Sisu

2009-04-06T12:19:13Z

203.91.193.5:

{{Otheruses}}
{{wiktionary}}

[[Image:Monument to the Finnish sisu.jpg|thumb|left|280px|"Monument to the Finnish sisu" on a [[fell]] in [[Lapland Province|Lapland]]]]

'''Sisu''' is a [[Finnish language|Finnish]] term that could be roughly translated into [[English language|English]] as strength of will, determination, perseverance, and acting rationally in the face of adversity. The equivalent in English is "to have guts", and indeed, the word derives from ''sisus'', which means something inner or interior. However, sisu has a long-term element in it; it is not momentary courage, but the ability to sustain the same. To [[anthropology|anthropologists]]{{Fact|date=July 2007}}, it is an appropriate invention for a cold northern land, dotted by thousands of lakes, and long under threat of being overwhelmed, militarily, linguistically and otherwise, by more powerful neighbours. Similar concepts exist among other cold-weather peoples, such as the [[Inuit]] and [[Chukchi people|Chukchi]].{{Fact|date=October 2007}}

Due to its cultural significance, ''Sisu'' is a common element of [[brand name]]s in [[Finland]]. For example, there are [[Sisu Auto|Sisu brand cars]] (and [[Sisu Pasi| Sisu armored vehicles]]), [[icebreaker]] MS Sisu, a brand of strong-tasting [[pastille]]s manufactured by [http://www.leaf.fi Leaf], and a Finnish ultranationalist organisation [[Suomen Sisu]]. [[Mount Sisu]] is the name of a mountain first ascended by mountain climber [[Veikka Gustafsson]] in the Antarctic.

The term is commonly used in everyday speech to describe stoic toughness. It is widely understood in the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]] of [[Michigan]], which is home to a large concentration of Americans of Finnish descent. For instance: "Even after cutting his hand open and getting 12 stitches, he didn't shed a tear. Wow! He's got sisu!" This has extended to include a popular bumper sticker saying simply "Sisu". By analogy, the term has picked up new meanings. Depending on context, "sisu" can refer to spunk, attitude, self-confidence, and so on. However, sisu is not [[bravery]], nor strength. It is distinguished from [[courage]], especially when talking about the military. Sisu is an ability to finish a task successfully, as defined by [[Roman Schatz]] in his book ''[[From Finland with Love]]'' (2005), and decisiveness. Usually sisu means the will and decisiveness to surmount challenges against impossible odds, or to succeed when given the [[Chinaman's chance]].

In Robert Heinlein's "juvenile" novel, "Citizen of the Galaxy", the protagonist was adopted by the captain of an interstellar trading ship which was named, "Sisu". This reflected Heinlein's admiration of the Finnish stand against the Soviets, Heinlein himself being ardently anti-communist. The interstellar trading "family" of which this ship was but a part, is described as being fiercely proud and independent, preferring battle and death to being taken prisoner by raiding pirates.

Sisu can be either good or bad, but the usual meaning is good. Bad sisu (Finnish ''paha sisu'') means malice combined with ruthlessness and implacability: it means relentless striving for mischief, persecution and vengeance. It is in a sense the opposite of good sisu. The Finnish expression ''pahansisuinen'' implies "audacious", "implacable", "full of effrontery", "malevolent", etc. with aggressive overtones. The verb ''sisuuntua'' refers to getting angry, but with an element of determination and even being unforgiving. The idiom ''meni sisu kaulaan'' ("the sisu went to the throat [or neck]") returns to the original meaning of "innards"; to "get a lump in one's throat", as in become too intimidated to act.

In the British TV programme [[Top gear]], [[Mika Hakkinen]] mentions Sisu to [[James May]] as a driving trait particular to the Finnish people.

==External links==
*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/22/AR2006032201943.html Washington Post: "The Finnish Line"], about Finnish fortitude and resilience

[[Category:Finnish culture]]
[[Category:Upper Peninsula of Michigan]]

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Archive:Aquamarine

2005-11-24T06:40:16Z

203.91.94.251:

{{about|the mineral|other meanings|[[Aquamarine (disambiguation)]]}}

[[Image:Aquamarine.jpg|Aquamarine|thumb|250px]]
[[Image:Aquamarin cut.jpg|Aquamarine|thumb|250px]]
'''Aquamarine''' (Lat. ''aqua marina'', "water of the sea") is a [[gemstone]]-quality transparent variety of [[beryl]], having a delicate blue or bluish-green colour, suggestive of the tint of sea-water. It's closely related to the [[emerald]].

It occurs at most localities which yield ordinary beryl, some of the finest coming from Russia. The gem-gravels of Ceylon contain aquamarine. Clear yellow beryl, such as occurs in Brazil, is sometimes called aquamarine chrysolite. When corundum presents the bluish tint of typical aquamarine, it is often termed Oriental aquamarine.

In the [[United States]], aquamarines can be found at the summit of [[Mount Antero|Mt. Antero]] in the [[Sawatch Range]] in central [[Colorado]]. In [[Brazil]], there are mines in the states of [[Minas Gerais]], [[Espírito Santo]] and [[Bahia]].

The biggest aquamarine ever mined was found at the city of Marambaia, Minas Gerais. It weighed over 110 kg, and its dimensions were 48.5 cm long and 42 cm in diameter.

Aquamarine is the [[birthstone]] associated with [[March]].

== See also ==
* [[List of minerals]]

== References ==
* {{1911}}

[[Category:Silicate minerals]]
[[Category:Gemstones]]

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Aquamarines are a very pretty gem.

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Sisu

Archive:Aquamarine