IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Software industry

2008-03-06T09:52:05Z

203.99.185.70: /* Overview */

{{globalize}}
{{Expand|date=January 2007}}
[[Image:Packagedsoftwareatretail.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Starting in the 1980s, application software has been sold in mass-produced packages through retailers]]

The '''software industry''' comprises businesses involved in the [[software development|development]], maintenance and [[software publisher|publication]] of [[computer software]]. The software industry started in the mid-1970s at the time of the personal computer revolution. The industry also includes software [[Service (economics)|service]]s, such as training and consultancy. The largest and most profitable of software companies are located in the [[United States]]. As of 2006, the client software industry is dominated by [[Microsoft]]{{Fact|date=March 2008}}. [[Software Magazine]]'s 500 list in 2005 shows the total amount of revenue brought in by software companies per locale, with the highest being [[California]] due to [[Silicon Valley]] and the amount of [[Fortune 500]] software companies residing in that area. <ref>[http://www.softwaremag.com/SW500/index.cfm?StartRow=1&RowsPer=50&BusCat_Search=&PrimBus_Search=&PrimBusCat_Search=&RankSort=ASC&CompSort=&trk=n&id=5 Software Magazine 500] (2005)</ref>

==[http://www.itlinksolutions.com/offshoredevelopment.asp Offshore Development] ==
*[http://www.itlinksolutions.com/offshoredevelopment.asp#Offshore_Custom_Development: Offshore Custom Development]
*[http://www.itlinksolutions.com/offshoredevelopment.asp#Offshore_Managed_Development_Team: Offshore Managed Development Team]
*[http://www.itlinksolutions.com/offshoredevelopment.asp#Offshore_Dedicated_Developer_Service: Offshore Dedicated Developer Service]
*[http://www.itlinksolutions.com/offshoredevelopment.asp#Dedicated_Development_Center: Dedicated Development Center]
*[http://www.itlinksolutions.com/offshoredevelopment.asp#Hybrid_Development_Model: Hybrid Development Model]
*[http://www.itlinksolutions.com/offshoredevelopment.asp#Fixed_Cost_Project: Fixed Cost Project]
*[http://www.itlinksolutions.com/offshoredevelopment.asp#Time_and_Material_Project: Time and Material Project]

==[http://www.itlinksolutions.com/offshoredevelopment.asp Offshore Development] ==
We have been providing offshore solutions to our esteemed clients for more than ten years. Our expertise and experience can enhance the way your business applications and Information Technology infrastructure is designed, the way they are developed and maintained to overcome your challenges of cost, flexibility, time, and risk. We have evolved methodologies to handle offshore software development in an effective and efficient manner.

Our Offshore Development methodology allows us to complete projects on a predictable, low risk path, aimed at delivering high quality results. Clients working with us from around the globe are assured of maximum benefits from our offshore models. The various development models we focus on are as follows
==[http://www.itlinksolutions.com/offshoredevelopment.asp Offshore Development Company] ==
Software development is a highly technical job. To develop software in-house requires time, skilled manpower, and expensive programs and equipment. Offshore development is a cost effective alternative to developing software in-house. Offshore development and Offshore Programming at IT Linksolutions safeguards the client's intellectual property, proprietary software and new development specifications with very high levels of security. Clients retain full ownership of all intellectual property rights and software source code at the completion of the project.
==[http://www.itlinksolutions.com/offshoredevelopment.asp Offshore Custom Development] ==
Offshore development team, based in Islamabad, Pakistan, coordinates with our overseas clients and manages the complete or partial development cycle of the project, including deliverables and quality of the project. We use our technical and business know-how to develop applications that fits your business environment. Our consulting approach would also suggest any process improvements that are needed to leverage the technology in a best possible way.
==[http://www.itlinksolutions.com/offshoredevelopment.asp Offshore Managed Development Team] ==
In this offshore model we provide our clients with extensive resources for office setup. The Project management and execution work are handled by the client and the software development work is accomplished by the Offshore team (this may include analysis, design, testing and maintenance, etc). In this model the offshore Project Manager and the team is responsible for developing the detailed project plan specifying the major milestones and deliverables of the project, but the deliverables and system specifications are fully defined by the client. This kind of model can significantly reduce the development costs, taking advantage of our qualified personnel. Moreover, the project is being executed by a known source with proven skills in the areas required, to accomplish the development work successfully.
==[http://www.itlinksolutions.com/offshoredevelopment.asp
Offshore Dedicated Developer Service ] ==
By the use of dedicated teams, partner companies can achieve significant cost savings that allow them to maximize the use of their current staff and resources, to gain competitive advantage in the market. For this, partner companies need only to keep track of the key moments of the development process. These predetermined checkpoints also allows for timely changes when necessary. Our Offshore Dedicated Developer team consists of a cohesive group of professionals who work with the client, exclusively for their projects in an Offshore Development Center. Thereby, providing them with high quality and efficiency at a competitive price.

All offshore technical infrastructure and communication facilities will be at clients' disposal for a contracted period. This close working relationship and activities between our dedicated team and the partner company may be seen as an extension of the partner company's office. Besides, continuous communications between our dedicated teams and partner companies can be established with email, on-line chat and/or phone.
==[http://www.itlinksolutions.com/offshoredevelopment.asp Dedicated Development Center] ==
We offer dedicated development facilities which is ideal for companies that expect regular stream of projects to flow from its IT needs. DDC acts like an extension of the IT department of that particular company. The Offshore Development Center augments the clients' IT infrastructure. Hence, in this way we provide state-of-the-art software development facilities at offshore office, with client having the management control over the IT staff. In this model multiple projects can be simultaneously executed for the client in a single Dedicated Development Center. The projects can be Fixed Price or Time & Material based in nature.
==[http://www.itlinksolutions.com/offshoredevelopment.asp Hybrid Development Model] ==
When a fast turnaround is needed for a project, we offer Onsite and Offshore Model with service management functions. In this engagement, the project might require deployment of some of the members of the development team on-site. The activities such as data gathering, requirements analysis, gap analysis, and formulating functional specifications may be done onsite as required by our client and the project. The application development and delivery team with various IT skills and capacity will be working in our offshore project office. This kind of service is able to provide rapid response needed to complete the project and at the same time, reduces production costs by using our offshore facilities.
==[http://www.itlinksolutions.com/offshoredevelopment.asp Fixed Cost Project] ==
In this kind of projects, we provide fixed cost solution for well defined project requirements and specifications of the client. It is ideal for projects requiring external expertise and resources to develop a specific product or application. We manage the entire project and ensure quality deliverables within the promised costs and schedules. In this kind of model, we deploy the appropriate expertise required to understand your requirements and the skilled resources to architect, design and develop a custom solution. We also offer support and maintenance services, as per clients' need.
==[http://www.itlinksolutions.com/offshoredevelopment.asp Time and Material Project] ==
Often customers find it difficult to define their requirements; using this kind of projects we help our clients to develop the requirements on a time and materials basis. In this, our responsibility is to form a team to execute the project while the client retains the flexibility to adjust project resources based upon the evolving requirements.

== Sectors ==
=== Freeware ===
[[Freeware]] is [[copyright]]ed computer [[software]] which is made available for use free of charge, for an unlimited time, as opposed to [[shareware]] where the user is required to pay (e.g. after some trial period or for additional functionality). Authors of freeware often want to "give something to the community", but also want credit for their software and to retain control of its future development. Sometimes when programmers decide to stop developing a freeware product, they will give the source code to another programmer or release the product's source code to the public as [[free software]].

=== Shareware===
[[Shareware]] is a [[marketing]] method for [[computer software]]. Shareware software is typically obtained free of charge, either by downloading from the Internet or on magazine cover-disks. A user tries out the program, and thus shareware has also been known as "try before you buy". A shareware program is accompanied by a request for payment, and the software's distribution license often requires such a payment.

=== Open source ===
[[Open source]] describes the principles and methodologies to promote open access to the '''production''' and '''design''' process for various goods, products, resources and technical [[conclusions]] or advice. The term is most commonly applied to the [[source code]] of software that is made available to the general public with either relaxed or non-existent [[intellectual property]] restrictions. This allows users to create [[user generated content|user-generated software content]] through either incremental individual effort, or [[collaboration]].

=== Commercial ===
Commercial software is [[computer software]] sold for [[commerce|commercial]] purposes or that serves commercial purposes. Commercial software is most often [[proprietary software]], but [[free software]] is also used as commercial software.<ref>[[Free Software Foundation]]. ''Categories of Free and Non-Free Software''.[http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html]</ref> All or parts of software packages and services that support commerce are increasingly made available as free software, including products from [[Red Hat]], [[Apple Computer]], [[Sun Microsystems]], and [[Google]]. [[Microsoft Corporation]] uses "commercial software", rather than "proprietary software", to describe their [[business model]].<ref>http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/craig/05-03sharedsource.mspx</ref>

== Size of the Industry ==

[[Software Magazine]]s' ''Software 500 survey'' can be used to gauge the value of the commercial software industry. The ''Software 500 survey'' consists of data of the top 500 software companies, as ranked by [[Software Magazine]]. Total worldwide revenues in 2006 for companies in the ''Software 500'' list were $394 billion, representing a growth of 3.5% from 2005, when total Software 500 revenue was $381 billion.<ref>[http://www.softwaremag.com/L.cfm?Doc=984-10/2006 Software Magazine - 2006 Software 500: Deep Concerns Over Security]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Professional open-source| Professional Open Source Business Model]]
* [[Software]]
* [[Software development]]
* [[Software publisher]]
* [[Software engineering]]
* [[Software engineering economics]]
* [[World's_largest_software_companies]]

== References ==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

== External links ==
* [http://www.sao.org/ Software Association of Oregon website]
* [http://www.siprofessionals.org/ Software Industry Professionals website]
* [http://www.siia.net/ Software and Information Industry Association website]
* [http://www.softwaremag.com/ Software Magazine website]
* [http://unisoft-technologies.blogspot.com/ Software Development News]

[[Category:Industries]]
[[Category:Software industry|*]]

[[es:Industria del software]]

Regulatory requirement

2007-09-26T17:37:09Z

203.99.216.22: /* Phase 3 Clinical Evaluation */

'''Regulatory requirements''' are part of the process of [[drug discovery]] and [[drug development]]. Regulatory requirements describe what is necessary for a new drug to be approved for marketing in any particular country. In the US, it is the function of the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) to establish these regulatory requirements. The [[European Medicines Agency]] (EMEA) and Japanese [[Japan Ministry of Health|Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency]] (PMDA) are also important regulatory authorities in drug development. These three agencies oversee the three largest markets for drug sales.

Historically, the various regulatory authorities have had their own methods for obtaining regulatory approval, however the rising cost of meeting the demands of differing regulations led to the establishment of an [[International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use]] (ICH) in an attempt to co-ordinate and synthesize international regulatory requirements. The first Conference was held in [[Brussels]] in 1991, followed by ICH 2 in [[Orlando, Florida]] in 1993, and ICH 3 in [[Yokohama]], Japan in 1995. The Fourth International Conference on Harmonisation, in July 1997, was once again in Brussels.

These systems of new drug approvals are extremely rigorous and costly. On average, it will cost a pharmaceutical company $359 million to get one new medicine from the laboratory to the pharmacist's shelf, according to a February 1993 report by the [[Congressional Office of Technology Assessment]]. It takes 12 years on average for an experimental [[approved drug|drug]] to travel from the laboratory to the medicine chest. Only five in 5,000 compounds that enter preclinical testing will actually progress into human clinical trials, and of these five, only one is likely to be approved by the regulatory authorities.

== Drug Discovery and Development ==
The process of [[drug discovery]] and development begins with improvements in the understanding of disease. Basic scientific research will identify new biological targets which may be amenable to chemical alteration (e.g., to inhibit or stimulate an important [[enzyme]], to alter a metabolic pathway, or to change cellular structure). [[New chemical entities]] (NCEs) can be produced through novel chemical synthesis or extracted from natural sources (plant, mineral, or animal). The number of compounds that can be produced based on the same general [[chemical]] structure (or "[[pharmacophore]]") can run into the millions.

Biological [[Screening]] and Pharmacological Testing: these are studies to explore the pharmacological activity and therapeutic potential of compounds. These tests involve the use of animals, isolated [[cell culture]]s and tissues, [[enzyme]]s and cloned receptor sites as well as computer models. If the results of the tests suggest potential beneficial activity, then related compounds, each a unique structural modification of the original compound are tested to see which version of the molecule produces the highest level of pharmacological activity and demonstrates the most therapeutic promise, with the smallest number of potentially harmful biological properties.

Pharmaceutical Dosage Formulation and Stability Testing: The process of turning an active compound into a form and strength suitable for human use. A pharmaceutical product can take any one of a number of [[Effective dose|dosage]] forms (e.g., liquid, tablets, capsules, ointments, sprays, patches) and dosage strengths (e.g., 50. 100, 250, 500 [[milligrams]].) The final formulation will include substances other than the [[active ingredient]], called excipients. Excipients are added to improve the taste of an oral [[Product (business)|product]], to allow the active ingredient to be compounded into stable tablets, to delay the drug's absorption into the body, or to prevent bacterial growth in liquid or cream preparations. The impact of each on the human body must be tested.

[[Toxicology]] and Safety Testing: Tests to determine the potential risk a compound poses to man and the environment. These studies involve the use of animals, tissue cultures, and other test systems to examine the relationship between factors such as dose level, frequency of administration, and duration of exposure to both the short- and long-term survival of living organisms. Tests provide information on the dose-response pattern of the compound and its toxic effects. Most toxicology and safety testing is conducted on new molecular entities prior to their human introduction, but companies can choose to delay long-term [[toxicity]] testing until after the therapeutic potential of the product is established.

== Regulatory Review: ==
An [[Investigational New Drug]] (IND) Application is filed with the Food and Drug Administration prior to human testing. The IND application is a compilation of all known information about the compound, including how it is manufactured. It also includes a description of the clinical research plan for the product and the specific protocol for phase 1 human clinical trials. Unless the FDA specifically objects, the IND is automatically allowed after 30 days and [[clinical trials]] can begin.

===Phase 1 Clinical Evaluation===
The first testing of a new compound in human subjects, for the purpose of establishing the tolerance of healthy human subjects at different doses, defining its pharmacological effects at anticipated therapeutic levels, and studying its [[absorption]], distribution, [[metabolism]], and excretion patterns in humans ([[ADME]]).

===Phase 2 Clinical Evaluation===
A controlled [[clinical trial]] of a compound's potential usefulness and short term risks is conducted. A relatively small number of patients, usually no more than a few hundred, are enrolled in phase 2 studies. While a Phase 1 trial has the objective of determining safety and tolerability of a new drug, Phase 2 trials determine whether the drug actually works, and the effective dose.

===Phase 3 Clinical Evaluation===
In this phase a controlled and uncontrolled clinical trial of a drug's safety and effectiveness in hospital and outpatient settings is done. Phase 3 studies gather precise information on the drug's effectiveness for specific indications, determine whether the drug produces a broader range of adverse effects than those exhibited in the small study populations of phase 1 and 2 studies, and identify the best way of administering and using the drug for the purpose intended. If the drug is approved, this information forms the basis for deciding the content of the product label. Phase 3dies can involve several hundred to several thousand patients.

Development for manufacturing, quality control, engineering, and manufacturing design activities take place to establish a company's capacity to produce a product in large volume. Procedures are developed to ensure chemical stability, batch-to-batch uniformity, and overall product quality.

[[Bioavailability]] studies are conducted on healthy volunteers to document the rate of absorption and excretion from the body of a compound's active ingredients. Companies conduct bioavailability studies both at the beginning of human testing and just prior to marketing to show that the formulation used to demonstrate safety and efficacy in clinical trials is equivalent to the product that will be distributed for sale. Companies also conduct bioavailability studies on marketed products whenever they change the method used to administer the drug (e.g., from injection or oral dose form), the composition of the drug, the concentration of the active ingredient, or the manufacturing process used to produce the drug.

== Regulatory Review: New Drug Application (NDA) ==
An application to the FDA for approval to market a new drug. All information about the drug gathered during the drug discovery and development process is assembled in the [[New Drug Application]] (NDA). During the review period, the FDA may ask the company for additional information about the product or seek clarification of the data contained in the application.

== Post approval ==
Research experimental studies and surveillance activities undertaken after a drug is approved for marketing. Clinical trials conducted after a drug is marketed (referred to as phase 4 studies in the United States) are an important source of information on as yet undetected adverse outcomes, especially in populations that may not have been involved the premarketing trials (e.g., children, the elderly, pregnant women) and the drug's long-term [[morbidity]] and mortality profile. Regulatory authorities can require companies to conduct Phase 4 studies as a condition of market approval. Companies often conduct post-marketing studies in the absence of a regulatory mandate.

==See also==
*[[GxP]]
*[[Nuremberg Code]]
*[[Declaration of Geneva]]
*[[Declaration of Helsinki]]
*[[EudraLex]]
*[[World Medical Association]]
*[[Belmont Report]]
*[[Uppsala Monitoring Centre]]
*[[Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences]] (CIOMS)
*[[Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium]]

==External links==
*[http://www.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/cfrassemble.cgi?title=199821 FDA Code of Federal Regulations Title 21] - FDA CFR Title 21 - Food and Drugs
*[http://www.fda.gov/oc/gcp/preambles/52fr/52fr.html IND Rewrite Regulations] (FDA Title 21 CFR Parts 312, 314, 511, and 514)
*[http://pharmacos.eudra.org/F2/eudralex/index.htm Eudralex] - The Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Union
*[http://www.pmda.go.jp/index-e.html Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency] (PMDA)
*[http://www.wma.net/e/policy/c18.htm Declaration of Tokyo] - ethical code

[[Category:pharmacology]]
[[Category:clinical research]]
[[Category:Pharmaceuticals policy]]

[[ru:Специалист по клиническим исследованиям]

Mathematics

2006-12-13T10:38:57Z

203.99.204.9: /* Active participants */

<center><big>'''Welcome to the School of Mathematics!'''</big></center>
<div style="margin-top:-3px; margin-bottom:0.3em; text-align: center; font-size: 98%;">
<center>'''[[Portal:Science|FACULTY OF SCIENCES]]'''</center>
<center>'''[[Portal:Physical Sciences|FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES]] · [[Portal:Life Sciences|FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES]] · [[Portal:Engineering and Technology|FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY]] · [[Portal:Mathematics|FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS]]'''</center>
[[School:Biology|Biology]] · [[School:Chemistry|Chemistry]] · [[School:Computer Science|Computer Science]] ·[[School:Economics|Economics]] · [[School:Mathematics|Mathematics]]· [[School:Physics and Astronomy|Physics and Astronomy]] · </div>


[[Image:Mathematicsgeneral.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Welcome!]]

==Introduction==

Since you're here, you either are someone wishing to share your knowledge of Mathematics, or you are someone who wishes to gain knowledge about Mathematics. If you are the first kind of person, have a look around, and see how you can contribute. If you are of the second kind, read on!

Mathematics has many facets. Though it has a wealth of applications, Mathematics is also a science, and an art, in its own right. Like other sciences, Mathematics is useful, but, just like other forms of art, Mathematics is beautiful, in its own unique way. You might not see this beauty at first, but the main goal of the Wikiversity School of Mathematics is to let you see this beauty, through inquiry and learning. To achieve this goal, we want to inspire you, since inspiration is essential to learning, discovery, and ultimately, seeing the beauty of Mathematics. A little bit of inspiration can put the beauty of Mathematics, and all its facets, before your eyes.

The School of Mathematics is a work in progress. We are trying to organize our material into a logical order, create new material, and revise existing material. Although we try to keep clarity in mind, if any of the material is confusing, you don't know where to start, or you have other questions, ''do not hesitate to pose your question at [[Topic:School of Mathematics Help Desk|our help desk]]''. There is no such thing as a "dumb question"; learning is driven by questions!

The School of Mathematics wishes you a very warm welcome. We hope that you will benefit from what we have to offer, and we hope that we will benefit from what you have to offer, either now or in the future.

==Divisions and Departments==
Divisions and Departments of the School exist on pages in "topic" namespace. Start the name of departments with the "Topic:" prefix; departments reside in the [[Wikiversity:Namespaces|Topic: namespace]]. Departments and divisions link to learning materials and learning projects. Divisions can link subdivisions or to departments. For more information on schools, divisions and departments look at the [[Wikiversity:Naming_conventions|Naming Conventions]].

* [[Topic:Actuarial Mathematics|Department of Actuarial Mathematics]]
* [[Topic:Applied Mathematics|Department of Applied Mathematics]]
* [[Topic:Combinatorics|Division of Combinatorics]]
* [[Topic:Optimisation|Division of Optimisation]]
* [[Topic:Computer Science|Division of Computer Science]] - this division is for study of the mathematical aspects of computer science
:* [[Topic:Math_for_computer_programming|Math for computer programming]]
(See also: [[School:Computer Science]])
* [[Topic:Pure Mathematics|Division of Pure Mathematics]]
* [[Topic:Mathematical Physics|Department of Mathematical Physics]]
* [[Topic:Statistics|Department of Statistics]]
* [[Topic:Philosophy of Mathematics|Philosophy of Mathematics]]
:* [[Topic:Board Game Studies|Board Game Studies]]

==Active participants==
The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this school, you can list your name here (this can help small schools grow and the participants communicate better; for large schools it is not needed).

*[[User:Tastymangojuice|Tastymangojuice]] (Computer Science)
*[[User:ehremo|ehremo]]
*[[User:Deltinu|Deltinu]]
*[[User:EulerGamma|EulerGamma]]
*[[User:Ravi12346|Ravi12346]]
*[[User:lgallindo|Lucas Gallindo]]
*[[User:Pgbridge2000|Pgbridge2000]] (Cryptography)
*[[User:Tachyon01|Tachyon01]] (Pure Mathematics)
*[[User:fidocancan|fidocancan]] (pre-uni teacher)
*[[User:Mo Anabre|Mo Anabre]]
*[[User:master.signal|sutton]]
*[[User:Drini|Drini]]
*[[User:Ananth nag|Ananth nag m]]
*[[User:TeapotScar|TeapotScar]] (Calculus, Number Theory, Topology)

==School news==
* '''August 20, 2006''' - School founded!
* '''August 21, 2006''' - Added various departments

==Pre-university courses==
*[[Applied Math Basics|Basic Mathematics]] (numbers, arithmetic, fractions, decimals)
*[[School:Mathematics/Primary School Mathematics|Primary School Mathematics]] (numbers, arithmetic, pre-algebra)
*[[School:Mathematics/High School Mathematics|High School Mathematics]] (algebra, pre-calculus, calculus)

==Undergraduate-level study==
===Study guides===
Not sure where to start? Consult the following guides to help you make a study plan and determine which prerequisites you might be missing.
*[[School:Mathematics/Course guide|Course guide]]
*[[School:Mathematics/Facultative courses|Facultative courses]]

===Course categories===
*[[School:Mathematics/Undergraduate/Applied Mathematics|Applied Mathematics]] (mathematical methods, mathematical physics)
*[[School:Mathematics/Undergraduate/Pure Mathematics|Pure Mathematics]] (foundations, algebra, analysis, calculus, discrete math)
*[[School:Mathematics/Undergraduate/Probability and Statistics|Probability and Statistics]]
*[[School_of_Mathematics:Course_Catalog|All Courses (Course Catalog)]]

==Ask A Question==
Have a question about mathematics? Ask it at [[Topic:School of Mathematics Help Desk|our help desk]]!

== Resources ==
*[[Wikibooks:Mathematics bookshelf|Mathematics bookshelf]] for online mathematics textbooks.
*[http://www.math.gatech.edu/~cain/textbooks/onlinebooks.html A large list of cost-free online mathematics textbooks]
*[[School of Mathematics:Software|Mathematics Software]]
*[http://www.youtube.com/ youtube tutoring videos] a more accurate directory of what is available is necessary...

== International Relations ==
*[[:it:Wikiversità]] - [[:it:Wikiversità:Facoltà di Matematica|Facoltà di Matematica]]
*[http://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikiversidade:_Ci%C3%AAncias_Exatas_e_Ci%C3%AAncias_da_Terra#Curso_de_Matem.C3.A1tica| Wikiversidade - Ciências Exatas e da Terra]

[[Category:Mathematics]]
[[Category:Wikiversity schools|Mathematics]]

[[de:Fachbereich Mathematik]]
[[es:Departamento de Matemática]]
[[fr:Faculté:Mathématiques]]