IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Medicine

2007-03-16T13:27:31Z

192.35.79.70: /* Divisions and Departments */

<center><big>'''Welcome to the School of Medicine!'''</big></center>

[[Image:Vaccination-polio-india.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[w:Polio|Polio]] vaccination.]]
'''[[w:Medicine|Medicine]]''' is the art and science of the causation, diagnosis and treatment of [[w:disease|disease]] and [[w:injury|injury]]. It is both an ''area of knowledge'' – a [[w:science|science]] of [[w:body|body]] [[w:organ system|systems]], their diseases and treatment – and the ''applied practice'' of that knowledge. However, ''medicine'' often refers more specifically to matters dealt with by [[w:physician|physicians]] and [[w:surgery|surgeons]].

The various specialized branches of the science of medicine correspond to the equally specialized medical professions dealing with particular organs or diseases. The science of medicine is the knowledge of body systems and diseases, while the [[w:profession|profession]] of medicine refers to the social structure of the group of people formally trained to apply that knowledge to treat disease.

Medicine comprises various specialities, such as [[w:cardiology|cardiology]], [[w:pulmonology|pulmonology]], [[w:neurology|neurology]], or other fields such as sports medicine, research or public health.

==Divisions and Departments==
Divisions and Departments of the School exist on pages in "topic" namespace. Start the name of departments with the "Topic:" prefix; departments reside in the [[Wikiversity:Namespaces|Topic: namespace]]. Departments and divisions link to learning materials and learning projects. Divisions can link subdivisions or to departments. For more information on schools, divisions and departments look at the [[Wikiversity:Naming_conventions|Naming Conventions]].
[[Image:Cell differentiation.gif|thumb|right|400px|The early embryo and some cell types derived from the major embryonic cell lineages. '''Note''': the cells of the future baby are derived from the embryonic ectoderm, not the extra-embryonic support tissues which is marked "mesoderm" here. (see: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=Early+Mammalian+Development+AND+dbio%5Bbook%5D+AND+131744%5Buid%5D&rid=dbio.section.2609 Early Mammalian Development] in "Developmental Biology" by Scott F. Gilbert).]]
===[[Topic:Basic sciences|Basic sciences]]===
* [[Topic:Chemistry|Chemistry]]
* [[Topic:Physics|Physics]]
* [[Topic:Molecular biology|Molecular Biology]]
* [[Topic:Cell Biology|Cell Biology]] - Ready for participants.
* [[The Human Body]]
* [[Topic:Anatomy|Anatomy]]
* [[School:Psychology|Psychology]]
* [[Topic:Communication|Communication]]
* [[School:Law|Law]]
* [[Topic:Philosophy|Philosophy]]
* [[Topic:Division of Biology|General Biology]]
* [[Topic:Histology|Histology]]
* [[Topic:Medical Microbiology|Medical Microbiology]]
* [[Topic:Pathology|Pathology]]
* [[Topic:Pharmacology|Pharmacology]]
* [[Topic:Physiotherapy|Physiotherapy]]
* [[Topic:Physiology|Physiology]]
* [[Topic:Immunology|Immunology]]
* [[Topic:Laboratory Techniques|Laboratory Techniques]]
* [[Topic:Genetics|Genetics]]
* [[Topic:Serology|Serology]] - The Study of the blood serum.
* [[Topic:Virology|Virology]]
* [[Topic:Bacteriology|Bacteriology]]
* [[Topic:Health Informatics|Health Informatics]]
* [[Topic:Occupational Therapy|Occupational Therapy]]
* [[Topic:Cytogenetics|Cytogenetics]]

===Medical Specializations / Divisions and Departments===

Recommend reorganization of topic:

I. CLINICAL Medicine

*Primary care
**General Internal Medicine
**Pediatrics
**Family Medicine
**Geriatrics
**Emergency Medicine/Urgent Care
**Nursing Practice
**General Practice
**Taxpayer-supported clinics

*Subspecialty Medicine and Surgery
**Internal Medicine subspecialties
**Obstetrics and Gynecology
**General Surgery
**Surgical subspecialties
**Emergency Care
**Hospital Medicine

II. OTHER Medicine

*Research and Education
*Public Health
*Administration

====Division of Surgery and Anaesthesiology====
* [[Topic:Surgery|Surgery]]
** [[Topic:General surgery|General surgery]]
** [[Topic:Cardiothoracic surgery|Cardiothoracic surgery]]
** [[Topic:Neurosurgery|Neurosurgery]]
** [[Topic:Ophthalmology|Ophthalmology]]
** [[Topic:Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedic surgery]]
** [[Topic:Plastic surgery|Plastic surgery]]
** [[Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery]]
** [[Topic:Paediatric surgery|Paediatric surgery]]
** [[Topic:Urology|Urology]]
** [[Topic:Vascular surgery|Vascular surgery]]
* [[Topic:Anaesthesiology|Anaesthesiology]]
* [[Topic:Emergency Medicine|Emergency Medicine]]
* [[Topic:Intensive care medicine|Intensive care medicine]]
* [[Topic:Pain medicine|Pain medicine]]

====Division of General and Internal Medicine====
* [[Topic:Internal medicine|Internal medicine]]
**[[Topic:Cardiology|Cardiology]]
**[[Topic:Endocrinology|Endocrinology]]
**[[Topic:Gastroenterology|Gastroenterology]]
**[[Topic:Geriatric medicine|Geriatric medicine]]
**[[Topic:Hematology|Hematology]]
**[[Topic:Infectious diseases|Infectious diseases]]
**[[Topic:Nephrology|Nephrology]]
**[[Topic:Oncology|Oncology]]
**[[Topic:Pulmonology|Pulmonology]]
**[[Topic:Rheumatology|Rheumatology]]
* [[Topic:Dermatology|Dermatology]]
* [[Topic:Family practice|Family Medicine]]
* [[Topic:Sports medicine|Sports medicine]]

====Division of Healthcare and General Practice====
* [[Topic:General practice|General practice]]
* [[Topic:Public Health & Occupational Medicine|Public Health & Occupational Medicine]]

====Division of Woman, Child and Geriatric Health====
* [[Topic:Obstetrics & Gynecology|Obstetrics & Gynecology]]
* [[Topic:Pediatrics|Pediatrics]]
* [[Topic:Geriatrics|Geriatrics]]

====Division of Clinical Neurosciences====
* [[Topic:Psychiatry|Psychiatry]]
* [[Topic:Neurology|Neurology]]
* [[Topic:Neuroradiology|Neuroradiology]]
* [[Topic:Neurosurgery|Neurosurgery]]
* [[Topic:Neuroscience|Neuroscience]]
* [[School:Psychology|Psychology]]

====Division of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences====
* [[Topic:Radiology|Radiology]]
* [[Topic:Radiation Oncology|Radiation Oncology]]
* [[Topic:Cancer Treatment|Cancer Treatment]]

====Division of Experimental Medicine====
* [[Topic:Biomedical Informatics|Biomedical Informatics]]

====Division of Military Medicine====
* [[Topic:Military Medicine|Military Medicine]] ''(empty article)''

==Multidisciplinary courses==
* [[Clinical cases]]
* [[Healthcare reform - ideas to consider, questions to ask, implications]]
**a. The 'personal physician' or 'medical home' vs fragmented care
**b. Where: United States vs the rest of the world
**c. Spend more tax dollars vs increase individual responsibility
**d. Encourage preventive medicine, management of chronic disease, timely and cost-effective treatment of acute illness vs sporadic emergency care and treatment of advanced disease that might have been prevented
**e. Reimburse for thinking vs reimburse for doing
**f. Sell or give away fish vs teach 'how to fish'
**g. An approach that will keep on giving vs an approach that will keep on taking
**h. Targeting decreased risk of medical errors vs paying no attention to risk of medical errors
**i. Fixing the process vs fixing a 'problem'
**j. Will 'reform' facilitate improved functioning of the patient within society? vs Will it Wcause patients to be more dependent on society?
**k. Will 'reform' simplify? vs Will 'reform' complicate?
**l. Strengthen the family? vs Place increased strain on the family

==Active participants==
# [[User:Stevenfruitsmaak|Steven Fruitsmaak]] ([[User_talk:Stevenfruitsmaak|Talk]]) 00:10, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
# [[User:Daniel575|Daniel575]] 15:34, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
# [[User:Xrayman|Richard]] 06:25, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
# [[User:Zerackam|Pouyan Golshani]] 10:08, 17 September 2006 (UTC
# [[User:Eukesh|Eukesh]] 20:32, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
# [[User:Riad|Riad]] 17:18, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

== School news ==
* '''August 24, 2006''' - School founded! Also most elements transferred from WikiBooks. Let the learning begin!
* '''October 2, 2006''' - Special learning project [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] - explain the science behind each year's award.
* '''October 4, 2006''' - Special learning project [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] - explain the science behind each year's award.

== Related news ==
* '''March 2, 2007''' - [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-03/ucl-nmf030207.php New study shows treating disease in the mouth can improve cardiovascular health.]

==See also==
*[[School:Biology|The School of Biology]]
*[[School:Pharmacy|The School of Pharmacy]]

{{Wikibooks|Medicine}}

[[Category:Medicine|*]]
[[Category:Wikiversity schools|Medicine]]

[[de:Fachbereich_Humanmedizin]]

Medicine

2007-03-16T13:27:14Z

192.35.79.70: /* Divisions and Departments */

<center><big>'''Welcome to the School of Medicine!'''</big></center>

[[Image:Vaccination-polio-india.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[w:Polio|Polio]] vaccination.]]
'''[[w:Medicine|Medicine]]''' is the art and science of the causation, diagnosis and treatment of [[w:disease|disease]] and [[w:injury|injury]]. It is both an ''area of knowledge'' – a [[w:science|science]] of [[w:body|body]] [[w:organ system|systems]], their diseases and treatment – and the ''applied practice'' of that knowledge. However, ''medicine'' often refers more specifically to matters dealt with by [[w:physician|physicians]] and [[w:surgery|surgeons]].

The various specialized branches of the science of medicine correspond to the equally specialized medical professions dealing with particular organs or diseases. The science of medicine is the knowledge of body systems and diseases, while the [[w:profession|profession]] of medicine refers to the social structure of the group of people formally trained to apply that knowledge to treat disease.

Medicine comprises various specialities, such as [[w:cardiology|cardiology]], [[w:pulmonology|pulmonology]], [[w:neurology|neurology]], or other fields such as sports medicine, research or public health.

==Divisions and Departments==
Divisions and Departments in the School exist on pages in "topic" namespace. Start the name of departments with the "Topic:" prefix; departments reside in the [[Wikiversity:Namespaces|Topic: namespace]]. Departments and divisions link to learning materials and learning projects. Divisions can link subdivisions or to departments. For more information on schools, divisions and departments look at the [[Wikiversity:Naming_conventions|Naming Conventions]].
[[Image:Cell differentiation.gif|thumb|right|400px|The early embryo and some cell types derived from the major embryonic cell lineages. '''Note''': the cells of the future baby are derived from the embryonic ectoderm, not the extra-embryonic support tissues which is marked "mesoderm" here. (see: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=Early+Mammalian+Development+AND+dbio%5Bbook%5D+AND+131744%5Buid%5D&rid=dbio.section.2609 Early Mammalian Development] in "Developmental Biology" by Scott F. Gilbert).]]
===[[Topic:Basic sciences|Basic sciences]]===
* [[Topic:Chemistry|Chemistry]]
* [[Topic:Physics|Physics]]
* [[Topic:Molecular biology|Molecular Biology]]
* [[Topic:Cell Biology|Cell Biology]] - Ready for participants.
* [[The Human Body]]
* [[Topic:Anatomy|Anatomy]]
* [[School:Psychology|Psychology]]
* [[Topic:Communication|Communication]]
* [[School:Law|Law]]
* [[Topic:Philosophy|Philosophy]]
* [[Topic:Division of Biology|General Biology]]
* [[Topic:Histology|Histology]]
* [[Topic:Medical Microbiology|Medical Microbiology]]
* [[Topic:Pathology|Pathology]]
* [[Topic:Pharmacology|Pharmacology]]
* [[Topic:Physiotherapy|Physiotherapy]]
* [[Topic:Physiology|Physiology]]
* [[Topic:Immunology|Immunology]]
* [[Topic:Laboratory Techniques|Laboratory Techniques]]
* [[Topic:Genetics|Genetics]]
* [[Topic:Serology|Serology]] - The Study of the blood serum.
* [[Topic:Virology|Virology]]
* [[Topic:Bacteriology|Bacteriology]]
* [[Topic:Health Informatics|Health Informatics]]
* [[Topic:Occupational Therapy|Occupational Therapy]]
* [[Topic:Cytogenetics|Cytogenetics]]

===Medical Specializations / Divisions and Departments===

Recommend reorganization of topic:

I. CLINICAL Medicine

*Primary care
**General Internal Medicine
**Pediatrics
**Family Medicine
**Geriatrics
**Emergency Medicine/Urgent Care
**Nursing Practice
**General Practice
**Taxpayer-supported clinics

*Subspecialty Medicine and Surgery
**Internal Medicine subspecialties
**Obstetrics and Gynecology
**General Surgery
**Surgical subspecialties
**Emergency Care
**Hospital Medicine

II. OTHER Medicine

*Research and Education
*Public Health
*Administration

====Division of Surgery and Anaesthesiology====
* [[Topic:Surgery|Surgery]]
** [[Topic:General surgery|General surgery]]
** [[Topic:Cardiothoracic surgery|Cardiothoracic surgery]]
** [[Topic:Neurosurgery|Neurosurgery]]
** [[Topic:Ophthalmology|Ophthalmology]]
** [[Topic:Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedic surgery]]
** [[Topic:Plastic surgery|Plastic surgery]]
** [[Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery]]
** [[Topic:Paediatric surgery|Paediatric surgery]]
** [[Topic:Urology|Urology]]
** [[Topic:Vascular surgery|Vascular surgery]]
* [[Topic:Anaesthesiology|Anaesthesiology]]
* [[Topic:Emergency Medicine|Emergency Medicine]]
* [[Topic:Intensive care medicine|Intensive care medicine]]
* [[Topic:Pain medicine|Pain medicine]]

====Division of General and Internal Medicine====
* [[Topic:Internal medicine|Internal medicine]]
**[[Topic:Cardiology|Cardiology]]
**[[Topic:Endocrinology|Endocrinology]]
**[[Topic:Gastroenterology|Gastroenterology]]
**[[Topic:Geriatric medicine|Geriatric medicine]]
**[[Topic:Hematology|Hematology]]
**[[Topic:Infectious diseases|Infectious diseases]]
**[[Topic:Nephrology|Nephrology]]
**[[Topic:Oncology|Oncology]]
**[[Topic:Pulmonology|Pulmonology]]
**[[Topic:Rheumatology|Rheumatology]]
* [[Topic:Dermatology|Dermatology]]
* [[Topic:Family practice|Family Medicine]]
* [[Topic:Sports medicine|Sports medicine]]

====Division of Healthcare and General Practice====
* [[Topic:General practice|General practice]]
* [[Topic:Public Health & Occupational Medicine|Public Health & Occupational Medicine]]

====Division of Woman, Child and Geriatric Health====
* [[Topic:Obstetrics & Gynecology|Obstetrics & Gynecology]]
* [[Topic:Pediatrics|Pediatrics]]
* [[Topic:Geriatrics|Geriatrics]]

====Division of Clinical Neurosciences====
* [[Topic:Psychiatry|Psychiatry]]
* [[Topic:Neurology|Neurology]]
* [[Topic:Neuroradiology|Neuroradiology]]
* [[Topic:Neurosurgery|Neurosurgery]]
* [[Topic:Neuroscience|Neuroscience]]
* [[School:Psychology|Psychology]]

====Division of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences====
* [[Topic:Radiology|Radiology]]
* [[Topic:Radiation Oncology|Radiation Oncology]]
* [[Topic:Cancer Treatment|Cancer Treatment]]

====Division of Experimental Medicine====
* [[Topic:Biomedical Informatics|Biomedical Informatics]]

====Division of Military Medicine====
* [[Topic:Military Medicine|Military Medicine]] ''(empty article)''

==Multidisciplinary courses==
* [[Clinical cases]]
* [[Healthcare reform - ideas to consider, questions to ask, implications]]
**a. The 'personal physician' or 'medical home' vs fragmented care
**b. Where: United States vs the rest of the world
**c. Spend more tax dollars vs increase individual responsibility
**d. Encourage preventive medicine, management of chronic disease, timely and cost-effective treatment of acute illness vs sporadic emergency care and treatment of advanced disease that might have been prevented
**e. Reimburse for thinking vs reimburse for doing
**f. Sell or give away fish vs teach 'how to fish'
**g. An approach that will keep on giving vs an approach that will keep on taking
**h. Targeting decreased risk of medical errors vs paying no attention to risk of medical errors
**i. Fixing the process vs fixing a 'problem'
**j. Will 'reform' facilitate improved functioning of the patient within society? vs Will it Wcause patients to be more dependent on society?
**k. Will 'reform' simplify? vs Will 'reform' complicate?
**l. Strengthen the family? vs Place increased strain on the family

==Active participants==
# [[User:Stevenfruitsmaak|Steven Fruitsmaak]] ([[User_talk:Stevenfruitsmaak|Talk]]) 00:10, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
# [[User:Daniel575|Daniel575]] 15:34, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
# [[User:Xrayman|Richard]] 06:25, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
# [[User:Zerackam|Pouyan Golshani]] 10:08, 17 September 2006 (UTC
# [[User:Eukesh|Eukesh]] 20:32, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
# [[User:Riad|Riad]] 17:18, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

== School news ==
* '''August 24, 2006''' - School founded! Also most elements transferred from WikiBooks. Let the learning begin!
* '''October 2, 2006''' - Special learning project [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] - explain the science behind each year's award.
* '''October 4, 2006''' - Special learning project [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] - explain the science behind each year's award.

== Related news ==
* '''March 2, 2007''' - [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-03/ucl-nmf030207.php New study shows treating disease in the mouth can improve cardiovascular health.]

==See also==
*[[School:Biology|The School of Biology]]
*[[School:Pharmacy|The School of Pharmacy]]

{{Wikibooks|Medicine}}

[[Category:Medicine|*]]
[[Category:Wikiversity schools|Medicine]]

[[de:Fachbereich_Humanmedizin]]

Phosphate buffered saline

2006-12-05T15:50:58Z

192.35.79.70:

'''Phosphate buffered saline''' (abbreviated PBS) is a [[buffer solution]] commonly used in [[biochemistry]]. It is a salty solution containing sodium chloride, sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate. The buffer helps to maintain a constant pH. The concentration usually matches the human body (isotonic).

PBS has many uses because it is isotonic and non-toxic to cells. It can be used to dilute substances.
It is used as a cellular cleaning solution.

Additives can be used to add function. For example, PBS with [[EDTA]] is also used to disengage attached and clumped cells. Divalent [[metals]] such as [[zinc]], however, cannot be added as this will cause precipitation. For these sorts of applications, [[Good's buffers]] are recommended.

To make a 10 liter stock of 10x PBS:

1. weigh the following
::*800 g NaCl
::*20 g KCl
::*144 g Na2HPO4
::*24 g KH2PO4

2. add and dissolve in 8 L of distilled water under mixing

3. pH is ~6.8, but when you dilute the 10x PBS to 1x PBS it should change to 7.4 (try with a little sample; Phosphate buffers change their pH with the dilution)

4. fill up to 10 L with distilled water

1x PBS final concentration : 137 mM NaCl, 10 mM Phosphate, 2.7 mM KCl, pH 7.4

{{biochem-stub}}

[[Category:Buffers]]

Phosphate buffered saline

2006-12-05T15:49:45Z

192.35.79.70:

'''Phosphate buffered saline''' (abbreviated PBS) is a [[buffer solution]] commonly used in [[biochemistry]]. It is a salty solution containing sodium chloride, sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate. The buffer helps to maintain a constant pH. The concentration usually matches the human body (isotonic).

PBS has many uses because it is isotonic and non-toxic to cells. It can be used to dilute substances.
It is used as a cellular cleaning solution.

Additives can be used to add function. For example, PBS with [[EDTA]] is also used to disengage attached and clumped cells. Divalent [[metals]] such as [[zinc]], however, cannot be added as this will cause precipitation. For these sorts of applications, [[Good's buffers]] are recommended.

To make a 10 liter stock of 10x PBS:
1. weigh the following
::*800 g NaCl
::*20 g KCl
::*144 g Na2HPO4
::*24 g KH2PO4
2. add and dissolve in 8 L of distilled water under mixing
3. pH is ~6.8, but when you dilute the 10x PBS to 1x PBS it should change to 7.4 (try with a little sample; Phosphate buffers change their pH with the dilution)
4. fill up to 10 L with distilled water

1x PBS final concentration : 137 mM NaCl, 10 mM Phosphate, 2.7 mM KCl, pH 7.4

{{biochem-stub}}

[[Category:Buffers]]