2003.

In TPN's simplest form, a bag of nutrients is added to a patient's intravenous (IV) administration set.

In 2003, the preferred method of performing TPN is with a medical [[infusion pump]]. A sterile bag of nutrient solution, between 500ml and 4l is provided. The pump infuses a small amount (0.1 to 10ml/hr) continuously in order to keep the vein open. Feeding schedules vary, but one common regimen ramps up the nutrition over a few hours, levels off the rate for a few hours, and then ramps it down over a few more hours, in order to simulate a normal set of meal times.

The nutrient solution consists of [[water]], [[glucose]], [[salt]]s, [[amino acid]]s, [[vitamin]]s and (more controversially) sometimes emulsified fats. Long term TPN patients sometimes suffer from lack of trace nutrients or electrolyte imbalances. Because increased [[blood sugar]] commonly occurs with TPN, [[insulin]] may also be added to the infusion. Occasionally, other drugs are added as well.

Chronic TPN is performed through a shunt, a tube surgically installed in a major vein, or sometimes an artery. Arterial shunts are more dangerous, but sturdier because an artery wall is more muscular.

Battery-powered ambulatory infusion pumps are used with chronic TPN patients, and usually the pump and a small (100ml) bag of nutrient to keep the vein open are carried in a fanny pack. Outpatient TPN practices are still being refined.

Aside from their dependence on a pump, chronic TPN patients live quite normal lives.

There are some complications that seem to follow long-term use of TPN. The most common is [[liver]] failure. As of 2003, the cause is unknown, but may be insufficient nutrition - the liver normally processes the blood returning from the gut.

Note that preparing and administering TPN are sterile procedures that should only be performed by trained personnel under medical supervision, using proper equipment.

See also [[life support]], [[intravenous drip]], [[medicine]]