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Archive:How television works

2008-09-01T15:05:52Z

217.218.230.12:

{{Unreferenced|date=April 2008}}

{{Merge-multiple| Technology of television | Analog television|date=January 2008}}

==Analog television==

Until the advent of [[digital television]] and [[flat panel displays]] in the 1990s, all television was based on the transmission and reception of [[analog signals]], displayed on a [[cathode-ray tube]]. Although a number of different [[broadcast television systems]] were in use worldwide, the same principles of operation apply.

The first analog television systems were [[monochrome]]; they were enhanced to include color beginning in the 1960s (see article [[History of television]]).

===Displaying a picture===

A [[cathode-ray tube|CRT]] television displays an image by scanning a beam of [[electrons]] across the screen in a pattern of horizontal lines known as a [[raster scan|raster]]. At the end of each line the beam returns to the start of the next line; at the end of the last line it returns to the top of the screen. As it passes each point the intensity of the beam is varied, varying the brightness (technically, [[luminance]]) of that point. A [[color television]] system is identical except that an additional signal known as [[chrominance]] controls the color of the spot.

Raster scanning is shown in a slightly simplified form below.

[[Image:Raster-scan.svg]]

When analog television was developed, no affordable technology for storing any video signals existed; the luminance signal has to be generated and transmitted at exactly the point in time at which is displayed on the CRT. It is therefore essential to keep the raster scanning in the camera (or other device for producing the signal) in exact [[synchronization]] with the scanning in the television.

The physics of the CRT require that a finite time interval is allowed for the spot to move back to the start of the next line (''horizontal retrace'') or the start of the screen (''vertical retrace''). The timing of the luminance signal must allow for this.

Raster scanning has to be performed sufficiently quickly that [[persistence of vision]] allows the eye to view a stable image, and such that moving images can be displayed without appearing jerky. The maximum [[frame rate]] achievable depends on the [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] of the electronics and transmission system, and the number of lines in the image. In practice, a rate of 50 or 60 [[hertz]] is a satisfactory compromise, with [[interlacing]] used to double the apparent number of lines.

===Components of a television system===

A practical television system needs to take luminance, chrominance (in a color system), synchronization (horizontal and vertical), and [[Sound recording and reproduction|audio]] signals, and [[broadcast]] them over a [[radio]] transmission. The transmission system must include a means of [[television channel|channel]] selection.

A typical analog television receiver is based around the block diagram shown below:

[[Image:TV-block-diagram.svg]]

====Receiving the signal====

The television system for each country will specify a number of ''channels'' within the [[UHF]] or [[VHF]] frequency ranges. A channel actually consists of two signals: the picture information is transmitted using [[amplitude modulation]] on one frequency, and the sound is transmitted with [[frequency modulation]] at a frequency at a fixed offset (typically 4.5 to 6MHz) from the picture signal.

The channel frequencies chosen represent a compromise between allowing enough [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] for video (and hence satisfactory picture resolution), and allowing enough channels to be packed into the available frequency band. In practice a technique called [[vestigial sideband]] is used to reduce the channel spacing, which would be at least twice the video bandwidth if purely AM was used.

Signal reception is invariably done via a [[superhet]] receiver: the first stage is a ''tuner'' which selects a channel and frequency-shifts it to a fixed [[intermediate frequency]] (IF). Signal [[amplifier|amplification]] (from the microvolt range to fractions of a volt) is then performed largely by the IF stages.

At this point the IF signal consists of a video [[carrier wave|carrier]] at one frequency and the sound carrier at a fixed offset. Early systems would feed this to a simple [[demodulator]], which produced a video signal at [[baseband]] and the sound as an FM signal at the offset frequency (this is known as ''intercarrier sound''). Later systems [[electronic filter|filter]] the IF first to prevent interference between sound and vision.

The FM sound carrier is then demodulated, amplified, and used to drive a loudspeaker. Until the advent of [[NICAM]] sound transmission was invariably monophonic.

====Picture and Synchronisation====

The video carrier is demodulated to give a [[composite video]] signal; this contains luminance (brightness), chrominance (color) and synchronisation signals; this is identical to the video signal format used by analog video devices such as [[VCRs]] or [[closed-circuit television|CCTV cameras]]. Note that the RF signal modulation is inverted compared to the conventional AM: the minimum video signal level corresponds to maximum carrier amplitude, and vice versa. The carrier is never shut off altogether; this is to ensure that intercarrier sound demodulation can still occur.

Each line of the displayed image is transmitted using a signal as shown below. The same basic format (with minor differences mainly related to timing and the encoding of color) is used for [[PAL]], [[NTSC]] and [[SECAM]] television systems. A monochrome signal is identical to a color one, with the exception that the elements shown in color in the diagram (the color burst, and the chrominance signal) are not present.

[[Image:Video-line.svg]]

====Synchronisation====
{{Mergefrom|vertical synchronization pulse|date=May 2008}}

Synchronisation is transmitted via negative-going pulses; in a composite video signal these are approximately 0.3V below the 'black' level. The ''horizontal sync'' signal is a single short pulse which indicates the start of every line. Two timing intervals are defined - the ''front porch'' between the end of displayed video and the start of the sync pulse, and the ''back porch'' after the sync pulse and before displayed video. These and the sync pulse itself are called the ''horizontal blanking'' (or ''retrace'') ''interval'' and represent the time that the electron beam in the CRT is returning to the start of the next display line.

The ''vertical sync'' signal is a series of much longer pulses, indicating the start of a new field. The sync pulses occupy the whole of line interval of a number of lines at the beginning and end of a scan; no picture information is transmitted during vertical retrace. The pulse sequence is designed to allow horizontal sync to continue during vertical retrace; it also indicates whether each field represents even or odd lines in interlaced systems (depending on whether it begins at the start of a horizontal line, or mid-way through).

In the TV receiver, a ''sync separator'' circuit detects the sync voltage levels and sorts the pulses into horizontal and vertical sync. These are fed to horizontal and vertical ''timebase'' circuits which generate [[sawtooth]] current waveforms, which are each reset by the appropriate sync pulse. These waveforms are fed to the horizontal and vertical ''scan coils'' wrapped around the CRT tube. These produce a [[magnetic field]] proportional to the changing current, and this deflects the electron beam, scanning it across the tube surface.

The lack of precision timing components available in early television receivers meant that the timebase circuits occasionally needed manual adjustment. The adjustment took the form of ''horizontal hold'' and ''vertical hold'' controls, usually on the rear of the set. Loss of horizontal synchronisation usually resulted in an unwatchable picture; loss of vertical synchronisation would produce an image rolling up or down the screen.

====Monochrome video====

The luminance component of a composite video signal varies between 0V and approximately 0.7V above the 'black' level. (In the NTSC system, there is in fact a ''blanking'' signal level used during the front porch and back porch, and a ''black'' signal level 75mV above it; in PAL and SECAM these are identical).

In a monochrome receiver the luminance signal is simply amplified (with brightness and contrast controls determining DC shift and amplification, respectively) and used to drive the [[control grid]] in the [[electron gun]] of the CRT. This changes the intensity of the electron beam and therefore the brightness of the spot being scanned.

====Power Supply====

Most of the receiver's circuitry (at least in [[Transistor]] or [[Integrated circuit|IC]] based designs) operates from a comparatively low-voltage [[direct-current|DC]] power supply. However, the [[anode]] connection requires a very high voltage (typically 10-30kV) for correct operation.

This voltage is not generally produced by the main [[power supply]] circuitry; instead the receiver makes use of the circuitry used for horizontal scanning. At the end of each horizontal scan line, the [[magnetic field]] which has built up in the scan coils contains electromagnetic [[energy]]. This must be dissipated when the field is reversed during horizontal retrace. Instead of being dissipated as waste heat, the horizontal scan coil is discharged into the [[transformer|primary winding]] of a [[flyback transformer]]. The secondary of this is fed to a high-voltage [[rectifier]] which produces the required [[extra high tension|EHT]] supply (see [[flyback converter]] for a detailed description of this form of power supply).

Typically, the flyback transformer and rectifier circuitry are incorporated into a single unit with a captive output lead, so that all high-voltage parts are enclosed. The high frequency (15Khz or so) of the horizontal scanning allows reasonably small components to be used.

===Color video===

A color signal conveys picture information for each of the red, green, and blue components of an image (see the article on [[Color space]] for more information). However, these are not simply transmitted as three separate signals, because:
* such a signal would not be compatible with monochrome receivers (an important consideration when color broadcasting was first introduced)
* it would occupy three times the bandwidth of existing television, requiring a decrease in the number of channels available
* typical problems with signal transmission (such as differing received signal levels between different colors) would produce unpleasant side-effects.

Instead, the RGB signals are converted into [[YUV]] form, where the Y signal represents the overall brightness, and can be transmitted as the luminance signal. This ensures a monochrome receiver will display a correct picture. The U signal then represents how 'blue' the color is, and the V signal how 'red' it is. As the eye is more sensitive to errors in luminance than in color, the U and V signals can be transmitted in a relatively [[lossy compression|lossy]] (specifically: bandwidth-limited) way with acceptable results.

In the [[NTSC]] and [[PAL]] color systems, U and V are transmitted by adding a ''color subcarrier'' to the composite video signal, and using [[quadrature amplitude modulation]] on it. In NTSC, the subcarrier is at approximately 3.58 MHz, in PAL it is roughly 4.43 MHz - these are chosen to be above the baseband luminance signal, but below the FM sound carrier.

The two signals (U and V) modulate both the [[amplitude]] and [[phase]] of the color carrier, so to demodulate them it is necessary to have a reference signal against which to compare it. For this reason a short burst of reference signal known as the ''color burst'' is transmitted during the back porch of each line. A reference oscillator in the receiver locks onto this signal (see [[phase-locked loop]]) to achieve a phase reference, and uses its amplitude to set an [[Automatic gain control|AGC]] system to achieve an amplitude reference.

The U and V signals are then demodulated by band-pass filtering to retrieve the color subcarrier, mixing it with the in-phase and [[quadrature phase|quadrature]] signals from the reference oscillator, and low-pass filtering the results.

NTSC uses this process unmodified; unfortunately this often results in poor color reproduction due to phase errors in the received signal. The PAL system corrects this by reversing the phase of the signal on each successive line and averaging the result over pairs of lines. Phase errors therefore tend to be cancelled out.

In the [[SECAM]] television system, U and V are transmitted on ''alternate'' lines, using simple [[frequency modulation]] of the color subcarrier.

==See also==
* [[History of television]]
* [[Broadcast television systems]]
* [[NTSC]], [[PAL]] and [[SECAM]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/4750 Video signal measurement and generation]
*[http://freespace.virgin.net/ljmayes.mal/var/tvsync.htm Television synchronisation]
*[http://www.penders.cwc.net/otfrequenc.html UK TV frequency listings for (obsolete) 405-line, and 625-line systems]
*[http://www.hometechanswers.com/video/standards.html Video broadcast standard frequencies and country listings]
*[http://www.edn.com/article/CA6335297.html EDN magazine describing design of a 1958 transistorised TV receiver]

[[Category:Television technology]]
[[fa:تلوزیون چگونه کار می کند]]

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2007-07-22T08:39:04Z

217.218.75.161: THE PARLIAMENTARY UNION OF THE OIC MEMBERS STATES (PUIC)

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'''ABOUT THE PARLIAMENTARY UNION OF THE OIC MEMBERS STATES (PUIC)'''

'''DATE OF ESTABLISHMENT''' 17 June 1999 (The Founding Conference of the PUIC held in Tehran, decided to establish the Parliamentary Union of the OIC Member States (PUIC) with the Permanent Headquarters in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.)

'''SECRETARY GENERAL''' '''H.E. Mr. Ibrahim Ahmed Auf''' is the Secretary General of the PUIC. He joined the Union on 1st March 2000, when he was elected during the Extraordinary Session of the Council, held in Tehran, on 29th February 2000. He has been re-elected again by the Sixth Session of the Council held in Dakar on 7 – 8 March, 2004.

'''MEMBERSHIP''' 48 parliaments are the Members of the Union

'''OBSERVERS''' 10 regional/international organizations and parliaments are Observers of the Union.

'''OFFICIALS OF THE GENERAL SECRETARIAT OF THE PUIC'''

- H.E. Ambassador Mr. Mohammed Peyrovi,Assistant Secretary General
- H.E. Ambassador Mr. Amin Mohamed Amin Ghoneim,Director of Cabinet
- Mr. Zahid Hassan Qureshi,Director for Conferences.

'''LEGAL DOCUMENT OF THE UNION''' The Statute of the PUIC which was adopted by the Founding Conference held in Tehran on 15 to 17 June, 1999 (1-3 Rabi ul Awal,1420H).

'''HEADQUARTER’S ADDRESS''' General Secretariat of the Parliamentary Union of the OIC Member States:- No.50 Pesyan Street, Corner of Moghaddas Ardabili Street, Zafaranieh, Tehran – Zip Code: 198633553.

POSTAL ADDRESS P.O. Box No.19395-3851, Tehran.

TELEPHONE NUMBERS (9821) 2241-8860 to 62.

FAX NUMBER (9821) 2241-8859 and 2241-8858.

E-MAIL ADDRESS G.S@PUOICM.ORG

WEB SITE ''' [http://www.puoicm.org http://www.puoicm.org]'''

'''OBJECTIVES'''
The Union aims at achieving the following objectives:
Introducing and disseminating the noble principles of Islam, with emphasis on the different aspects of its civilization;
Enhancing and supporting the implementation of the Islamic principle of consultation (Shoora) in all OIC Member States, in accordance with the Constitution and circumstances of each member;
Providing a framework for comprehensive and fruitful cooperation and coordination among parliaments of OIC members in international fora and organizations;
Promoting meeting and dialogue among parliaments of OIC members and their deputies, exchanging parliamentary experience, discussing economic, cultural, social and political issues of interest to the OIC members, and addressing grave challenges and attempts to impose cultural, political and economic domination, and adopting appropriate recommendations and decisions on such issues;
Strengthening contacts, cooperation and coordination with other parliamentary, governmental and non‑governmental organizations, with the aim of advancing common objectives;
Fostering coordination among peoples of the world in order to respect and defend human rights and humanitarian principles and establishment of peace, based on justice.

'''MEMBERSHIP'''
The Union shall be composed of parliaments of the OIC Members States. Membership in the Union does not inhibit membership in any other regional or international parliamentary group. Regional or international organizations may attend conferences of the Union as observers upon the recommendation of the Executive Committee and the approval of the Conference. Parliaments of the OIC observers may also attend conferences of the Union as observers. Observers shall have the right to express their views but not to vote. At present there are 48 Member Parliaments.

'''OBSERVERS'''
Observers Status in the Union is open, upon request to any Parliaments of OIC, Regional or international organizations which expresses its readiness to make practical and valuable contribution to the work of the Union. They may attend conferences of the Union as Observers. Observers shall have the right to express their views but not to vote. Observer Status may be granted, suspended or terminated by the Conference in accordance with the Rules of Procedure.

'''ORGANS'''
The Organs of the Union are as follows:
1. The Conference,
2. The Council,
3. The Executive Committee,
4. The General Secretariat.

'''FINANCE'''
Member Parliaments shall contribute to the budget of the Union in accordance with a scale of assessment to be determined taking into account the current scale of assessment of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, so that the share of countribution of each Member of the Union shall not exceed half the share contributed by its country in the OIC budget.

'''LANGUAGES'''
The working languages of the Union are Arabic, English and French.

'''THE CONFERENCE'''

The Conference shall be composed of the speakers of Member-Parliaments of the Union or their representatives, in addition to a maximum of four parliamentarians from each member of the Union;
The Speaker of the Parliament of the host country shall preside over the meetings of the Conference. The Conference shall elect two vice‑chairmen from amongst the heads of delegations from other geographic regions as well as a rapporteur from amongst delegates;
The Bureau of the Conference shall be composed of the Chairman of the Conference, the two vice‑chairmen and the rapporteur. The Bureau, assisted by the Secretary-General, shall take the responsibility for the Conference proceedings;
The Conference shall discuss subject matters that fall in the scope of its objectives, as provided for in Article-1. It shall adopt appropriate resolutions, decisions and recommendations thereon;
Any Member of the Union may request the convening of an Extra-Ordinary Conference. The Chairman shall convene the extra-ordinary Conference if the request is supported by majority of Union members. The Extra-Ordinary Conference can only consider the item(s) for which it is convened.
The Conference shall convene once every two years, the venue and date of which shall be proposed by the Executive Committee and approved by the Council. The Council may change the venue and date of the Conference or postpone it. In case there can be no decision on hosting the Conference, it shall be convened at the Headquarters, following coordination with the Council.
The Conference has met on the following dates and places:-
1. The Founding Conference (First Session) of the PUIC was held in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, on 15-17 June 1999.
2. The Second Session of the Conference of the PUIC was held in Rabat, Kingdom of Morocco, on 27 to 28 September 2001.
3. The Third Session of the Conference of the PUIC was held in Dakar, Republic of Senegal, on 9 to 10 March, 2004.
4. The Fourth Session of the Conference of the PUIC will be held in Istanbul, Republic of Turkey, on 12 to 13 April, 2006.
5. The Fifth Session of the Conference of the PUIC will be held in Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt, January 2008.
On recommendation of the Executive Committee, the Council shall draw up a provisional agenda to be submitted to the Conference;
Members of the Union may submit to the Executive Committee or to the Council, proposals to include supplementary item(s) in the provisional agenda of the Conference, not later than two months before the Conference convenes.
The Conference shall adopt its agenda at the beginning of the first session.
The Conference may on proposal of heads of delegations, include other supplementary items on the agenda.
The Conference shall convene only with the presence of more than half of its members. All resolutions and decisions shall be adopted, to the extent possible, by consensus. Otherwise, they shall be adopted by a two-third majority of its members present and voting.

'''THE COUNCIL'''

The Council shall be composed of two members of legislative and/or consultative assemblies or similar bodies from each member of the Union designated by their delegation to the Conference. The term of office of the members shall last until the next Conference. All members of the Council shall be sitting members of their Parliaments.
Council members incapacitated by death, resignation or loss of parliamentary mandate shall be replaced by another member of their respective parliaments for the remaining period.
The Council shall convene once a year with the presence of more than half of its members. The venue of the meetings shall be determined based on geographic rotation. The Council shall meet during the course of each Conference, which shall constitute the annual session of the Council for that year. The Council has met at the following dates and places:-

1. The First Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Tehran on 17 June 1999.
2. The Extraordinary Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran on 28 to 29 February 2000.
3. The Second Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt on 3 to 4 July 2000.
4. The Third Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Rabat, Kingdom of Morocco on 25 to 26 September 2001.
5. The Fourth Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Rabat, Kingdom of Morocco on 26 September 2001.
6. The Fifth Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Yaoundé, Republic of Cameroon on 17 to 18 January 2003.
7. The Sixth Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Dakar, Republic of Senegal on 7 to 8 March, 2004.
8. The Seventh Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Beirut, Republic of Lebanon on 9 – 10 February, 2005.
9. The Eighth Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Istanbul, Republic of Turkey on 10 – 11 April, 2006.
10. The Ninth Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia on 15 – 16 February, 2007.
11. The Tenth Session of the Council of the PUIC will be held in Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt, January, 2008.
The Chairman of the Council or any Member of the Union may request the convening of an Extra-Ordinary meeting of the Council. The Chairman shall convene the extra-ordinary meeting, if the request is supported by majority of Union members. The Extra-Ordinary meeting can only consider the item(s) for which it is convened.
Chairmanship of the Council shall be in annual geographic rotation based on the recommendation of the respective regional groups. The same procedure shall be applied in appointing the two vice‑chairmen.
The Council shall be entrusted with the following tasks:
Consideration of annual report of the Secretary-General;
Drawing up and amending the internal financial and administrative rules and regulations of the Union and its Organs;
Adopting the venue and date of the Conference as well as inviting Member Parliaments to convene the meeting;
Receiving proposals from member delegations, examining the proposals, taking decisions and submitting to the Conference what it considers as important;
Studying and approving the draft of the annual budget of the Union, as well as examining and approving previous year's accounts;
Designating two external auditors to examine the Union's accounts and balance its payments;
Taking decisions on the requests of Parliaments and similar bodies of the OIC member countries for accession or re‑accession to the Union, or suspending membership of member of the Union;
Executing other duties entrusted by the Conference.
Any other action or procedure the Council deems as being necessary in achieving the objectives of the Union.
The Council shall adopt its agenda at the beginning of its first session;
The Council may approve and include in its agenda other item(s) proposed by the heads of delegations;
Council's decisions, resolutions and recommendations shall be adopted by consensus to the extent possible, otherwise by a two‑thirds majority of the members present and voting.

'''THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE'''

The Executive Committee shall be composed of one member each from the delegations of previous, present and future hosts of the Conference, in addition to six members elected by the Conference from amongst its members based on equitable geographic distribution, for a two‑year term of office;
The Chairman of the Council is ex‑officio Chairman of the Executive Committee assisted by two vice-chairmen;
Any member of the Executive Committee incapacitated by death, resignation or loss of parliamentary mandate shall be replaced by another member of their respective parliaments for the remaining period;
The Executive Committee shall convene at least once a year with the presence of at least six of its nine members. The Executive Committee has met at the following dates and places:-
1. The Founding Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Tehran on 17th June 1999.
2. The First Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Islamabad, Islamic Republic of Pakistan on 10 and 11 August 1999.
3. The Second Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Berlin on 15 October 1999.(on the side line of an IPU Conference)
4. The Third Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Tehran on 27 February, 2000. (Held along with the Extra-ordinary Session of the Council)
5. The Fourth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt on 2nd July 2000.
6. The Fifth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt on 17 – 18 March, 2001.
7. The Sixth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Rabat, Kingdom of Morocco on 24 and 25 September 2001. (Held along with the 2nd Session of the Conference).
8. The Seventh Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Kuwait, on 28 and 29 April 2002.
9. The Eighth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Yaoundé, Republic of Cameroon on 15 and 16 January 2003. (Held along with the 5th Session of the Council)
10. The Ninth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Jakarta, Republic of Indonesia on 17 and 18 September 2003.
11. The Tenth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Dakar, Republic of Senegal on 5 – 6 March 2004. (Held along with the 3rd Session of the Conference.)
12. The Eleventh Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Beirut, Republic of Lebanon on 7 – 8 October 2004.
13. The Twelfth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Beirut, Republic of Lebanon on 7 – 8 February, 2005. (Held along with the 7th Session of the Council.)
14. The Thirteenth Meeting of the Executive Committee held at the headquarters of the PUIC in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran on 20 – 21 November, 2005.
15. The Fourteenth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Istanbul, Republic of Turkey on 8 – 9 April, 2006. (Held along with the 4th Session of the Conference.)
16. The Fifteenth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on 28 – 29 November, 2006.
17. The Sixteenth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on 13 – 14 February, 2007. (Held along with the 9th Session of the Council.)
18. The Seventeenth Meeting of the Executive Committee will be held in Khartoum, Sudan on 4 – 5 September, 2007.
19. The Eighteenth Meeting of the Executive Committee will be held in Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt, January, 2008. (Held along with the 5th Session of the Conference.)
Decisions, resolutions and recommendations shall be adopted by consensus to the extent possible, otherwise by a two‑thirds majority of its members present and voting.
The Executive Committee will be in charge of the following:
Examining requests for accession or re-accession to the Union, or suspending membership of members of the Union and informing the Council of its recommendations;
Drawing up the draft agenda of the Council and the Conference;
Expressing opinion on the requests of inclusion of supplementary items on the agenda of the Council or the Conference;
Monitoring the work and activities of the Secretariat regarding implementation of the resolutions, decisions and recommendations adopted by the Council or the Conference;
Other tasks referred to it by the Council or the Conference.
THE GENERAL SECRETARIAT
On 24 April, 2001 Honorable Sheikh Mahdi Karroubi, Speaker of the Islamic Consultative Assembly of the Islamic Republic of Iran in his capacity as President of the Conference of the PUIC, in the presence of a large number of Member Speakers, Parliamentarians and Heads of Diplomatic Missions accredited in Tehran, officially inaugurated the Headquarters of the Union.
The Council shall elect the Secretary General on the nomination of members of the Union. The candidates should be of high qualifications and experience in parliamentary affairs and well‑known for administrative efficiency. The Secretary-General shall be elected by consensus, to the extent possible, and otherwise by a two-thirds majority of members present and voting;
The Secretary General shall be appointed from a country other than that hosting the headquarters, for a four‑year, once renewable, term of office;
The Council, taking into consideration equitable regional distribution, shall appoint at the proposal of the Secretary General, Assistant Secretaries General, Directors and other Senior Officials.
The General Secretariat shall be entrusted with the following tasks:
Facilitating continued contacts among the members of the Union, between Parliaments and the Union, and the Union with other regional and international organizations and bodies;
Financial and administrative affairs of the Union;
Preparing subject matters that will be studied by the Conference and the Council, necessary documents and reports, minutes and correspondence;
Maintaining archives of the Union;
Informing members of the Union and other relevant bodies of the resolutions, decisions and recommendations adopted by the Conference and the Council;
Taking appropriate measures to ensure implementation of decisions of the Union.

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217.218.75.161: /* Usage */

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2007-07-22T08:23:14Z

217.218.75.161: /* Usage */

<hr/>
This image has an uncertain copyright status and is pending deletion. You can [[Wikipedia:Possibly unfree images{{#if:{{{log|}}}|/{{{log}}}|}}#{{{1|}}}|comment]] on the removal.<noinclude>
==Usage==
{{puic|Image:Image_name.ext|log={{CURRENTYEAR}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}}}

Replace ''Image_name.ext'' with the actual name of the image.
[[Category:Copyright maintenance templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Image maintenance templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
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== '''ABOUT THE PARLIAMENTARY UNION
OF THE OIC MEMBERS STATES
(PUIC) ==
'''

'''DATE OF ESTABLISHMENT''' 17 June 1999 (The Founding Conference of the PUIC held in Tehran, decided to establish the Parliamentary Union of the OIC Member States (PUIC) with the Permanent Headquarters in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.)

'''SECRETARY GENERAL''' '''H.E. Mr. Ibrahim Ahmed Auf''' is the Secretary General of the PUIC. He joined the Union on 1st March 2000, when he was elected during the Extraordinary Session of the Council, held in Tehran, on 29th February 2000. He has been re-elected again by the Sixth Session of the Council held in Dakar on 7 – 8 March, 2004.

'''MEMBERSHIP''' 48 parliaments are the Members of the Union
'''OBSERVERS'''               10 regional/international organizations and parliaments are Observers of the Union.
'''OFFICIALS OF THE GENERAL SECRETARIAT OF THE PUIC'''
- H.E. Ambassador Mr. Mohammed Peyrovi,Assistant Secretary General
                         - H.E. Ambassador Mr. Amin Mohamed Amin Ghoneim,Director of Cabinet
                         - Mr. Zahid Hassan Qureshi,Director for Conferences.

'''LEGAL DOCUMENT OF THE UNION'''   The Statute of the PUIC which was adopted by the Founding Conference held in Tehran on 15 to 17 June, 1999 (1-3 Rabi ul Awal,1420H).

'''HEADQUARTER’S ADDRESS''' General Secretariat of the Parliamentary Union of the OIC Member States:- No.50 Pesyan Street, Corner of Moghaddas Ardabili Street, Zafaranieh, Tehran – Zip Code: 198633553.

POSTAL ADDRESS P.O. Box No.19395-3851, Tehran.

TELEPHONE NUMBERS (9821) 2241-8860 to 62.

FAX NUMBER (9821) 2241-8859 and 2241-8858.

E-MAIL ADDRESS G.S@PUOICM.ORG

WEB SITE [http://www.puoicm.org link title]

'''OBJECTIVES'''
The Union aims at achieving the following objectives:
Introducing and disseminating the noble principles of Islam, with emphasis on the different aspects of its civilization;
Enhancing and supporting the implementation of the Islamic principle of consultation (Shoora) in all OIC Member States, in accordance with the Constitution and circumstances of each member;
Providing a framework for comprehensive and fruitful cooperation and coordination among parliaments of OIC members in international fora and organizations;
Promoting meeting and dialogue among parliaments of OIC members and their deputies, exchanging parliamentary experience, discussing economic, cultural, social and political issues of interest to the OIC members, and addressing grave challenges and attempts to impose cultural, political and economic domination, and adopting appropriate recommendations and decisions on such issues;
Strengthening contacts, cooperation and coordination with other parliamentary, governmental and non‑governmental organizations, with the aim of advancing common objectives;
Fostering coordination among peoples of the world in order to respect and defend human rights and humanitarian principles and establishment of peace, based on justice.

'''MEMBERSHIP'''
The Union shall be composed of parliaments of the OIC Members States. Membership in the Union does not inhibit membership in any other regional or international parliamentary group. Regional or international organizations may attend conferences of the Union as observers upon the recommendation of the Executive Committee and the approval of the Conference. Parliaments of the OIC observers may also attend conferences of the Union as observers. Observers shall have the right to express their views but not to vote. At present there are 48 Member Parliaments.

'''OBSERVERS'''
Observers Status in the Union is open, upon request to any Parliaments of OIC, Regional or international organizations which expresses its readiness to make practical and valuable contribution to the work of the Union. They may attend conferences of the Union as Observers. Observers shall have the right to express their views but not to vote. Observer Status may be granted, suspended or terminated by the Conference in accordance with the Rules of Procedure.

'''ORGANS'''
The Organs of the Union are as follows:
1. The Conference,
2. The Council,
3. The Executive Committee,
4. The General Secretariat.

'''FINANCE'''
Member Parliaments shall contribute to the budget of the Union in accordance with a scale of assessment to be determined taking into account the current scale of assessment of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, so that the share of countribution of each Member of the Union shall not exceed half the share contributed by its country in the OIC budget.

'''LANGUAGES'''
The working languages of the Union are Arabic, English and French.

'''THE CONFERENCE'''
The Conference shall be composed of the speakers of Member-Parliaments of the Union or their representatives, in addition to a maximum of four parliamentarians from each member of the Union;
The Speaker of the Parliament of the host country shall preside over the meetings of the Conference. The Conference shall elect two vice‑chairmen from amongst the heads of delegations from other geographic regions as well as a rapporteur from amongst delegates;
The Bureau of the Conference shall be composed of the Chairman of the Conference, the two vice‑chairmen and the rapporteur. The Bureau, assisted by the Secretary-General, shall take the responsibility for the Conference proceedings;
The Conference shall discuss subject matters that fall in the scope of its objectives, as provided for in Article-1. It shall adopt appropriate resolutions, decisions and recommendations thereon;
Any Member of the Union may request the convening of an Extra-Ordinary Conference. The Chairman shall convene the extra-ordinary Conference if the request is supported by majority of Union members. The Extra-Ordinary Conference can only consider the item(s) for which it is convened.
The Conference shall convene once every two years, the venue and date of which shall be proposed by the Executive Committee and approved by the Council. The Council may change the venue and date of the Conference or postpone it. In case there can be no decision on hosting the Conference, it shall be convened at the Headquarters, following coordination with the Council.
The Conference has met on the following dates and places:-
1. The Founding Conference (First Session) of the PUIC was held in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, on 15-17 June 1999.
2. The Second Session of the Conference of the PUIC was held in Rabat, Kingdom of Morocco, on 27 to 28 September 2001.
3. The Third Session of the Conference of the PUIC was held in Dakar, Republic of Senegal, on 9 to 10 March, 2004.
4. The Fourth Session of the Conference of the PUIC will be held in Istanbul, Republic of Turkey, on 12 to 13 April, 2006.
5. The Fifth Session of the Conference of the PUIC will be held in Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt, January 2008.
On recommendation of the Executive Committee, the Council shall draw up a provisional agenda to be submitted to the Conference;
Members of the Union may submit to the Executive Committee or to the Council, proposals to include supplementary item(s) in the provisional agenda of the Conference, not later than two months before the Conference convenes.
The Conference shall adopt its agenda at the beginning of the first session.
The Conference may on proposal of heads of delegations, include other supplementary items on the agenda.
The Conference shall convene only with the presence of more than half of its members. All resolutions and decisions shall be adopted, to the extent possible, by consensus. Otherwise, they shall be adopted by a two-third majority of its members present and voting.

'''THE COUNCIL'''
The Council shall be composed of two members of legislative and/or consultative assemblies or similar bodies from each member of the Union designated by their delegation to the Conference. The term of office of the members shall last until the next Conference. All members of the Council shall be sitting members of their Parliaments.
Council members incapacitated by death, resignation or loss of parliamentary mandate shall be replaced by another member of their respective parliaments for the remaining period.
The Council shall convene once a year with the presence of more than half of its members. The venue of the meetings shall be determined based on geographic rotation. The Council shall meet during the course of each Conference, which shall constitute the annual session of the Council for that year. The Council has met at the following dates and places:-

1. The First Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Tehran on 17 June 1999.
2. The Extraordinary Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran on 28 to 29 February 2000.
3. The Second Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt on 3 to 4 July 2000.
4. The Third Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Rabat, Kingdom of Morocco on 25 to 26 September 2001.
5. The Fourth Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Rabat, Kingdom of Morocco on 26 September 2001.
6. The Fifth Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Yaoundé, Republic of Cameroon on 17 to 18 January 2003.
7. The Sixth Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Dakar, Republic of Senegal on 7 to 8 March, 2004.
8. The Seventh Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Beirut, Republic of Lebanon on 9 – 10 February, 2005.
9. The Eighth Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Istanbul, Republic of Turkey on 10 – 11 April, 2006.
10. The Ninth Session of the Council of the PUIC was held in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia on 15 – 16 February, 2007.
11. The Tenth Session of the Council of the PUIC will be held in Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt, January, 2008.
The Chairman of the Council or any Member of the Union may request the convening of an Extra-Ordinary meeting of the Council. The Chairman shall convene the extra-ordinary meeting, if the request is supported by majority of Union members. The Extra-Ordinary meeting can only consider the item(s) for which it is convened.
Chairmanship of the Council shall be in annual geographic rotation based on the recommendation of the respective regional groups. The same procedure shall be applied in appointing the two vice‑chairmen.
The Council shall be entrusted with the following tasks:
Consideration of annual report of the Secretary-General;
Drawing up and amending the internal financial and administrative rules and regulations of the Union and its Organs;
Adopting the venue and date of the Conference as well as inviting Member Parliaments to convene the meeting;
Receiving proposals from member delegations, examining the proposals, taking decisions and submitting to the Conference what it considers as important;
Studying and approving the draft of the annual budget of the Union, as well as examining and approving previous year's accounts;
Designating two external auditors to examine the Union's accounts and balance its payments;
Taking decisions on the requests of Parliaments and similar bodies of the OIC member countries for accession or re‑accession to the Union, or suspending membership of member of the Union;
Executing other duties entrusted by the Conference.
Any other action or procedure the Council deems as being necessary in achieving the objectives of the Union.
The Council shall adopt its agenda at the beginning of its first session;
The Council may approve and include in its agenda other item(s) proposed by the heads of delegations;
Council's decisions, resolutions and recommendations shall be adopted by consensus to the extent possible, otherwise by a two‑thirds majority of the members present and voting.

'''THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE'''
The Executive Committee shall be composed of one member each from the delegations of previous, present and future hosts of the Conference, in addition to six members elected by the Conference from amongst its members based on equitable geographic distribution, for a two‑year term of office;
The Chairman of the Council is ex‑officio Chairman of the Executive Committee assisted by two vice-chairmen;
Any member of the Executive Committee incapacitated by death, resignation or loss of parliamentary mandate shall be replaced by another member of their respective parliaments for the remaining period;
The Executive Committee shall convene at least once a year with the presence of at least six of its nine members. The Executive Committee has met at the following dates and places:-
1. The Founding Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Tehran on 17th June 1999.
2. The First Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Islamabad, Islamic Republic of Pakistan on 10 and 11 August 1999.
3. The Second Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Berlin on 15 October 1999.(on the side line of an IPU Conference)
4. The Third Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Tehran on 27 February, 2000. (Held along with the Extra-ordinary Session of the Council)
5. The Fourth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt on 2nd July 2000.
6. The Fifth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt on 17 – 18 March, 2001.
7. The Sixth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Rabat, Kingdom of Morocco on 24 and 25 September 2001. (Held along with the 2nd Session of the Conference).
8. The Seventh Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Kuwait, on 28 and 29 April 2002.
9. The Eighth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Yaoundé, Republic of Cameroon on 15 and 16 January 2003. (Held along with the 5th Session of the Council)
10. The Ninth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Jakarta, Republic of Indonesia on 17 and 18 September 2003.
11. The Tenth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Dakar, Republic of Senegal on 5 – 6 March 2004. (Held along with the 3rd Session of the Conference.)
12. The Eleventh Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Beirut, Republic of Lebanon on 7 – 8 October 2004.
13. The Twelfth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Beirut, Republic of Lebanon on 7 – 8 February, 2005. (Held along with the 7th Session of the Council.)
14. The Thirteenth Meeting of the Executive Committee held at the headquarters of the PUIC in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran on 20 – 21 November, 2005.
15. The Fourteenth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Istanbul, Republic of Turkey on 8 – 9 April, 2006. (Held along with the 4th Session of the Conference.)
16. The Fifteenth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on 28 – 29 November, 2006.
17. The Sixteenth Meeting of the Executive Committee held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on 13 – 14 February, 2007. (Held along with the 9th Session of the Council.)
18. The Seventeenth Meeting of the Executive Committee will be held in Khartoum, Sudan on 4 – 5 September, 2007.
19. The Eighteenth Meeting of the Executive Committee will be held in Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt, January, 2008. (Held along with the 5th Session of the Conference.)
Decisions, resolutions and recommendations shall be adopted by consensus to the extent possible, otherwise by a two‑thirds majority of its members present and voting.
The Executive Committee will be in charge of the following:
Examining requests for accession or re-accession to the Union, or suspending membership of members of the Union and informing the Council of its recommendations;
Drawing up the draft agenda of the Council and the Conference;
Expressing opinion on the requests of inclusion of supplementary items on the agenda of the Council or the Conference;
Monitoring the work and activities of the Secretariat regarding implementation of the resolutions, decisions and recommendations adopted by the Council or the Conference;
Other tasks referred to it by the Council or the Conference.
THE GENERAL SECRETARIAT
On 24 April, 2001 Honorable Sheikh Mahdi Karroubi, Speaker of the Islamic Consultative Assembly of the Islamic Republic of Iran in his capacity as President of the Conference of the PUIC, in the presence of a large number of Member Speakers, Parliamentarians and Heads of Diplomatic Missions accredited in Tehran, officially inaugurated the Headquarters of the Union.
The Council shall elect the Secretary General on the nomination of members of the Union. The candidates should be of high qualifications and experience in parliamentary affairs and well‑known for administrative efficiency. The Secretary-General shall be elected by consensus, to the extent possible, and otherwise by a two-thirds majority of members present and voting;
The Secretary General shall be appointed from a country other than that hosting the headquarters, for a four‑year, once renewable, term of office;
The Council, taking into consideration equitable regional distribution, shall appoint at the proposal of the Secretary General, Assistant Secretaries General, Directors and other Senior Officials.
The General Secretariat shall be entrusted with the following tasks:
Facilitating continued contacts among the members of the Union, between Parliaments and the Union, and the Union with other regional and international organizations and bodies;
Financial and administrative affairs of the Union;
Preparing subject matters that will be studied by the Conference and the Council, necessary documents and reports, minutes and correspondence;
Maintaining archives of the Union;
Informing members of the Union and other relevant bodies of the resolutions, decisions and recommendations adopted by the Conference and the Council;
Taking appropriate measures to ensure implementation of decisions of the Union.