IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Archive:Total parenteral nutrition

2007-01-30T06:32:07Z

222.126.20.82: /* Complications */

'''Total parenteral nutrition''' (TPN), is the practice of feeding a person intravenously, circumventing the [[gut]]. It is normally used following surgery, when feeding by mouth or using the gut is not possible, when a person's digestive system cannot absorb nutrients due to [[chronic (medicine)|chronic disease]], or, alternatively, if a person's nutrient requirement cannot be met by [[enteral feeding]] (tube feeding) and supplementation. It has been used for [[Coma|comatose]] patients, although enteral feeding is usually preferable, and less prone to complications. Short-term TPN may be used if a person's digestive system has shut down (for instance by [[Peritonitis]]), and they are at a low enough weight to cause concerns about nutrition during an extended hospital stay. Long-term TPN is occasionally used to treat people suffering the extended consequences of an accident or surgery. Most controversially, TPN has extended the life of a small number of children born with nonexistent or severely birth-deformed guts. The oldest were eight years old in [[2003]].

The preferred method of delivering TPN is with a medical [[infusion pump]]. A [[sterilization (microbiology)|sterile]] bag of nutrient solution, between 500 mL and 4 L is provided. The pump infuses a small amount (0.1 to 10 mL/hr) continuously in order to keep the vein open. Feeding schedules vary, but one common regimen ramps up the nutrition over a few hours, levels off the rate for a few hours, and then ramps it down over a few more hours, in order to simulate a normal set of meal times.

The nutrient solution consists of [[water]], [[glucose]], [[salt]]s, [[amino acid]]s, [[vitamin]]s and (more controversially) sometimes emulsified [[fat]]s. Long term TPN patients sometimes suffer from lack of trace nutrients or [[electrolyte]] imbalances. Because increased [[blood sugar]] commonly occurs with TPN, [[insulin]] may also be added to the infusion. Occasionally, other drugs are added as well.

Chronic TPN is performed through a [[Hickman line]] or a [[Port-a-Cath]] (venous access systems). In infants, sometimes the [[umbilical artery]] is used.

Battery-powered ambulatory infusion pumps are used with chronic TPN patients, and usually the pump and a small (100 ml) bag of nutrient to keep the vein open are carried in a fanny pack. Outpatient TPN practices are still being refined.

Aside from their dependence on a pump, chronic TPN patients live quite normal lives.

==Complications==

The most common complication of TPN use is bacterial infection, usually due to the increased infection risk from having an indwelling [[central venous catheter]]. [[Liver]] [[Liver failure|failure]] may sometimes occur; a recent study at Children's Hospital Boston on the cause suggests it is due to a large difference in omega-6 to omega-3 ratio. When treated with a different fatty acid infusion (which is not approved for use in the U.S.) several patients were able to recover from their condition.{{fact}}
ANG PANGIT
MULTO!!!!!

==See also==
* [[Intravenous drip]]kasing pangit mo

== External links ==
*[http://www.heinrick.com/ryan/tpn.cfm TPN/PPN Calculator] by Ryan Heinrick
*[http://www.childrenshospital.org/newsroom/Site1339/mainpageS1339P1sublevel222.html "Why does prolonged TPN cause liver damage in infants?"], Children's Hospital Boston
*[http://blogs.nutrishare.com TPN Blogs] on [http://www.Nutrishare.com Nutrishare] (a Home TPN provider)
*[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a601166.html TPN Drug Information] from MedlinePlus NIH Database

[[Category:nutrition]]
[[Category:intensive care medicine]]

[[de:Parenterale Ernährung]]
[[nl:Parenterale voeding]]
[[ja:高カロリー輸液]]
[[pt:Nutrição parenteral]]

Archive:Total parenteral nutrition

2007-01-30T06:31:23Z

222.126.20.82: /* See also */

'''Total parenteral nutrition''' (TPN), is the practice of feeding a person intravenously, circumventing the [[gut]]. It is normally used following surgery, when feeding by mouth or using the gut is not possible, when a person's digestive system cannot absorb nutrients due to [[chronic (medicine)|chronic disease]], or, alternatively, if a person's nutrient requirement cannot be met by [[enteral feeding]] (tube feeding) and supplementation. It has been used for [[Coma|comatose]] patients, although enteral feeding is usually preferable, and less prone to complications. Short-term TPN may be used if a person's digestive system has shut down (for instance by [[Peritonitis]]), and they are at a low enough weight to cause concerns about nutrition during an extended hospital stay. Long-term TPN is occasionally used to treat people suffering the extended consequences of an accident or surgery. Most controversially, TPN has extended the life of a small number of children born with nonexistent or severely birth-deformed guts. The oldest were eight years old in [[2003]].

The preferred method of delivering TPN is with a medical [[infusion pump]]. A [[sterilization (microbiology)|sterile]] bag of nutrient solution, between 500 mL and 4 L is provided. The pump infuses a small amount (0.1 to 10 mL/hr) continuously in order to keep the vein open. Feeding schedules vary, but one common regimen ramps up the nutrition over a few hours, levels off the rate for a few hours, and then ramps it down over a few more hours, in order to simulate a normal set of meal times.

The nutrient solution consists of [[water]], [[glucose]], [[salt]]s, [[amino acid]]s, [[vitamin]]s and (more controversially) sometimes emulsified [[fat]]s. Long term TPN patients sometimes suffer from lack of trace nutrients or [[electrolyte]] imbalances. Because increased [[blood sugar]] commonly occurs with TPN, [[insulin]] may also be added to the infusion. Occasionally, other drugs are added as well.

Chronic TPN is performed through a [[Hickman line]] or a [[Port-a-Cath]] (venous access systems). In infants, sometimes the [[umbilical artery]] is used.

Battery-powered ambulatory infusion pumps are used with chronic TPN patients, and usually the pump and a small (100 ml) bag of nutrient to keep the vein open are carried in a fanny pack. Outpatient TPN practices are still being refined.

Aside from their dependence on a pump, chronic TPN patients live quite normal lives.

==Complications==

The most common complication of TPN use is bacterial infection, usually due to the increased infection risk from having an indwelling [[central venous catheter]]. [[Liver]] [[Liver failure|failure]] may sometimes occur; a recent study at Children's Hospital Boston on the cause suggests it is due to a large difference in omega-6 to omega-3 ratio. When treated with a different fatty acid infusion (which is not approved for use in the U.S.) several patients were able to recover from their condition.{{fact}}
ANG PANGIT

==See also==
* [[Intravenous drip]]kasing pangit mo

== External links ==
*[http://www.heinrick.com/ryan/tpn.cfm TPN/PPN Calculator] by Ryan Heinrick
*[http://www.childrenshospital.org/newsroom/Site1339/mainpageS1339P1sublevel222.html "Why does prolonged TPN cause liver damage in infants?"], Children's Hospital Boston
*[http://blogs.nutrishare.com TPN Blogs] on [http://www.Nutrishare.com Nutrishare] (a Home TPN provider)
*[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a601166.html TPN Drug Information] from MedlinePlus NIH Database

[[Category:nutrition]]
[[Category:intensive care medicine]]

[[de:Parenterale Ernährung]]
[[nl:Parenterale voeding]]
[[ja:高カロリー輸液]]
[[pt:Nutrição parenteral]]

Archive:Total parenteral nutrition

2007-01-30T06:19:42Z

222.126.20.82: /* Complications */

'''Total parenteral nutrition''' (TPN), is the practice of feeding a person intravenously, circumventing the [[gut]]. It is normally used following surgery, when feeding by mouth or using the gut is not possible, when a person's digestive system cannot absorb nutrients due to [[chronic (medicine)|chronic disease]], or, alternatively, if a person's nutrient requirement cannot be met by [[enteral feeding]] (tube feeding) and supplementation. It has been used for [[Coma|comatose]] patients, although enteral feeding is usually preferable, and less prone to complications. Short-term TPN may be used if a person's digestive system has shut down (for instance by [[Peritonitis]]), and they are at a low enough weight to cause concerns about nutrition during an extended hospital stay. Long-term TPN is occasionally used to treat people suffering the extended consequences of an accident or surgery. Most controversially, TPN has extended the life of a small number of children born with nonexistent or severely birth-deformed guts. The oldest were eight years old in [[2003]].

The preferred method of delivering TPN is with a medical [[infusion pump]]. A [[sterilization (microbiology)|sterile]] bag of nutrient solution, between 500 mL and 4 L is provided. The pump infuses a small amount (0.1 to 10 mL/hr) continuously in order to keep the vein open. Feeding schedules vary, but one common regimen ramps up the nutrition over a few hours, levels off the rate for a few hours, and then ramps it down over a few more hours, in order to simulate a normal set of meal times.

The nutrient solution consists of [[water]], [[glucose]], [[salt]]s, [[amino acid]]s, [[vitamin]]s and (more controversially) sometimes emulsified [[fat]]s. Long term TPN patients sometimes suffer from lack of trace nutrients or [[electrolyte]] imbalances. Because increased [[blood sugar]] commonly occurs with TPN, [[insulin]] may also be added to the infusion. Occasionally, other drugs are added as well.

Chronic TPN is performed through a [[Hickman line]] or a [[Port-a-Cath]] (venous access systems). In infants, sometimes the [[umbilical artery]] is used.

Battery-powered ambulatory infusion pumps are used with chronic TPN patients, and usually the pump and a small (100 ml) bag of nutrient to keep the vein open are carried in a fanny pack. Outpatient TPN practices are still being refined.

Aside from their dependence on a pump, chronic TPN patients live quite normal lives.

==Complications==

The most common complication of TPN use is bacterial infection, usually due to the increased infection risk from having an indwelling [[central venous catheter]]. [[Liver]] [[Liver failure|failure]] may sometimes occur; a recent study at Children's Hospital Boston on the cause suggests it is due to a large difference in omega-6 to omega-3 ratio. When treated with a different fatty acid infusion (which is not approved for use in the U.S.) several patients were able to recover from their condition.{{fact}}
ANG PANGIT

==See also==
* [[Intravenous drip]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.heinrick.com/ryan/tpn.cfm TPN/PPN Calculator] by Ryan Heinrick
*[http://www.childrenshospital.org/newsroom/Site1339/mainpageS1339P1sublevel222.html "Why does prolonged TPN cause liver damage in infants?"], Children's Hospital Boston
*[http://blogs.nutrishare.com TPN Blogs] on [http://www.Nutrishare.com Nutrishare] (a Home TPN provider)
*[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a601166.html TPN Drug Information] from MedlinePlus NIH Database

[[Category:nutrition]]
[[Category:intensive care medicine]]

[[de:Parenterale Ernährung]]
[[nl:Parenterale voeding]]
[[ja:高カロリー輸液]]
[[pt:Nutrição parenteral]]

Precipitation (chemistry)

2006-07-01T15:07:17Z

222.126.106.38:

: ''"Precipitate" redirects here, for the [[Interpol (band)|Interpol]] [[Extended play|EP]] see [[Precipitate (EP)]].''

'''Precipitation''' is the formation of a [[solid]] in a [[solution]] during a [[chemical reaction]], such as evaporation. A substance that causes precipitation when it is added to a solution is called a '''precipitant'''. This can occur when an insoluble substance is formed in the solution due to a reaction or when the solution has been [[supersaturated]] by a compound. In most situations, the solid forms ("falls") out of the solute phase, and sinks to the bottom of the solution (though it will float if it is less dense than the solvent, or form a [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]).

This effect is useful in many industrial and scientific applications whereby a chemical reaction may produce a solid that can be collected from the solution by various methods (e.g. filtration, decanting, centrifuging). Precipitation from a [[solid solution]] is also a useful way to [[precipitation strengthening|strengthen]] [[alloy]]s.

An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of [[nucleation]]. The creation of a hypothetical solid particle includes the formation of an interface, which requires some energy based on the relative [[surface energy]] of the solid and the solution. If this energy is not available, and no suitable nucleation surface is available, [[supersaturation]] occurs.

An example of a precipitation reaction: Aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO3) is added to a solution containing potassium chloride (KCl) and the precipitation of a white solid, silver chloride is observed. (Zumdahl, 2005)
AgNO3(aqueous) + KCl(aqueous) ---> AgCl(solid) + KNO3(aqueous)
The silver chloride(AgCl) has formed a solid, which is observed as a precipitate.

This reaction can be written emphasizing the dissociated ions in a combined solution
Ag+, NO3-, K+, Cl- ---> AgCl(solid), K+, NO3-

==Cation sensitivity==
Precipitate formation is useful in the detection of the type of [[cation]] in an unknown [[salt]]. To do this, an [[alkali]] first reacts with the unknown salt to produce a precipitate which is the hydroxide of the unknown salt.

To identify the cation, the colour of the precipitate and its solubility in excess are noted.

Similar processes are often used to separate chemically similar elements, such as the [[rare earth]] metals.

==Reference==

Zumdahl, Steven S. ''Chemical Principles.'' 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.

==External links==
* http://www.hci.edu.sg/~limth/lessons/2002/qa/cations.htm

[[Category:Chemical processes]]

[[de:Fällungsreaktion]]
[[es:Precipitado]]
[[fr:Précipité]]
[[nl:Neerslag (scheikunde)]]
[[ja:沈殿]]
[[ru:Преципитат (химия)]]
[[zh:沉淀]]

Precipitation (chemistry)

2006-07-01T15:07:00Z

222.126.106.38:

: ''"Precipitate" redirects here, for the [[Interpol (band)|Interpol]] [[Extended play|EP]] see [[Precipitate (EP)]].''

'''Precipitation''' is the formation of a [[solid]] in a [[solution]] during a [[chemical reaction]], suck as evaporation. A substance that causes precipitation when it is added to a solution is called a '''precipitant'''. This can occur when an insoluble substance is formed in the solution due to a reaction or when the solution has been [[supersaturated]] by a compound. In most situations, the solid forms ("falls") out of the solute phase, and sinks to the bottom of the solution (though it will float if it is less dense than the solvent, or form a [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]).

This effect is useful in many industrial and scientific applications whereby a chemical reaction may produce a solid that can be collected from the solution by various methods (e.g. filtration, decanting, centrifuging). Precipitation from a [[solid solution]] is also a useful way to [[precipitation strengthening|strengthen]] [[alloy]]s.

An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of [[nucleation]]. The creation of a hypothetical solid particle includes the formation of an interface, which requires some energy based on the relative [[surface energy]] of the solid and the solution. If this energy is not available, and no suitable nucleation surface is available, [[supersaturation]] occurs.

An example of a precipitation reaction: Aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO3) is added to a solution containing potassium chloride (KCl) and the precipitation of a white solid, silver chloride is observed. (Zumdahl, 2005)
AgNO3(aqueous) + KCl(aqueous) ---> AgCl(solid) + KNO3(aqueous)
The silver chloride(AgCl) has formed a solid, which is observed as a precipitate.

This reaction can be written emphasizing the dissociated ions in a combined solution
Ag+, NO3-, K+, Cl- ---> AgCl(solid), K+, NO3-

==Cation sensitivity==
Precipitate formation is useful in the detection of the type of [[cation]] in an unknown [[salt]]. To do this, an [[alkali]] first reacts with the unknown salt to produce a precipitate which is the hydroxide of the unknown salt.

To identify the cation, the colour of the precipitate and its solubility in excess are noted.

Similar processes are often used to separate chemically similar elements, such as the [[rare earth]] metals.

==Reference==

Zumdahl, Steven S. ''Chemical Principles.'' 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.

==External links==
* http://www.hci.edu.sg/~limth/lessons/2002/qa/cations.htm

[[Category:Chemical processes]]

[[de:Fällungsreaktion]]
[[es:Precipitado]]
[[fr:Précipité]]
[[nl:Neerslag (scheikunde)]]
[[ja:沈殿]]
[[ru:Преципитат (химия)]]
[[zh:沉淀]]

Precipitation (chemistry)

2006-07-01T15:05:47Z

222.126.106.38:

: ''"Precipitate" redirects here, for the [[Interpol (band)|Interpol]] [[Extended play|EP]] see [[Precipitate (EP)]].''

'''Precipitation''' is the formation of a [[solid]] in a [[solution]] during a [[chemical reaction]]. Precipitation is also the solid product formed after evaporation. A substance that causes precipitation when it is added to a solution is called a '''precipitant'''. This can occur when an insoluble substance is formed in the solution due to a reaction or when the solution has been [[supersaturated]] by a compound. In most situations, the solid forms ("falls") out of the solute phase, and sinks to the bottom of the solution (though it will float if it is less dense than the solvent, or form a [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]).

This effect is useful in many industrial and scientific applications whereby a chemical reaction may produce a solid that can be collected from the solution by various methods (e.g. filtration, decanting, centrifuging). Precipitation from a [[solid solution]] is also a useful way to [[precipitation strengthening|strengthen]] [[alloy]]s.

An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of [[nucleation]]. The creation of a hypothetical solid particle includes the formation of an interface, which requires some energy based on the relative [[surface energy]] of the solid and the solution. If this energy is not available, and no suitable nucleation surface is available, [[supersaturation]] occurs.

An example of a precipitation reaction: Aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO3) is added to a solution containing potassium chloride (KCl) and the precipitation of a white solid, silver chloride is observed. (Zumdahl, 2005)
AgNO3(aqueous) + KCl(aqueous) ---> AgCl(solid) + KNO3(aqueous)
The silver chloride(AgCl) has formed a solid, which is observed as a precipitate.

This reaction can be written emphasizing the dissociated ions in a combined solution
Ag+, NO3-, K+, Cl- ---> AgCl(solid), K+, NO3-

==Cation sensitivity==
Precipitate formation is useful in the detection of the type of [[cation]] in an unknown [[salt]]. To do this, an [[alkali]] first reacts with the unknown salt to produce a precipitate which is the hydroxide of the unknown salt.

To identify the cation, the colour of the precipitate and its solubility in excess are noted.

Similar processes are often used to separate chemically similar elements, such as the [[rare earth]] metals.

==Reference==

Zumdahl, Steven S. ''Chemical Principles.'' 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.

==External links==
* http://www.hci.edu.sg/~limth/lessons/2002/qa/cations.htm

[[Category:Chemical processes]]

[[de:Fällungsreaktion]]
[[es:Precipitado]]
[[fr:Précipité]]
[[nl:Neerslag (scheikunde)]]
[[ja:沈殿]]
[[ru:Преципитат (химия)]]
[[zh:沉淀]]