IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Archive:List of hospitals in Georgia, The United States

2008-06-15T02:59:30Z

209.244.16.221:

'''List of [[hospital]]s in [[Georgia (U.S. state)]]''', sorted by hospital name.

{{listdev}}

*[[Anchor Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Archbold Hospital]] - [[Thomasville, Georgia]]
*[[Athens Regional Medical Center]] - [[Athens, Georgia]]
*[[Atlanta Medical Center]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Banks-Jackson-Commerce Medical Center]] - [[Commerce, Georgia]]
*[[Calhoun Memorial Hospital]] - [[Arlington, Georgia]]
*[[Candler County Hospital]] - [[Metter, Georgia]]
*[[Candler Hospital]] - [[Savannah, Georgia]]
*[[Cartersville Medical Center]] - [[Cartersville, Georgia]]
*[http://www.centralgarehab.com Central Georgia Rehabilitation Hospital] - [[Macon, Georgia]]
*[[Central State Hospital (Georgia)|Central State Hospital]] - [[Milledgeville, Georgia]] ([http://www.centralstatehospital.org Central State Hospital Website])
*[[Children's Healthcare of Atlanta]] - [[Decatur, Georgia]]
*[[Cobb Hospital]]
*[[Cobb Memorial Hospital]] - [[Royston, Georgia]]
*[[Coffee Regional Medical Center]] - [[Douglas, Georgia]]
*[[Colquitt Regional Medical Center]] - [[Moultrie, Georgia]]
*[[Columbus Regional Hospital|Columbus Regional Hospital/The Medical Center]] - [[Columbus, GA]]
*[[Crawford Long Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Crisp Regional Hospital]] - [[Cordele, Georgia]]
*[[DeKalb Medical Center]] - [[Decatur, Georgia]]
*[[Doctors Hospital]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]] Doctors Hospital Website:[http://www.doctors-hospital.net]
*[[Doctor's Hospital of Columbus]] - [[Columbus, Georgia]]
*[[Dodge County Hospital]] - [[Eastman, Georgia]]
*[[Donalsonville Hospital]]- [[Donalsonville, Georgia]]
*[[Dorminy Medical Center]] - [[Fitzgerald, Georgia]]
*[[WellStar Douglas Hospital|Douglas Hospital]]
*[[Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center]] - [[Fort Gordon, Georgia]]
*[[Early Memorial Hospital]] - [[Blakely, Georgia]]
*[[East Georgia Regional Medical Center]] - [[Statesboro, Georgia]]
* Emanuel Medical Center, Swainsboro, Georgia

*[[Emory-Adventist Hospital]] - [[Smyrna, Georgia]]
*[[Emory Cartersville Medical Center]] - [[Cartersville, Georgia]]
*[[Emory Crawford Long Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Emory Eastside Medical Center]] - [[Snellville, Georgia]]
*[[Emory Johns Creek Hospital]] - [[Johns Creek, Georgia]]
*[[Emory University Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Fairview Park Hospital]] - [[Dublin, Georgia]]
*[[Floyd Medical Center]] - [[Rome, Georgia]]
*[[Focus Healthcare]] - [[Saint Simon's Island, Georgia]]
*[[Hart County Hospital]] - [[Hartwell, Georgia]]
*[[Henry Medical Center]] - [[Stockbridge, Georgia]]
*[[Grady Memorial Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Gwinnett Medical Center - Duluth]] - [[Duluth, Georgia]]
*[[Gwinnett Medical Center]] - [[Lawrenceville, Georgia]]
*[[Hughston Sports Medicine Hospital]] - [[Columbus, Georgia]]
*[[Hutcheson Medical Center]] - [[Ft. Oglethorpe, Georgia]]
*[[Houston HealthCare Complex]] - [[Warner Robins, Georgia]]
*[[Jasper Memorial Hospital]] - [[Monticello, Georgia]]
*[[WellStar Kennestone Hospital|Kennestone Hospital]] - [[Marietta, Georgia]]
* Meadows Regional Medical Center, Vidalia, Georgia
*[[Medical Center of Central Georgia]] (MCCG) - [[Macon, Georgia]]
*[[Memorial Hospital and Manor]] - [[Bainbridge, Georgia]]
*[[Memorial Medical Center, Savannah|Memorial Medical Center]] - [[Savannah, Georgia]]
*[[Medical College of Georgia Medical Center]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[Miller County Hospital]] - [[Colquitt, Georgia]]
*[[Mitchell County Hospital]]- [[Camilla, Georgia]]
*[[MCG Children's Hospital]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[Newnan Hospital]] - [[Newnan, Georgia]]
*[[Northeast Georgia Medical Center]] - [[Gainesville, Georgia]]
*[[Northside Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[North Fulton Regional Hospital]] - [[Roswell, Georgia]]
*[[Oconee Regional Medical Center]] - [[Milledgeville, Georgia]]
*[[Palmyra Medical Centers]] - [[Albany, Georgia]]

*[[Paulding Hospital]]
*[[Peach County Hospital]] - [[Fort Valley, Georgia]]
*[[Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital]] - [[Albany, Georgia]]
*[[Phoebe Worth Medical Center]] - [[Sylvester, Georgia]]
*[[Piedmont Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Putnam General Hospital]] - [[Eatonton, Georgia]]
*[[Redmond Regional Medical Center]] - [[Rome, Georgia]]
*[[Select Specialty Hospital]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[St. Francis Hospital]] - [[Columbus, Georgia]]
*[[St. Joseph's/ Candler Hospital]] - [[Savannah, Georgia]]
*[[Saint Joseph's Hospital (Atlanta)]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[St. Joseph Hospital]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[St. Mary's Hospital]] - [[Athens, Georgia]]
*[[Samaritan Hospital]] - [[Dountown, Georgia]]
*[[Shepherd Center]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[South Georgia Medical Center]] - [[Valdosta, Georgia]]
*[[Southern Regional Medical Center]] - [[Riverdale, Georgia]]
*[[Smith Northview Hospital]] - [[Valdosta, Georgia]]
*[[Sumter Regional Medical Center]] - [[Americus, Georgia]]
*[[Sylvan Grove Hospital]] - [[Jackson, Georgia]]
*[[Southeast Georgia Regional Medical Center]] - [[Brunswick, Georgia]]
*[[Southwest Georgia Regional Medical Center]] - [[Cuthbert, Georgia]]
*[[Southwest Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Spalding Regional Hospital]] - [[Griffin, Georgia]]
*[[South Fulton Medical Center]] - [[East Point, Georgia]]
*[[Sumter Regional Hospital]] - [[Americus, Georgia]]
*[[Tanner Medical Center]] - [[Carrollton, Georgia]]
*[[Tanner Medical Center Villa Rica]] - [[Villa Rica, Georgia]]
*[[Tift Regional Medical Center]] - [[Tifton, Georgia]]
*[[Upson Regional Medical Center]] - [[Thomaston, Georgia]]
*[[Union General Hospital]] - [[Blairsville, Georgia]]
*[[University Hospital (Augusta)|University Hospital]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[West Central Georgia Regional Hospital]] - [[Columbus, Georgia]]
*[[West Georgia Medical Center]] - [[LaGrange, Georgia]]
*[[Walton Medical Center]] - [[Monroe, Georgia]]
*[[Wills Memorial Hospital]] - [[Washington, Georgia]]
*[[Windy Hill Hospital]] - [[Marietta, Georgia]]

{{Hospitals in the United States}}

[[Category:Lists of hospitals in the United States|Georgia]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Georgia (U.S. state)]]

Precipitation (chemistry)

2008-02-12T22:23:31Z

209.244.188.180: /* Representation using chemical equations */

'''Precipitation''' is the formation of a [[solid]] in a [[solution]] during a [[chemical reaction]]. When the chemical reaction occurs the solid formed is called the '''precipitate'''. This can occur when an insoluble substance, the '''precipitate''', is formed in the solution due to a reaction or when the solution has been ''supersaturated'' by a compound. The formation of a precipitate is a sign of a chemical change. In most situations, the solid forms ("falls") out of the solute phase, and sinks to the bottom of the solution (though it will float if it is less dense than the solvent, or form a [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]).

==Uses==

Precipitation reactions can be used for making pigments, removing salts from water in water treatment, and for qualitative chemical analysis.

This effect is useful in many industrial and scientific applications whereby a chemical reaction may produce a solid that can be collected from the solution by various methods (e.g. filtration, decanting, centrifuging). Precipitation from a [[solid solution]] is also a useful way to [[precipitation strengthening|strengthen]] [[alloy]]s; this process is known as [[solid solution strengthening]].

==Mechanism==

An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of [[nucleation]]. The creation of a hypothetical solid particle includes the formation of an interface, which requires some energy based on the relative [[surface energy]] of the solid and the solution. If this energy is not available, and no suitable nucleation surface is available, [[supersaturation]] occurs.

==Representation using chemical equations==

An example of a precipitation reaction: Aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO3) is added to a solution containing potassium chloride (KCl) and the precipitation of a white solid, silver chloride is observed. (Zumdahl, 2005)

:AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)

The silver chloride(AgCl) has formed a solid, which is observed as a precipitate.

This reaction can be written emphasizing the dissociated ions in a combined solution. This is known as the total ionic equation.
:Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + K+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(solid) + K+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

A final way to represent a precipitate reaction is known as a ''net ionic reaction''. In this case, any spectator ions (those which do not contribute to the reaction) are left out of the formula completely. This simplifies the above equations to the following:
:Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s)

another formula is AgNO3+NaCl=AgCl+NaNO3

==Cation sensitivity==
Precipitate formation is useful in the detection of the type of [[cation]] in [[salt]]. To do this, an [[alkali]] first reacts with the unknown salt to produce a precipitate which is the hydroxide of the unknown salt.

To identify the cation, the color of the precipitate and its solubility in excess are noted.

Similar processes are often used to separate chemically similar elements, such as the [[Rare earth element|rare earth]] metals.

==Digestion==

Digestion, or ''precipitate ageing'', happens when a freshly-formed precipitate is left, usually at a higher temperature, in the solution from which it is precipitated. It results in cleaner and bigger particles.<ref>[http://www.ktf-split.hr/glossary/en_o.php?def=digestion Chemical dictionary definition.]</ref> The physico-chemical process underlying digestion is called [[Ostwald ripening]].

==Coprecipitation==
{{main|coprecipitation}}

Coprecipitation is the carrying down by a precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed. It is an important issue in chemical analysis, where it is often undesirable, but in some cases it can be exploited. In [[gravimetric analysis]], it is a problem because undesired impurities often coprecipitate with the analyte, resulting in excess mass. On the other hand, in the analysis of trace elements, as is often the case in [[radiochemistry]], coprecipitation is often the only way of separating an element.

==References==
*Zumdahl, Steven S. ''Chemical Principles.'' 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.
*Mark Smith ''Principles of Science'' 1993

<references/>

==Further reading==
*Banert, T., Brenner, G., Peuker, U. A. (2006), Operating parameters of a continuous sono-chemical precipitation reactor, Proc. 5. WCPT, Orlando Fl., 23.-27. April 2006.

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Solid precipitation}}
* [http://www.hielscher.com/ultrasonics/precipitation_01.htm Continuous Precipitation Using Ultrasonication (e.g. for nano-size magnetite particles)]

[[Category:Chemical processes]]

[[ca:Precipitació (química)]]
[[da:Fældningsreaktion]]
[[de:Fällung]]
[[es:Precipitado]]
[[fr:Précipité]]
[[gl:Precipitación (reacción)]]
[[it:Precipitazione (chimica)]]
[[he:תגובת שיקוע]]
[[nl:Neerslag (scheikunde)]]
[[ja:沈殿]]
[[no:Fellingsreaksjon]]
[[nn:Fellingsreaksjon]]
[[pt:Precipitação (química)]]
[[ru:Преципитат (химия)]]
[[su:Présipitasi]]
[[sv:Utfällning]]
[[zh:沉淀]]

Transculturation

2007-11-13T01:34:45Z

209.244.189.88:

{{Essay-entry}}

Mr.A!'''Transculturation''' is a term coined by [[Fernando Ortiz]] in [[1947]] to describe the phenomenon of merging and converging cultures.

In simple terms, it reflects the natural tendency of people (in general) to resolve conflicts over time, rather than exacerbating them. In the modern context, both conflicts and resolutions are amplified by communication and transportation technology —the ancient tendency of cultures drifting or remaining apart has been replaced by stronger forces for bringing societies together. Where tranculturation impacts ethnicity and ethnic issues the term "ethnoconvergence" is sometimes used.

In one general sense, transculturation covers [[war]], [[ethnic conflict]], [[racism]], [[multiculturalism]], [[cross-culturalism]], [[interracial marriage]], and any other of a number of contexts that deal with more than one culture. In the other general sense, tranculturation is one aspect of global phenomena and human events.

The general processes of transculturation are extremely complex -- steered by powerful forces at the macrosocial level, yet ultimately resolved at the interpersonal level. The driving force for conflict is simple [[proximity]] -- boundaries, once separating people (providing for a measure of isolation) become the issue of a conflict when societies encroach upon one another territorially. If a means to co-exist cannot be immediately found, then conflicts can be hostile, leading to a process by which contact between individuals leads to some resolution. Often, history shows us, the processes of co-existence begins with hostilities, and with the natural passing of polarist individuals, comes the passing of their polarist sentiments, and soon some resolution is achieved. Degrees of hostile conflict vary from outright genocidal conquest, to lukewarm infighting between differing political views within the same ethnic community.

==Concepts==
Where attempts are made to keep a cultural identity "pure," the realities of social change, via natural and artificial means, dictate that cultures do not remain "pure" and never were "pure" in the first place, but are destined to change. It is the perception of individuals within cultures that their cultures do not in fact change fundamentally over time.

Human [[death|mortality]] and [[reproduction]] provides for social regeneration as well, and by this process of regeneration, which naturally includes sexual union, other cultures are often integrated. The inability of societies to maintain divisions over generations, despite attempts to engrain divisive elements, is reflective of this. As parents die, their children have the opportunity to reflect upon the nature and validity of established non-convergent precepts, and change them if they like.

These changes often represent differences between homeland pons, and their [[diasporic]] communities abroad. Nevertheless, obstacles to '''ethnoconvergence''' are not great. The primary issue; [[language]], (''hence, communication and education'') can, be overcome within a single generation - as is evident in the easy acclimation of children of foreign parents. English, for example, is spoken by more non-Anglo-American people than Anglo-Americans, making it the current [[lingua-franca]], the worldwide de facto standard international language.

===Homogenization versus ethnoconvergence===
It has been observed that even in monolingual, industrial societies like urban North America, some individuals do cling to a "modernized" primordial identity, apart from others. Some intellectuals, such as [[Michael Ignatieff]], argue that convergence of a general culture does not directly entail a similar convergence in [[ethnic]] identities. This can become evident in social situations, where people divide into separate groups, despite being of an identical ''"super-ethnicity"'', such as [[nationality]].

Within each smaller ethnicity, individuals may tend to see it perfectly justified to assimilate with other cultures, and some others view assimilation as wrong and incorrect for their culture. This common theme, representing dualist opinions of ethnoconvergence itself, within a single ethnic group is often manifested in issues of [[sexual partners and matrimony]], employment preferences, etc. These varied opinions of ethnoconvergence represent themselves in a spectrum; [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]], [[homogenization]], [[acculturation]], and [[cultural compromise]] are commonly used terms for ethnoconvegence which flavor the issues to a bias.

Often it's in a secular, multi-ethnic environment that cultural concerns are both minimalised and exaccerbated; Ethnic prides are boasted, hierarchy is created ("center" culture versus "periphery") but on the other hand, they will still share a common "culture", and common language and behaviours. Often the elderly, more conservative-in-association of a clan, tend to reject cross-cultural associations, and participate in ethnically similar community-oriented activities. [[Xenophobia|Xenophobes]] tend to think of cross-cultural contact as a component of [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]], and see this as harmful.

===Obstacles to ethnoconvergence===
The obstacle to ethnoconvergence is [[ethnocentrism]], which is the view that one's culture is of greater importance than another's.' Ethnocentrism often takes different forms, as it is a highly personal bias, and manifests itself in countless aspects of culture. [[Religion]], or belief, is the prime ethnocentric divider. Second is [[convention (norm)|custom]], which may overlap religion. With the adherence to each distinct component, comes the repulsion of the other. In most regions, ethnic divides are binary, meaning only two distinct cultures are present, each seeing the other as foreign. Many, however make the point that the binary example is the exception, and the norm is far more dynamic.

We can divide ethnicity into two distinct areas, as they relate to ethnoconvergence: Utilitarian traits, and traditional customs. Language usually falls into the first category, as people often do not attach to language a highly ethnic value. Learning a [[foreign language]] does not, in the eyes of most people, constitute a forfeiting of one's cultural heritage.

Religion, on the other hand, is a highly personal and attached part of culture. However, religion does not neatly correspond with ethnic identity. In many [[cosmopolitan]] societies, religion is everything - social, utilitarian, intellectual, political; from the point of view of people of immersed cultures; The very concept of ethnicity and its distinctions is incongruous to their immersed concepts.

In many societies, such as in those in Europe, languages are considered a significant component of ethnic values. This does not mean that most Europeans reject learning other languages. Quite the contrary, Europeans are often polyglots, and may label other individuals by their ethnicities; practical means of distinguishing cultures may resemble tendencies similar to ethnocentrism.

However, the political and cultural significance of regional or national languages are retained due to the fact that these polyglots conform to the linguistic norms of the place they visit - doing "as the Romans do". Thus, conforming to the "ethnic integrity" of the region.

It has even become a cliché that "to learn a new language is to adopt a new soul". There are many other examples of the essential significance of language. In pre-[[Russia|Russian]] [[Siberia]], [[Tatar-Mongol]] colonists in the [[Taiga]] often recognized indigenous speakers of [[Turkic languages]] as their "own people" and non-Turkic groups as "foreigners", despite these indigenous groups having a similar level of material culture, and sharing much of a primitive culture with tribes foreign to the Muslim-Buddhist Tatar-Mongols.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*Paul Allatson (2007). ''Key Terms in Latino/a Cultural And Literary Studies'' [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=9781405102513&site=1]. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1405102500.

==See also==

* [[Cross-cultural]]
* [[Intercultural relations]]
* [[Intercultural competence]]
* [[Multiculturalism]]
* [[Fernando Ortiz]]
* [[Ángel Rama]]

[[Category:Culture terms]]
[[Category:Human migration]]
[[Category:Cultural geography]]
[[Category:Multiculturalism]]

[[de:Transkulturation]]
[[es:Transculturación]]
[[fr:Transculturation]]
[[pl:Transkulturacja]]
[[pt:Transculturação]]
[[ta:பிறபண்பாட்டுமயமாதல்]]

Archive:Aquamarine

2007-03-06T23:08:43Z

209.244.188.193:

{{otheruses1|the mineral}}
{{Infobox mineral
| name = Aquamarine
| category = beryl mineral variety
| boxwidth =
| boxbgcolor =
| image = Aquamarin cut.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = Aquamarine
| formula = Be3Al2Si6O18<ref name="GRG"/>
| molweight =
| color = transparent (or can be translucent if included), greenish blue to blue green, typically light in tone<ref name="GRG">[[Gemological Institute of America]], ''GIA Gem Reference Guide'' 1995, ISBN:0-87311-019-6</ref>
| habit =
| system = [[hexagonal]]<ref name="GRG"/>
| twinning =
| cleavage = yes please...
| fracture = [[conchoidal]]<ref name="GRG"/>
| mohs = 7.5 - 8<ref name="GRG"/>
| luster = [[vitreous]] to resinous<ref name="GRG"/>
| polish = [[vitreous]] <ref name="GRG"/>
| refractive = 1.577 - 1.583 (+/- .017)<ref name="GRG"/>
| opticalprop = Double refractive, uniaxial negative<ref name="GRG"/>
| birefringence = .005 - .009<ref name="GRG"/>
| dispersion = .014<ref name="GRG"/>
| pleochroism = weak to moderate, blue and greenish blue; or different tones of blue with lighter tones associated with the optic axis direction <ref name="GRG"/>
| fluorescence= inert<ref name="GRG"/>
| absorption = indistinct lines at 537 and 456nm. Depending on the depth of color, there is a strong line at 427nm.<ref name="GRG"/>
| streak =
| gravity = 2.72 (+.18, -.05)<ref name="GRG"/>
| density =
| melt =
| fusibility =
| diagnostic =
| solubility =
| diaphaneity =
| other =
}}
'''Aquamarine''' (Lat. ''aqua marinā'', "water of the sea") is a [[gemstone]]-quality transparent variety of [[beryl]], having a delicate blue or turquoise color, suggestive of the tint of [[seawater]]. It's closely related to the gem [[emerald]]. Colors vary and yellow beryl, called ''[[heliodor]]''; rose pink beryl, ''[[morganite]]''; and white beryl, ''[[goshenite]]'' are known.

Aquamarine is a beryl with a [[Hexagonal (crystal system)|hexagonal]] [[crystal structure]] and a [[chemical formula]] of Be3Al2Si6O18, a [[beryllium]] [[aluminium]] [[Silicate minerals|silicate mineral]]. It has a [[specific gravity]] of 2.68 to 2.74 and a [[Mohs hardness]] of from 7.5 to 8. Aquamarine typically is on the low end of the specific gravity range, normally at less than 2.7. The pink variety exhibits a high specific gravity of around 2.8. [[Refractive index|Refractive indices]] range around 1.57 to 1.58.

It occurs at most localities which yield ordinary beryl, some of the finest coming from [[Russia]]. The gem-gravel [[Placer mining|placer]] deposits of [[Sri Lanka]] contain aquamarine. Clear yellow beryl, such as occurs in [[Brazil]], is sometimes called aquamarine chrysolite. When [[corundum]] presents the bluish tint of typical aquamarine, it is often termed Oriental aquamarine.

In the [[United States]], aquamarines can be found at the summit of [[Mount Antero|Mt. Antero]] in the [[Sawatch Range]] in central [[Colorado]]. In [[Brazil]], there are mines in the states of [[Minas Gerais]], [[Espírito Santo]] and [[Bahia]]. Zambia also produces nice aquamarine as well as Madagascar, Malawi, Tanzania and Kenya. Much of today's aquamarine is heated to give it a better color blue. The deeper the blue color, the more valuable the gem is considered.

The biggest aquamarine ever mined was found at the city of Marambaia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 1910. It weighed over 110 kg, and its dimensions were 48.5 cm long and 42 cm in diameter.

Aquamarine is the [[List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones|official state gem]] of Colorado.

==Culture and historical/mythical usage==
*Aquamarine is the [[birthstone]] associated with March. It is also the gemstone for the 19th Anniversary.
*People in the [[Middle Ages]] thought that aquamarine could magically overcome the effects of [[poison]].
*Ancient sailors traveled with aquamarine crystals, believing that it would ensure a safe passage, and often slept with the stones under their pillow to ensure sound sleep. They believed the siren’s ([[mermaid]]) fish-like lower body was made of aquamarine.

== See also ==
* [[List of minerals]]
{{commonscat|Aquamarine}}
[[Image:Beryl09.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Three Beryl Crystals - Aquamarine rough crystal in the center]]

== References ==
<references/>
* Weinstein, Michael, 1958, ''The World of Jewel Stones'' Sheriden House, New York, pp 104-107
* Diamond Bug. [http://diamondbug.blogspot.com/2006/03/flawless-aquamarine-march-birthstone.html "Flawless Aquamarine: March Birthstone"]. Retrieved March 16, 2006.

{{Jewellery Materials}}
[[Category:Silicate minerals]]
[[Category:Gemstones]]

[[bg:Аквамарин]]
[[da:Akvamarin]]
[[de:Aquamarin]]
[[es:Aguamarina]]
[[et:Akvamariin]]
[[fr:Aigue-marine]]
[[he:אקוומרין]]
[[lv:Akvamarīns]]
[[lt:Akvamarinas]]
[[nl:Aquamarijn]]
[[ja:アクアマリン]]
[[no:Akvamarin]]
[[pl:Akwamaryn]]
[[pt:Água-marinha]]
[[ro:Aquamarin]]
[[ru:Аквамарин]]
[[sl:Akvamarin (kamen)]]
[[fi:Akvamariini]]
[[sv:Akvamarin]]
[[vi:Ngọc berin]]
[[tr:Akuamarin]]
[[uk:Аквамарин]]

Archive:Aquamarine

2007-03-06T23:07:45Z

209.244.188.193:

{{otheruses1|the mineral}}
{{Infobox mineral
| name = Aquamarine
| category = beryl mineral variety
| boxwidth =
| boxbgcolor =
| image = Aquamarin cut.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = Aquamarine
| formula = Be3Al2Si6O18<ref name="GRG"/>
| molweight =
| color = transparent (or can be translucent if included), greenish blue to blue green, typically light in tone<ref name="GRG">[[Gemological Institute of America]], ''GIA Gem Reference Guide'' 1995, ISBN:0-87311-019-6</ref>
| habit =
| system = [[hexagonal]]<ref name="GRG"/>
| twinning =
| cleavage = yes please name="GRG"/>
| fracture = [[conchoidal]]<ref name="GRG"/>
| mohs = 7.5 - 8<ref name="GRG"/>
| luster = [[vitreous]] to resinous<ref name="GRG"/>
| polish = [[vitreous]] <ref name="GRG"/>
| refractive = 1.577 - 1.583 (+/- .017)<ref name="GRG"/>
| opticalprop = Double refractive, uniaxial negative<ref name="GRG"/>
| birefringence = .005 - .009<ref name="GRG"/>
| dispersion = .014<ref name="GRG"/>
| pleochroism = weak to moderate, blue and greenish blue; or different tones of blue with lighter tones associated with the optic axis direction <ref name="GRG"/>
| fluorescence= inert<ref name="GRG"/>
| absorption = indistinct lines at 537 and 456nm. Depending on the depth of color, there is a strong line at 427nm.<ref name="GRG"/>
| streak =
| gravity = 2.72 (+.18, -.05)<ref name="GRG"/>
| density =
| melt =
| fusibility =
| diagnostic =
| solubility =
| diaphaneity =
| other =
}}
'''Aquamarine''' (Lat. ''aqua marinā'', "water of the sea") is a [[gemstone]]-quality transparent variety of [[beryl]], having a delicate blue or turquoise color, suggestive of the tint of [[seawater]]. It's closely related to the gem [[emerald]]. Colors vary and yellow beryl, called ''[[heliodor]]''; rose pink beryl, ''[[morganite]]''; and white beryl, ''[[goshenite]]'' are known.

Aquamarine is a beryl with a [[Hexagonal (crystal system)|hexagonal]] [[crystal structure]] and a [[chemical formula]] of Be3Al2Si6O18, a [[beryllium]] [[aluminium]] [[Silicate minerals|silicate mineral]]. It has a [[specific gravity]] of 2.68 to 2.74 and a [[Mohs hardness]] of from 7.5 to 8. Aquamarine typically is on the low end of the specific gravity range, normally at less than 2.7. The pink variety exhibits a high specific gravity of around 2.8. [[Refractive index|Refractive indices]] range around 1.57 to 1.58.

It occurs at most localities which yield ordinary beryl, some of the finest coming from [[Russia]]. The gem-gravel [[Placer mining|placer]] deposits of [[Sri Lanka]] contain aquamarine. Clear yellow beryl, such as occurs in [[Brazil]], is sometimes called aquamarine chrysolite. When [[corundum]] presents the bluish tint of typical aquamarine, it is often termed Oriental aquamarine.

In the [[United States]], aquamarines can be found at the summit of [[Mount Antero|Mt. Antero]] in the [[Sawatch Range]] in central [[Colorado]]. In [[Brazil]], there are mines in the states of [[Minas Gerais]], [[Espírito Santo]] and [[Bahia]]. Zambia also produces nice aquamarine as well as Madagascar, Malawi, Tanzania and Kenya. Much of today's aquamarine is heated to give it a better color blue. The deeper the blue color, the more valuable the gem is considered.

The biggest aquamarine ever mined was found at the city of Marambaia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 1910. It weighed over 110 kg, and its dimensions were 48.5 cm long and 42 cm in diameter.

Aquamarine is the [[List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones|official state gem]] of Colorado.

==Culture and historical/mythical usage==
*Aquamarine is the [[birthstone]] associated with March. It is also the gemstone for the 19th Anniversary.
*People in the [[Middle Ages]] thought that aquamarine could magically overcome the effects of [[poison]].
*Ancient sailors traveled with aquamarine crystals, believing that it would ensure a safe passage, and often slept with the stones under their pillow to ensure sound sleep. They believed the siren’s ([[mermaid]]) fish-like lower body was made of aquamarine.

== See also ==
* [[List of minerals]]
{{commonscat|Aquamarine}}
[[Image:Beryl09.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Three Beryl Crystals - Aquamarine rough crystal in the center]]

== References ==
<references/>
* Weinstein, Michael, 1958, ''The World of Jewel Stones'' Sheriden House, New York, pp 104-107
* Diamond Bug. [http://diamondbug.blogspot.com/2006/03/flawless-aquamarine-march-birthstone.html "Flawless Aquamarine: March Birthstone"]. Retrieved March 16, 2006.

{{Jewellery Materials}}
[[Category:Silicate minerals]]
[[Category:Gemstones]]

[[bg:Аквамарин]]
[[da:Akvamarin]]
[[de:Aquamarin]]
[[es:Aguamarina]]
[[et:Akvamariin]]
[[fr:Aigue-marine]]
[[he:אקוומרין]]
[[lv:Akvamarīns]]
[[lt:Akvamarinas]]
[[nl:Aquamarijn]]
[[ja:アクアマリン]]
[[no:Akvamarin]]
[[pl:Akwamaryn]]
[[pt:Água-marinha]]
[[ro:Aquamarin]]
[[ru:Аквамарин]]
[[sl:Akvamarin (kamen)]]
[[fi:Akvamariini]]
[[sv:Akvamarin]]
[[vi:Ngọc berin]]
[[tr:Akuamarin]]
[[uk:Аквамарин]]