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Archive:Wasta

2011-10-13T07:20:23Z

212.118.143.38:

{{nofootnotes|date=February 2011}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2011}}
{{for|the town in the United States|Wasta, South Dakota}}
'''Wasta''' or '''Wasata''' (Arabic: واسْطة) is an Arabic word that loosely translates into [[Nepotism]] or '[[Wiktionary:clout#Noun|clout]]' or 'who you know'. It refers to using one’s connections and/or influence to get things done, including government transactions such as the quick renewal of a passport, waiving of traffic fines, and getting hired for or promoted in a job.

In other words, it amounts to getting something through favoritism rather than merit, or what is informally spoken of in English as "pull" from connections (the opposite of "push"). The English word [[cronyism]] overlaps in meaning but is not precisely the same. Roughly equivalent words in other languages include [[Sociolismo]] in Cuba; [[Blat (Russia)|Blat]] in Russia; [[Guanxi]] in Chinese and ''Vetternwirtschaft'' in German, ''protektzia'' in Israeli slang, or "hátszél" (meaning 'tailwind') in Magyar (Hungarian).

==Etymology==
Wasta is derived from the Modern Standard [[Arabic]] word "wasīṭ"( وسيط) in English is Nepotism which commonly means medium but also often means something akin to intermediary, intercessor or middle-man.

A [[Bahrain]]i diarist{{Who|date=March 2009}} provides some information about how the practice originated:

{{quote|The system evolved to preserve the social structure of the tribe. It allowed for the leadership to distribute the tribe's wealth as they deemed in their wisdom and experience would preserve peace and harmony. They would grant access to opportunities to those most deserving or to those who would otherwise be left behind, at their discretion. It is also important to keep the tribe from weakening itself, therefore internal competition is avoided.}}

Furthermore, companies in the [[Arab world]] rarely have a ‘no-[[nepotism]]’ policy in place, so one can often find a workforce with friends and friends relatives who may or may not be qualified. This takes place in both the public and private sectors.

In many Arab countries, such as [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Kuwait]], [[Qatar]] and Lebanon, wasta affects hiring and promotion decisions. This is not restricted to Arab nationals but is also practised by expatriates who use their connections as wastas.

Lately, {{When|date=June 2009}} wasta is discussed in the [[Middle East]] and its negative impacts discussed. With respect to recruitment, there seems to be a movement away from this wasta, especially in the case of multinationals and professional firms. However, Wasta is still widely used in the region.

It can be said that, Wasta is tempering people capability of living with dignity. It can get you hired with no qualification. It can get you huge business contracts with no efforts. It is the tool of power as some say.

==References==
* http://www.aqoul.com/archives/2005/07/the_wonders_of.php
* http://desertislandboy.blogs.com/home/2004/11/where_nepotism_.html
* http://everything2.com/title/Wasta

[[Category:Nepotism]]
[[Category:Arabic culture]]

[[es:Wasta]]

Top 100 Global Universities

2008-11-01T12:11:09Z

212.118.14.198: /* Top 100 Global Universities 2007 */

The '''Top 100 Global Universities''' is a ranking of the best College and University programs in the world as indicated by a survey conducted by [[Newsweek]]. The schools were evaluated on some of the measures used in well-known rankings published by [[Shanghai Jiaotong University]] and the [[Times Higher Education Supplement]] survey. Fifty percent of the score came from equal parts of three measures used by Shanghai Jiatong: the number of highly-cited researchers in various academic fields, the number of articles published in Nature and Science, and the number of articles listed in the ISI Social Sciences and Arts & Humanities indices. Another 40 percent of the score came from equal parts of four measures used by the Times: the percentage of international faculty, the percentage of international students, citations per faculty member (using ISI data), and the ratio of faculty to students. The final 10 percent came from library holdings (number of volumes).

==Top 100 Global Universities 2007 ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|1. [[Harvard University]]
|-
|2. [[Yale University]]
|-
|3. [[Stanford University]]
|-
|4. [[California Institute of Technology]]
|-
|5. [[University of California at Berkeley]]
|-
|6. [[University of Cambridge]]
|-
|7. [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
|-
|8. [[Oxford University]]
|-
|9. [[University of California at San Francisco]]
|-
|10. [[Columbia University]]
|-
|11. [[University of Michigan at Ann Arbor]]
|-
|12. [[University of California at Los Angeles]]
|-
|13. [[University of Pennsylvania]]
|-
|14. [[Duke University]]
|-
|15. [[Princeton University]]
|-
|16. [[Tokyo University]]
|-
|17. [[Imperial College London]]
|-
|18. [[University of Toronto]]
|-
|19. [[Cornell University]]
|-
|20. [[University of Chicago]]
|-
|21. [[Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich]]
|-
|22. [[University of Washington]]
|-
|23. [[University of California at San Diego]]
|-
|24. [[Johns Hopkins University]]
|-
|25. [[University College London]]
|-
|26. [[Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne]]
|-
|27. [[University of Texas at Austin]]
|-
|28. [[University of Wisconsin at Madison]]
|-
|29. [[Kyoto University]]
|-
|30. [[University of Minnesota Twin Cities]]
|-
|31. [[University of British Columbia]]
|-
|32. [[University of Geneva]]
|-
|33. [[Washington University in St. Louis]]
|-
|34. [[London School of Economics]]
|-
|35. [[Northwestern University]]
|-
|36. [[National University of Singapore]]
|-
|37. [[University of Pittsburgh]]
|-
|38. [[Australian National University]]
|-
|39. [[New York University]]
|-
|40. [[Pennsylvania State University]]
|-
|41. [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]
|-
|42. [[McGill University]]
|-
|43. [[Ecole Polytechnique]]
|-
|44. [[University of Basel]]
|-
|45. [[University of Maryland]]
|-
|46. [[University of Zurich]]
|-
|47. [[University of Edinburgh]]
|-
|48. [[University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign]]
|-
|49. [[University of Bristol]]
|-
|50. [[University of Sydney]]
|-
|51. [[University of Colorado at Boulder]]
|-
|52. [[Utrecht University]]
|-
|53. [[University of Melbourne]]
|-
|54. [[University of Southern California]]
|-
|55. [[University of Alberta]]
|-
|56. [[Brown University]]
|-
|57. [[Osaka University]]
|-
|58. [[University of Manchester]]
|-
|59. [[University of California at Santa Barbara]]
|-
|60. [[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]]
|-
|61. [[Wageningen University]]
|-
|62. [[Michigan State University]]
|-
|63. [[University of Munich]]
|-
|64. [[University of New South Wales]]
|-
|65. [[Boston University]]
|-
|66. [[Vanderbilt University]]
|-
|67. [[University of Rochester]]
|-
|68. [[Tohoku University]]
|-
|69. [[University of Hong Kong]]
|-
|70. [[University of Sheffield]]
|-
|71. [[Nanyang Technological University]]
|-
|72. [[University of Vienna]]
|-
|73. [[Monash University]]
|-
|74. [[University of Nottingham]]
|-
|75. [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
|-
|76. [[Lund University]]
|-
|77. [[Texas A&M University]]
|-
|78. [[University of Western Australia]]
|-
|79. [[École Normale Supérieure]] (Paris)
|-
|80. [[University of Virginia]]
|-
|81. [[Technical University of Munich]]
|-
|82. [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]
|-
|83. [[Leiden University]]
|-
|84. [[University of Waterloo]]
|-
|85. [[King's College London]]
|-
|86. [[Purdue University]]
|-
|87. [[University of Birmingham]]
|-
|88. [[Uppsala University]]
|-
|89. [[University of Amsterdam]]
|-
|90. [[University of Heidelberg]]
|-
|91. [[University of Queensland]]
|-
|92. [[University of Leuven]]
|-
|93. [[Emory University]]
|-
|94. [[Nagoya University]]
|-
|95. [[Case Western Reserve University]]
|-
|96. [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]
|-
|97. [[University of Newcastle]]
|-
|98. [[Innsbruck University]]
|-
|99. [[University of Massachusetts at Amherst]]
|-
|100. [[Sussex University]]
|}

[http://newsmambo.blogspot.com/2007/05/top-100-global-universities.html]
{{uncategorized|date=September 2008}}

[[vi:Top 100 trường đại học trên thế giới]]

Top 100 Global Universities

2008-11-01T12:09:24Z

212.118.14.198:

The '''Top 100 Global Universities''' is a ranking of the best College and University programs in the world as indicated by a survey conducted by [[Newsweek]]. The schools were evaluated on some of the measures used in well-known rankings published by [[Shanghai Jiaotong University]] and the [[Times Higher Education Supplement]] survey. Fifty percent of the score came from equal parts of three measures used by Shanghai Jiatong: the number of highly-cited researchers in various academic fields, the number of articles published in Nature and Science, and the number of articles listed in the ISI Social Sciences and Arts & Humanities indices. Another 40 percent of the score came from equal parts of four measures used by the Times: the percentage of international faculty, the percentage of international students, citations per faculty member (using ISI data), and the ratio of faculty to students. The final 10 percent came from library holdings (number of volumes).

==Top 100 Global Universities 2007 ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|1. [[Harvard University]]
|-
|2. [[Yale University]]
|-
|3. [[Jordan University]]
|-
|4. [[California Institute of Technology]]
|-
|5. [[University of California at Berkeley]]
|-
|6. [[University of Cambridge]]
|-
|7. [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
|-
|8. [[Oxford University]]
|-
|9. [[University of California at San Francisco]]
|-
|10. [[Columbia University]]
|-
|11. [[University of Michigan at Ann Arbor]]
|-
|12. [[University of California at Los Angeles]]
|-
|13. [[University of Pennsylvania]]
|-
|14. [[Duke University]]
|-
|15. [[Princeton University]]
|-
|16. [[Tokyo University]]
|-
|17. [[Imperial College London]]
|-
|18. [[University of Toronto]]
|-
|19. [[Cornell University]]
|-
|20. [[University of Chicago]]
|-
|21. [[Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich]]
|-
|22. [[University of Washington]]
|-
|23. [[University of California at San Diego]]
|-
|24. [[Johns Hopkins University]]
|-
|25. [[University College London]]
|-
|26. [[Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne]]
|-
|27. [[University of Texas at Austin]]
|-
|28. [[University of Wisconsin at Madison]]
|-
|29. [[Kyoto University]]
|-
|30. [[University of Minnesota Twin Cities]]
|-
|31. [[University of British Columbia]]
|-
|32. [[University of Geneva]]
|-
|33. [[Washington University in St. Louis]]
|-
|34. [[London School of Economics]]
|-
|35. [[Northwestern University]]
|-
|36. [[National University of Singapore]]
|-
|37. [[University of Pittsburgh]]
|-
|38. [[Australian National University]]
|-
|39. [[New York University]]
|-
|40. [[Pennsylvania State University]]
|-
|41. [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]
|-
|42. [[McGill University]]
|-
|43. [[Ecole Polytechnique]]
|-
|44. [[University of Basel]]
|-
|45. [[University of Maryland]]
|-
|46. [[University of Zurich]]
|-
|47. [[University of Edinburgh]]
|-
|48. [[University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign]]
|-
|49. [[University of Bristol]]
|-
|50. [[University of Sydney]]
|-
|51. [[University of Colorado at Boulder]]
|-
|52. [[Utrecht University]]
|-
|53. [[University of Melbourne]]
|-
|54. [[University of Southern California]]
|-
|55. [[University of Alberta]]
|-
|56. [[Brown University]]
|-
|57. [[Osaka University]]
|-
|58. [[University of Manchester]]
|-
|59. [[University of California at Santa Barbara]]
|-
|60. [[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]]
|-
|61. [[Wageningen University]]
|-
|62. [[Michigan State University]]
|-
|63. [[University of Munich]]
|-
|64. [[University of New South Wales]]
|-
|65. [[Boston University]]
|-
|66. [[Vanderbilt University]]
|-
|67. [[University of Rochester]]
|-
|68. [[Tohoku University]]
|-
|69. [[University of Hong Kong]]
|-
|70. [[University of Sheffield]]
|-
|71. [[Nanyang Technological University]]
|-
|72. [[University of Vienna]]
|-
|73. [[Monash University]]
|-
|74. [[University of Nottingham]]
|-
|75. [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
|-
|76. [[Lund University]]
|-
|77. [[Texas A&M University]]
|-
|78. [[University of Western Australia]]
|-
|79. [[École Normale Supérieure]] (Paris)
|-
|80. [[University of Virginia]]
|-
|81. [[Technical University of Munich]]
|-
|82. [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]
|-
|83. [[Leiden University]]
|-
|84. [[University of Waterloo]]
|-
|85. [[King's College London]]
|-
|86. [[Purdue University]]
|-
|87. [[University of Birmingham]]
|-
|88. [[Uppsala University]]
|-
|89. [[University of Amsterdam]]
|-
|90. [[University of Heidelberg]]
|-
|91. [[University of Queensland]]
|-
|92. [[University of Leuven]]
|-
|93. [[Emory University]]
|-
|94. [[Nagoya University]]
|-
|95. [[Case Western Reserve University]]
|-
|96. [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]
|-
|97. [[University of Newcastle]]
|-
|98. [[Innsbruck University]]
|-
|99. [[University of Massachusetts at Amherst]]
|-
|100. [[Sussex University]]
|}

[http://newsmambo.blogspot.com/2007/05/top-100-global-universities.html]
{{uncategorized|date=September 2008}}

[[vi:Top 100 trường đại học trên thế giới]]