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Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-07-20T01:36:36Z

195.92.168.163:

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066) - last successful invasion of England by a foreign force
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[The First War of Scottish Independence (1296-1306)|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1306)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence#The Second War of Independence: 1332.E2.80.931357|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Colonial period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513 – 1547)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1647)
** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648–1649)
** [[Third English Civil War]] (1649–1651)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689–1746) - Civil War
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742) - Great Briatin v Spain
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748) - Great Britain, Austria and Holland v France and Germany
** [[King George's War]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1756–1763) - Great Britain and Germany v Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain and Portugal
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763) - North America
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769) - India

===Colonial Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782) - India
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792) - India
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802) - Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Russia, Germany v France
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799) - India
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815) - Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Sweden and Russia v France, Denmark-Norway and Poland
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804) - India
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805) - India
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806) - India
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818) - India
* [[Peterloo Massacre]] (1819)
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) - Great Britain v China
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846) - India
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849) - India
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856) - Great Briatin and France v Russia
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860) - Great Briatin and France v China
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859) - Great Britian v USA
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Gun War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900) - Great Briatin, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and USA v China
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902) - Nigeria

===Modern Period===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918) - Graet Britain, France, Italy, Russia, United States v Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey
* [[Easter Rising]] (1916) - Ireland
* [[Russian Civil War]] (1918–1922)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1923) Briatin, France, Italy, Greece and Armenia v Turkey
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945) Britain, USA and China v Japan
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945)
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Cold War]] (1945–1991)
* [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953)
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960)
* [[History of Cyprus#Proposed Union with Greece|Cyprus Emergency]] (1955–1959)
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956)
* [[History of Brunei|Brunei Uprising]] (1962)
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966)
* [[Aden#The Aden Emergency|Aden Emergency]] (1963–1967)
* [[Troubles|Northern Ireland Troubles]] (1969-mid 1990s)
* [[Cod War|Cod War Confrontation]] (1975–1976)
* [[Falklands War]] (1982)
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991)
* [[Bosnian War|The Bosnian War]] (1995–1996)
* [[Kosovo War|The Kosovo War]] (1999)
* [[Operation Palliser|Sierra Leone Civil War]] (2000)

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
{{main|Auld Alliance}} ([[1165]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance was a military alliance between the countries of [[France]], [[Norway]], and [[Scotland]]. Though Norway never invoked the treaty, the Scots and the French did. The treaty stated that if any of the three nations was to be attacked by a third party, that the other two nations that belonged to the treaty would invade the aggressor. The effects of this military alliance happened many times in history. In [[1336]], at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Philip VI provided military support for David II, who fled to France after being deposed by Edward III of England. The Auld Alliance can also be said to have inflamed the English invasion of Scotland, starting the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|First War of Scottish Independence]]. In [[1346]], under the terms of the Auld Alliance, Scotland invaded England in the interests of France. In [[1421]], at the Battle of Baugé, French and Scots forces dealt a crushing defeat to the English, for which the Scots were richly rewarded. In addition, in [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in her famous relief of Orléans; many went on to form the Garde Écossaise, the fiercely-loyal bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves "Scots". However, when Scotland considered itself Protestant by the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], the treaty was considered void, since France was still Roman Catholic.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British [[Iberia]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland was part of the Franco-Venetian alliance (1513–16), while the Kingdom of England was against it.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - ?)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British Iberia Peninsular War. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the Azores were again offered to the British Royal Navy.
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain, to prevent Spain from becoming a superpower in Europe.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France. The alliance was formed to keep France from becoming a superpower in Europe by taking over the Dutch colonies.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. This alliance brought Britain into World War I.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-07-20T01:28:42Z

195.92.168.163: /* Colonial Period */

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066) - last successful invasion of England by a foreign force
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[The First War of Scottish Independence (1296-1306)|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1306)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence#The Second War of Independence: 1332.E2.80.931357|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Colonial period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513 – 1547)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1647)
** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648–1649)
** [[Third English Civil War]] (1649–1651)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689–1746) - Civil War
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742) - Great Briatin v Spain
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748) - Great Britain, Austria and Holland v France and Germany
** [[King George's War]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1756–1763) - Great Britain and Germany v Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain and Portugal
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763) - North America
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769) - India

===Colonial Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782) - India
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792) - India
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802) - Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Russia, Germany v France
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799) - India
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815) - Britain, Germany, Austria, Sweden and Russia v France, Denmark-Norway and Poland
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804) - India
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805) - India
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806) - India
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818) - India
* [[Peterloo Massacre]] (1819)
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) - Britain v China
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846) - India
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856) - Britain and France v Russia
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860) - Britain and France v China
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900) - Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and USA v China
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902) - Nigeria

===Modern Period===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918) - Britain, France, Italy, Russia, United States v Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1923) Britain, France, Italy, Greece and Armenia v Turkey
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945) Britain, USA and China v Japan
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945) - Britain, USA , Soviet Union v Germany, Japan and Italy
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953) - Britain, South Korea, USA v North Korea and China
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960) - Kenya
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956) - Britain, France and Israel v Egypt
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966) - Britain, Malaysia v Indonesia
* [[Falklands War]] (1982) - Britain v Argentina
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991) - Britain, USA, France v Iraq

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
{{main|Auld Alliance}} ([[1165]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance was a military alliance between the countries of [[France]], [[Norway]], and [[Scotland]]. Though Norway never invoked the treaty, the Scots and the French did. The treaty stated that if any of the three nations was to be attacked by a third party, that the other two nations that belonged to the treaty would invade the aggressor. The effects of this military alliance happened many times in history. In [[1336]], at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Philip VI provided military support for David II, who fled to France after being deposed by Edward III of England. The Auld Alliance can also be said to have inflamed the English invasion of Scotland, starting the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|First War of Scottish Independence]]. In [[1346]], under the terms of the Auld Alliance, Scotland invaded England in the interests of France. In [[1421]], at the Battle of Baugé, French and Scots forces dealt a crushing defeat to the English, for which the Scots were richly rewarded. In addition, in [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in her famous relief of Orléans; many went on to form the Garde Écossaise, the fiercely-loyal bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves "Scots". However, when Scotland considered itself Protestant by the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], the treaty was considered void, since France was still Roman Catholic.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British [[Iberia]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland was part of the Franco-Venetian alliance (1513–16), while the Kingdom of England was against it.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - ?)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British Iberia Peninsular War. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the Azores were again offered to the British Royal Navy.
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain, to prevent Spain from becoming a superpower in Europe.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France. The alliance was formed to keep France from becoming a superpower in Europe by taking over the Dutch colonies.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. This alliance brought Britain into World War I.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-07-20T01:25:31Z

195.92.168.163: /* Colonial Period */

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066) - last successful invasion of England by a foreign force
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[The First War of Scottish Independence (1296-1306)|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1306)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence#The Second War of Independence: 1332.E2.80.931357|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Colonial period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513 – 1547)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1647)
** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648–1649)
** [[Third English Civil War]] (1649–1651)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689–1746) - Civil War
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742) - Great Briatin v Spain
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748) - Great Britain, Austria and Holland v France and Germany
** [[King George's War]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1756–1763) - Great Britain and Germany v Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain and Portugal
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763) - North America
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769) - India

===Colonial Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782) - India
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792) - India
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802) - Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Russia, Germany v France
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799) - India
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815) - Britain, Germany, Austria, Sweden and Russia v France, Denmark-Norway and Poland
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804) - India
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805) - India
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806) - India
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818) - India
* [[Peterloo Massacre]] (1819)
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) - Britain v China
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846) - India
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849) - India
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856) - Britain and France v Russia
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860) - Britain and France v China
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900) - Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and USA v China
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902) - Nigeria

===Modern Period===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918) - Britain, France, Italy, Russia, United States v Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1923) Britain, France, Italy, Greece and Armenia v Turkey
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945) Britain, USA and China v Japan
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945) - Britain, USA , Soviet Union v Germany, Japan and Italy
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953) - Britain, South Korea, USA v North Korea and China
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960) - Kenya
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956) - Britain, France and Israel v Egypt
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966) - Britain, Malaysia v Indonesia
* [[Falklands War]] (1982) - Britain v Argentina
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991) - Britain, USA, France v Iraq

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
{{main|Auld Alliance}} ([[1165]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance was a military alliance between the countries of [[France]], [[Norway]], and [[Scotland]]. Though Norway never invoked the treaty, the Scots and the French did. The treaty stated that if any of the three nations was to be attacked by a third party, that the other two nations that belonged to the treaty would invade the aggressor. The effects of this military alliance happened many times in history. In [[1336]], at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Philip VI provided military support for David II, who fled to France after being deposed by Edward III of England. The Auld Alliance can also be said to have inflamed the English invasion of Scotland, starting the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|First War of Scottish Independence]]. In [[1346]], under the terms of the Auld Alliance, Scotland invaded England in the interests of France. In [[1421]], at the Battle of Baugé, French and Scots forces dealt a crushing defeat to the English, for which the Scots were richly rewarded. In addition, in [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in her famous relief of Orléans; many went on to form the Garde Écossaise, the fiercely-loyal bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves "Scots". However, when Scotland considered itself Protestant by the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], the treaty was considered void, since France was still Roman Catholic.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British [[Iberia]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland was part of the Franco-Venetian alliance (1513–16), while the Kingdom of England was against it.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - ?)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British Iberia Peninsular War. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the Azores were again offered to the British Royal Navy.
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain, to prevent Spain from becoming a superpower in Europe.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France. The alliance was formed to keep France from becoming a superpower in Europe by taking over the Dutch colonies.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. This alliance brought Britain into World War I.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-07-20T01:21:35Z

195.92.168.163: /* Colonial Period */

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066) - last successful invasion of England by a foreign force
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[The First War of Scottish Independence (1296-1306)|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1306)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence#The Second War of Independence: 1332.E2.80.931357|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Colonial period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513 – 1547)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1647)
** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648–1649)
** [[Third English Civil War]] (1649–1651)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689–1746) - Civil War
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742) - Great Briatin v Spain
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748) - Great Britain, Austria and Holland v France and Germany
** [[King George's War]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1756–1763) - Great Britain and Germany v Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain and Portugal
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763) - North America
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769) - India

===Colonial Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782) - India
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792) - India
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802) - Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Russia, Germany v France
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799) - India
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815) - Britain, Germany, Austria, Sweden and Russia v France, Denmark-Norway and Poland
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804) - India
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805) - India
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806) - India
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818) - India
* [[Peterloo Massacre]] (1819)
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) - Britain v China
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846) - India
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849) - India
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856) - Britain and France v Russia
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860) - Britain and France v China
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859) - Britain v USA
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900) - Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and USA v China
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902) - Nigeria

===Modern Period===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918) - Britain, France, Italy, Russia, United States v Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1923) Britain, France, Italy, Greece and Armenia v Turkey
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945) Britain, USA and China v Japan
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945) - Britain, USA , Soviet Union v Germany, Japan and Italy
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953) - Britain, South Korea, USA v North Korea and China
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960) - Kenya
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956) - Britain, France and Israel v Egypt
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966) - Britain, Malaysia v Indonesia
* [[Falklands War]] (1982) - Britain v Argentina
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991) - Britain, USA, France v Iraq

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
{{main|Auld Alliance}} ([[1165]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance was a military alliance between the countries of [[France]], [[Norway]], and [[Scotland]]. Though Norway never invoked the treaty, the Scots and the French did. The treaty stated that if any of the three nations was to be attacked by a third party, that the other two nations that belonged to the treaty would invade the aggressor. The effects of this military alliance happened many times in history. In [[1336]], at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Philip VI provided military support for David II, who fled to France after being deposed by Edward III of England. The Auld Alliance can also be said to have inflamed the English invasion of Scotland, starting the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|First War of Scottish Independence]]. In [[1346]], under the terms of the Auld Alliance, Scotland invaded England in the interests of France. In [[1421]], at the Battle of Baugé, French and Scots forces dealt a crushing defeat to the English, for which the Scots were richly rewarded. In addition, in [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in her famous relief of Orléans; many went on to form the Garde Écossaise, the fiercely-loyal bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves "Scots". However, when Scotland considered itself Protestant by the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], the treaty was considered void, since France was still Roman Catholic.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British [[Iberia]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland was part of the Franco-Venetian alliance (1513–16), while the Kingdom of England was against it.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - ?)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British Iberia Peninsular War. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the Azores were again offered to the British Royal Navy.
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain, to prevent Spain from becoming a superpower in Europe.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France. The alliance was formed to keep France from becoming a superpower in Europe by taking over the Dutch colonies.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. This alliance brought Britain into World War I.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-07-20T01:20:30Z

195.92.168.163: /* Colonial Period */

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066) - last successful invasion of England by a foreign force
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[The First War of Scottish Independence (1296-1306)|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1306)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence#The Second War of Independence: 1332.E2.80.931357|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Colonial period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513 – 1547)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1647)
** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648–1649)
** [[Third English Civil War]] (1649–1651)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689–1746) - Civil War
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742) - Great Briatin v Spain
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748) - Great Britain, Austria and Holland v France and Germany
** [[King George's War]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1756–1763) - Great Britain and Germany v Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain and Portugal
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763) - North America
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769) - India

===Colonial Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782) - India
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792) - India
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802) - Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Russia, Germany v France
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799) - India
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815) - Britain, Germany, Austria, Sweden and Russia v France, Denmark-Norway and Poland
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804) - India
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805) - India
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806) - India
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818) - India
* [[Peterloo Massacre]] (1819)
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) - Britain v China
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846) - India
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849) - India
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856) - Britain and France v Russia
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860) - Britain and France v China
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859) - Britain v USA
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900) - Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and USA v China
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902) - Nigeria

===Modern Period===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918) - Britain, France, Italy, Russia, United States v Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1923) Britain, France, Italy, Greece and Armenia v Turkey
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945) Britain, USA and China v Japan
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945) - Britain, USA , Soviet Union v Germany, Japan and Italy
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953) - Britain, South Korea, USA v North Korea and China
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960) - Kenya
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956) - Britain, France and Israel v Egypt
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966) - Britain, Malaysia v Indonesia
* [[Falklands War]] (1982) - Britain v Argentina
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991) - Britain, USA, France v Iraq

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
{{main|Auld Alliance}} ([[1165]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance was a military alliance between the countries of [[France]], [[Norway]], and [[Scotland]]. Though Norway never invoked the treaty, the Scots and the French did. The treaty stated that if any of the three nations was to be attacked by a third party, that the other two nations that belonged to the treaty would invade the aggressor. The effects of this military alliance happened many times in history. In [[1336]], at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Philip VI provided military support for David II, who fled to France after being deposed by Edward III of England. The Auld Alliance can also be said to have inflamed the English invasion of Scotland, starting the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|First War of Scottish Independence]]. In [[1346]], under the terms of the Auld Alliance, Scotland invaded England in the interests of France. In [[1421]], at the Battle of Baugé, French and Scots forces dealt a crushing defeat to the English, for which the Scots were richly rewarded. In addition, in [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in her famous relief of Orléans; many went on to form the Garde Écossaise, the fiercely-loyal bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves "Scots". However, when Scotland considered itself Protestant by the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], the treaty was considered void, since France was still Roman Catholic.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British [[Iberia]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland was part of the Franco-Venetian alliance (1513–16), while the Kingdom of England was against it.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - ?)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British Iberia Peninsular War. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the Azores were again offered to the British Royal Navy.
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain, to prevent Spain from becoming a superpower in Europe.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France. The alliance was formed to keep France from becoming a superpower in Europe by taking over the Dutch colonies.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. This alliance brought Britain into World War I.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-07-20T01:17:30Z

195.92.168.163: /* Modern Period */

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066) - last successful invasion of England by a foreign force
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[The First War of Scottish Independence (1296-1306)|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1306)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence#The Second War of Independence: 1332.E2.80.931357|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Colonial period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513 – 1547)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1647)
** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648–1649)
** [[Third English Civil War]] (1649–1651)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689–1746) - Civil War
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742) - Great Briatin v Spain
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748) - Great Britain, Austria and Holland v France and Germany
** [[King George's War]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1756–1763) - Great Britain and Germany v Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain and Portugal
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763) - North America
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769) - India

===Colonial Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782) - India
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792) - India
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802) - Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Russia, Germany v France
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799) - India
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815) - Britain, Germany, Austria, Sweden and Russia v France, Denmark-Norway and Poland
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804) - India
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805) - India
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806) - India
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818) - India
* [[Peterloo Massacre]] (1819)
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) - Britain v China
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846) - India
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849) - India
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856) - Britain and France v Russia
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860) - Britain and France v China
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859) - Britain v USA
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Gun War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900) - Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and USA v China
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902) - Nigeria

===Modern Period===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918) - Britain, France, Italy, Russia, United States v Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1923) Britain, France, Italy, Greece and Armenia v Turkey
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945) Britain, USA and China v Japan
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945) - Britain, USA , Soviet Union v Germany, Japan and Italy
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953) - Britain, South Korea, USA v North Korea and China
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960) - Kenya
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956) - Britain, France and Israel v Egypt
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966) - Britain, Malaysia v Indonesia
* [[Falklands War]] (1982) - Britain v Argentina
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991) - Britain, USA, France v Iraq

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
{{main|Auld Alliance}} ([[1165]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance was a military alliance between the countries of [[France]], [[Norway]], and [[Scotland]]. Though Norway never invoked the treaty, the Scots and the French did. The treaty stated that if any of the three nations was to be attacked by a third party, that the other two nations that belonged to the treaty would invade the aggressor. The effects of this military alliance happened many times in history. In [[1336]], at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Philip VI provided military support for David II, who fled to France after being deposed by Edward III of England. The Auld Alliance can also be said to have inflamed the English invasion of Scotland, starting the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|First War of Scottish Independence]]. In [[1346]], under the terms of the Auld Alliance, Scotland invaded England in the interests of France. In [[1421]], at the Battle of Baugé, French and Scots forces dealt a crushing defeat to the English, for which the Scots were richly rewarded. In addition, in [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in her famous relief of Orléans; many went on to form the Garde Écossaise, the fiercely-loyal bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves "Scots". However, when Scotland considered itself Protestant by the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], the treaty was considered void, since France was still Roman Catholic.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British [[Iberia]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland was part of the Franco-Venetian alliance (1513–16), while the Kingdom of England was against it.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - ?)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British Iberia Peninsular War. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the Azores were again offered to the British Royal Navy.
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain, to prevent Spain from becoming a superpower in Europe.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France. The alliance was formed to keep France from becoming a superpower in Europe by taking over the Dutch colonies.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. This alliance brought Britain into World War I.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-07-20T01:11:20Z

195.92.168.163: /* Modern Period */

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066) - last successful invasion of England by a foreign force
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[The First War of Scottish Independence (1296-1306)|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1306)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence#The Second War of Independence: 1332.E2.80.931357|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Colonial period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513 – 1547)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1647)
** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648–1649)
** [[Third English Civil War]] (1649–1651)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689–1746) - Civil War
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742) - Great Briatin v Spain
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748) - Great Britain, Austria and Holland v France and Germany
** [[King George's War]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1756–1763) - Great Britain and Germany v Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain and Portugal
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763) - North America
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769) - India

===Colonial Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782) - India
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792) - India
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802) - Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Russia, Germany v France
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799) - India
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815) - Britain, Germany, Austria, Sweden and Russia v France, Denmark-Norway and Poland
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804) - India
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805) - India
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806) - India
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818) - India
* [[Peterloo Massacre]] (1819)
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) - Britain v China
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846) - India
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849) - India
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856) - Britain and France v Russia
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860) - Britain and France v China
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859) - Britain v USA
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Gun War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900) - Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and USA v China
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902) - Nigeria

===Modern Period===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918) - Britain, France, Italy, Russia, United States v Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey
* [[Easter Rising]] (1916) - Ireland
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1923) Britain, France, Italy, Greece and Armenia v Turkey
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945) Britain, USA and China v Japan
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945) - Britain, USA , Soviet Union v Germany, Japan and Italy
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953) - Britain, South Korea, USA v North Korea and China
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960) - Kenya
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956) - Britain, France and Israel v Egypt
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966) - Britain, Malaysia v Indonesia
* [[Falklands War]] (1982) - Britain v Argentina
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991) - Britain, USA, France v Iraq

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
{{main|Auld Alliance}} ([[1165]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance was a military alliance between the countries of [[France]], [[Norway]], and [[Scotland]]. Though Norway never invoked the treaty, the Scots and the French did. The treaty stated that if any of the three nations was to be attacked by a third party, that the other two nations that belonged to the treaty would invade the aggressor. The effects of this military alliance happened many times in history. In [[1336]], at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Philip VI provided military support for David II, who fled to France after being deposed by Edward III of England. The Auld Alliance can also be said to have inflamed the English invasion of Scotland, starting the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|First War of Scottish Independence]]. In [[1346]], under the terms of the Auld Alliance, Scotland invaded England in the interests of France. In [[1421]], at the Battle of Baugé, French and Scots forces dealt a crushing defeat to the English, for which the Scots were richly rewarded. In addition, in [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in her famous relief of Orléans; many went on to form the Garde Écossaise, the fiercely-loyal bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves "Scots". However, when Scotland considered itself Protestant by the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], the treaty was considered void, since France was still Roman Catholic.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British [[Iberia]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland was part of the Franco-Venetian alliance (1513–16), while the Kingdom of England was against it.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - ?)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British Iberia Peninsular War. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the Azores were again offered to the British Royal Navy.
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain, to prevent Spain from becoming a superpower in Europe.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France. The alliance was formed to keep France from becoming a superpower in Europe by taking over the Dutch colonies.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. This alliance brought Britain into World War I.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-07-18T16:55:29Z

195.92.168.166: /* Modern Period */

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066) - last successful invasion of England by a foreign force
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[The First War of Scottish Independence (1296-1306)|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1306)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence#The Second War of Independence: 1332.E2.80.931357|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Colonial period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513 – 1547)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1647)
** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648–1649)
** [[Third English Civil War]] (1649–1651)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689–1746) - Civil War
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742) - Great Briatin v Spain
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748) - Great Britain, Austria and Holland v France and Germany
** [[King George's War]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1756–1763) - Great Britain and Germany v Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain and Portugal
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763) - North America
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769) - India

===Colonial Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782) - India
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792) - India
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802) - Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Russia, Germany v France
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799) - India
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815) - Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Sweden and Russia v France, Denmark-Norway and Poland
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804) - India
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805) - India
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806) - India
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818) - India
* [[Peterloo Massacre]] (1819)
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) - Great Britain v China
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846) - India
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849) - India
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856) - Great Briatin and France v Russia
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860) - Great Briatin and France v China
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859) - Great Britian v USA
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Gun War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900) - Great Briatin, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and USA v China
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902) - Nigeria

===Modern Period===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918) - Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, United States v Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey
* [[Easter Rising]] (1916) - Ireland
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1923) Briatin, France, Italy, Greece and Armenia v Turkey
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945) Britain, USA and China v Japan
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945) - Great Britain, USA , Soviet Union v Germany, Japan and Italy
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960) - Malaysia
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953) - Great Britain, South Korea, USA v North Korea and China
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960) - Kenya
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956) - Great Britain, France and Israel v Egypt
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966) - Great Britain, Malaysia v Indonesia
* [[Falklands War]] (1982) - Great Britain v Argentina
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991) - Great Britain, USA, France v Iraq

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
{{main|Auld Alliance}} ([[1165]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance was a military alliance between the countries of [[France]], [[Norway]], and [[Scotland]]. Though Norway never invoked the treaty, the Scots and the French did. The treaty stated that if any of the three nations was to be attacked by a third party, that the other two nations that belonged to the treaty would invade the aggressor. The effects of this military alliance happened many times in history. In [[1336]], at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Philip VI provided military support for David II, who fled to France after being deposed by Edward III of England. The Auld Alliance can also be said to have inflamed the English invasion of Scotland, starting the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|First War of Scottish Independence]]. In [[1346]], under the terms of the Auld Alliance, Scotland invaded England in the interests of France. In [[1421]], at the Battle of Baugé, French and Scots forces dealt a crushing defeat to the English, for which the Scots were richly rewarded. In addition, in [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in her famous relief of Orléans; many went on to form the Garde Écossaise, the fiercely-loyal bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves "Scots". However, when Scotland considered itself Protestant by the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], the treaty was considered void, since France was still Roman Catholic.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British [[Iberia]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland was part of the Franco-Venetian alliance (1513–16), while the Kingdom of England was against it.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - ?)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British Iberia Peninsular War. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the Azores were again offered to the British Royal Navy.
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain, to prevent Spain from becoming a superpower in Europe.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France. The alliance was formed to keep France from becoming a superpower in Europe by taking over the Dutch colonies.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. This alliance brought Britain into World War I.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-07-18T16:51:29Z

195.92.168.165: /* Modern Period */

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066) - last successful invasion of England by a foreign force
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[The First War of Scottish Independence (1296-1306)|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1306)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence#The Second War of Independence: 1332.E2.80.931357|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Colonial period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513 – 1547)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1647)
** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648–1649)
** [[Third English Civil War]] (1649–1651)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689–1746) - Civil War
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742) - Great Briatin v Spain
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748) - Great Britain, Austria and Holland v France and Germany
** [[King George's War]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1756–1763) - Great Britain and Germany v Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain and Portugal
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763) - North America
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769) - India

===Colonial Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782) - India
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792) - India
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802) - Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Russia, Germany v France
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799) - India
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815) - Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Sweden and Russia v France, Denmark-Norway and Poland
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804) - India
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805) - India
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806) - India
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818) - India
* [[Peterloo Massacre]] (1819)
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) - Great Britain v China
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846) - India
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849) - India
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856) - Great Briatin and France v Russia
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860) - Great Briatin and France v China
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859) - Great Britian v USA
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Gun War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900) - Great Briatin, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and USA v China
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902) - Nigeria

===Modern Period===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918) - Graet Britain, France, Italy, Russia, United States v Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey
* [[Easter Rising]] (1916) - Ireland
* [[Russian Civil War]] (1918–1922)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1923) Briatin, France, Italy, Greece and Armenia v Turkey
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945) Britain, USA and China v Japan
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945) - Great Britain, USA , Soviet Union v Germany, Japan and Italy
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Cold War]] (1945–1991) - Great Briatin, USA, France, West Germany, Italy, Canada, Austria, Holland and Belgium v Soviet Union, China, Vietnam, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania
* [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953)
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960) - Kenya
* [[History of Cyprus#Proposed Union with Greece|Cyprus Emergency]] (1955–1959)
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956) - Great Briatin, France and Israel v Egypt
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966) - Great Britain, Malaysia v Indonesia
* [[Falklands War]] (1982) - Great Britain v Argentina
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991) - Great Britain, USA, France v Iraq

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
{{main|Auld Alliance}} ([[1165]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance was a military alliance between the countries of [[France]], [[Norway]], and [[Scotland]]. Though Norway never invoked the treaty, the Scots and the French did. The treaty stated that if any of the three nations was to be attacked by a third party, that the other two nations that belonged to the treaty would invade the aggressor. The effects of this military alliance happened many times in history. In [[1336]], at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Philip VI provided military support for David II, who fled to France after being deposed by Edward III of England. The Auld Alliance can also be said to have inflamed the English invasion of Scotland, starting the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|First War of Scottish Independence]]. In [[1346]], under the terms of the Auld Alliance, Scotland invaded England in the interests of France. In [[1421]], at the Battle of Baugé, French and Scots forces dealt a crushing defeat to the English, for which the Scots were richly rewarded. In addition, in [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in her famous relief of Orléans; many went on to form the Garde Écossaise, the fiercely-loyal bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves "Scots". However, when Scotland considered itself Protestant by the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], the treaty was considered void, since France was still Roman Catholic.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British [[Iberia]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland was part of the Franco-Venetian alliance (1513–16), while the Kingdom of England was against it.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - ?)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British Iberia Peninsular War. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the Azores were again offered to the British Royal Navy.
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain, to prevent Spain from becoming a superpower in Europe.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France. The alliance was formed to keep France from becoming a superpower in Europe by taking over the Dutch colonies.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. This alliance brought Britain into World War I.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-07-18T16:48:04Z

195.92.168.165: /* Modern Period */

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066) - last successful invasion of England by a foreign force
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[The First War of Scottish Independence (1296-1306)|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1306)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence#The Second War of Independence: 1332.E2.80.931357|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Colonial period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513 – 1547)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1647)
** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648–1649)
** [[Third English Civil War]] (1649–1651)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689–1746) - Civil War
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742) - Great Briatin v Spain
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748) - Great Britain, Austria and Holland v France and Germany
** [[King George's War]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1756–1763) - Great Britain and Germany v Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain and Portugal
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763) - North America
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769) - India

===Colonial Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782) - India
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792) - India
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802) - Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Russia, Germany v France
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799) - India
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815) - Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Sweden and Russia v France, Denmark-Norway and Poland
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804) - India
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805) - India
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806) - India
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818) - India
* [[Peterloo Massacre]] (1819)
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) - Great Britain v China
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846) - India
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849) - India
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856) - Great Briatin and France v Russia
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860) - Great Briatin and France v China
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859) - Great Britian v USA
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Gun War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900) - Great Briatin, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and USA v China
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902) - Nigeria

===Modern Period===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918) - Graet Britain, France, Italy, Russia, United States v Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey
* [[Easter Rising]] (1916) - Ireland
* [[Russian Civil War]] (1918–1922)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1923) Briatin, France, Italy, Greece and Armenia v Turkey
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945) Britain, USA and China v Japan
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945) - Great Britain, USA , Soviet Union v Germany, Japan and Italy
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Cold War]] (1945–1991) - Great Briatin, USA, France, West Germany, Italy, Canada, Austria, Holland and Belgium v Soviet Union, China, Vietnam, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania
* [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953)
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960) - Kenya
* [[History of Cyprus#Proposed Union with Greece|Cyprus Emergency]] (1955–1959)
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956)
* [[History of Brunei|Brunei Uprising]] (1962)
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966)
* [[Aden#The Aden Emergency|Aden Emergency]] (1963–1967)
* [[Troubles|Northern Ireland Troubles]] (1969-mid 1990s)
* [[Cod War|Cod War Confrontation]] (1975–1976) - Great Britain v Iceland
* [[Falklands War]] (1982) - Great Britain v Argentina
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991) - Great Britain, USA, France v Iraq

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
{{main|Auld Alliance}} ([[1165]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance was a military alliance between the countries of [[France]], [[Norway]], and [[Scotland]]. Though Norway never invoked the treaty, the Scots and the French did. The treaty stated that if any of the three nations was to be attacked by a third party, that the other two nations that belonged to the treaty would invade the aggressor. The effects of this military alliance happened many times in history. In [[1336]], at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Philip VI provided military support for David II, who fled to France after being deposed by Edward III of England. The Auld Alliance can also be said to have inflamed the English invasion of Scotland, starting the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|First War of Scottish Independence]]. In [[1346]], under the terms of the Auld Alliance, Scotland invaded England in the interests of France. In [[1421]], at the Battle of Baugé, French and Scots forces dealt a crushing defeat to the English, for which the Scots were richly rewarded. In addition, in [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in her famous relief of Orléans; many went on to form the Garde Écossaise, the fiercely-loyal bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves "Scots". However, when Scotland considered itself Protestant by the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], the treaty was considered void, since France was still Roman Catholic.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British [[Iberia]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland was part of the Franco-Venetian alliance (1513–16), while the Kingdom of England was against it.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - ?)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British Iberia Peninsular War. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the Azores were again offered to the British Royal Navy.
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain, to prevent Spain from becoming a superpower in Europe.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France. The alliance was formed to keep France from becoming a superpower in Europe by taking over the Dutch colonies.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. This alliance brought Britain into World War I.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-07-18T16:37:08Z

195.92.168.163: /* Modern Period */

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-07-18T16:33:10Z

195.92.168.163: /* Colonial Period */

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066) - last successful invasion of England by a foreign force
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[The First War of Scottish Independence (1296-1306)|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1306)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence#The Second War of Independence: 1332.E2.80.931357|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Colonial period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513 – 1547)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1647)
** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648–1649)
** [[Third English Civil War]] (1649–1651)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689–1746) - Civil War
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742) - Great Briatin v Spain
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748) - Great Britain, Austria and Holland v France and Germany
** [[King George's War]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1756–1763) - Great Britain and Germany v Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain and Portugal
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763) - North America
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769) - India

===Colonial Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782) - India
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792) - India
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802) - Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Russia, Germany v France
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799) - India
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815) - Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Sweden and Russia v France, Denmark-Norway and Poland
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804) - India
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805) - India
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806) - India
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818) - India
* [[Peterloo Massacre]] (1819)
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) - Great Britain v China
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846) - India
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849) - India
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856) - Great Briatin and France v Russia
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860) - Great Briatin and France v China
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859) - Great Britian v USA
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Gun War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900) - Great Briatin, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and USA v China
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902) - Nigeria

===Modern Period===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918)
* [[Easter Rising]] (1916)
* [[Russian Civil War]] (1918–1922)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1923)
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945)
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945)
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Cold War]] (1945–1991)
* [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953)
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960)
* [[History of Cyprus#Proposed Union with Greece|Cyprus Emergency]] (1955–1959)
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956)
* [[History of Brunei|Brunei Uprising]] (1962)
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966)
* [[Aden#The Aden Emergency|Aden Emergency]] (1963–1967)
* [[Troubles|Northern Ireland Troubles]] (1969-mid 1990s)
* [[Cod War|Cod War Confrontation]] (1975–1976)
* [[Falklands War]] (1982)
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991)
* [[Bosnian War|The Bosnian War]] (1995–1996)
* [[Kosovo War|The Kosovo War]] (1999)
* [[Operation Palliser|Sierra Leone Civil War]] (2000)

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
{{main|Auld Alliance}} ([[1165]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance was a military alliance between the countries of [[France]], [[Norway]], and [[Scotland]]. Though Norway never invoked the treaty, the Scots and the French did. The treaty stated that if any of the three nations was to be attacked by a third party, that the other two nations that belonged to the treaty would invade the aggressor. The effects of this military alliance happened many times in history. In [[1336]], at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Philip VI provided military support for David II, who fled to France after being deposed by Edward III of England. The Auld Alliance can also be said to have inflamed the English invasion of Scotland, starting the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|First War of Scottish Independence]]. In [[1346]], under the terms of the Auld Alliance, Scotland invaded England in the interests of France. In [[1421]], at the Battle of Baugé, French and Scots forces dealt a crushing defeat to the English, for which the Scots were richly rewarded. In addition, in [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in her famous relief of Orléans; many went on to form the Garde Écossaise, the fiercely-loyal bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves "Scots". However, when Scotland considered itself Protestant by the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], the treaty was considered void, since France was still Roman Catholic.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British [[Iberia]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland was part of the Franco-Venetian alliance (1513–16), while the Kingdom of England was against it.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - ?)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British Iberia Peninsular War. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the Azores were again offered to the British Royal Navy.
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain, to prevent Spain from becoming a superpower in Europe.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France. The alliance was formed to keep France from becoming a superpower in Europe by taking over the Dutch colonies.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. This alliance brought Britain into World War I.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-07-18T16:30:47Z

195.92.168.163: /* Colonial Period */

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066) - last successful invasion of England by a foreign force
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[The First War of Scottish Independence (1296-1306)|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1306)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence#The Second War of Independence: 1332.E2.80.931357|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Colonial period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513 – 1547)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1647)
** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648–1649)
** [[Third English Civil War]] (1649–1651)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689–1746) - Civil War
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742) - Great Briatin v Spain
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748) - Great Britain, Austria and Holland v France and Germany
** [[King George's War]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1756–1763) - Great Britain and Germany v Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain and Portugal
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763) - North America
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769) - India

===Colonial Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782) - India
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792) - India
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802) - Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Russia, Germany v France
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799) - India
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815) - Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Sweden and Russia v France, Denmark-Norway and Poland
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804) - India
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805) - India
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806) - India
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818) - India
* [[Peterloo Massacre]] (1819)
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) - Great Britain v China
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846) - India
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849) - India
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856) - Great Briatin and France v Russia
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860) - Great Briatin and France v China
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859) - Great Britian v USA
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Gun War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900)
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902)

===Modern Period===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918)
* [[Easter Rising]] (1916)
* [[Russian Civil War]] (1918–1922)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1923)
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945)
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945)
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Cold War]] (1945–1991)
* [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953)
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960)
* [[History of Cyprus#Proposed Union with Greece|Cyprus Emergency]] (1955–1959)
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956)
* [[History of Brunei|Brunei Uprising]] (1962)
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966)
* [[Aden#The Aden Emergency|Aden Emergency]] (1963–1967)
* [[Troubles|Northern Ireland Troubles]] (1969-mid 1990s)
* [[Cod War|Cod War Confrontation]] (1975–1976)
* [[Falklands War]] (1982)
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991)
* [[Bosnian War|The Bosnian War]] (1995–1996)
* [[Kosovo War|The Kosovo War]] (1999)
* [[Operation Palliser|Sierra Leone Civil War]] (2000)

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
{{main|Auld Alliance}} ([[1165]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance was a military alliance between the countries of [[France]], [[Norway]], and [[Scotland]]. Though Norway never invoked the treaty, the Scots and the French did. The treaty stated that if any of the three nations was to be attacked by a third party, that the other two nations that belonged to the treaty would invade the aggressor. The effects of this military alliance happened many times in history. In [[1336]], at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Philip VI provided military support for David II, who fled to France after being deposed by Edward III of England. The Auld Alliance can also be said to have inflamed the English invasion of Scotland, starting the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|First War of Scottish Independence]]. In [[1346]], under the terms of the Auld Alliance, Scotland invaded England in the interests of France. In [[1421]], at the Battle of Baugé, French and Scots forces dealt a crushing defeat to the English, for which the Scots were richly rewarded. In addition, in [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in her famous relief of Orléans; many went on to form the Garde Écossaise, the fiercely-loyal bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves "Scots". However, when Scotland considered itself Protestant by the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], the treaty was considered void, since France was still Roman Catholic.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British [[Iberia]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland was part of the Franco-Venetian alliance (1513–16), while the Kingdom of England was against it.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - ?)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British Iberia Peninsular War. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the Azores were again offered to the British Royal Navy.
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain, to prevent Spain from becoming a superpower in Europe.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France. The alliance was formed to keep France from becoming a superpower in Europe by taking over the Dutch colonies.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. This alliance brought Britain into World War I.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-07-18T16:22:49Z

195.92.168.165: /* Colonial Period */

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066) - last successful invasion of England by a foreign force
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[The First War of Scottish Independence (1296-1306)|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1306)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence#The Second War of Independence: 1332.E2.80.931357|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Colonial period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513 – 1547)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1647)
** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648–1649)
** [[Third English Civil War]] (1649–1651)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689–1746) - Civil War
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742) - Great Briatin v Spain
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748) - Great Britain, Austria and Holland v France and Germany
** [[King George's War]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1756–1763) - Great Britain and Germany v Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain and Portugal
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763) - North America
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769) - India

===Colonial Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782) - India
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792) - India
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802) - Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Russia, Germany v France
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799) - India
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815)
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804)
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805)
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806)
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815)
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818)
* [[Peterloo Massacre]] (1819)
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[War of the Two Brothers]] (1828–1834)
* [[First Carlist War]] (1833–1839)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846)
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849)
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856)
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860)
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859)
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Gun War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900)
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902)

===Modern Period===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918)
* [[Easter Rising]] (1916)
* [[Russian Civil War]] (1918–1922)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1923)
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945)
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945)
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Cold War]] (1945–1991)
* [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953)
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960)
* [[History of Cyprus#Proposed Union with Greece|Cyprus Emergency]] (1955–1959)
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956)
* [[History of Brunei|Brunei Uprising]] (1962)
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966)
* [[Aden#The Aden Emergency|Aden Emergency]] (1963–1967)
* [[Troubles|Northern Ireland Troubles]] (1969-mid 1990s)
* [[Cod War|Cod War Confrontation]] (1975–1976)
* [[Falklands War]] (1982)
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991)
* [[Bosnian War|The Bosnian War]] (1995–1996)
* [[Kosovo War|The Kosovo War]] (1999)
* [[Operation Palliser|Sierra Leone Civil War]] (2000)

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
{{main|Auld Alliance}} ([[1165]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance was a military alliance between the countries of [[France]], [[Norway]], and [[Scotland]]. Though Norway never invoked the treaty, the Scots and the French did. The treaty stated that if any of the three nations was to be attacked by a third party, that the other two nations that belonged to the treaty would invade the aggressor. The effects of this military alliance happened many times in history. In [[1336]], at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Philip VI provided military support for David II, who fled to France after being deposed by Edward III of England. The Auld Alliance can also be said to have inflamed the English invasion of Scotland, starting the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|First War of Scottish Independence]]. In [[1346]], under the terms of the Auld Alliance, Scotland invaded England in the interests of France. In [[1421]], at the Battle of Baugé, French and Scots forces dealt a crushing defeat to the English, for which the Scots were richly rewarded. In addition, in [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in her famous relief of Orléans; many went on to form the Garde Écossaise, the fiercely-loyal bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves "Scots". However, when Scotland considered itself Protestant by the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], the treaty was considered void, since France was still Roman Catholic.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British [[Iberia]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland was part of the Franco-Venetian alliance (1513–16), while the Kingdom of England was against it.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - ?)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British Iberia Peninsular War. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the Azores were again offered to the British Royal Navy.
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain, to prevent Spain from becoming a superpower in Europe.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France. The alliance was formed to keep France from becoming a superpower in Europe by taking over the Dutch colonies.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. This alliance brought Britain into World War I.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-07-18T16:20:45Z

195.92.168.165: /* Early Colonial period */

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066) - last successful invasion of England by a foreign force
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[The First War of Scottish Independence (1296-1306)|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1306)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence#The Second War of Independence: 1332.E2.80.931357|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Colonial period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513 – 1547)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1647)
** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648–1649)
** [[Third English Civil War]] (1649–1651)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689–1746) - Civil War
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742) - Great Briatin v Spain
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748) - Great Britain, Austria and Holland v France and Germany
** [[King George's War]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1756–1763) - Great Britain and Germany v Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain and Portugal
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763) - North America
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769) - India

===Colonial Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783)
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792)
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799)
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815)
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804)
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805)
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806)
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815)
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818)
* [[Peterloo Massacre]] (1819)
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[War of the Two Brothers]] (1828–1834)
* [[First Carlist War]] (1833–1839)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846)
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849)
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856)
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860)
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859)
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Gun War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900)
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902)

===Modern Period===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918)
* [[Easter Rising]] (1916)
* [[Russian Civil War]] (1918–1922)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1923)
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945)
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945)
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Cold War]] (1945–1991)
* [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953)
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960)
* [[History of Cyprus#Proposed Union with Greece|Cyprus Emergency]] (1955–1959)
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956)
* [[History of Brunei|Brunei Uprising]] (1962)
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966)
* [[Aden#The Aden Emergency|Aden Emergency]] (1963–1967)
* [[Troubles|Northern Ireland Troubles]] (1969-mid 1990s)
* [[Cod War|Cod War Confrontation]] (1975–1976)
* [[Falklands War]] (1982)
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991)
* [[Bosnian War|The Bosnian War]] (1995–1996)
* [[Kosovo War|The Kosovo War]] (1999)
* [[Operation Palliser|Sierra Leone Civil War]] (2000)

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
{{main|Auld Alliance}} ([[1165]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance was a military alliance between the countries of [[France]], [[Norway]], and [[Scotland]]. Though Norway never invoked the treaty, the Scots and the French did. The treaty stated that if any of the three nations was to be attacked by a third party, that the other two nations that belonged to the treaty would invade the aggressor. The effects of this military alliance happened many times in history. In [[1336]], at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Philip VI provided military support for David II, who fled to France after being deposed by Edward III of England. The Auld Alliance can also be said to have inflamed the English invasion of Scotland, starting the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|First War of Scottish Independence]]. In [[1346]], under the terms of the Auld Alliance, Scotland invaded England in the interests of France. In [[1421]], at the Battle of Baugé, French and Scots forces dealt a crushing defeat to the English, for which the Scots were richly rewarded. In addition, in [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in her famous relief of Orléans; many went on to form the Garde Écossaise, the fiercely-loyal bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves "Scots". However, when Scotland considered itself Protestant by the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], the treaty was considered void, since France was still Roman Catholic.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British [[Iberia]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland was part of the Franco-Venetian alliance (1513–16), while the Kingdom of England was against it.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - ?)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British Iberia Peninsular War. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the Azores were again offered to the British Royal Navy.
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain, to prevent Spain from becoming a superpower in Europe.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France. The alliance was formed to keep France from becoming a superpower in Europe by taking over the Dutch colonies.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. This alliance brought Britain into World War I.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-07-18T16:17:00Z

195.92.168.163: /* Early Colonial period */

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066) - last successful invasion of England by a foreign force
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[The First War of Scottish Independence (1296-1306)|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1306)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence#The Second War of Independence: 1332.E2.80.931357|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Colonial period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513 – 1547)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1647)
** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648–1649)
** [[Third English Civil War]] (1649–1651)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689–1746) - Civil War
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742) - Great Briatin v Spain
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748) - Great Britain, Austria and Holland v France and Germany
** [[King George's War]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1756–1763)
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763)
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766)
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769)

===Colonial Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783)
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792)
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799)
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815)
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804)
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805)
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806)
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815)
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818)
* [[Peterloo Massacre]] (1819)
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[War of the Two Brothers]] (1828–1834)
* [[First Carlist War]] (1833–1839)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846)
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849)
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856)
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860)
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859)
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Gun War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900)
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902)

===Modern Period===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918)
* [[Easter Rising]] (1916)
* [[Russian Civil War]] (1918–1922)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1923)
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945)
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945)
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Cold War]] (1945–1991)
* [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953)
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960)
* [[History of Cyprus#Proposed Union with Greece|Cyprus Emergency]] (1955–1959)
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956)
* [[History of Brunei|Brunei Uprising]] (1962)
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966)
* [[Aden#The Aden Emergency|Aden Emergency]] (1963–1967)
* [[Troubles|Northern Ireland Troubles]] (1969-mid 1990s)
* [[Cod War|Cod War Confrontation]] (1975–1976)
* [[Falklands War]] (1982)
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991)
* [[Bosnian War|The Bosnian War]] (1995–1996)
* [[Kosovo War|The Kosovo War]] (1999)
* [[Operation Palliser|Sierra Leone Civil War]] (2000)

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
{{main|Auld Alliance}} ([[1165]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance was a military alliance between the countries of [[France]], [[Norway]], and [[Scotland]]. Though Norway never invoked the treaty, the Scots and the French did. The treaty stated that if any of the three nations was to be attacked by a third party, that the other two nations that belonged to the treaty would invade the aggressor. The effects of this military alliance happened many times in history. In [[1336]], at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Philip VI provided military support for David II, who fled to France after being deposed by Edward III of England. The Auld Alliance can also be said to have inflamed the English invasion of Scotland, starting the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|First War of Scottish Independence]]. In [[1346]], under the terms of the Auld Alliance, Scotland invaded England in the interests of France. In [[1421]], at the Battle of Baugé, French and Scots forces dealt a crushing defeat to the English, for which the Scots were richly rewarded. In addition, in [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in her famous relief of Orléans; many went on to form the Garde Écossaise, the fiercely-loyal bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves "Scots". However, when Scotland considered itself Protestant by the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], the treaty was considered void, since France was still Roman Catholic.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British [[Iberia]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland was part of the Franco-Venetian alliance (1513–16), while the Kingdom of England was against it.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - ?)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British Iberia Peninsular War. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the Azores were again offered to the British Royal Navy.
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain, to prevent Spain from becoming a superpower in Europe.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France. The alliance was formed to keep France from becoming a superpower in Europe by taking over the Dutch colonies.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. This alliance brought Britain into World War I.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-07-18T16:14:10Z

195.92.168.164: /* Early Colonial period */

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066) - last successful invasion of England by a foreign force
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[The First War of Scottish Independence (1296-1306)|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1306)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence#The Second War of Independence: 1332.E2.80.931357|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Colonial period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513 – 1547)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1647)
** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648–1649)
** [[Third English Civil War]] (1649–1651)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689–1746) - Civil War
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742)
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748)
** [[King George's War]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1756–1763)
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763)
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766)
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769)

===Colonial Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783)
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792)
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799)
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815)
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804)
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805)
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806)
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815)
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818)
* [[Peterloo Massacre]] (1819)
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[War of the Two Brothers]] (1828–1834)
* [[First Carlist War]] (1833–1839)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846)
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849)
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856)
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860)
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859)
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Gun War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900)
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902)

===Modern Period===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918)
* [[Easter Rising]] (1916)
* [[Russian Civil War]] (1918–1922)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1923)
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945)
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945)
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Cold War]] (1945–1991)
* [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953)
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960)
* [[History of Cyprus#Proposed Union with Greece|Cyprus Emergency]] (1955–1959)
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956)
* [[History of Brunei|Brunei Uprising]] (1962)
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966)
* [[Aden#The Aden Emergency|Aden Emergency]] (1963–1967)
* [[Troubles|Northern Ireland Troubles]] (1969-mid 1990s)
* [[Cod War|Cod War Confrontation]] (1975–1976)
* [[Falklands War]] (1982)
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991)
* [[Bosnian War|The Bosnian War]] (1995–1996)
* [[Kosovo War|The Kosovo War]] (1999)
* [[Operation Palliser|Sierra Leone Civil War]] (2000)

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
{{main|Auld Alliance}} ([[1165]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance was a military alliance between the countries of [[France]], [[Norway]], and [[Scotland]]. Though Norway never invoked the treaty, the Scots and the French did. The treaty stated that if any of the three nations was to be attacked by a third party, that the other two nations that belonged to the treaty would invade the aggressor. The effects of this military alliance happened many times in history. In [[1336]], at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Philip VI provided military support for David II, who fled to France after being deposed by Edward III of England. The Auld Alliance can also be said to have inflamed the English invasion of Scotland, starting the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|First War of Scottish Independence]]. In [[1346]], under the terms of the Auld Alliance, Scotland invaded England in the interests of France. In [[1421]], at the Battle of Baugé, French and Scots forces dealt a crushing defeat to the English, for which the Scots were richly rewarded. In addition, in [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in her famous relief of Orléans; many went on to form the Garde Écossaise, the fiercely-loyal bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves "Scots". However, when Scotland considered itself Protestant by the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], the treaty was considered void, since France was still Roman Catholic.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British [[Iberia]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland was part of the Franco-Venetian alliance (1513–16), while the Kingdom of England was against it.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - ?)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British Iberia Peninsular War. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the Azores were again offered to the British Royal Navy.
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain, to prevent Spain from becoming a superpower in Europe.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France. The alliance was formed to keep France from becoming a superpower in Europe by taking over the Dutch colonies.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. This alliance brought Britain into World War I.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-07-18T16:12:43Z

195.92.168.164: /* Early Colonial period */

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066) - last successful invasion of England by a foreign force
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[The First War of Scottish Independence (1296-1306)|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1306)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence#The Second War of Independence: 1332.E2.80.931357|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Colonial period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513 – 1547)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1647)
** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648–1649)
** [[Third English Civil War]] (1649–1651)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689–1746) - Civil War
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720)
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742)
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748)
** [[King George's War]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1756–1763)
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763)
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766)
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769)

===Colonial Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783)
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792)
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799)
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815)
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804)
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805)
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806)
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815)
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818)
* [[Peterloo Massacre]] (1819)
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[War of the Two Brothers]] (1828–1834)
* [[First Carlist War]] (1833–1839)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846)
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849)
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856)
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860)
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859)
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Gun War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900)
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902)

===Modern Period===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918)
* [[Easter Rising]] (1916)
* [[Russian Civil War]] (1918–1922)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1923)
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945)
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945)
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Cold War]] (1945–1991)
* [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953)
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960)
* [[History of Cyprus#Proposed Union with Greece|Cyprus Emergency]] (1955–1959)
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956)
* [[History of Brunei|Brunei Uprising]] (1962)
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966)
* [[Aden#The Aden Emergency|Aden Emergency]] (1963–1967)
* [[Troubles|Northern Ireland Troubles]] (1969-mid 1990s)
* [[Cod War|Cod War Confrontation]] (1975–1976)
* [[Falklands War]] (1982)
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991)
* [[Bosnian War|The Bosnian War]] (1995–1996)
* [[Kosovo War|The Kosovo War]] (1999)
* [[Operation Palliser|Sierra Leone Civil War]] (2000)

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
{{main|Auld Alliance}} ([[1165]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance was a military alliance between the countries of [[France]], [[Norway]], and [[Scotland]]. Though Norway never invoked the treaty, the Scots and the French did. The treaty stated that if any of the three nations was to be attacked by a third party, that the other two nations that belonged to the treaty would invade the aggressor. The effects of this military alliance happened many times in history. In [[1336]], at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Philip VI provided military support for David II, who fled to France after being deposed by Edward III of England. The Auld Alliance can also be said to have inflamed the English invasion of Scotland, starting the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|First War of Scottish Independence]]. In [[1346]], under the terms of the Auld Alliance, Scotland invaded England in the interests of France. In [[1421]], at the Battle of Baugé, French and Scots forces dealt a crushing defeat to the English, for which the Scots were richly rewarded. In addition, in [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in her famous relief of Orléans; many went on to form the Garde Écossaise, the fiercely-loyal bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves "Scots". However, when Scotland considered itself Protestant by the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], the treaty was considered void, since France was still Roman Catholic.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British [[Iberia]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland was part of the Franco-Venetian alliance (1513–16), while the Kingdom of England was against it.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - ?)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain) because it was the stronger country, but also Portugal whenever it was the stronger country. This treaty largely influenced the British Iberia Peninsular War. The last time that this treaty effected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War the facilities of the Azores were again offered to the British Royal Navy.
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain, to prevent Spain from becoming a superpower in Europe.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France. The alliance was formed to keep France from becoming a superpower in Europe by taking over the Dutch colonies.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. This alliance brought Britain into World War I.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-07T02:24:57Z

195.92.168.167:

'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

== The Need for Fracture Mechanics ==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Strain Energy Release Rate, G ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ Gc, this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor, K ==

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (3)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (for [[plane stress]])                 (4)

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (for [[plane strain]])                 (5)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate. It refers to loading via Mode I - the most common form of loading:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I - Opening mode (a [[tensile stress]] normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II - Sliding mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III - Tearing mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

Note that the expression for KI in Eq (4) and (5) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. To get around this problem, it is possible to introduce a [[dimensionless numbers|non-dimensional unit]] Y, thus giving:

:<math>K_I = Y \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (6)

where Y is given by:

:<math>Y = \sqrt{\sec\left(\frac{\pi a}{W}\right) }\,</math>                 (7)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness crack of length 2a or:

:<math>Y = 1.12 - \frac{0.41}{\sqrt{\pi}}\frac{a}{W} + \frac{18.7}{\sqrt{\pi}}\left(\frac{a}{W}\right)^2 - ...\,</math>                 (8)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness edge-crack of length a.

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure. Fracture mechanics as a subject for critical study has barely been around for a century and thus is relatively new. There is a high demand for engineers with fracture mechanics expertise - particularly in this day and age where engineering failure is considered 'shocking' amongst the general public.

== See Also ==
*[[fatigue (material)|Fatigue fracture]]

== References ==
*C.P.Buckley, "Material Failure (notes)" (2005), [[University of Oxford]]

[[Category:Engineering]]
[[Category:Materials science]]
[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T16:22:07Z

195.92.168.169:

'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

== The Need for Fracture Mechanics ==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stain Energy Release Rate, G ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ Gc, this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor, K ==

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (3)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (for [[plane stress]])                 (4)

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (for [[plane strain]])                 (5)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate. It refers to loading via Mode I - the most common form of loading:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I - Opening mode (a [[tensile stress]] normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II - Sliding mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III - Tearing mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

Note that the expression for KI in Eq (4) and (5) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. To get around this problem, it is possible to introduce a [[dimensionless numbers|non-dimensional unit]] Y, thus giving:

:<math>K_I = Y \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (6)

where Y is given by:

:<math>Y = \sqrt{sec(\frac{\pi a}{W})}\,</math>                 (7)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness crack of length 2a or:

:<math>Y = 1.12 - \frac{0.41}{\sqrt{\pi}}\frac{a}{W} + \frac{18.7}{\sqrt{\pi}}(\frac{a}{W})^2 - ...\,</math>                 (8)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness edge-crack of length a.

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure. Fracture mechanics as a subject for critical study has barely been around for a century and thus is relatively new. There is a high demand for engineers with fracture mechanics expertise - particularly in this day and age where engineering failure is considered 'shocking' amongst the general public.

== See Also ==
*[[fatigue (material)|Fatigue fracture]]

== References ==
*C.P.Buckley, "Material Failure (notes)" (2005), [[University of Oxford]]

[[Category:Engineering]]
[[Category:Materials science]]
[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T16:21:02Z

195.92.168.169:

'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

== The Need for Fracture Mechanics ==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stain Energy Release Rate, G ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ Gc, this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor, K ==

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (3)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (for [[plane stress]])                 (4)

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (for [[plane strain]])                 (5)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate. It refers to loading via Mode I - the most common form of loading:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I - Opening mode (a [[tensile stress]] normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II - Sliding mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III - Tearing mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

Note that the expression for KI in Eq (4) and (5) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. To get around this problem, it is possible to introduce a [[dimensionless numbers|non-dimensional unit]] Y, thus giving:

:<math>K_I = Y \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (6)

where Y is given by:

:<math>Y = \sqrt{sec(\frac{\pi a}{W})}\,</math>                 (7)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness crack of length 2a or:

:<math>Y = 1.12 - \frac{0.41}{\sqrt{\pi}}\frac{a}{W} + \frac{18.7}{\sqrt{\pi}}(\frac{a}{W})^2 - ...\,</math>                 (8)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness edge-crack of length a.

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure. Fracture mechanics as a subject for critical study has barely been around for a century and thus is relatively new. There is a high demand for engineers with fracture mechanics expertise - particularly in this day and age where engineering failure is considered 'shocking' amongst the general public.

== See Also ==
*[[fatigue (material)|Fatigue fracture]]

== References ==
*C.P.Buckley, "Material Failure (notes)" (2005), [[University of Oxford]]

[[Category:Engineering science]]
[[Category:Materials science]]
[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T16:19:44Z

195.92.168.169:

'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

== The Need for Fracture Mechanics ==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stain Energy Release Rate, G ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ Gc, this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor, K ==

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (3)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (for [[plane stress]])                 (4)

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (for [[plane strain]])                 (5)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate. It refers to loading via Mode I - the most common form of loading:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I - Opening mode (a [[tensile stress]] normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II - Sliding mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III - Tearing mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

Note that the expression for KI in Eq (4) and (5) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. To get around this problem, it is possible to introduce a [[dimensionless numbers|non-dimensional unit]] Y, thus giving:

:<math>K_I = Y \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (6)

where Y is given by:

:<math>Y = \sqrt{sec(\frac{\pi a}{W})}\,</math>                 (7)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness crack of length 2a or:

:<math>Y = 1.12 - \frac{0.41}{\sqrt{\pi}}\frac{a}{W} + \frac{18.7}{\sqrt{\pi}}(\frac{a}{W})^2 - ...\,</math>                 (8)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness edge-crack of length a.

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure. Fracture mechanics as a subject for critical study has barely been around for a century and thus is relatively new. There is a high demand for engineers with fracture mechanics expertise - particularly in this day and age where engineering failure is considered 'shocking' amongst the general public.

== See Also ==
*[[fatigue (material)|Fatigue fracture]]

== References ==
*C.P.Buckley, "Material Failure (notes)" (2005), [[University of Oxford]]

[[Category:Materials science]]
[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T16:18:24Z

195.92.168.169:

'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

== The Need for Fracture Mechanics ==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stain Energy Release Rate, G ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ Gc, this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor, K ==

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (3)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (for [[plane stress]])                 (4)

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (for [[plane strain]])                 (5)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate. It refers to loading via Mode I - the most common form of loading:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I - Opening mode (a [[tensile stress]] normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II - Sliding mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III - Tearing mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

Note that the expression for KI in Eq (4) and (5) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. To get around this problem, it is possible to introduce a [[dimensionless numbers|non-dimensional unit]] Y, thus giving:

:<math>K_I = Y \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (6)

where Y is given by:

:<math>Y = \sqrt{sec(\frac{\pi a}{W})}\,</math>                 (7)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness crack of length 2a or:

:<math>Y = 1.12 - \frac{0.41}{\sqrt{\pi}}\frac{a}{W} + \frac{18.7}{\sqrt{\pi}}(\frac{a}{W})^2 - ...\,</math>                 (8)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness edge-crack of length a.

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure. Fracture mechanics as a subject for critical study has barely been around for a century and thus is relatively new. There is a high demand for engineers with fracture mechanics expertise - particularly in this day and age where engineering failure is considered 'shocking' amongst the general public.

== See Also ==
*[[fatigue (material)|Fatigue fracture]]

== References ==
*C.P.Buckley, "Material Failure (notes)" (2005), [[University of Oxford]]

[[en:Fracture mechanics]]
[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T16:14:54Z

195.92.168.169:

'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

== The Need for Fracture Mechanics ==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stain Energy Release Rate, G ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ Gc, this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor, K ==

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (3)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (for [[plane stress]])                 (4)

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (for [[plane strain]])                 (5)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate. It refers to loading via Mode I - the most common form of loading:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I - Opening mode (a [[tensile stress]] normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II - Sliding mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III - Tearing mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

Note that the expression for KI in Eq (4) and (5) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. To get around this problem, it is possible to introduce a [[dimensionless numbers|non-dimensional unit]] Y, thus giving:

:<math>K_I = Y \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (6)

where Y is given by:

:<math>Y = \sqrt{sec(\frac{\pi a}{W})}\,</math>                 (7)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness crack of length 2a or:

:<math>Y = 1.12 - \frac{0.41}{\sqrt{\pi}}\frac{a}{W} + \frac{18.7}{\sqrt{\pi}}(\frac{a}{W})^2 - ...\,</math>                 (8)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness edge-crack of length a.

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure. Fracture mechanics as a subject for critical study has barely been around for a century and thus is relatively new. There is a high demand for engineers with fracture mechanics expertise - particularly in this day and age where engineering failure is considered 'shocking' amongst the general public.

== See Also ==
*[[fatigue (material)|Fatigue fracture]]

== References ==
*C.P.Buckley, "Material Failure (notes)" (2005), [[University of Oxford]]

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T16:07:07Z

195.92.168.169:

'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Griffith's Crack Theory: Stain Energy Release Rate, G ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ Gc, this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor, K ==

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (3)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (for [[plane stress]])                 (4)

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (for [[plane strain]])                 (5)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate. It refers to loading via Mode I - the most common form of loading:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I - Opening mode (a [[tensile stress]] normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II - Sliding mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III - Tearing mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

Note that the expression for KI in Eq (4) and (5) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. To get around this problem, it is possible to introduce a [[dimensionless numbers|non-dimensional unit]] Y, thus giving:

:<math>K_I = Y \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (6)

where Y is given by:

:<math>Y = \sqrt{sec(\frac{\pi a}{W})}\,</math>                 (7)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness crack of length 2a or:

:<math>Y = 1.12 - \frac{0.41}{\sqrt{\pi}}\frac{a}{W} + \frac{18.7}{\sqrt{\pi}}(\frac{a}{W})^2 - ...\,</math>                 (8)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness edge-crack of length a.

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

== See also ==
*[[cracks]]
*[[Fatigue (material)|Fatigue fracture]]

== References ==
*C.P.Buckley, "Material Failure (notes)" (2005), [[University of Oxford]]

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T03:30:31Z

195.92.168.174:

'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Griffith's Crack Theory: Stain Energy Release Rate, G ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ Gc, this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor, K ==

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (3)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (for [[plane stress]])                 (4)

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (for [[plane strain]])                 (5)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate. It refers to loading via Mode I - the most common form of loading:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I - Opening mode (a [[tensile stress]] normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II - Sliding mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III - Tearing mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

Note that the expression for KI in Eq (4) and (5) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. To get around this problem, it is possible to introduce a [[dimensionless numbers|non-dimensional unit]] Y, thus giving:

:<math>K_I = Y \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (6)

where Y is given by:

:<math>Y = \sqrt{sec(\frac{\pi a}{W})}\,</math>                 (7)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness crack of length 2a or:

:<math>Y = 1.12 - \frac{0.41}{\sqrt{\pi}}\frac{a}{W} + \frac{18.7}{\sqrt{\pi}}(\frac{a}{W})^2 - ...\,</math>                 (8)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness edge-crack of length a.

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

== References ==
*C.P.Buckley, "Material Failure (notes)" (2005), [[University of Oxford]]

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T03:29:59Z

195.92.168.174:

'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Griffith's Crack Theory: Stain Energy Release Rate, G ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ Gc, this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor, K ==

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (3)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (for [[plane stress]])                 (4)

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (for [[plane strain]])                 (5)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate. It refers to loading via Mode I - the most common form of loading:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I - Opening mode (a [[tensile stress]] normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II - Sliding mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III - Tearing mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

Note that the expression for KI in Eq (4) and (5) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. To get around this problem, it is possible to introduce a [[dimensionless numbers|non-dimensional unit]] Y, thus giving:

:<math>K_I = Y \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (6)

where Y is given by:

:<math>Y = \sqrt{sec(\frac{\pi a}{W})}\,</math>                 (7)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness crack of length 2a or:

:<math>Y = 1.12 - \frac{0.41}{\sqrt{\pi}}\frac{a}{W} + \frac{18.7}{\sqrt{\pi}}(\frac{a}{W})^2 - ...\,</math>                 (8)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness edge-crack of length a.

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

== References ==
*C.P.Buckley, "Material Failure (notes)" (2005) [[University of Oxford]]

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T03:22:33Z

195.92.168.174:

'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Griffith's Crack Theory: Stain Energy Release Rate, G ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ Gc, this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor, K ==

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (3)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (for [[plane stress]])                 (4)

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (for [[plane strain]])                 (5)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate. It refers to loading via Mode I - the most common form of loading:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I - Opening mode (a [[tensile stress]] normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II - Sliding mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III - Tearing mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

Note that the expression for KI in Eq (4) and (5) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. To get around this problem, it is possible to introduce a [[dimensionless numbers|non-dimensional unit]] Y, thus giving:

:<math>K_I = Y \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (6)

where Y is given by:

:<math>Y = \sqrt{sec(\frac{\pi a}{W})}\,</math>                 (7)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness crack of length 2a or:

:<math>Y = 1.12 - \frac{0.41}{\sqrt{\pi}}\frac{a}{W} + \frac{18.7}{\sqrt{\pi}}(\frac{a}{W})^2\,</math>                 (8)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness edge-crack of length a.

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T03:15:54Z

195.92.168.174:

'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Griffith's Crack Theory: Stain Energy Release Rate, G ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ Gc, this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor, K ==

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (3)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (for [[plane stress]])                 (4)

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (for [[plane strain]])                 (5)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I: Opening mode (a [[tensile stress]] normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II: Sliding mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III: Tearing mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

Note that the expression for KI in Eq (4) and (5) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. To get around this problem, it is possible to introduce a [[dimensionless numbers|non-dimensional unit]] Y, thus giving:

:<math>K_I = Y \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (6)

where Y is given by:

:<math>Y = \sqrt{sec(\frac{\pi a}{W})}\,</math>                 (7)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness crack of length 2a or:

:<math>Y = 1.12 - \frac{0.41}{\sqrt{\pi}}\frac{a}{W} + \frac{18.7}{\sqrt{\pi}}(\frac{a}{W})^2\,</math>                 (8)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness edge-crack of length a.

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T03:13:52Z

195.92.168.174:

'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Griffith's Crack Theory: Stain Energy Release Rate, G ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ Gc, this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor, K ==

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (3)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (for [[plane stress]])                 (4)

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (for [[plane strain]])                 (5)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I: Opening mode (a [[tensile stress]] normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II: Sliding mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III: Tearing mode (a [[shear stress]] acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

Note that the expression for KI in Eq (4) and (5) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. To get around this problem, it is possible to introduce a [[non-dimensional unit]] Y, thus giving:

:<math>K_I = Y \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (6)

where Y is given by:

:<math>Y = \sqrt{sec(\frac{\pi a}{W})}\,</math>                 (7)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness crack of length 2a or:

:<math>Y = 1.12 - \frac{0.41}{\sqrt{\pi}}\frac{a}{W} + \frac{18.7}{\sqrt{\pi}}(\frac{a}{W})^2\,</math>                 (8)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness edge-crack of length a.

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T03:11:36Z

195.92.168.174:

'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Griffith's Crack Theory: Stain Energy Release Rate, G ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ Gc, this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor, K ==

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (3)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (for [[plane stress]])                 (4)

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (for [[plane strain]])                 (5)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I: Opening mode (a tensile stress normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II: Sliding mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III: Tearing mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

Note that the expression for KI in Eq (4) and (5) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. To get around this problem, it is possible to introduce a non-dimensional unit Y, thus giving:

:<math>K_I = Y \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (6)

where Y is given by:

:<math>Y = \sqrt{sec(\frac{\pi a}{W})}\,</math>                 (7)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness crack of length 2a or:

:<math>Y = 1.12 - \frac{0.41}{\sqrt{\pi}}\frac{a}{W} + \frac{18.7}{\sqrt{\pi}}(\frac{a}{W})^2\,</math>                 (8)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness edge-crack of length a.

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T03:10:40Z

195.92.168.174:

'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Griffith's Crack Theory: Stain Energy Release Rate, G ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ Gc, this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor, K ==

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (3)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (for [plane stress])                 (4)

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (for [plane strain])                 (5)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I: Opening mode (a tensile stress normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II: Sliding mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III: Tearing mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

Note that the expression for KI in Eq (4) and (5) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. To get around this problem, it is possible to introduce a non-dimensional unit Y, thus giving:

:<math>K_I = Y \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (6)

where Y is given by:

:<math>Y = \sqrt{sec(\frac{\pi a}{W})}\,</math>                 (7)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness crack of length 2a or:

:<math>Y = 1.12 - \frac{0.41}{\sqrt{\pi}}\frac{a}{W} + \frac{18.7}{\sqrt{\pi}}(\frac{a}{W})^2\,</math>                 (8)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness edge-crack of length a.

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T03:09:49Z

195.92.168.174:

'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Griffith's Crack Theory: Stain Energy Release Rate, G ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ Gc, this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor, K ==

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (3)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (Plane stress)                 (4)
:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (Plane strain)                 (5)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I: Opening mode (a tensile stress normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II: Sliding mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III: Tearing mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

Note that the expression for KI in Eq (4) and (5) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. To get around this problem, it is possible to introduce a non-dimensional unit Y, thus giving:

:<math>K_I = Y \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (6)

where Y is given by:

:<math>Y = \sqrt{sec(\frac{\pi a}{W})}\,</math>                 (7)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness crack of length 2a or:

:<math>Y = 1.12 - \frac{0.41}{\sqrt{\pi}}\frac{a}{W} + \frac{18.7}{\sqrt{\pi}}(\frac{a}{W})^2\,</math>                 (8)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness edge-crack of length a.

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T03:08:07Z

195.92.168.174:

'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Griffith's Crack Theory: Stain Energy Release Rate, G ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ Gc, this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor, K ==

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (3)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (Plane stress)                 (4)
:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (Plane strain)                 (5)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I: Opening mode (a tensile stress normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II: Sliding mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III: Tearing mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

Note that the expression for KI in Eq (4) and (5) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. To get around this problem, it is possible to introduce a non-dimensional unit Y, thus giving:

:<math>K_I = Y \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (6)

where Y is given by:

:<math>Y = \sqrt{sec(\frac{\pi a}{W})}\,</math>                 (7)

for a sheet of finite width W containing a through-thickness crack of length 2a or:

:<math>Y = 1.12 - \frac{0.41}{\sqrt{\pi}}\frac{a}{W} + \frac{18.7}{\sqrt{\pi}}(\frac{a}{W})^2\,</math>                 (8)

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T02:55:13Z

195.92.168.176:

'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Griffith's Crack Theory: Stain Energy Release Rate, G ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ Gc, this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor, K ==

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (3)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (Plane stress)                 (4)
:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (Plane strain)                 (5)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. Note that the expression for KI in Eq (4) and (5) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I: Opening mode (a tensile stress normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II: Sliding mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III: Tearing mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T02:42:06Z

195.92.168.176:

'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Griffith's Crack Theory: Stain Energy Release Rate, G ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ Gc, this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor, K ==

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (2)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (Plane stress)                 (3)
:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (Plane strain)                 (4)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. Note that the expression for KI in Eq (2) and (3) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I: Opening mode (a tensile stress normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II: Sliding mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III: Tearing mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T02:40:34Z

195.92.168.176:

{{cleanup-date|August 2005}}
'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Griffith's Crack Theory: Stain Energy Release Rate, G ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ Gc, this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate.

== Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor, K ==

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (2)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (Plane stress)                 (3)
:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (Plane strain)                 (4)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. Note that the expression for KI in Eq (2) and (3) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I: Opening mode (a tensile stress normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II: Sliding mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III: Tearing mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T02:37:23Z

195.92.168.176:

{{cleanup-date|August 2005}}
'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Griffith's Crack Theory ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a thin rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G = \frac{\pi \sigma^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where G is the strain energy release rate, σ is the applied stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. The strain energy release rate can otherwise be understood as: the rate at which energy is absorbed by growth of the crack.

However, we also have that:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (2)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the [[brittle fracture stress]], a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]]. This [[fracture energy]] can otherwise be understood as: the rate of strain energy release by growth of the crack.

If G ≥ G(sub)c(sub), this is the criterion for which the crack will begin to propagate,

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (2)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (Plane stress)                 (3)
:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (Plane strain)                 (4)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. Note that the expression for KI in Eq (2) and (3) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I: Opening mode (a tensile stress normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II: Sliding mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III: Tearing mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T02:13:20Z

195.92.168.176:

{{cleanup-date|August 2005}}
'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Griffith's Crack Theory ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the brittle fracture stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]].

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G.R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (2)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (Plane stress)                 (3)
:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (Plane strain)                 (4)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. Note that the expression for KI in Eq (2) and (3) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[stress intensity]]. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I: Opening mode (a tensile stress normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II: Sliding mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III: Tearing mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T02:10:56Z

195.92.168.176:

{{cleanup-date|August 2005}}
'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Griffith's Crack Theory ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the brittle fracture stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]].

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G. R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (2)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (Plane stress)                 (3)
:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (Plane strain)                 (4)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. Note that the expression for KI in Eq (2) and (3) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[Stress Intensity]]. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I: Opening mode (a tensile stress normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II: Sliding mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III: Tearing mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T02:08:46Z

195.92.168.176:

{{cleanup-date|August 2005}}
'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield (engineering)|yield]] or by [[leak|leak before break]]. As a consequence, a material property, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Griffith's Crack Theory ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the brittle fracture stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]].

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G. R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (2)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (Plane stress)                 (3)
:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (Plane strain)                 (4)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. Note that the expression for KI in Eq (2) and (3) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[Stress Intensity]]. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I: Opening mode (a tensile stress normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II: Sliding mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and perpendicular to the crack front) 
Mode III: Tearing mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and parallel to the crack front)

== Short Summary ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T02:02:59Z

195.92.168.176:

{{cleanup-date|August 2005}}
'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. In many cases, failure of engineering structures through fracture can be fatal. For instance, failure of pressure vessels due to crack propagation could cause an fatal explosion. If failure were ever to happen, we would rather it were by [[yield]] or by leak before break. As a consequence, a material propety, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. This is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Griffith's Crack Theory ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy.

For the simple case of a rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the brittle fracture stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]].

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G. R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (2)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (Plane stress)                 (3)
:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (Plane strain)                 (4)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. Note that the expression for KI in Eq (2) and (3) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[Stress Intensity]]. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I: Opening mode (a tensile stress normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II: Sliding mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack 
Mode III: Tearing mode

== Conclusive notes ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-06T00:02:13Z

195.92.168.169:

{{cleanup-date|August 2005}}
'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. As a consequence, a material propety, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. this is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Griffith's Crack Theory ==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy. For the simple case of a rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the brittle fracture stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]].

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G. R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (2)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (Plane stress)                 (3)
:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (Plane strain)                 (4)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. Note that the expression for KI in Eq (2) and (3) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[Stress Intensity]]. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property. The subscript I arises because of the different ways of loading a material to enable a crack to propagate:

There are three ways of applying a force to enable a crack to propagate: 
Mode I: Opening mode (a tensile stress normal to the plane of the crack) 
Mode II: Sliding mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack 
Mode III: Tearing mode

== Conclusive notes ==
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-05T23:48:11Z

195.92.168.169:

{{cleanup-date|August 2005}}
'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. As a consequence, a material propety, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. this is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Fracture Mechanics==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy. For the simple case of a rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G_c = \frac{\pi \sigma_f^2 a}{E}\,</math>                 (1)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the brittle fracture stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]].

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G. R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\,</math>                 (2)

and

:<math>K_c = \sqrt{E G_c}\,</math> (Plane stress)                 (3)
:<math>K_c = \sqrt{\frac{E G_c}{1 - \nu^2}}\,</math> (Plane strain)                 (4)

where KI is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson ratio|Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when KI ≥ Kc. Note that the expression for K in Eq. (2) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[Stress Intensity]]. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property.

Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-05T23:36:28Z

195.92.168.169:

{{cleanup-date|August 2005}}
'''Fracture mechanics''' is a method for predicting failure of a structure containing a crack. It uses methods of analytical [[Solid Mechanics]] to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental [[Solid Mechanics]] to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.

In modern [[Materials Science]], '''Fracture Mechanics''' is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the [[physics]] of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain]], in particular the theories of [[elasticity]] and [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], to the microscopic [[crystallographic defect]]s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

An excellent introduction to '''Fracture Mechanics''' is: Adrian Demaid ''Fail Safe'' Open University (2004).

==The Need for Fracture Mechanics==

Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from [[Fatigue (material)]]). These cracks can lower the strength of the structure beyond that due to loss of load-bearing area. As a consequence, a material propety, above and beyond conventional strength, is needed to describe the fracture resistance of engineering materials. this is the reason for the need for fracture mechanics - the evaluation of the strength of cracked structures.

==Fracture Mechanics==

Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, [[A.A.Griffith]], to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith was faced with the problem that theoretical calculations showed that the stress at the tip of a sharp crack approaches infinity. Accordingly, any structure containing a crack should fail, no matter how small the crack or how light the load. To solve this dilemma, Griffith developed a thermodynamic approach. He assumed that growth of a crack requires creation of surface energy, which is supplied by the loss of strain energy accompanying the relaxation of local stresses as the crack advances. Failure occurs when the loss of strain energy is sufficient to provide the increase in surface energy. For the simple case of a rectangular plate with a crack perpendicular to the load Griffith’s theory becomes:

:<math>G_c = \frac{ \pi \sigma_f ^2 a}{ E }\,</math>                 (1)

where Gc the critical strain energy release rate (also [[fracture energy]]), σf is the brittle fracture stress, a is half the crack length, and E is the [[Elastic modulus|Young’s modulus]].

Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under [[G. R. Irwin]] at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up during World War II. Their problem was that naval materials, e.g. ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo [[plastic deformation]] at the tip of a crack. Eventually a modification of Griffith’s theory emerged from this work; a term called [[stress intensity]] replaced strain energy release rate and a term called [[fracture toughness]] replaced surface energy. Both of these terms are simply related to the energy terms that Griffith used:

:<math>K_I = \sigma \sqrt{ \pi a }\,</math>                 (2)

and:
[EGc/(1 - ν2)]0.5 = Kc (3)
where K is the [[stress intensity]], Kc the [[fracture toughness]], and ν is [[Poisson’s ratio]]. Fracture occurs when K = Kc. Note that the expression for K in Eq. (2) will be different for geometries other than the center cracked plate, as discussed in the article on [[Stress Intensity]]. For the special case of plane strain deformation, Kc becomes KIc and is considered a material property.

Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable under service conditions. Fracture mechanics is the analysis of flaws to discover those that are safe (that is, do not grow) and those that are liable to propagate as cracks and so cause [[structural failure|failure]] of the flawed structure.

[[de:Bruchmechanik]]
[[zh:断裂力学]]

About fracture mechanics

2006-01-05T21:54:22Z

195.92.168.176: