IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Archive:Introduction to German

2006-10-12T22:33:06Z

195.93.60.133: /* Greetings */

Please see [[Template_talk:Unit_boilerplate]] for more information.

==Unit Summary==
* '''Course code:''' ALAU101:
* '''Suggested Prerequisites:'''
** ...
* '''Time investment:'''
* '''Assessment suggestions:'''
* '''Faculty:''' Humanities
* '''School:''' [[School:Language and Literature]]
* '''Department:''' [[Topic:Language Aquisition]]
* '''Stream''' [[German Stream]]
* '''Level:''' Beginner

==Content summary==

==Intended outcome==

==Unit materials==

* '''Study guide:'''
* '''Wikipedia article:''' [[w: __Article Name__ ]]

Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple departments. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.
* ...

Learning materials and [[Portal:Learning Projects|learning projects]] are located in the main Wikiversity namespace. Simply make a [[link]] to the name of the lesson (lessons are independent pages in the [[Wikiversity:Namespaces|main namespace]]) and start writing!

===Texts===

* [[Wikibooks:__Textbook Name___]]
* ...

===Lessons===

* Lesson 1: ...

==== How to type German characters into the computer ====
Typing German characters on a PC
* For ö, hold down Alt, and press the numbers 1, 4, 8 on the keypad. Then release the Alt button.
* For ü, hold down Alt, and press the numbers 1, 2, 9 on the keypad. Then release the Alt button.
* For ß, hold down Alt, and press the numbers 2, 2, 5 on the keypad. Then release the Alt button.
Typing German characters on a Mac
* For ü, ö, and ä, hold down option-u, release, and type u, o, or a.
* For ß type option-s.

==== Vocabulary ====
Tag (day)

====Greetings====
Guten Morgen (Good Morning)
Guten Tag (Good Day ~ Good Afternoon) Note: Germans Don't normally say Good Afternoon
Guten Abend (Good Evening ~ After Work; regional? past 17:00 or 18:00)
Gute Nacht (Good Night ~ resevered for right before bedtime)
Hallo (Hello)

=====Numbers=====

eins (1), zwei (2), drei (3), vier (4), fünf (5), sechs (6)
sieben (7), acht (8), neun (9), zehn (10), elf (11), zwölf (12) dreizehn (13), vierzehn (14), fünfzehn (15), sechszehn (16)
siebzehn (17), achtzehn (18), neunzehn (19), zwanzig (20), einundzwanzig (21), zweiundzwanzig (22), dreiundzwanzig (23)
vierundzwanzig (24), fünfundzwanzig (25), sechundzwanzig (26)
siebundzwanzig (27), achtundzwanzig (28), neunundzwanzig (29)
dreißig (30), vierzig (40), fünfzig (50), sechzig (60)
siebzig (70), achtzig (80), neunzig (90), einhundert (100)

=====Sports=====

Fußball (Soccer)

==== Important verbs ====
Verb tables below
*[[Sein]]
*[[Haben]]

===Assignments===

To help you get acquainted with the written language, use this subpage to get in contact with German speaking Wikiversity participants.

==Active participants==
*[[User:metalrobot | metalrobot]]
*[[User:Mjvp13 | MjVP13]]
*[[User:Daniel M. Roberts | Daniel M. Roberts]]
*[[User:HappyCamper|HappyCamper]]

[[Category:Language Acquisition|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:German]]

The Cookbook/Duck

2006-09-19T19:22:27Z

195.93.21.41: /* Is Duck "Red" or "White" Meat? */

[[Image:Duck-roasted.jpg|thumb|right|Roast duck]]

{{ingredient}} | [[Cookbook:Basic foodstuffs|Basic foodstuffs]] | [[Cookbook:Meat and poultry|Meat and poultry]] | '''Duck'''

'''Ducks''' have many domestic uses, being farmed for their meat, [[Cookbook:Egg|egg]]s, and feathers and down. In many areas, ducks of various species are hunted for sport and food.

==Types of domestic duck==
* ''Broiler Duckling'' or ''Fryer Duckling'' - a young duck (usually under 8 weeks of age) of either sex that is tender meated and has a soft bill; ducklings classified as broiler-fryers weigh from 3 to 6 1/2 pounds.
* ''Roaster Duckling'' - a young duck (usually under 16 weeks of age) of either sex that is tender-meated and has a bill that is not completely hardened; they usually weigh from 4 to 7 1/2 pounds.
* ''Mature Duck'' or ''Old Duck'' - a duck (usually over 6 months of age) of either sex with toughened flesh and a hardened bill; these ducks are usually too old to lay eggs and their meat is used in processed products.

==Raising==
Almost all ducks are raised indoors to protect from predators and to manage their manure, which is collected and used elsewhere selectively as fertilizer. In the United States, most ducks are now raised in Wisconsin and Indiana since land on Long Island, N.Y., where most ducks were formerly raised, has become increasingly too valuable for farming. Ducks are fed [[Cookbook:Maize|corn]] and [[Cookbook:Soybean|soybean]]s fortified with vitamins and minerals. Most feed contains no animal by-products.

No hormones are allowed in U. S. duck or goose production. The Food and Drug Administration strictly prohibits the use of hormones in these birds. Very few drugs have been approved for ducks so antibiotics are not routinely given and are not useful for feed efficiency. If a drug is given -- usually, through the feed -- to cure illness, for example, a "withdrawal" period of days is required from the time it is administered until it is legal to slaughter the bird. This is so residues can exit the bird's system.

==Duck meat==

Ducks swim, and they have a fat layer beneath the skin that keeps them buoyant. Before cooking a whole bird, the skin should be pricked all over with a fork to facilitate the fat rendering out. This fat layer must have melted and disappeared for the bird to be done.

The fat is not "marbled" into the meat so it can easily be removed from the surface of a raw duck if deboning the meat before cooking.

===Retail Cuts of Duck===

* Whole duckling including giblets and neck.
* Bone-in parts such as whole leg, breast quarter and breast.
* Boneless breast, skin-on or skinless.
* Giblets (liver, heart and gizzard) sold with whole birds, but much liver is sold seperatly, exp. in France.
* Tongues and Feet are considered a delicacy in [[Cookbook:East Asian cuisines|East Asian cuisines]], especially [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]].
* Processed products such as smoked cooked breast, sausage and hot dogs.

===Quantity to Buy===

When buying whole duck, allow about 1 to 1 1/2 pounds of raw weight per person. Raw boneless meat yields about 3 servings per pound after cooking. Estimate 3 to 4-ounces per person for fully cooked products.

===Is Duck "Red" or "White" Meat?===

Duck is poultry and considered "white" meat. Because they are birds of flight, however, the breast meat is darker than chicken and turkey breast. This is because more oxygen is needed by muscles doing work, and the oxygen is stored in those muscles by one of the proteins in meat, ''myoglobin'', and gives the meat a darker color. Because all the meat on a duck is dark, it has a stronger flavor than chicken breast meat--and even chicken leg meat.however duck is indeffinatly red meat

==Safety==
===Foodborne Organisms===
As on any perishable meat, fish or poultry, bacteria can be found on raw or undercooked duck. Bacteria multiply rapidly at temperatures between 40° and 140° F (out of refrigeration and before thorough cooking occurs). Freezing doesn't kill bacteria but they are destroyed by thorough cooking of any food to 160° F.

''Salmonella'' is often associated with shell eggs and poultry. It may be found in the intestinal tracts of livestock, poultry, dogs, cats and other warm-blooded animals. This strain is only one of about 2,000 Salmonella bacteria. Freezing doesn't kill this microorganism but it is destroyed with thorough cooking of any food to 160° F.

Salmonella must be eaten to cause illness. Raw poultry must be handled carefully to prevent cross contamination. This can occur if raw duck or juices contact cooked food or foods that will be eaten raw such as salad. Salmonellosis is a foodborne illness characterized by stomach pain, diarrhea and nausea.

===Safe Cooking===
The USDA recommends cooking whole poultry to 180 °F (82° C) as measured in the thigh using a food thermometer. When cooking pieces, the breast should reach 170 °F (76° C) internally. Drumsticks, thighs, and wings should be cooked until they reach an internal temperature of 180 °F (82° C)

==Recipes==

See our listing of [[:Category:Duck recipes|Duck recipes]].

[[Category:Meat and poultry|Duck]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2006-08-10T19:27:22Z

195.93.21.41: /* Colonial Period */ Spelling. m

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Duke of Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066)
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[First War of Scottish Independence|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1328)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence#The Second War of Independence: 1332.E2.80.931357|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Colonial period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513; 1544-1551)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1647)
** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648)
** [[Third English Civil War]] (1650–1651)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689-91; 1715-16; 1719; 1745-46) - Civil War
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742) - Great Britain v Spain
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748) - Great Britain, Austria and Holland v France and Germany
** [[King George's War]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1756–1763) - Great Britain and Germany v Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain and Portugal
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763) - North America
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769) - India

===Colonial Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782) - India
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792) - India
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802) - Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Russia, Germany v France
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799) - India
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815) - Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Sweden and Russia v France.
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804) - India
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805) - India
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806) - India
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818) - India
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) - Great Britain v China
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846) - India
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849) - India
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856) - Great Britain and France v Russia
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860) - Great Britain and France v China
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859) - Great Britain v USA
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Gun War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900) - Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and USA v China
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902) - Nigeria

===Modern Period===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918) - Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, United States v Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey
* [[Easter Rising]] (1916) - Ireland
* [[Russian Civil War]] (1918–1922)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945) Britain, USA and China v Japan
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945)
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Cold War]] (1945–1991)
* [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953)
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960)
* [[History of Cyprus#Proposed Union with Greece|Cyprus Emergency]] (1955–1959)
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956)
* [[History of Brunei|Brunei Uprising]] (1962)
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966)
* [[Aden#The Aden Emergency|Aden Emergency]] (1963–1967)
* [[Troubles|Northern Ireland Troubles]] (1969-mid 1990s)
* [[Cod War|Cod War Confrontation]] (1975–1976)
* [[Falklands War]] (1982)
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991)
* [[Bosnian War|The Bosnian War]] (1995–1996)
* [[Kosovo War|The Kosovo War]] (1999)
* [[Operation Palliser|Sierra Leone Civil War]] (2000)

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
*Auld Alliance ([[1295]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance refers to a treaty of mutual defence concluded between France and Scotland in October 1295. It was renewed in 1326 in the [[Treaty of Corbeil]] and at several points thereafter. It provides for assistance if either of the parties to the treaty is attacked by a third nation. Though no third party nation is named, the treaty was most often invoked against England. In the early 1330s the French king [[Philip VI of France|Philip VI]] offered active military support to his ally during the [[Second War of Scottish Independence]], amongst other things providing a refuge for the infant [[David II]]. In [[1346]] David, who had returned home in 1341, invaded England to take the pressure off the French, recently defeated at the [[Battle of Crecy]], only to be defeated himself at the [[Battle of Neville's Cross]]. In [[1421]], at the [[Battle of Baugé]], French and Scots forces defeated an English army, their first such reverse in open battle during the [[Hundred Years War]]. In [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in the relief of Orléans; many went on to form the Garde Écossaise, the bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves "Scots". In 1513 [[Louis XII]], under threat from [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], asked [[James IV]] to launch a diversionary attack on northern England. James complied, only to meet defeat and death at the [[Battle of Flodden]]. The alliance was finally ended by the 1560 [[Treaty of Edinburgh]]. By this time the Scots saw the Catholic French as a greater threat to their liberty than their fellow Protestants in England.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain). This treaty largely influenced the British [[Iberia]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty affected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War when the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland briefly took part in the war as an ally of France.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - 1697)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
The Anglo-Portuguese, signed in 1373, Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain). This treaty largely influenced the British Iberia Peninsular War. The last time that this treaty affected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War when the facilities of the Azores were again offered to the British Royal Navy.
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]

The Railway Stories

2006-03-21T19:45:02Z

195.93.21.131:

'''The Railway Stories''' were a series of audio adaptations of [[The Railway Series]] by [[W.V. Awdry|Rev. W Awdry]], made in the 1970s. Originally they were released on albums by [[Decca Records|Decca]] [[record label]], and were later released on audio cassettes. The first eight ("The Three Railway Engines" through to "Gordon the Big Engine") were narrated by [[Johnny Morris]]. He was later replaced by [[Willie Rushton]], who narrated "Edward the Blue Engine" through to "Tramway Engines."

A new Railway Stories recording was released on CD by BBC Audiobooks in March 2006. It contained adaptations of the first three Railway Series books, and was narrated by Michael Angelis.

{{child-lit-stub}}
{{Album-stub}}
[[Category:Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends|Railway Stories, The]]

The Railway Stories

2006-03-04T18:43:14Z

195.93.21.131:

'''The Railway Stories''' were a series of audio adaptations of [[The Railway Series]] by [[W.V. Awdry|Rev. W Awdry]], made in the 1970s. Originally they were released on albums by [[Decca Records|Decca]] [[record label]], and were later released on audio cassettes. The first eight ("The Three Railway Engines" through to "Gordon the Big Engine") were narrated by [[Johnny Morris]]. He was later replaced by [[Willie Rushton]], who narrated "Edward the Blue Engine" through to "Tramway Engines."

A new Railway Stories recording is due to be released on CD by BBC Audiobooks in March 2006. It contains adaptations of the first three Railway Series books, and will be narrated by Michael Angelis.

{{child-lit-stub}}
{{Album-stub}}
[[Category:Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends|Railway Stories, The]]

The Railway Stories

2006-03-04T18:40:41Z

195.93.21.131:

'''The Railway Stories''' were a series of audio adaptations of [[The Railway Series]] by [[W.V. Awdry|Rev. W Awdry]], made in the 1970s. Originally they were released on albums by [[Decca Records|Decca]] [[record label]]. The first eight ("The Three Railway Engines" through to "Gordon the Big Engine") were narrated by [[Johnny Morris]]. He was later replaced by [[Willie Rushton]], who narrated "Edward the Blue Engine" right through to "Tramway Engines." Rushton's recordings were released first on Decca albums, then on audio cassettes.

A new Railway Stories recording is due to be released by BBC Audiobooks in March 2006. It contains adaptations of the first three Railway Series books, and will be narrated by Michael Angelis.

{{child-lit-stub}}
{{Album-stub}}
[[Category:Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends|Railway Stories, The]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2005-11-04T18:23:51Z

195.93.21.67: /* Modern Period */

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2005-11-04T18:22:30Z

195.93.21.67: /* 20th century */

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2005-11-04T18:21:15Z

195.93.21.67: /* 20th century */

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2005-04-04T19:10:29Z

195.93.21.67:

Precipitation (chemistry)

2005-01-31T20:51:36Z

195.93.21.100:

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2004-12-01T19:56:44Z

195.93.33.14:

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2004-12-01T19:48:29Z

195.93.33.14:

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2004-12-01T19:38:32Z

195.93.33.14:

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2004-12-01T19:21:39Z

195.93.33.14:

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2004-12-01T19:20:39Z

195.93.33.14:

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2004-12-01T19:18:36Z

195.93.33.14: