IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Foresight Linux

2010-04-02T05:12:20Z

220.237.138.233:

{{Infobox OS
| name = Foresight
| logo = [[Image:Foresight Linux Logo.png|200px]]
| screenshot = [[Image:Foresight-Linux 1.4-GNOME-2.20.0.png|300px]]
| caption = The Foresight Linux 1.4 desktop with [[GNOME]] 2.20.0
| website = [http://www.foresightlinux.org/ www.foresightlinux.org]
| developer = Foresight Community
| family = [[Linux]]
| source_model = Mixed source
| latest_release_version = ([[Rolling release]]) 2.1.1
| latest_release_date = {{release date and age|2009|5|15}}
| latest_test_version =
| latest_test_date =
| marketing_target =
| language =
| kernel_type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]] ([[Linux kernel|Linux]])
| ui = [[GNOME]]
| license =
| working_state = Current
| supported_platforms = [[IA-32]], [[x86-64]]
| updatemodel = [[PackageKit]] [http://www.packagekit.org/] (gnome-packagekit)
| package_manager = [[Conary (package manager)|Conary]]
}}
'''Foresight Linux''' is an [[operating system]] comprising [[free software|free]] and [[proprietary software]] with the stated{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} goal of showcasing the latest in Linux desktop technologies. Foresight is developed by the Foresight community and follows a [[rolling release]] cycle, instead of a time based release schedule.

== History ==
Foresight was created by Ken VanDine as a [[Linux distribution]] to showcase the most current releases of [[GNOME]] while working on the GNOME Marketing team.<ref name="Creating the GNOME 2.18 Live Media: An interview with Ken VanDine"/>

Since then it has undergone change through generally minor revisions (via rolling release). This is in contrast to the system of major changes with each version number employed by many other distributions. However, there have been occasional major changes, most notably the transition from Foresight 1.x to Foresight 2. Along the way several original deficiencies have been cured as well, among them the lack of 64 bit support, which was introduced in Foresight 2, and the lack of a graphical package manager, which was filled by [[PackageKit]].

After the release of Foresight 2, the developers held a packaging contest within the community in order to boost the number of applications available for the new release, either by porting them from Foresight 1, or packaging them afresh. The contest was sponsored by [[Shuttle Inc.]], Foresight's OEM partner, in the form of computers (Shuttle's KPC) and peripherals for the winners.<ref name="Foresight Contest Announcement"/> Though originally planned to last one month, the contest was extended to two near the end of the first so that a greater number of packages could be completed. The process of testing all of the completed packages is currently underway, and no official announcements have been made as to the winner.

While originally a GNOME-based distribution, two future versions are planned which will include the [[XFCE]] and [[KDE]] desktops, and are in alpha and pre-alpha stages, respectively.

Foresight was the recipient of the Ovatio Award for ''Distro of the Year'' by Ars Technica.<ref name="The 2008 Ovatio Awards, by Ars Technica"/>

== Features ==

Foresight focuses on delivering the latest in desktop technologies. It usually has current packages for the GNOME desktop environment, sometimes even within a day of their release. Projects such as [[GNOME Do]], [[Banshee (media player)|Banshee]] and [[PackageKit]] are delivered in the default Foresight installation. Beyond the existing GNOME Edition, Xfce and KDE Edition are under development. The Xfce edition has a released [[Software release life cycle#Alpha|alpha]] and the KDE edition is in pre-alpha development. These two editions will have the same focus of delivering the latest desktop technologies for the respective desktop environments.

Foresight uses the [[Conary (package manager)|Conary]] package management system. This system only updates those specific files in packages which need to be updated, in contrast to other package managers such as [[RPM Package Manager|RPM]] and [[dpkg]] which install whole packages. Conary also has the advantage of very granular dependency resolution, and a relatively easy packaging process, with [[Software repository|repositories]] provided to the community, free of charge, by [[RPath|rPath, Inc.]]

All packages are updated in a rolling release style, i.e. as updates are released upstream, or packagers get to them. Packages move between three branches of the foresight repositories, originating usually at the development branch or in the personal repositories of packagers, after which they are promoted to the Quality Assurance branch, and finally to the Stable branch, intended for users. [[Snapshot (computer storage)|Snapshots]] are taken every few months, and new [[ISO image]]s are produced.

== Vendor support ==
Foresight is available pre-installed on the [[Shuttle Inc.|Shuttle]]'s light-weight KPC system.<ref name="KPC Specifications"/>

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Creating the GNOME 2.18 Live Media: An interview with Ken VanDine">{{ cite web |title = Creating the GNOME 2.18 Live Media: An interview with Ken VanDine |url = http://www.gnomejournal.org/article/57/creating-the-gnome-218-live-media-an-interview-with-ken-vandine }}</ref>

<ref name="Foresight Contest Announcement">{{ cite web |title = Foresight Contest Announcement |url = http://www.foresightlinux.org/contest.html }}</ref>

<ref name="The 2008 Ovatio Awards, by Ars Technica">{{ cite web |title = The 2008 Ovatio Awards, by Ars Technica |url = http://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/ars-awards-2008.ars/7 }}</ref>

<ref name="KPC Specifications">{{cite web |url=http://us.shuttle.com/KPC/techspecs.html |title=KPC Specifications |accessdate=2008-05-26 |publisher=[[Shuttle Inc.]]}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.foresightlinux.org/ Project home page]
* [http://us.shuttle.com/kpc/index.htm Shuttle KPC home page]

{{Linux-distro}}

[[Category:Conary-based Linux distributions]]
[[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]]

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Archive:Data acquisition system

2008-03-10T13:12:15Z

220.237.124.108:

{{Confusing|date=December 2006}}

A '''data acquisition system''' is a device designed to measure and log some parameters. The purpose of the data acquisition system is generally the analysis of the logged data and the improvement of the object of measurements. The data acquisition system is normally electronics based, and it is made of hardware and software.
The hardware part is made of sensors, cables and electronics components (among which memory is where information are stored). The software part is made of the data acquisition logic and the analysis software (and some other utilities that can be used to configure the logic or to move data from data acquisition memory to a laptop or to a mainframe computer).
An example: [[Data logging]], carried out by a '''data acquisition system''' (DAS), can be used to measure parameters such as [[temperature]] and [[humidity]] in storage facilities with perishable products; the measurement data is then stored for analysis to improve quality assurance.
Another example: a '''data acquisition system''' can be placed on a race car to measure RPM and vehicle speed to analyze car's behaviour once it's back to pits and improve the car setup.

==Data logging systems==
Data logging systems consist of four elements:

#Measuring output ([[sensor]]s around the vehicle)
#Recording output signals (logger unit)
#Uploading/accessing recorded data ([[telemetry]])
#Analysis of recorded data. (DAQ [[software]])

The 4 elements above have specific requirements which need to physically present and included in the design process. Sensors to measure selected parameters must meet certain specifications, and the routing of the sensor [[cable]]s ensures they will not suffer from [[electromagnetic]] interference from other electronic systems. The DAQ unit (including [[memory]]) and the link from the DAQ unit to the operating platform to upload the acquired data via a [[hardwire]] cable or telemetry also must conform to requirements.

Most [[race car]]s use two types of telemetry. The first is sent to the [[engineer]]s in the pits every time the vehicle acquires more than 50[[megabyte|Mb]] of data, containing an insight into the state of the vehicle. The second is transferred each time the vehicle is in the [[pit stop|pit lane]], providing information on every part of the vehicle. With the most advanced telemetry, the data is sent constantly for analysis through a [[transmitter]] as long as a good connection is present usually through a hovering [[helicopter]] (not always possible in parts of certain [[raceways]] due to an [[overpass]] obstruction).

The [[operating platform]] is required to include specialist analysis software to view the data, usually in the form of various [[graph]]s to improve and develop the performance of the key areas and operation parameters of the vehicles running conditions. The most advanced software in [[Formula 1]] has been developed by McLaren Electronics known as Advanced Telemetry Linked Acquisition System, which displays graphs of each of the vehicle's systems on the exact section of track, in a [[real time]] format. The benefits of using such a system include the fact that the parameters which can be recorded for analysis cover the whole set-up of the race vehicle (up to 127 [[Channel (communications)|channel]]s).

The parameters which are measured and recorded by a data acquisition system are broken into three generic categories, which are also interlinked due to system requirements and the complexity of major components (for example, a wheel [[speed]] sensor not only monitors the wheel speed but also the speed of the vehicle, location on the track and an input to [[traction]] and [[launch control (automotive)|launch control]] systems):

#'''[[Engine]]:''' [[Rev]]s per minute, fuel and [[oil]] pressure, water and oil temperature, [[turbo charger]] boost pressure, [[exhaust]] gas temperature, [[battery (electricity)|battery]] voltage, inlet air temperature and [[throttle]] position sensor.
#'''[[Chassis]]:''' Wheel speed, steering angle, [[lateral]] and [[longitudinal]] [[G-force]] (applied from braking and cornering), Brake line pressure, damper movement and gear position.
#*'''Advanced Chassis DAS''': Ride height, [[drive shaft]] or [[prop shaft]] [[torque]], [[Suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] loads, tyre pressure and compound temperature, and brake disk temperature. ''Optional'': [[aerodynamic]] parameters, including air speed and local air pressures.
#'''Driver:''' Both engine and chassis-related factors which are controlled by the driver, such as throttle position, gear position, steering angle and brake line pressure or directly controlled parameters such as engine revs per minute, speed and G-force.

The accurate information provided by telemetry sent by DAS in a practice run takes significant fine tuning, such as ensuring the correct [[gear ratio]]s are present according to track layout, or that the engine acceleration speed according to throttle position and sensitivity is set to the required conditions of a race. The engine control system will be programmed with suitable engine maps giving the driver more control of the throttle input. On a track with a large number of corners, the first part of pedal movement would be made very sensitive in order to effectively negotiate the course. On other courses, however, the vehicle might be required to come out of the [[chicanes]] and directly to peak power levels, thus less sensitivity required on the pedal.

The DAS during race time is monitored by engineers in the pit and [[automobile repair shop|garage]] area, who diagnose any faults which may occur. In this case, the DAS is used as an early warning system of potential mechanical failure, allowing the designers and material analysis team to easily distinguish the cause of the fault. This can result in a significant decrease of the danger to a driver.

Race strategists and engineers can use DAS with telemetry in real time for making more informed decisions pertaining to vehicle performance and driver technique. Information about other vehicles on the track can also be captured and added to the data analysis process. Total data from a motor sport event may exceed 80 gigs of storage space. A new technology born from Associate Systems research or artificial intelligence (AI) has increased the safety factor for spectators, drivers, and officials.

A good example for critical data aqcuisition systems in motor sports can be taken from the [[2003 British Grand Prix]], when engineers in the pits observed the loss of pressure from one of Coulthards tyres. The DAS allowed the team to recall him from his practice, resolving the fault before a dangerous situation occurred, likely saving property and life.

“Formula 1 telemetry is the technological lifeblood of the sport, helping the drivers and engineers to better understand how a car functions and how they can optimise its set-up.”{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

== Hardware ==
;Commercial
:[http://www.mstarlabs.com/ MicroStar ]
:[http://www.iotech.com/ IOTECH ]
:[http://www.ni.com/dataacquisition/ NI ]
:[http://www.measurenet-tech.com/ MeasureNet]
;[http://www.datataker.com/ dataTaker]

Precipitation (chemistry)

2008-03-06T08:39:46Z

220.237.72.111: /* Uses of precipitation reactions */

[[Image:Chemical precipitation diagram.png|thumb|right|Chemical Precipitation]]
{{about|a chemical [[separation process]]|other uses|Precipitation (disambiguation)}}
'''Precipitation''' is the formation of a [[solid]] in a [[solution]] during a [[chemical reaction]]. When the reaction occurs, the solid formed is called the '''precipitate''', and the liquid remaining above the solid is called the '''supernate'''.

Precipitation is the fromation of a solid when you mix chemicals together

== Mechanism ==
Precipitation can occur when an [[solubility|insoluble]] substance is formed in the [[solution (chemistry)|solution]] due to a [[chemical reaction]] or when the solution has been [[supersaturated]] by a [[compound (chemistry)|compound]]. The formation of a precipitate is a sign of a [[chemical change]]. In most situations, the solid forms ("falls") out of the solute phase, and sinks to the bottom of the solution (though it will float if it is less dense than the solvent, or form a [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]).

The solid may reach the bottom of a container by means of [[settling]], [[sediment]]ation, or [[centrifugation]].

An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of [[nucleation]]. The creation of a hypothetical solid [[particle]] includes the formation of an [[interface (chemistry)|interface]], which requires some [[energy (chemistry)|energy]] based on the relative [[surface energy]] of the solid and the solution. If this energy is not available, and no suitable nucleation surface is available, [[supersaturation]] occurs.

== Representation using chemical equations ==
An example of a precipitation reaction: Aqueous [[silver nitrate]] (AgNO3) is added to a solution containing [[potassium chloride]] (KCl) and the precipitation of a white solid, [[silver chloride]] is observed. (Zumdahl, 2005)

:AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)

The silver chloride(AgCl) has formed a solid, which is observed as a precipitate.

This reaction can be written emphasizing the [[dissociation|dissociated]] [[ions]] in a combined solution. This is known as the [[ionic equation]].
:Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + K+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(solid) + K+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

A final way to represent a precipitate reaction is known as a ''net ionic reaction''. In this case, any [[spectator ions]] (those which do not contribute to the reaction) are left out of the formula completely. This simplifies the above equations to the following:
:Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s)

==Cation sensitivity==
Precipitate formation is useful in the detection of the type of [[cation]] in [[salt]]. To do this, an [[alkali]] first reacts with the unknown salt to produce a precipitate which is the [[hydroxide]] of the unknown salt. To identify the cation, the color of the precipitate and its solubility in excess are noted. Similar processes are often used to separate chemically similar elements, such as the [[Alkali earth metals]].

==Digestion==
Digestion, or ''precipitate ageing'', happens when a freshly-formed precipitate is left, usually at a higher [[temperature]], in the solution from which it is precipitated. It results in cleaner and bigger particles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ktf-split.hr/glossary/en_o.php?def=digestion |title=Chemical dictionary definition |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> The physico-chemical process underlying digestion is called [[Ostwald ripening]].

==Coprecipitation==
{{main|coprecipitation}}
Coprecipitation is the carrying down by a precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed. It is an important issue in chemical analysis, where it is often undesirable, but in some cases it can be exploited. In [[gravimetric analysis]], it is a problem because undesired impurities often coprecipitate with the analyte, resulting in excess mass. On the other hand, in the analysis of trace elements, as is often the case in [[radiochemistry]], coprecipitation is often the only way of separating an element.

==References==
*Zumdahl, Steven S. ''Chemical Principles.'' 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.
*Mark Smith ''Principles of Science'' 1993
{{reflist}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2008}}

==Further reading==
*Banert, T., Brenner, G., Peuker, U. A. (2006), Operating parameters of a continuous sono-chemical precipitation reactor, Proc. 5. WCPT, Orlando Fl., 23.-27. April 2006.

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Solid precipitation}}
* [http://www.hielscher.com/ultrasonics/precipitation_01.htm Continuous Precipitation Using Ultrasonication (e.g. for nano-size magnetite particles)]
* http://www.answers.com/supernatant

[[Category:Separation processes]]
[[Category:Chemical processes]]

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Precipitation (chemistry)

2008-03-06T08:36:09Z

220.237.72.111: /* Cation sensitivity */

[[Image:Chemical precipitation diagram.png|thumb|right|Chemical Precipitation]]
{{about|a chemical [[separation process]]|other uses|Precipitation (disambiguation)}}
'''Precipitation''' is the formation of a [[solid]] in a [[solution]] during a [[chemical reaction]]. When the reaction occurs, the solid formed is called the '''precipitate''', and the liquid remaining above the solid is called the '''supernate'''.

== Uses of precipitation reactions ==
Precipitation reactions can be used for making [[pigments]], removing [[salts]] from water in [[water treatment]], and for qualitative [[chemical analysis]].

This effect is useful in many [[industrial]] and [[scientific]] applications whereby a chemical reaction may produce a solid that can be collected from the solution by various methods (e.g. [[filtration]], [[decanting]], [[centrifugation]]). Precipitation from a [[solid solution]] is also a useful way to [[precipitation strengthening|strengthen]] [[alloy]]s; this process is known as [[solid solution strengthening]].

== Mechanism ==
Precipitation can occur when an [[solubility|insoluble]] substance is formed in the [[solution (chemistry)|solution]] due to a [[chemical reaction]] or when the solution has been [[supersaturated]] by a [[compound (chemistry)|compound]]. The formation of a precipitate is a sign of a [[chemical change]]. In most situations, the solid forms ("falls") out of the solute phase, and sinks to the bottom of the solution (though it will float if it is less dense than the solvent, or form a [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]).

The solid may reach the bottom of a container by means of [[settling]], [[sediment]]ation, or [[centrifugation]].

An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of [[nucleation]]. The creation of a hypothetical solid [[particle]] includes the formation of an [[interface (chemistry)|interface]], which requires some [[energy (chemistry)|energy]] based on the relative [[surface energy]] of the solid and the solution. If this energy is not available, and no suitable nucleation surface is available, [[supersaturation]] occurs.

== Representation using chemical equations ==
An example of a precipitation reaction: Aqueous [[silver nitrate]] (AgNO3) is added to a solution containing [[potassium chloride]] (KCl) and the precipitation of a white solid, [[silver chloride]] is observed. (Zumdahl, 2005)

:AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)

The silver chloride(AgCl) has formed a solid, which is observed as a precipitate.

This reaction can be written emphasizing the [[dissociation|dissociated]] [[ions]] in a combined solution. This is known as the [[ionic equation]].
:Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + K+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(solid) + K+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

A final way to represent a precipitate reaction is known as a ''net ionic reaction''. In this case, any [[spectator ions]] (those which do not contribute to the reaction) are left out of the formula completely. This simplifies the above equations to the following:
:Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s)

Jess Totally rox! so does Ellie and ellie and resh and claudia and spitit!!!!!!!
lov you guys!
how boring is this science thing!!1
aarrgh lol
im over it

==Digestion==
Digestion, or ''precipitate ageing'', happens when a freshly-formed precipitate is left, usually at a higher [[temperature]], in the solution from which it is precipitated. It results in cleaner and bigger particles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ktf-split.hr/glossary/en_o.php?def=digestion |title=Chemical dictionary definition |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> The physico-chemical process underlying digestion is called [[Ostwald ripening]].

==Coprecipitation==
{{main|coprecipitation}}
Coprecipitation is the carrying down by a precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed. It is an important issue in chemical analysis, where it is often undesirable, but in some cases it can be exploited. In [[gravimetric analysis]], it is a problem because undesired impurities often coprecipitate with the analyte, resulting in excess mass. On the other hand, in the analysis of trace elements, as is often the case in [[radiochemistry]], coprecipitation is often the only way of separating an element.

==References==
*Zumdahl, Steven S. ''Chemical Principles.'' 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.
*Mark Smith ''Principles of Science'' 1993
{{reflist}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2008}}

==Further reading==
*Banert, T., Brenner, G., Peuker, U. A. (2006), Operating parameters of a continuous sono-chemical precipitation reactor, Proc. 5. WCPT, Orlando Fl., 23.-27. April 2006.

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Solid precipitation}}
* [http://www.hielscher.com/ultrasonics/precipitation_01.htm Continuous Precipitation Using Ultrasonication (e.g. for nano-size magnetite particles)]
* http://www.answers.com/supernatant

[[Category:Separation processes]]
[[Category:Chemical processes]]

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Archive:Athena Parthenos

2007-08-27T09:09:32Z

220.237.145.17:

'''''Athena Parthenos''''' (Athena the virgin) is the title of a massive penis that belongs to catherine who also smells [[chryselephantine]] [[sculpture]] of the [[Greek mythology|Greek]] [[goddess]] [[Athena]] by [[Phidias]], which was housed in the [[Parthenon]] in [[Athens]].
[[Image:NAMA Athéna Varvakeion.jpg|thumb|200px|A votive sculpture, found near the [[Ioannis Varvakis|Varvakeion school]] reflects the type of the restored ''Athena Parthenos'': Roman period, second century CE (National Archaeological Museum, Athens).]]
It was the most renowned [[cult image]] of Athens,<ref>The ''Athena Parthenos'' was featured on contemporary reliefs commemorating Athenian treaties and for the next century and a half on coins of [[Hellenistic]] monarchs avid to proclaim their Hellenic connections; see Hector Williams, "An Athena Parthenos from Cilicia" ''Anatolian Studies'' '''27''' (1977, pp. 105-110), p 108f.</ref> considered one of the greatest achievements of the most acclaimed sculptor of ancient Greece. Phidias began his work around 447 BCE,<ref>Andrew Stewart gives 446.</ref> [[Lachares]] removed the gold sheets in 296 BCE to pay his troops, and the bronze was probably gilded thereafter; it was damaged by a fire about 165 BCE but repaired.<ref>W.B. Dinsmoor, "the repair of the Athena Parthenos" ''[[American Journal of Archaeology]]'' '''38''' (1934) pp 93-106.</ref> It continued to stand in the Parthenon in the fifth century CE, when it may have been lost in another fire. An account mentions it in Constantinople in the tenth century, however.<ref>[[Gisela Richter]], ''Sculpture and Sculptors of the Greeks'', p 220 with ancient references, noted by Gorham P. Stevens, "Concerning the Parthenos" ''Hesperia'' '''30'''.1 (January 1961, pp. 1-7) p. 2.</ref>

==Description==
The ancient historian [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] gave a description of the statue:
<blockquote>...The statue itself is made of ivory silver and gold. On the middle of her helmet is placed a likeness of the [[Sphinx]] ... and on either side of the helmet are [[griffin]]s in relief. ... The statue of Athena is upright, with a tunic reaching to the feet, and on her breast the head of [[Medusa]] is worked in ivory. She holds a statue of [[Nike (mythology)|Victory]] about four [[cubit]]s high, and in the other hand a spear; at her feet lies a shield and near the spear is a serpent. This serpent would be [[Erichthonius of Athens|Erichthonius]]. On the pedestal is the birth of [[Pandora]] in relief.<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'', Book I, 24.5–7.</ref></blockquote>

Athena's head is inclined slightly forward. She stands with her left hand resting on an upright shield. Her left knee is slightly bent, her weight slightly shifted to her right leg. Her [[Chiton (costume)|chiton]] is cinched at the waist by a pair of [[Serpent (symbolism)|serpents]], whose tails entwine at the back. Locks of hair trail onto the goddess's breastplate. The Nike on her outstretched right hand is winged; whether there was a support under it in Phidias' original has been much discussed;<ref>[[Gisela Richter]] decided there was not and summarized the discussion in "Was there a vertical support under the Nike of the Athena Parthenos?" ''Studi in onore... Calderini e Paribeni'' (Milan) 1956, pp 147-54.</ref> evidence in surviving versions is contradictory. The exact position of a spear, often omitted, is also not fully determined, whether held in the crook of Athena's right arm or supported by one of the snakes in the [[aegis]], as N. Leipen restores it,<ref>Leipen 1971:29.</ref> following the "Aspasios" gem.

The sculpture was assembled on a wooden core, covered with shaped bronze plates covered in turn with removable gold plates, save for the ivory surfaces of the goddess's face and arms; the gold weighed 44 [[talent]]s, the equivalent of about 2500 pounds: the ''Athena Parthenos'' embodied a sizeable part of the treasury of Athens.<ref>S. Eddy, "The gold in the Athena Parthenos'' ''Merican Jopurnal of Archaeology'' pp107-11.</ref>

The general type of the ''Athena Parthenos'', though not its character and quality, can be assessed from its image on coins<ref>L. Lacroix ''Les reproductions des statues sur les monnaies gracques'' (Liège) 1949, pp 266-81.</ref> and its reproductions as [[#Ancient copies|miniature sculptures]], as [[Votive deposit|votive object]]s, and in representations on engraved gems.<ref>Leipen 1971.</ref>

==Ancient copies==
The Varvakeion votive figure (''illustration, above right'') is one of the two versions of ''Athena Parthenos'' considered most faithful to the original; the other is the uncompleted Lenormant Athena, also in the National Museum, Athens.
*The ''Varvakeion Athena'', a Roman copy in marble of the ''Athena Parthenos'' from the second century, is housed in the [[National Archaeological Museum of Athens]]. One of the two versions of ''Athena Parthenos'' considered most faithful to the original.[http://oncampus.richmond.edu/academics/classics/photos/photodb/Beasom/ParthAthena.jpg]
*Lenormant Athena, uncompleted, also in the National Museum, Athens. One of the two versions of ''Athena Parthenos'' considered most faithful to the original.
*[[:Image:Athena Parthenos Louvre Ma91.jpg|Another copy]] is housed in the [[Louvre]].[http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=809]
*[[:Image:Athena Parthenos Altemps Inv8622.jpg|Another copy]] is in the [[Museo Nazionale Romano]] in Rome
*The statue's shield alone ([[British Museum]])[http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/compass/ixbin/hix.cgi?_IXDB_=compass&_IXSR_=Iz0gWllnuGL&_IXSS_=%257bUPPER%257d%253av2_free_text_tindex%3dAthena%2bshield%26_IXNOMATCHES_%3dgraphical%252fno_matches%252ehtml%26%2524%2b%2528with%2bv2_searchable_index%2529%2bsort%3d%252e%26_IXsearchterm%3dAthena%252520shield%26_IXFPFX_%3dgraphical%252ffull%252f%26_IXDB_%3dcompass&_IXFIRST_=7&_IXMAXHITS_=1&_IXSPFX_=graphical/full/&_IXsearchterm=Athena%2520shield&submit-button=summary]

== Replica at Nashville ==
[[Image:RiddleAthena.jpg|thumb|left|The modern ''Athena Parthenos'' replica that stands in the replicated [[Parthenon]] in [[Centennial Park (Nashville)|Centennial Park]], [[Nashville]]]]
A modern replica by [[Alan LeQuire]] stands in the reproduction of the the [[Parthenon (Nashville)|Parthenon]] in [[Nashville]], [[Tennessee]]. Alan LeQuire, a Nashville native, was awarded the commission to produce the Parthenon's cult statue. His work was modeled on descriptions given of the original. The modern version took eight years to complete, and was unveiled to the public on [[May 20]] [[1990]].

The modern version of ''Athena Parthenos'' is significant because of its scale and its attention to recreating Phidias' work. The statue adds an additional dimension of realism to the replicated Parthenon, whose interior east room (the ''naos'') was merely a large empty hall prior to the statue's unveiling. The reproduced ''Athena Parthenos'' gives visitors the impression that they truly are inside an ancient place of worship.

''Athena Parthenos'' is made of a composite of [[gypsum]] cement and ground [[fiberglass]], The head of Athena was assembled over an [[aluminum]] [[armature]], and the lower part was made in [[steel]]. The four ten-inch H beams rest on a concrete structure that extends through the Parthenon floor and basement down to [[bedrock]], to support the incredible weight of the statue. LeQuire made each of the 180 cast gypsum panels used to create the statue light enough to be lifted by one person and attached to the steel armature.

=== Gilding and paint ===
[[Image:AthenaAlanpainting.jpg|thumb|right| 170px |Sculptor [[Alan LeQuire]] painting the detail of the ''Athena Parthenos'' replica during the gilding phase.]]
Painstaking research was performed by LeQuire and the Parthenon staff to ensure the accuracy of the statue's resemblance to the Phidias work. It stood in Nashville’s Parthenon as a plain, white statue for twelve years. In [[2002]], Parthenon volunteers [[gild]]ed Athena under the supervision of master gilder Lou Reed. The gilding project took less than four months and makes the modern statue appear that much more like the Phidias' Athena Parthenos would have appeared during its time.

The gold plates on the Athena statue in ancient times weighed approximately 1,500 pounds and were one-eighth to one-sixteenth of an inch thick. The 23.75-karat gold leaf on Nashville's Athena Parthenos weighs a total of 8.5 pounds and is three times thinner than tissue paper. The modern extravagance of gilding such a large statue pales in comparison to the lavish spending of the Greeks. In fact, one theory of the original's demise is that Athena Parthenos was decimated and looted to remove the gilding.

In addition to gilding, the project included painting the details of the statue's face, wardrobe and shield. LeQuire himself applied the paint.

=== Facts and figures ===
* Nashville's Athena stands 41'10" (approximately 13 meters) tall, making her the largest piece of indoor sculpture in the Western World.
* The statue of Nike in Athena's right hand stands 6'4" (approximately 2 meters) tall.
* There are eleven snakes represented on Athena's breastplate, bracelets and belt.

==Notes==

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==Further reading==
*Leipen, N. ''Athena Parthenos'' (Toronto) 1971.

==External links==
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cl135/Students/Colin_Delaney/fathena.html Colin Delaney, "Pheidias, Sculptor to the Gods"]
* [http://alanlequire.com/athena.html Alan LeQuire Page]
* [http://www.nashville.gov/parthenon/index.htm Nashville Parthenon Page]

[[Category:Athena types]]
[[Category:Nashville, Tennessee]]
[[Category:1990 works]]
[[Category:Sculptures by Phidias]]

[[es:Atenea Partenos]]