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Archive:Dutch

2008-12-26T16:26:35Z

193.120.116.178: Changed learn to teach

Welcome,<br />
In this Wikiversity I'm going to teach you the basics of the Dutch language. If you have anything to add or correct, feel free to do so.

== Inhoud (Contents) ==

*[[Introduction_to_the_Dutch_language|Brief introduction to the Dutch language]]
*[[Learning_Dutch\Landen|Countries where they speak Dutch]]
*[[Learning_Dutch\Gramatica|Grammar]]
**[[Learning_Dutch\Tellen|Counting in Dutch]]
**[[Learning_Dutch\Voornaamwoorden|Pronouns]]
**[[Learning_Dutch\Werkwoorden|Verbs]]
***[[Learning_Dutch\Werkwoorden\Regelmatig|Regular Verbs]]
***[[Learning_Dutch\Werkwoorden\Onregelmatig|Irregular Verbs]]
*[[Learning_Dutch\Zinnen|Basic sentences]]
**[[Learning_Dutch\OV|Sentences in the public transport]]
**[[Learning_Dutch\Eten_en_drinken|At the restaurant]]
[[Category:Dutch|Languages|Learning_Dutch]]

Hypercane

2008-08-12T20:45:46Z

193.120.71.155: /* Physical description */

A '''hypercane''' is a hypothetical class of extreme [[tropical cyclone]] that could form if ocean temperatures reached around {{convert|50|°C|°F}} —15° higher than the warmest ocean temperature ever recorded<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Water/temp.html&edu=high |title=Temperature of Ocean Water |publisher=[[University Corporation for Atmospheric Research]] |work=Windows to the Universe |date=2001-08-31 |accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref>— which could in turn be caused by a large [[asteroid]] or [[comet]] impact, a large [[volcano|volcanic]] or [[supervolcano|supervolcanic]] eruption, or very extensive [[global warming]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=30308 |title=The Dawn of the Hypercane? |first=Stephen |last=Leahy |publisher=[[Inter Press Service]] |date=2005-09-16 |accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref> There is some speculation that some [[dinosaur]]s might have been killed off by a series of hypercanes, resulting from an asteroid or comet crashing into [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Did storms land the dinosaurs in hot water? |first=Jeff |last=Hecht |journal=[[New Scientist]] |date=1995-02-04 |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14519632.600-did-storms-land-the-dinosaurs-in-hot-water.html |issue=1963 |pages=p. 16 |accessdate=2008-07-24 }}</ref> The term was coined by atmospheric scientist [[Kerry Emanuel]] in 1994, at [[MIT]].<ref name="MIT">{{cite web |url=http://wind.mit.edu/~emanuel/holem/holem.html |title=Limits on Hurricane Intensity |first=Kerry |last=Emanuel |publisher=[[Center for Meteorology and Physical Oceanography ]], [[MIT]] |date=1996-09-16 |accessdate=2008-07-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Hypercanes: A Possible Link to Global Extinction Scenarios |first=Kerry |last=Emanuel |coauthors=Kevin Speer, Richard Rotunno, Ramesh Srivastava, Mario Molina |journal= |date=1998-03-22 |volume=100 |issue=D7 |pages=pp. 13755–13765 |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1995/95JD01368.shtml |accessdate=2008-07-24 }}</ref>

==Physical description==
Hypercanes would have wind speeds of over {{convert|800|km/h|mph}}, and would also have a central pressure of less than {{convert|700|hPa|inHg|abbr=off|lk=on}}, giving them an enormous lifespan.<ref name="MIT" /> The extreme conditions needed to create such a storm could conceivably produce a system up to the size of [[North America]], creating storm surges of {{convert|18|m|ft|abbr=off|lk=off}} and an eye nearly {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=off|lk=off}} across. The waters could remain hot enough for weeks, allowing more hypercanes to be formed. A hypercane's clouds would reach {{convert|30|km|mi}} into the [[stratosphere]]. A hypercane would also damage the earth's [[ozone]].<ref name="MIT" /> The reason for this is the water molecules sent up into the [[ozone]] layer merge with the [[ultraviolet light]] repelling particles and disintegrate the particles, creating a hole in the vicinity.

==In popular culture==
{{trivia|date=July 2008}}
* The [[anime]] ''[[Tactical Roar]]'' uses a fictional hypercane in the [[Pacific Ocean]] as a pretext to showcase naval battles, which are the series' focus.
* The [[science-fiction]] [[television series]], ''[[Stargate Atlantis]]'', featured a hypercane that threatened to destroy Atlantis in an episode titled " The Storm "
* ''[[The Future is Wild]]'' features hypercanes during the Pangaea II period of Earth, 200,000,000 years in the future.
* In the 2002 novel ''Minutes to Burn'', by [[Gregg Andrew Hurwitz]], hypercanes occur every three to four months after increased tectonic activity and a depleted [[ozone layer]] resulted in the tropical ocean raising in temperature.<ref>{{cite book |title=Minutes to Burn |first=Gregg Andrew |last=Hurwitz |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=0061015512 |chapter=Chapter 7 |pages=p.52 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{tcportal}}

[[Category:Tropical cyclone meteorology]]

{{weather-stub}}

Archive:Gulching

2008-04-29T17:50:08Z

193.120.116.180:

'''Gulching''' refers to the act of forming a localized, [[underground economy|underground economic]] and social community of freedom-minded individuals. The term comes from Galt's Gulch, the fictional village of economic outlaws in [[Ayn Rand]]'s novel, ''[[Atlas Shrugged]]''. Galt's Gulch was hidden in the [[Rocky Mountains]] and protected by a magic holographic shield. Modern gulching does typically occur in remote areas, but can also take place in suburban or urban areas, or even online. These underground communities are called ''gulches'', and the inhabitants and participants thereof are called ''gulchers''.

Gulchers trade and barter with each other outside of government regulation and tax systems. The intent is to create a greater degree of [[economic freedom|economic]] and personal freedom, while building a trust-based local trade network to provide goods and services that might become unavailable if the mainstream economy collapses. Self-sufficiency as a whole, in terms of food, energy, fiber, shelter, health care, and other production and services is considered valuable, even vital, to a free existence. Gulchers are also free to trade outside of the gulch, though a remote location might make this difficult.

A gulch differs from a [[commune]] in that it is uniquely freedom-focused, and so upholds [[individual rights|individual]] and [[property rights]] rather than operating by the rules of [[community property]]. Participants remain free to own [[property]], to earn and to keep their own wealth, and to live their days as they see fit, rather than by rules imposed by a nebulous 'community.' There may be some mutually accepted plan to share chores or self-defense duties, but in the main, gulchers tend to prefer minimal rules, believing that free individuals will always create better solutions to the questions facing them. Those who seek to participate in a Gulch generally adhere to the [[Zero Aggression Principle]] and have no wish to harm or attack others who choose to live differently. They do believe in [[self-defense]] if first aggressed upon by others.

Writer [[Taran Jordan]] describes a gulch as "a place where one stores needed supplies to last a certain length of time, until one has arranged to produce as many of those supplies as possible once that initial time runs out, [where] one has made contacts with other likeminded folks to band together in the interests of future production, trade, and the defense of the produce, its means of production, and its producers, [and where] one can enjoy the fruits of one’s labor, and life at the pace of nature, free from those who do not choose this way of life." [http://taranjordan.wordpress.com/2006/08/11/the-gulchers-thought-process]

''The Gulcher's Guide'', by [[Claire Wolfe]] and [[Mary Lou Seymour]], recommends that gulches be located at least 100 miles from any major city, in the event that a catastrophe causes refugees to spill out of the city in search of food, loot, and refuge[http://www.libertymls.com/gulch/location.html]. The choice of location involves tradeoffs that affect suitability for gulching. For instance, while the intermountain west is perceived as relatively friendly to the goals of gulchers, it also suffers from lack of water, harsh climates and poor agricultural conditions.

Since gulchers may need to sacrifice many conveniences associated with the above-ground economy, Wolfe considers the most crucial characteristic of a potential gulcher to be adaptability[http://www.libertymls.com/gulch/recruit.html]. Gulchers typically eschew banks, preferring to barter or use gold as a currency. Wolfe notes that gulchers may have to rely on anonymous advertisements to find customers and services, e.g.:
*"Chiropractor needed for individual in Coos County, New Hampshire."
*"Internist and full range of clinic services available to gold-paying customers in Pocatello, Idaho."
*"Homeopathic Practitioner willing to trade arsenic water for liberty dollars in Mt. Carmel, People's Republic of Texas"

A variation on gulching, but done as a single individual with the specific goal of "Refus[al] to engage in any implementation of your personal creative ability which benefits the State[...]Tak[ing] your brains off the statist marketplace[...]Act[ing] so that only those who add to your life, not those who devour it, comprise your creativity marketplace[...]Reserv[ing] your achievements for yourself and those who will join you in the endeavor to build a sane and sensible world" is what David King termed "Shrugging"[http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/7695/CHAPTR13.HTM]. This term also originated from Ayn Rand's novel cited above.

Exact statistics on gulching's prevalence are unavailable, and likely to remain so, as [[privacy]] is usually paramount to gulchers. However, it is unlikely that gulches exist on any large scale.

==See also==
*[[Agorism]]
*[[Back-to-the-land movement]]
*[[Economic secession]]
*[[BioShock#Setting|Rapture]]
*[[Survivalism]]
*[[Mogadishu|Mogadishu Case Study]]
*[http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=14.774883&lon=-55.898437&z=4&l=3&m=a&v=2 Atlantis]
*[[Mount Carmel Center]]

==References==
*Seymour, Mary Lou, and Wolfe, Claire: [http://www.libertymls.com/gulch/intro.html The Gulcher's Guide].

[[Category:Libertarianism]]