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Top 100 Global Universities

2008-08-18T02:57:03Z

24.147.248.103: /* Top 100 Global Universities 2007 */

The '''Top 100 Global Universities''' is a ranking of the best College and University programs in the world as indicated by a survey conducted by [[Newsweek]]. The schools were evaluated on some of the measures used in well-known rankings published by [[Shanghai Jiaotong University]] and [[Times Higher Education]]. Fifty percent of the score came from equal parts of three measures used by Shanghai Jiatong: the number of highly-cited researchers in various academic fields, the number of articles published in Nature and Science, and the number of articles listed in the ISI Social Sciences and Arts & Humanities indices. Another 40 percent of the score came from equal parts of four measures used by the Times: the percentage of international faculty, the percentage of international students, citations per faculty member (using ISI data), and the ratio of faculty to students. The final 10 percent came from library holdings (number of volumes).

==Top 100 Global Universities 2007 ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|1. [[Harvard University]]
|-
|2. [[Stanford University]]
|-
|3. [[Yale University]]
|-
|4. [[California Institute of Technology]]
|-
|5. [[University of California at Berkeley]]
|-
|6. [[University of Cambridge]]
|-
|7. [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
|-
|8. [[Oxford University]]
|-
|9. [[University of California at San Francisco]]
|-
|10. [[Columbia University]]
|-
|11. [[University of Michigan at Ann Arbor]]
|-
|12. [[University of California at Los Angeles]]
|-
|13. [[University of Pennsylvania]]
|-
|14. [[Duke University]]
|-
|15. [[Princeton University]]
|-
|16. [[Tokyo University]]
|-
|17. [[Imperial College London]]
|-
|18. [[University of Toronto]]
|-
|19. [[Cornell University]]
|-
|20. [[University of Chicago]]
|-
|21. [[Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich]]
|-
|22. [[University of Washington]]
|-
|23. [[University of California at San Diego]]
|-
|24. [[Johns Hopkins University]]
|-
|25. [[University College London]]
|-
|26. [[Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne]]
|-
|27. [[University of Texas at Austin]]
|-
|28. [[University of Wisconsin at Madison]]
|-
|29. [[Kyoto University]]
|-
|30. [[University of Minnesota Twin Cities]]
|-
|31. [[University of British Columbia]]
|-
|32. [[University of Geneva]]
|-
|33. [[Washington University in St. Louis]]
|-
|34. [[London School of Economics]]
|-
|35. [[Northwestern University]]
|-
|36. [[National University of Singapore]]
|-
|37. [[University of Pittsburgh]]
|-
|38. [[Australian National University]]
|-
|39. [[New York University]]
|-
|40. [[Pennsylvania State University]]
|-
|41. [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]
|-
|42. [[McGill University]]
|-
|43. [[Ecole Polytechnique]]
|-
|44. [[University of Basel]]
|-
|45. [[University of Maryland at College Park]]
|-
|46. [[University of Zurich]]
|-
|47. [[University of Edinburgh]]
|-
|48. [[University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign]]
|-
|49. [[University of Bristol]]
|-
|50. [[University of Sydney]]
|-
|51. [[University of Colorado at Boulder]]
|-
|52. [[Utrecht University]]
|-
|53. [[University of Melbourne]]
|-
|54. [[University of Southern California]]
|-
|55. [[University of Alberta]]
|-
|56. [[Brown University]]
|-
|57. [[Osaka University]]
|-
|58. [[University of Manchester]]
|-
|59. [[University of California at Santa Barbara]]
|-
|60. [[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]]
|-
|61. [[Wageningen University]]
|-
|62. [[Michigan State University]]
|-
|63. [[University of Munich]]
|-
|64. [[University of New South Wales]]
|-
|65. [[Boston University]]
|-
|66. [[Vanderbilt University]]
|-
|67. [[University of Rochester]]
|-
|68. [[Tohoku University]]
|-
|69. [[University of Hong Kong]]
|-
|70. [[University of Sheffield]]
|-
|71. [[Nanyang Technological University]]
|-
|72. [[University of Vienna]]
|-
|73. [[Monash University]]
|-
|74. [[University of Nottingham]]
|-
|75. [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
|-
|76. [[Lund University]]
|-
|77. [[Texas A&M University]]
|-
|78. [[University of Western Australia]]
|-
|79. [[École Normale Supérieure]]
|-
|80. [[University of Virginia]]
|-
|81. [[Technical University of Munich]]
|-
|82. [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]
|-
|83. [[Leiden University]]
|-
|84. [[University of Waterloo]]
|-
|85. [[King's College London]]
|-
|86. [[Purdue University]]
|-
|87. [[University of Birmingham]]
|-
|88. [[Uppsala University]]
|-
|89. [[University of Amsterdam]]
|-
|90. [[University of Heidelberg]]
|-
|91. [[University of Queensland]]
|-
|92. [[University of Leuven]]
|-
|93. [[Emory University]]
|-
|94. [[Nagoya University]]
|-
|95. [[Case Western Reserve University]]
|-
|96. [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]
|-
|97. [[University of Newcastle]]
|-
|98. [[Innsbruck University]]
|-
|99. [[University of Massachusetts at Amherst]]
|-
|100. [[Sussex University]]
|}

==Criticism==

[[Criticism of college and university rankings (North America)]]

[[Category:Top lists|Universities]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges]]

[[vi: Top 100 trường đại học trên thế giới‎]]

Top 100 Global Universities

2008-08-18T02:55:34Z

24.147.248.103: /* Top 100 Global Universities 2007 */

The '''Top 100 Global Universities''' is a ranking of the best College and University programs in the world as indicated by a survey conducted by [[Newsweek]]. The schools were evaluated on some of the measures used in well-known rankings published by [[Shanghai Jiaotong University]] and [[Times Higher Education]]. Fifty percent of the score came from equal parts of three measures used by Shanghai Jiatong: the number of highly-cited researchers in various academic fields, the number of articles published in Nature and Science, and the number of articles listed in the ISI Social Sciences and Arts & Humanities indices. Another 40 percent of the score came from equal parts of four measures used by the Times: the percentage of international faculty, the percentage of international students, citations per faculty member (using ISI data), and the ratio of faculty to students. The final 10 percent came from library holdings (number of volumes).

==Top 100 Global Universities 2007 ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|1. [[Harvard University]]
|-
|2. [[Stanford University]]
|-
|3. [[Yale University]]
|-
|4. [[California Institute of Technology]]
|-
|5. [[University of California at Berkeley]]
|-
|6. [[University of Cambridge]]
|-
|7. [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
|-
|8. [[Oxford University]]
|-
|9. [[University of California at San Francisco]]
|-
|10. [[Columbia University]]
|-
|11. [[University of Michigan at Ann Arbor]]
|-
|12. [[University of California at Los Angeles]]
|-
|13. [[University of Pennsylvania]]
|-
|14. [[Duke University]]
|-
|15. [[Princeton University]]
|-
|16. [[Tokyo University]]
|-
|17. [[Imperial College London]]
|-
|18. [[University of Toronto]]
|-
|19. [[Cornell University]]
|-
|20. [[University of Chicago]]
|-
|21. [[Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich]]
|-
|22. [[University of Washington]]
|-
|23. [[University of California at San Diego]]
|-
|24. [[Johns Hopkins University]]
|-
|25. [[University College London]]
|-
|26. [[Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne]]
|-
|27. [[University of Texas at Austin]]
|-
|28. [[University of Wisconsin at Madison]]
|-
|29. [[Kyoto University]]
|-
|30. [[University of Minnesota Twin Cities]]
|-
|31. [[University of British Columbia]]
|-
|32. [[University of Geneva]]
|-
|33. [[Washington University in St. Louis]]
|-
|34. [[London School of Economics]]
|-
|35. [[Northwestern University]]
|-
|36. [[National University of Singapore]]
|-
|37. [[University of Pittsburgh]]
|-
|38. [[Australian National University]]
|-
|39. [[New York University]]
|-
|40. [[Pennsylvania State University]]
|-
|41. [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]
|-
|42. [[McGill University]]
|-
|43. [[Ecole Polytechnique]]
|-
|44. [[University of Basel]]
|-
|45. [[University of Maryland]]
|-
|46. [[University of Zurich]]
|-
|47. [[University of Edinburgh]]
|-
|48. [[University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign]]
|-
|49. [[University of Bristol]]
|-
|50. [[University of Sydney]]
|-
|51. [[University of Colorado at Boulder]]
|-
|52. [[Utrecht University]]
|-
|53. [[University of Melbourne]]
|-
|54. [[University of Southern California]]
|-
|55. [[University of Alberta]]
|-
|56. [[Brown University]]
|-
|57. [[Osaka University]]
|-
|58. [[University of Manchester]]
|-
|59. [[University of California at Santa Barbara]]
|-
|60. [[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]]
|-
|61. [[Wageningen University]]
|-
|62. [[Michigan State University]]
|-
|63. [[University of Munich]]
|-
|64. [[University of New South Wales]]
|-
|65. [[Boston University]]
|-
|66. [[Vanderbilt University]]
|-
|67. [[University of Rochester]]
|-
|68. [[Tohoku University]]
|-
|69. [[University of Hong Kong]]
|-
|70. [[University of Sheffield]]
|-
|71. [[Nanyang Technological University]]
|-
|72. [[University of Vienna]]
|-
|73. [[Monash University]]
|-
|74. [[University of Nottingham]]
|-
|75. [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
|-
|76. [[Lund University]]
|-
|77. [[Texas A&M University]]
|-
|78. [[University of Western Australia]]
|-
|79. [[École Normale Supérieure]]
|-
|80. [[University of Virginia]]
|-
|81. [[Technical University of Munich]]
|-
|82. [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]
|-
|83. [[Leiden University]]
|-
|84. [[University of Waterloo]]
|-
|85. [[King's College London]]
|-
|86. [[Purdue University]]
|-
|87. [[University of Birmingham]]
|-
|88. [[Uppsala University]]
|-
|89. [[University of Amsterdam]]
|-
|90. [[University of Heidelberg]]
|-
|91. [[University of Queensland]]
|-
|92. [[University of Leuven]]
|-
|93. [[Emory University]]
|-
|94. [[Nagoya University]]
|-
|95. [[Case Western Reserve University]]
|-
|96. [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]
|-
|97. [[University of Newcastle]]
|-
|98. [[Innsbruck University]]
|-
|99. [[University of Massachusetts at Amherst]]
|-
|100. [[Sussex University]]
|}

==Criticism==

[[Criticism of college and university rankings (North America)]]

[[Category:Top lists|Universities]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges]]

[[vi: Top 100 trường đại học trên thế giới‎]]

Archive:Astrophysics Source Code Library

2007-12-17T13:37:40Z

24.147.116.208: /* Detectors */

Here is a list of professional astrophysics codes. Many were copied
from the astrophysics source code library, which hasn't been updated
in a while.

== Accretion Disks ==

[http://ascl.net/dusty.html DUSTY] - Radiation transport in a dusty environment Ivezic, Z., Nenkova, M., & Elitzur, M.

XSTAR: A program for calculating conditions and spectra of photoionized gases
Kallman, T.
http://ascl.net/xstar.html

== Astrochemistry ==

CSENV: A code for the chemistry of CircumStellar ENVelopes
Mamon, G. A.
http://ascl.net/csenv.html

== Astrometry ==

StarFinder: A code for stellar field analysis
Diolaiti, E. et al.
http://ascl.net/starfinder.html

== Astronomical Databases: Miscellaneous ==

CHIANTI: A database for astrophysical emission line spectroscopy
CHIANTI Consortium
http://ascl.net/chianti.html

== Atomic Data ==

CHIANTI: A database for astrophysical emission line spectroscopy
CHIANTI Consortium
http://ascl.net/chianti.html

== Atomic Processes ==

CHIANTI: A database for astrophysical emission line spectroscopy
CHIANTI Consortium
http://ascl.net/chianti.html

CLOUDY: Numerical simulation of plasmas and their spectra
Ferland, G. et al.
http://ascl.net/cloudy.html

PopRatio: A program to calculate atomic level populations in astrophysical plasmas
Silva, A. I. & Viegas, S. M.
http://ascl.net/popratio.html

== Black Hole Physics ==

BHSKY: Visual distortions near a black hole
Nemiroff, R. J.
http://ascl.net/bhsky.html

== Circumstellar Matter ==

CSENV: A code for the chemistry of CircumStellar ENVelopes
Mamon, G. A.
http://ascl.net/csenv.html

== Cosmic Microwave Background ==

COSMICS: Cosmological initial conditions and microwave anisotropy codes
Bertschinger, E.
http://ascl.net/cosmics.html

RADPACK: A RADical compression analysis PACKage for fitting to the CMB
Knox, L.
http://ascl.net/radpack.html

CMBFAST: A microwave anisotropy code
Seljak, U. & Zaldarriaga, M.
http://ascl.net/cmbfast.html

Icosahedron: The Icosahedron Package for Pixelizing the Sphere
Tegmark, M.
http://ascl.net/icosahedron.html

== Cosmology: Theory ==

COSMICS: Cosmological initial conditions and microwave anisotropy codes
Bertschinger, E.
http://ascl.net/cosmics.html

ANGSIZ: A general and practical method for calculating cosmological distances
Helbig, P., Kayser, R., & Schramm, T.
http://ascl.net/angsiz.html

PMcode: Particle-Mesh code for cosmological simulations
Klypin, A. & Holtzman, J.
http://ascl.net/pmcode.html

RADPACK: A RADical compression analysis PACKage for fitting to the CMB
Knox, L.
http://ascl.net/radpack.html

CMBFAST: A microwave anisotropy code
Seljak, U. & Zaldarriaga, M.
http://ascl.net/cmbfast.html

== Cosmology: Large-Scale Structure of Universe ==

MLAPM: Simulating Structure Formation from Collisionless Matter
Knebe, A., Green, A. & Binney, J.
http://ascl.net/mlapm.html

== Dark Matter ==

COSMICS: Cosmological initial conditions and microwave anisotropy codes
Bertschinger, E.
http://ascl.net/cosmics.html

PMcode: Particle-Mesh code for cosmological simulations
Klypin, A. & Holtzman, J.
http://ascl.net/pmcode.html

MLAPM: Simulating Structure Formation from Collisionless Matter
Knebe, A., Green, A. & Binney, J.
http://ascl.net/mlapm.html

CMBFAST: A microwave anisotropy code
Seljak, U. & Zaldarriaga, M.
http://ascl.net/cmbfast.html

== Distance Scale ==

ANGSIZ: A general and practical method for calculating cosmological distances
Helbig, P., Kayser, R., & Schramm, T.
http://ascl.net/angsiz.html

SLOPES: least-squares linear regression lines for bivariate datasets
Feigelson, E.
http://ascl.net/slopes.html

== Elementary Particles ==

COSMICS: Cosmological initial conditions and microwave anisotropy codes
Bertschinger, E.
http://ascl.net/cosmics.html

== Galaxies ==

=== Elliptical ===
FASTELL: Fast calculation of a family of elliptical mass gravitational lens models
Barkana, R.
http://ascl.net/fastell.html

=== Formation ===

MLAPM: Simulating Structure Formation from Collisionless Matter
Knebe, A., Green, A. & Binney, J.
http://ascl.net/mlapm.html

SPH_1D: Hierarchical gravity/SPH treecode for simulations of interacting galaxies
Olson, K.
http://ascl.net/sph_1d.html

=== Halos ===

MLAPM: Simulating Structure Formation from Collisionless Matter
Knebe, A., Green, A. & Binney, J.
http://ascl.net/mlapm.html

=== Individual ===

FASTELL: Fast calculation of a family of elliptical mass gravitational lens models
Barkana, R.
http://ascl.net/fastell.html

=== Interactions ===

SPH_1D: Hierarchical gravity/SPH treecode for simulations of interacting galaxies
Olson, K.
http://ascl.net/sph_1d.html

=== Structure ===

FASTELL: Fast calculation of a family of elliptical mass gravitational lens models
Barkana, R.
http://ascl.net/fastell.html

=== Content ===

BSGMODEL: The Bahcall-Soneira Galaxy Model
Bahcall, J. N.
http://ascl.net/bsgmodel.html

=== Structure ===

BSGMODEL: The Bahcall-Soneira Galaxy Model
Bahcall, J. N.
http://ascl.net/bsgmodel.html

EXTINCT: A Computerized Model of Large-Scale Visual Interstellar Extinction
Hakkila, J., Myers, J. M., Stidman, B. J., Hartmann, D. H.
http://ascl.net/extinct.html

=== Bursts ===

WINGSPAN: A WINdows Gamma-ray SPectral Analysis program
Preece, R. D., Briggs, M. S., Mallozzi R. S., & Brock, M. N.
http://ascl.net/wingspan.html

MILLISEARCH: A Search for Millilensing in BATSE GRB Data
Nemiroff, Robert J.
http://ascl.net/millisearch.html

BLOCK: A Bayesian block method to analyze structure in photon counting data
Scargle, J. D.
http://ascl.net/block.html

=== Observations ===

WINGSPAN: A WINdows Gamma-ray SPectral Analysis program
Preece, R. D., Briggs, M. S., Mallozzi R. S., & Brock, M. N.
http://ascl.net/wingspan.html

=== Gravitation ===

NBODY2: A Direct N-Body Integration Code
Aarseth, S.
http://ascl.net/nbody2.html

COSMICS: Cosmological initial conditions and microwave anisotropy codes
Bertschinger, E.
http://ascl.net/cosmics.html

GADGET: A code for cosmological simulations of structure formation
Springel, V. & Yoshida, N.
http://ascl.net/gadget.html

== Gravitational Lensing ==

FASTELL: Fast calculation of a family of elliptical mass gravitational lens models
Barkana, R.
http://ascl.net/fastell.html

ANGSIZ: A general and practical method for calculating cosmological distances
Helbig, P., Kayser, R., & Schramm, T.
http://ascl.net/angsiz.html

MILLISEARCH: A Search for Millilensing in BATSE GRB Data
Nemiroff, Robert J.
http://ascl.net/millisearch.html

BHSKY: Visual distortions near a black hole
Nemiroff, R. J.
http://ascl.net/bhsky.html

LENSKY: Galactic Microlensing Probability
Nemiroff, R. J.
http://ascl.net/lensky.html

== Hydrodynamics ==

GADGET: A code for cosmological simulations of structure formation
Springel, V. & Yoshida, N.
http://ascl.net/gadget.html

== Instrumentation ==

=== Adaptive Optics ===

StarFinder: A code for stellar field analysis
Diolaiti, E. et al.
http://ascl.net/starfinder.html

=== Detectors ===

XSPEC: An X-ray spectral fitting package
Arnaud, K., Shafer, R., Haberl, F. & Tennant, A.
http://ascl.net/xspec.html

[http://space.mit.edu/cxc/isis/ ISIS] - A programmable data analysis
environment, similar to IDL or matlab, with a strong emphasis on X-ray
spectral analysis.

CONSKY: Sky CCD Integration Simulation
Nemiroff, R. J. & Rafert, J. B.
http://ascl.net/consky.html

WINGSPAN: A WINdows Gamma-ray SPectral Analysis program
Preece, R. D., Briggs, M. S., Mallozzi R. S., & Brock, M. N.
http://ascl.net/wingspan.html

=== Interferometric ===

AIPS: Astronomical Image Processing System
AIPS Team
http://ascl.net/aips.html

=== Photometers ===

IRAF: Image Reduction and Analysis Facility
IRAF Team
http://ascl.net/iraf.html

=== Spectrographs ===

XSPEC: An X-ray spectral fitting package
Arnaud, K., Shafer, R., Haberl, F. & Tennant, A.
http://ascl.net/xspec.html

[http://space.mit.edu/ASC/ISIS/ ISIS] - A programmable data analysis
environment, similar to IDL or matlab, with a strong emphasis on X-ray
spectral analysis.

IRAF: Image Reduction and Analysis Facility
IRAF Team
http://ascl.net/iraf.html

RVSAO: Digital redshifts and radial velocities
Kurtz, M. J. & Mink, D. J.
http://ascl.net/rvsao.html

== ISM ==

=== Abundances ===

CLOUDY: Numerical simulation of plasmas and their spectra
Ferland, G. et al.
http://ascl.net/cloudy.html

=== Atoms ===

CLOUDY: Numerical simulation of plasmas and their spectra
Ferland, G. et al.
http://ascl.net/cloudy.html

=== Dust ===

DDSCAT: The Discrete Dipole approximation for Scattering and absorption of light by irregular particles
Draine, B. T. & Flatau, Piotr J.
http://ascl.net/ddscat.html

EXTINCT: A Computerized Model of Large-Scale Visual Interstellar Extinction
Hakkila, J., Myers, J. M., Stidman, B. J., Hartmann, D. H.
http://ascl.net/extinct.html

DUSTY: Radiation transport in a dusty environment
Ivezic, Z., Nenkova, M., & Elitzur, M.
http://ascl.net/dusty.html

=== Extinction ===

DDSCAT: The Discrete Dipole approximation for Scattering and absorption of light by irregular particles
Draine, B. T. & Flatau, Piotr J.
http://ascl.net/ddscat.html

EXTINCT: A Computerized Model of Large-Scale Visual Interstellar Extinction
Hakkila, J., Myers, J. M., Stidman, B. J., Hartmann, D. H.
http://ascl.net/extinct.html

DUSTY: Radiation transport in a dusty environment
Ivezic, Z., Nenkova, M., & Elitzur, M.
http://ascl.net/dusty.html

=== Molecules ===

RATRAN: Radiative transfer and molecular excitation in one and two dimensions
Hogerheijde, Michiel & van der Tak, Floris
http://ascl.net/ratran.html

CSENV: A code for the chemistry of CircumStellar ENVelopes
Mamon, G. A.
http://ascl.net/csenv.html

== Large-Scale Structure Of The Universe ==

COSMICS: Cosmological initial conditions and microwave anisotropy codes
Bertschinger, E.
http://ascl.net/cosmics.html

PMcode: Particle-Mesh code for cosmological simulations
Klypin, A. & Holtzman, J.
http://ascl.net/pmcode.html

CMBFAST: A microwave anisotropy code
Seljak, U. & Zaldarriaga, M.
http://ascl.net/cmbfast.html

== Line ==
=== Formation ===

XSPEC: An X-ray spectral fitting package
Arnaud, K., Shafer, R., Haberl, F. & Tennant, A.
http://ascl.net/xspec.html

[http://space.mit.edu/ASC/ISIS/ ISIS] - A programmable data analysis
environment, similar to IDL or matlab, with a strong emphasis on X-ray
spectral analysis.

CLOUDY: Numerical simulation of plasmas and their spectra
Ferland, G. et al.
http://ascl.net/cloudy.html

RATRAN: Radiative transfer and molecular excitation in one and two dimensions
Hogerheijde, Michiel & van der Tak, Floris
http://ascl.net/ratran.html

XSTAR: A program for calculating conditions and spectra of photoionized gases
Kallman, T.
http://ascl.net/xstar.html

PopRatio: A program to calculate atomic level populations in astrophysical plasmas
Silva, A. I. & Viegas, S. M.
http://ascl.net/popratio.html

=== Identification ===

XSPEC: An X-ray spectral fitting package
Arnaud, K., Shafer, R., Haberl, F. & Tennant, A.
http://ascl.net/xspec.html

[http://space.mit.edu/ASC/ISIS/ ISIS] - A programmable data analysis
environment, similar to IDL or matlab, with a strong emphasis on X-ray
spectral analysis.

WINGSPAN: A WINdows Gamma-ray SPectral Analysis program
Preece, R. D., Briggs, M. S., Mallozzi R. S., & Brock, M. N.
http://ascl.net/wingspan.html

=== Data Analysis ===

AIPS: Astronomical Image Processing System
AIPS Team
http://ascl.net/aips.html

ISIS: A method for optimal image subtraction
Alard, C. & Lupton, R.
http://ascl.net/isis.html

XSPEC: An X-ray spectral fitting package
Arnaud, K., Shafer, R., Haberl, F. & Tennant, A.
http://ascl.net/xspec.html

[http://space.mit.edu/ASC/ISIS/ ISIS] - A programmable data analysis
environment, similar to IDL or matlab, with a strong emphasis on X-ray
spectral analysis.

StarFinder: A code for stellar field analysis
Diolaiti, E. et al.
http://ascl.net/starfinder.html

SLOPES: least-squares linear regression lines for bivariate datasets
Feigelson, E.
http://ascl.net/slopes.html

FTOOLS: A general package of software to manipulate FITS files
FTOOLS Team
http://ascl.net/ftools.html

IRAF: Image Reduction and Analysis Facility
IRAF Team
http://ascl.net/iraf.html

RVSAO: Digital redshifts and radial velocities
Kurtz, M. J. & Mink, D. J.
http://ascl.net/rvsao.html

MILLISEARCH: A Search for Millilensing in BATSE GRB Data
Nemiroff, Robert J.
http://ascl.net/millisearch.html

BLOCK: A Bayesian block method to analyze structure in photon counting data
Scargle, J. D.
http://ascl.net/block.html

WINGSPAN: A WINdows Gamma-ray SPectral Analysis program
Preece, R. D., Briggs, M. S., Mallozzi R. S., & Brock, M. N.
http://ascl.net/wingspan.html

Icosahedron: The Icosahedron Package for Pixelizing the Sphere
Tegmark, M.
http://ascl.net/icosahedron.html

SAOimage: A utility for displaying astronomical images in the X11 window environment
VanHilst, M. & Mink, D.
http://ascl.net/saoimage.html

=== N-Body Simulations ===

NBODY2: A Direct N-Body Integration Code
Aarseth, S.
http://ascl.net/nbody2.html

GADGET: A code for cosmological simulations of structure formation
Springel, V. & Yoshida, N.
http://ascl.net/gadget.html

=== Numerical ===

RATRAN: Radiative transfer and molecular excitation in one and two dimensions
Hogerheijde, Michiel & van der Tak, Floris
http://ascl.net/ratran.html

SPH_1D: Hierarchical gravity/SPH treecode for simulations of interacting galaxies
Olson, K.
http://ascl.net/sph_1d.html

BLOCK: A Bayesian block method to analyze structure in photon counting data
Scargle, J. D.
http://ascl.net/block.html

=== Statistical ===

ISIS: A method for optimal image subtraction
Alard, C. & Lupton, R.
http://ascl.net/isis.html

SLOPES: least-squares linear regression lines for bivariate datasets
Feigelson, E.
http://ascl.net/slopes.html

RADPACK: A RADical compression analysis PACKage for fitting to the CMB
Knox, L.
http://ascl.net/radpack.html

BLOCK: A Bayesian block method to analyze structure in photon counting data
Scargle, J. D.
http://ascl.net/block.html

SLstats: Statistics module for the S-Lang interpreter
Davis, J. E.
http://space.mit.edu/cxc/software/slang/modules/stats/

== Plasmas ==

XSPEC: An X-ray spectral fitting package
Arnaud, K., Shafer, R., Haberl, F. & Tennant, A.
http://ascl.net/xspec.html

[http://space.mit.edu/ASC/ISIS/ ISIS] - A programmable data analysis
environment, similar to IDL or matlab, with a strong emphasis on X-ray
spectral analysis.

CLOUDY: Numerical simulation of plasmas and their spectra
Ferland, G. et al.
http://ascl.net/cloudy.html

XSTAR: A program for calculating conditions and spectra of photoionized gases
Kallman, T.
http://ascl.net/xstar.html

WINGSPAN: A WINdows Gamma-ray SPectral Analysis program
Preece, R. D., Briggs, M. S., Mallozzi R. S., & Brock, M. N.
http://ascl.net/wingspan.html

PopRatio: A program to calculate atomic level populations in astrophysical plasmas
Silva, A. I. & Viegas, S. M.
http://ascl.net/popratio.html

== Radiation Mechanisms: Non-Thermal ==

XSPEC: An X-ray spectral fitting package
Arnaud, K., Shafer, R., Haberl, F. & Tennant, A.
http://ascl.net/xspec.html

[http://space.mit.edu/ASC/ISIS/ ISIS] - A programmable data analysis
environment, similar to IDL or matlab, with a strong emphasis on X-ray
spectral analysis.

WINGSPAN: A WINdows Gamma-ray SPectral Analysis program
Preece, R. D., Briggs, M. S., Mallozzi R. S., & Brock, M. N.
http://ascl.net/wingspan.html

== Radiation Mechanisms: Thermal ==

XSPEC: An X-ray spectral fitting package
Arnaud, K., Shafer, R., Haberl, F. & Tennant, A.
http://ascl.net/xspec.html

[http://space.mit.edu/ASC/ISIS/ ISIS] - A programmable data analysis
environment, similar to IDL or matlab, with a strong emphasis on X-ray
spectral analysis.

CLOUDY: Numerical simulation of plasmas and their spectra
Ferland, G. et al.
http://ascl.net/cloudy.html

XSTAR: A program for calculating conditions and spectra of photoionized gases
Kallman, T.
http://ascl.net/xstar.html

WINGSPAN: A WINdows Gamma-ray SPectral Analysis program
Preece, R. D., Briggs, M. S., Mallozzi R. S., & Brock, M. N.
http://ascl.net/wingspan.html

== Radiative Transfer ==

DDSCAT: The Discrete Dipole approximation for Scattering and absorption of light by irregular particles
Draine, B. T. & Flatau, Piotr J.
http://ascl.net/ddscat.html

CLOUDY: Numerical simulation of plasmas and their spectra
Ferland, G. et al.
http://ascl.net/cloudy.html

RATRAN: Radiative transfer and molecular excitation in one and two dimensions
Hogerheijde, Michiel & van der Tak, Floris
http://ascl.net/ratran.html

DUSTY: Radiation transport in a dusty environment
Ivezic, Z., Nenkova, M., & Elitzur, M.
http://ascl.net/dusty.html

== Radio Continuum: General ==

AIPS: Astronomical Image Processing System
AIPS Team
http://ascl.net/aips.html

== Radio Lines: General ==

AIPS: Astronomical Image Processing System
AIPS Team
http://ascl.net/aips.html

== Relativity ==

BHSKY: Visual distortions near a black hole
Nemiroff, R. J.
http://ascl.net/bhsky.html

== Scattering ==

DDSCAT: The Discrete Dipole approximation for Scattering and absorption of light by irregular particles
Draine, B. T. & Flatau, Piotr J.
http://ascl.net/ddscat.html

== Stars ==
=== Abundances ===

SPECTRUM: A stellar spectral synthesis program
Gray, R. O.
http://ascl.net/spectrum.html

=== Atmospheres ===

CHIANTI: A database for astrophysical emission line spectroscopy
CHIANTI Consortium
http://ascl.net/chianti.html

SPECTRUM: A stellar spectral synthesis program
Gray, R. O.
http://ascl.net/spectrum.html

=== Circumstellar Matter ===

DUSTY: Radiation transport in a dusty environment
Ivezic, Z., Nenkova, M., & Elitzur, M.
http://ascl.net/dusty.html

=== Fundamental Parameters ===

SPECTRUM: A stellar spectral synthesis program
Gray, R. O.
http://ascl.net/spectrum.html

=== General ===

CONSKY: Sky CCD Integration Simulation
Nemiroff, R. J. & Rafert, J. B.
http://ascl.net/consky.html

=== Imaging ===

StarFinder: A code for stellar field analysis
Diolaiti, E. et al.
http://ascl.net/starfinder.html

=== Individual ===

SPECTRUM: A stellar spectral synthesis program
Gray, R. O.
http://ascl.net/spectrum.html

=== Pre-Main-Sequence ===

DUSTY: Radiation transport in a dusty environment
Ivezic, Z., Nenkova, M., & Elitzur, M.
http://ascl.net/dusty.html

=== Supernovae ===

BOOM: Iron-core collapse supernova simulation
[[BoomCode]]

=== Variables ===

CONSKY: Sky CCD Integration Simulation
Nemiroff, R. J. & Rafert, J. B.
http://ascl.net/consky.html

=== Atmosphere ===

CHIANTI: A database for astrophysical emission line spectroscopy
CHIANTI Consortium
http://ascl.net/chianti.html

=== Gamma-Rays ===

WINGSPAN: A WINdows Gamma-ray SPectral Analysis program
Preece, R. D., Briggs, M. S., Mallozzi R. S., & Brock, M. N.
http://ascl.net/wingspan.html

=== Surveys ===

CONSKY: Sky CCD Integration Simulation
Nemiroff, R. J. & Rafert, J. B.
http://ascl.net/consky.html

== Techniques ==
=== Image Processing ===

ISIS: A method for optimal image subtraction
Alard, C. & Lupton, R.
http://ascl.net/isis.html

StarFinder: A code for stellar field analysis
Diolaiti, E. et al.
http://ascl.net/starfinder.html

FTOOLS: A general package of software to manipulate FITS files
FTOOLS Team
http://ascl.net/ftools.html

=== Interferometric ===

AIPS: Astronomical Image Processing System
AIPS Team
http://ascl.net/aips.html

=== Photometric ===

StarFinder: A code for stellar field analysis
Diolaiti, E. et al.
http://ascl.net/starfinder.html

IRAF: Image Reduction and Analysis Facility
IRAF Team
http://ascl.net/iraf.html

CONSKY: Sky CCD Integration Simulation
Nemiroff, R. J. & Rafert, J. B.
http://ascl.net/consky.html

SAOimage: A utility for displaying astronomical images in the X11 window environment
VanHilst, M. & Mink, D.
http://ascl.net/saoimage.html

=== Radial Velocities ===

RVSAO: Digital redshifts and radial velocities
Kurtz, M. J. & Mink, D. J.
http://ascl.net/rvsao.html

=== Radar Astronomy ===

AIPS: Astronomical Image Processing System
AIPS Team
http://ascl.net/aips.html

=== Spectroscopic ===

XSPEC: An X-ray spectral fitting package
Arnaud, K., Shafer, R., Haberl, F. & Tennant, A.
http://ascl.net/xspec.html

[http://space.mit.edu/ASC/ISIS/ ISIS] - A programmable data analysis
environment, similar to IDL or matlab, with a strong emphasis on X-ray
spectral analysis.

CHIANTI: A database for astrophysical emission line spectroscopy
CHIANTI Consortium
http://ascl.net/chianti.html

SPECTRUM: A stellar spectral synthesis program
Gray, R. O.
http://ascl.net/spectrum.html

IRAF: Image Reduction and Analysis Facility
IRAF Team
http://ascl.net/iraf.html

RVSAO: Digital redshifts and radial velocities
Kurtz, M. J. & Mink, D. J.
http://ascl.net/rvsao.html

WINGSPAN: A WINdows Gamma-ray SPectral Analysis program
Preece, R. D., Briggs, M. S., Mallozzi R. S., & Brock, M. N.
http://ascl.net/wingspan.html

== Telescopes ==

CONSKY: Sky CCD Integration Simulation
Nemiroff, R. J. & Rafert, J. B.
http://ascl.net/consky.html

== Ultraviolet: General ==

CHIANTI: A database for astrophysical emission line spectroscopy
CHIANTI Consortium
http://ascl.net/chianti.html

IRAF: Image Reduction and Analysis Facility
IRAF Team
http://ascl.net/iraf.html

SAOimage: A utility for displaying astronomical images in the X11 window environment
VanHilst, M. & Mink, D.
http://ascl.net/saoimage.html

== X-Rays ==
=== General ===

XSPEC: An X-ray spectral fitting package
Arnaud, K., Shafer, R., Haberl, F. & Tennant, A.
http://ascl.net/xspec.html

[http://space.mit.edu/ASC/ISIS/ ISIS] - A programmable data analysis
environment, similar to IDL or matlab, with a strong emphasis on X-ray
spectral analysis.

FTOOLS: A general package of software to manipulate FITS files
FTOOLS Team
http://ascl.net/ftools.html

XSTAR: A program for calculating conditions and spectra of photoionized gases
Kallman, T.
http://ascl.net/xstar.html

=== Stars ===

XSTAR: A program for calculating conditions and spectra of photoionized gases
Kallman, T.
http://ascl.net/xstar.html

[[Category:Astronomy]]
[[Category:Software]]
[[Category:Astrophysics]]
[[Category:Source code]]
[[Category:Libraries]]

Archive:Types of gestures

2007-07-08T23:48:27Z

24.147.102.48: /* Suck my dick */ wikilink

{{unreferenced||article|date=September 2006}}
Gestures are a form of [[Body language]] or [[Non-verbal communication]].
Although some [[gesture]]s, such as the ubiquitous act of [[Hand gesture|pointing]], differ little from one place to another, most gestures do not have invariable or universal meanings, having specific connotations only in certain cultures. Different types of gestures are distinguished. The most famous type of gestures are the so-called emblems or quotable gestures (see the examples below). These are [[culture]] specific gestures that can be used as replacement for words. Communities have repertoires of such gestures. A single emblematic gesture can have very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary to highly offensive.

Another type of gestures are the ones we use when we speak. These gestures are closely coordinated with speech. The meaningful part of the gesture is temporally synchronised with the co-expressive words. For example, a gesture that depicts the act of throwing will be synchronous with the word 'threw' in the utterance "and then he threw the ball right into the window." Other gestures like the so-called beat gestures, are used in conjunction with speech, keeping time with the rhythm of speech and to emphasize certain words or phrases. These types of gestures are integrally connected to [[speech]] and thought processes.

==Studies of gesture==
The first full-length study of gesture was published by [[John Bulwer]] in 1644. Bulwer analyzed dozens of gestures, and provided a guide on how to use gestures to increase eloquence and clarity for public speaking. Today, one of the most prominent researchers in the field of gesture research is [[Adam Kendon]]. He has investigated many aspects of gestures, including their role in communication, conventionalization of gesture, integration of gesture and speech, and the evolution of language. Other prominent researchers in this field include [[Susan Goldin-Meadow]] and [[David McNeill]].

==Social significance==
[[Image:VitarkaMudra.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Vitarka [[mudra]], [[Tarim Basin]], 9th century.]]

Gestures play a major role in many aspects of human life. Many animals, including humans, use gestures to initiate a [[mating ritual]]. This may include elaborate [[dance]]s and other movements.

Religious and spiritual gestures are also common, such as the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[sign of the cross]]. In [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]], a ''[[mudra]]'' ([[Sanskrit]], meaning either "posture" or "currency" depending on the interpretation) is a symbolic gesture made with the hand or fingers. Each mudra has a specific meaning, playing a central role in Hindu and Buddhist [[iconography]]. An example is the Vitarka mudra, the gesture of discussion and transmission of Buddhist teaching. It is done by joining the tips of the thumb and the index together, while keeping the other fingers straight.

==Using one hand==
===Itching Under The Chin===
In Italian culture this represents "I don't care, I can't be bothered". This is done by keeping one hand straight, placing it under the chin, and 'throwing out' that hand toward the person receiving the gesture. In Italian American culture this represents "Screw You!"; U.S. Supreme Court justice [[Antonin Scalia]] received criticism for using this gesture towards a reporter.

Scratching or stroking the chin or beard (where possible) can be used to indicate that the gesticulater is thinking or puzzled.

===Bang bang===
[[Image:gesture thumb up then down forefinger out like gun.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This gesture mimes a [[handgun]].]]

The "bang bang" gesture is performed by raising the fist with the index finger and thumb extended. The index finger points at the recipient. The thumb is then brought down on top of the fingers. This imitation of the action of a revolver [[pistol]] is often meant to represent a [[handgun]] in children's games. It may also be used menacingly to mean "I'm gonna kill you", or simply as a playful greeting. The middle finger is often also extended to widen the "barrel".

[[Texas Tech University|Texas Tech]] fans use the "bang bang" salute (fingers pointed upward) to cheer their team. Also, the "bang bang" performed with both hands was a signature gesture of [[professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] [[Mick Foley]] while he was in his "Cactus Jack" [[gimmick (professional wrestling)|persona]].

Also, if the thumb and middle finger are used to click, and the thumb the pointed upwards to form the gun, this can also be interpreted as a greeting.

A two-handed version of the same gesture can be used to indicate sporting/business success or sexual conquest (frequently accompanied by a syncopated "pow-pow", esp. in a posh British accent).

=== Beckoning sign ===
Index finger sticking out of the clenched fist, palm facing the gesturer. The finger moves repeatedly towards the gesturer (in a hook) as to draw something nearer. It has the general meaning of "come here", although it is normally seen as condescending or anyway impolite. It is sometimes performed with the four fingers, with the entire hand, or even with the arm, depending on how far the recipient of the sign is.

When performed with the index finger, it may have a mild sexual connotation depending on the circumstance.

In [[Africa]], the [[Far East]] and many [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking countries, this sign is given with all four fingers and with the palm down.

In [[Japan]] there is a similar gesture, but the four fingers are used, the palm faces the recipient and the hand is at head's height. This is the gesture featured in the [[maneki neko]].

===Benediction and blessing===
[[Image:ConstantineCoin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Benediction gesture, on a coin of [[Constantine I (emperor)|Emperor Constantine]].]]

The benediction gesture is a raised right hand with the ring and pinky fingers touching the palm, while the middle and index fingers remain raised. Taken from Ancient Roman icongraphy for speaking (an example is the Augustus of Prima Porta where the emperor Augustus assumes the pose of an orator in addressing his troops), it is used as a simple [[charm]] or [[blessing]] amongst many [[neopagan|modern]] [[Pagans]], and has a vast array of uses. Perhaps the most common and/or noteworthy use of the gesture is while tracing an invisible "air [[pentagram]]" before someone during certain [[Wicca]]n rituals such as the [[Great Rite]] performed during [[Beltane]] and [[Drawing Down the Moon]] on the [[Esbat]]s. One might also use the gesture to trace invisible pentagrams or other sigils over items to be blessed or empowered, such as [[holy water]], [[ritual]] [[wine]], ritual [[ale]], or [[cannabis|the Sacred Herb]]. The two extended fingers are used to point (except when an [[athame]], [[wand]], or [[sword]] is used).

A similar sign, called the ''benediction'' gesture, is used by the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[clergy]] to perform [[blessing]]s with the [[sign of the cross]]; however Christians keep the thumb raised - the three raised fingers (index, middle, and thumb) are frequently allegorically interpreted as representing the three Persons of the [[Holy Trinity]]. It was shown by representations of [[Jesus]] as [[Christ Pantocrator]].

===Blah-blah===
The fingers are kept straight and together in a horizontal fashion while the thumb is held out straight. The fingers and thumb then snap together repeatedly to suggest a mouth talking. It is used to indicate contempt for a person talking for an excessive period of time about nothing the gesturer feels is important.

===Check, please===
This gesture, understood by waiters around the world to mean that a dinner patron wishes to pay the bill and depart, is executed by touching the index finger and thumb together and "writing" a wavy line in the air, as if to sign one's name. An alternate gesture with the same meaning is made by touching the index finger and thumb together and drawing a [[Tick (checkmark)|checkmark]] ({{unicode|<big>✓</big>}}) in the air. In [[Egypt]], the left hand is held palm-out and the right, palm-down, is tapped against the left wrist to request the check. In [[Thailand]], one makes a circling gesture with the thumb and fingers pinched together- as if you are holding an imaginary pencil and making imaginary scribbles on a piece of paper. Sometimes the opposite palm is used as the 'paper'. In the [[Philippines]], one outlines a rectangle in the air using the thumb and forefinger of both hands.

===Clenched fist===
A raised, clenched fist is used as a gesture of defiance by a number of groups. It is usually considered to be hostile, yet without any sexual, scatological, or notionally offensive connotations. It is especially associated with [[Communism|Communists]] and with other nationalist or ethnic [[revolution]]ary or would-be revolutionary movements, and with the [[Black Power]] movements of the [[1960s]] in the United States. It is the custom to make this gesture while singing ''[[The Internationale]]'', the [[Marxism|Marxist]] anthem. A clenched fist raised quickly up and down and then punched in some direction also signifies a military call for a heavy weapons team to close on the gesturer or to move or open fire in the direction indicated by the punch.

: See also: [[With a strong hand and an outstretched arm]]

=== Pound fist ===
Pound fist is a greeting, in which two individuals touch fists.

=== Clinton thumb ===
The gesture dubbed the "Clinton thumb" after its most famous user, [[Bill Clinton]], is used by politicians to provide emphasis in speeches without pointing the finger. This gesture has the thumb leaning against the thumbside portion of the index finger, which is part of a closed fist. It does not exhibit the anger of the clenched fist or pointing finger, and so is thought to be less threatening. This gesture was likely adopted by Clinton from [[John F. Kennedy]], who can be seen using it in many speeches during his political career.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} It is often used in extemporaenous speech and debate, as a tool for emphasizing points.

===Crossed fingers===
A gesture made by crossing the index and middle fingers such that the middle finger overlaps and intertwines the index finger, which can be used to signify one's hope that something should succeed (compare to the phrase "Keep your fingers crossed."). According to OldSuperstitions.com, this stems from the [[superstition]] that "Bad luck is trapped at the point where the two fingers meet so when we cross our fingers, we stop the bad luck from escaping and allow our wishes to come true.". However, if placed behind one's back, the gesture takes on an entirely different meaning: it is then normally used to indicate that the user secretly wishes for something ''contrary'' to what is being stated or going on, or that a lie is being told. This usage is often seen in dramatic contexts.

===Cuckoo sign===
A gesture made by closing ones fist, extending the index finger, and circling it around ones ear for several seconds. This gesture is used to indicate that someone is speaking nonsense or is crazy (more colloquially, this is described as being [[cuckoo]]). The "cuckoo" sign is well-known in the United States.

===Fig sign===
[[Image:gesture fist with thumb through fingers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "fig sign" is an ancient gesture with many uses.]]

The "fig sign" is a gesture made with the hand and fingers curled and the thumb thrust between the middle and index fingers, or, rarely, the middle and ring fingers, forming the fist so that the thumb partly pokes out. In some areas of the world, the gesture is considered a good luck charm, in others it is considered an obscene gesture, and in still others it is used in the "I've got your nose!" child's game. This gesture is also the letter "T" in the [[American Sign Language alphabet]]. In [[International Sign]], which otherwise uses the same manual alphabet, "T" has been modified to avoid possible offense.

In [[ancient Rome]], this gesture was called the ''mano fico'', and was a fertility and [[good luck]] charm designed to ward off evil. Although this usage has survived in [[Brazil]], where carved images of hands in this gesture are used in good luck [[talisman]]s, in many other cultures, such as Indonesia, Turkey and Russia, the sign has come to have an insulting meaning roughly equivalent to "screw you", based on the thumb being seen as representing a [[clitoris]] or [[sexual intercourse]]. In modern Russia this gesture is used mostly by kids with the meaning "screw you/no way". The same meaning is expressed by adults either with bent elbow (rude, very emphatic, non-classy), or with a "finger" (used mostly by city dwellers). The "finger" made it to Russian gesture language from Western movies. In modern [[Italian language|Italian]], the gesture is called the ''mano fica'', taken to mean "fig hand", as the Italian word for "[[fig]]" is ''fico'' (''ficus'' in [[Latin]]). The obscene connotations of the gesture may partly originate from the fact that a similar Italian word, ''fica'', is a slang term referring to the [[vulva]]. This sexual connotation may date back to ancient Roman times; some Roman amulets combine a ''[[phallus]]'' and a ''mano fico'' gesture. In [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', [[Vanni Fucci]] curses [[God]] with a "fig" gesture. [http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/circle8b.html#vanni]

Also known as the [[Sicilian Fist]] in Sicily, worn as a good luck charm. * [http://www.italybyvip.com/1874.html Images of the "Sicilian Fist Charm" in Sicily]

The gesture is also used in a trick played by adults and parents, with the intention of convincing their child that his or her nose has been ripped off. Someone, usually an adult, grabs at the child's nose and forms the fig sign, exclaiming, "I've got your nose, I've got your nose!" The thumb is supposed to be the child's removed nose.

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use this gesture as a symbol of the [[mother goddess]] to help adherents identify one another. In this context, it is referred to as the "Sign of the Goddess". Its counterpart is the ''[[corna]]'' sign.

===Finger Snap===
{{Unreferenced|date=September 2006}}
One of several gestures familiar to modern people primarily through old [[animated cartoons]], this gesture generally expresses a confident "screw you!" in the face of an adversary. The gesturer holds one hand out, palm up, in the direction of his antagonist and snaps his thumb and middle finger, generally accompanied by a high-nosed, "snooty" facial expression and followed by crossing the arms.

In some countries, particularly Great Britain, snapping the fingers is used to signify remembering or failing to remember. Snapping the fingers repeatedly at a constant rate is commonly used to signify that the person has forgotten something and is trying to recall it. This is often done with the fingers snapped close to the temple, as though literally 'jogging the memory,' and is associated with the phrase 'it's on the tip of my tongue.'

A single snap, sometimes emphasized by an arced swing of the arm, is used when someone is reminded of something by another person, particularly if it is a job or a chore they have forgotten to do, or as a sign of disappointment or regret. Some people also snap their fingers to catch the attention of others. This is informal - some people may find it rude or even threatening, as it is common for the gesturer to snap his fingers very close to the other's face. In some cases, this may be interpreted as a face-threatening act or a sign of contempt.

==="Hanging"===
This gesture is performed by holding a clenched fist at the side of the head, tilting one's head away from one's fist, and making a choking sound. It may also be accompanied by hanging the tongue loosely out of one's mouth, and rolling of the eyes back into the head. It is generally used to signify "what I would rather be doing". It can also be used to show suicide.

===Horns===
{{main|Corna}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with index and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Corna]]

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use it as a symbol of the [[horned god]] to identify each other; in this context it is referred to as the "Sign of the Horned God". Its counterpart is the ''fig sign'', above.

Some say that it is meant to ward off — or to bestow — the [[evil eye]]. It is also a representation of the [[Devil]] by some [[Satanist]]s. The gesture's origin is believed to be an imitation of the shape of a goats head, which has many associations with the concept of Satan in [[Christianity]] [http://www.keyway.ca/htm2001/20010924.htm Satan's Goat]

It has a variety of other meanings as well, depending on culture and area. In some places, it is a sexual insult, charging a man with being a victim of [[adultery|cuckoldry]] (this insult is most common in [[Spain]] and [[Italy]] but is also used in Brazil). Perhaps because of its [[occult]] significance, it is used as a salute by fans of [[Devil horns#Heavy metal|heavy metal music]]. If one reverses the extended fingers, one gets the "inverted heavy metal salute" which can be given as a reply to a heavy metal salute.

Also a common hand gesture used by the University of Texas at Austin. The sign is also usually accompanied by the slogan "Hook 'Em Horns." The gesture is said to look like a head of a Longhorn, the University's mascot.
To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], it is called the "Sign of Voor" or the "Voorish Sign".

===Kodály Hand Signs===
Named after [[Zoltán Kodály]], and largely defined by [[John Curwen]], Kodály Hand Signs are a way of representing musical notes by holding the hand in a certain position for each note. The basic concept of using gestures to represent notes is quite ancient, however near the end of the 19th century, the concept was formalized as a standard teaching method. Kodály Hand Signs are featured in the [[1977]] film [[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]].

===Knocking on wood===
{{main|touch wood}}
This signifies the neutralization of a [[jinx]]ing brought on by mentioning an either hoped-for or feared result. The knuckles are rapped on a nearby piece of wood (or, jokingly, someone's head). Usually this is only valid if done on bare (i.e. unpainted) wood. One possible reason for the tradition could have been from an [[animist]] culture who believed that the knocking would release spirits to protect them. It has also been said to stem from a belief that any nearby evil spirits who overhear somebody speaking of good fortune which has come his way may send some bad luck to offset it; knocking on wood was thought to keep the spirits from hearing. It is also known as "tapping wood" or "touching wood".

In Italy, one knocks on iron with the hand in the ''[[corna]]'' horns position.

===Middle finger===
{{main|The finger}}
[[Image:Middle finger.JPG|thumb|right|200px|"[[The finger]]" is a very common offensive hand gesture.]]
"The finger" is a gesture consisting of a fist with the middle finger extended. It appears to be universally understood as "[[fuck|fuck you]]" due to its resemblance to the penis. It is certainly thousands of years old, being referred to in Ancient Roman literature as the ''digitus infamis'' or ''digitus impudicus''. Performing this gesture is also called "flipping the bird" in countries where "the finger" is used. In other regions, "flipping the bird" refers to the raising of the middle and index finger with the back of the hand directed at the recipient. It can also mean "Victor" (see ''[[#V Sign|V Sign]]'', below) in some countries, which is not to be mistaken for the "Peace" gesture, which is done with the palm facing the recipient of the gesture, but in Britain and some other countries it is an offensive gesture, equivalent to "the finger". [[George W. Bush]] can be seen making the gesture while he was the Governor of Texas, while goofing off before beginning filming of a public address.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9Do-s1cdPk Bush "One-fingered Victory Salute" Video] </ref>

Former [[professional wrestler]] [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] used the finger quite frequently in [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] shows. He raises both of the fingers to the crowd as a way of saluting to them. Also, he gestures the finger at his opponent before kicking them in the stomach and performing the [[Stone Cold Stunner]].

Comedian [[Dane Cook]] parodied the gesture with his "Super Finger" gesture, which consists of raising the middle finger, ring finger, and thumb on the same hand while lowering (or curling) the pointer and pinky finger. It is meant to be a more "powerful" version of "the finger".

The middle finger is also used to represent the number four when one counts in the hexadecimal system using one's fingers.<ref>[http://www.intuitor.com/counting/]</ref>

When this gesture is made with the palm facing forward, it is known to [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]] as the "Sign of Kish". Another Lovecraftian sign is the "Sign of Koth", which consists of fully extending the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and pinky, while the thumb is tucked against the flat of the hand.

=== Money sign ===
The thumb rubs repeatedly over the tip of the index finger and middle fingers. The ring finger and pinky touch the palm. This gesture is meant to resemble the act of rubbing two coins together (alternatively the act of counting paper bills) and has a general meaning of "money", or "expensive".

===OK===
{{main|Okay}}

This is the touching of the index and middle finger (or just index finger) with the thumb (forming a rough circle) with the raising of the remaining fingers. In the United States and most of Europe, it means "OK" and is inoffensive. The OK sign is used extensively in [[scuba diving]]. It can also mean "[[0 (number)|0]]," or "[[money]]," in [[Japan]].
However, in Germany, it is often seen on the Autobahn, as a silent way of calling someone an "Asshole" (with the fingers extended horizontally). Similar vulgar meanings are found in other countries, but usually you have to turn the 'Ring' upside down (supinated to show the ring in front) like this example from [http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/05/butthole-is-not-ok.html Brazil]. It is then a sexual or scatological gesture referring to the [[anus]]

===Pointing===
The typical [[pointing]] with the [[index finger]] is a universal gesture. There are many other ways to point, for example with the hand, a head nod or an eye gaze. In many cases pointing at a person is considered rude. A more polite way of pointing to a person would be to to direct the hand in their direction, as if holding a plate. You may point towards yourself to draw attention, and this behavior is seen commonly in [[monkeys]].

===Moutza (Palm of hand)===
{{main|Moutza}}
In most places, a palm raised towards somebody means "stop".

In [[Greece]], the palm of the hand thrust towards somebody with the fingers splayed is an offensive gesture equivalent to giving the finger. The gesture is known in Greek as "moutza". It originates from the Byzantine punishment of parading a chained criminal around town with his face smeared with [[cinder]], or ''moutzos'' in Greek. An even more offensive version is achieved by using both hands to double the gesture, and smacking the palm of one hand against the back of the other, in the direction of the intended recipient. Both the one-handed and the two-handed versions of this gesture can be (and often are) combined with the term "''na''!", meaning "here you go!" or "there!", or "''na, malaka''!", meaning "there, you wanker!"

===Salute===
{{main|Salute}}

[[Image:Hitler walking out of Brown House after 1930 elections.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Adolf Hitler]] is saluted with the now-infamous [[Hitler salute|Nazi salute]].]]

There are many forms of [[salute]] gestures, most of which are used to denote respect or obedience for an authority. A common [[military]] hand salute consists of raising the right hand, held flat, to the right eyebrow. [[Scouting]] organizations use related salutes. The armies of various countries adopt slightly different forms of salute: in the United States, the military salute places the hand directed outward over the eyebrow, like a visor; in the United Kingdom armed forces, the hand is brought to the forehead palm outward in military and air force contexts, whereas the naval salute is as in the US forces - the US forces derived their saluting habits from the [[Royal Navy]].

One of the most infamous forms of salute is the "[[Hitler salute]]", which is performed by extending the whole right arm, palm outstretched and facing down, upwards into the air at approximately a 45 degree angle from the ground. Sometimes, this is accompanied by holding the index and middle fingers under the nose, representing Hitler's iconic moustache. This gesture is associated with [[Nazism]] and its leader, [[Adolf Hitler]], as well as with [[Germany]] during [[World War II]]. It is occasionally performed to mock someone or something for perceived [[authoritarianism]] or [[bigotry]]. This gesture was based on the [[Roman salute]], and it was in that capacity that it was revived by [[Tennis Court Oath|French Revolutionaries]] and later by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Fascism|Fascist]] party.

In some countries, mostly in Europe, it is forbidden by law to perform this gesture, although this does not deter [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] and white supremacists from using the gesture in public rallies. Even in other countries, it is generally considered taboo to use the gesture, and this partly caused the [[United States]] to abandon the similar [[Bellamy salute]] used when reciting the [[Pledge of Allegiance]], in favor of the current hand-on-heart gesture.

===Shaka===
{{main|Shaka sign}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with thumb and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "[[shaka sign|shaka]]" sign is a common greeting in beach and surfer culture.]]

The "shaka" sign is a common greeting gesture often associated with [[Hawaii]], [[California]], and [[beach]] and [[surfing|surfer]] culture in general. It consists of extending the thumb and pinky finger while keeping the three middle fingers curled, and is often described colloquially as the "hang loose" gesture. It is similar to [[American Sign Language]] letter "''Y''", where a fist is also made with only the thumb and pinky extended. The sign is often followed by waving as a greeting or acknowledgment. It can be used when driving as a signal of thanks to other drivers (for example, someone who stopped to let another driver onto the road from a driveway).

The "shaka" sign is also the greeting gesture for members of [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] Fraternity, Inc. which is the "phi" sign. All African-American Greek fraternities and sororities have hand greeting gestures.
====Similar gestures====

In Britain and Northern Europe the symbol is used as a signal for owners of older model [[Volkswagen]] vans when passing on roads. The silhouette of the hand reveals a "W"-shaped outline along the top of the hand standing for Volkswagen.

In Spain and Italy, if the thumb points to the mouth, it means "drinking", since it is similar the shape of a ''[[porrón]]'' vessel. This is also true of the [[United States]] and [[Portugal]].

In some countries, if the thumb points to the mouth, it can also represent [[marijuana]] usage, in particular the use of a [[bong]]. This is usually accompanied by a sucking noise.

In China, it is also the sign for the number six.

A similar gesture is the "call me" sign, which also has the pinky finger and thumb outstretched, but then also holds it up to the ear, to signify a telephone. This gesture is a common way to silently tell someone to call him or her, such as to continue a conversation in private.

It is also used by [[FC Barcelona]] player [[Ronaldinho]] as part of his goal celebration.

In India, rolling the shaka in a winding motion signifies that the listener does not believe what is being said and that the speaker needs to "spool in the yarn from spinning out too far".

==="Thanks!" Salute===
Another gesture familiar from vintage cartoons, this is performed by sweeping an opened hand from near one's brow toward the person being addressed, and expresses gratitude. It is adapted from [[American Sign Language]], and alludes to tipping your hat or cap.

===Three middle fingers===
Gestures consisting of fully extending the index, middle, and ring fingers with the thumb and pinky tucked together under the palm have had a variety of meanings over the years.

The gesture was also used by [[Bosnian Croat]]s as a victory sign, representing the Christian [[Trinity]], during the [[Bosnian War]]. To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], this gesture is known as the "Sign of the Elders." With the palm facing outwards, the fingers closed (without gaps), the right hand's fingertips to the same-side temple, it is used by the [[scouting|Boy scouts]] as their identifying [[salute]].

In the United States, when the back of the hand faces outwards, this gesture is often used as a [[euphemism]] for "[[#middle finger|the finger]]." It is used especially when a jocular effect is desired. Originally, an accompanying verbal explanation was usual — "Read [[subtext|between the lines]]," referring to the common English expression denoting that one must read carefully to glean the subtle meaning in a passage — but this phrase is now commonly omitted.

===Thumbs up, thumbs down===

A closed fist held with the thumb extended upward or downward is a gesture of approval or disapproval respectively. These gestures have become metaphors in English: ''"My boss gave my proposal the thumbs-up"'' means that the boss approved the proposal, regardless of whether the gesture was made — indeed, the gesture itself is unlikely in a business setting.

The source of the gesture is obscure. Though a favorite of Hollywood '[[sword and sandal|swords and sandals]]' epics, where the "thumbs down" symbol means that the loser in a gladiatorial combat should be put to death, recent research suggests the meanings of the symbols have changed over the years. In [[1997]], Professor [[Anthony Philip Corbeill]] of the [[University of Kansas]] concluded that the thumbs up actually meant "Kill him," basing his assertion on a study of hundreds of ancient artworks. Thus, the "thumbs up" was an approval of the gladiator's request to kill his vanquished foe rather than a vote to allow the defeated to remain alive. Corbeill wrote that a closed fist with a wraparound thumb was the indication for a gladiator's life to be spared.

[[Image:Jean-Leon Gerome Pollice Verso.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Pollice Verso'' by Jean-Léon Gérôme, [[1872]] is the immediate source of the "thumbs down" gesture in [[popular culture]].]]

In [[Latin]], the "thumbs up" gesture is called ''pollice recto'', "thumbs down" is ''pollice verso''. It is not certain that the contemporary gestures are identical to the gestures performed in [[ancient Rome]]. The current version was popularized by a widely reproduced [[academic art|academic painting]] by the [[19th century]] artist [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], whose ''Pollice Verso'' depicts a triumphant gladiator standing over a fallen foe, looking up into the [[bleacher]]s for the verdict of the crowd.

Additionally, [[Desmond Morris]]' ''Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution'' traces the practice back to a [[medieval]] custom used to seal business transactions... Over time, the mere sight of an upraised thumb came to symbolize harmony and kind feelings... The gesture's popularization in America is generally attributed to the practices of World War II pilots, who used the thumbs up to communicate with ground crews prior to take-off. American GIs are reputed to have picked up on the thumb and spread it throughout Europe as they marched toward Berlin." [http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

More recently, these gestures are associated with [[film|movie]] [[review]]s, having been popularized by [[Gene Siskel]] and [[Roger Ebert]] in their televised reviews — the thumb up meaning a positive opinion of a film; the thumb down meaning a negative one. One or two thumbs up, often held over the head, may also be used by athletes in celebration of a victory.

"'Thumbs up' traditionally translates as the foulest of Middle-Eastern gesticular insults — the most straightforward interpretation is 'Up yours, pal!' The sign has a similarly pejorative meaning in parts of West Africa, South America, Russia, Iran, Greece, and Sardinia, according to Roger E. Axtell's book ''Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World''."[http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

[[Hitchhiker]]s traditionally use a thumbs up gesture to solicit rides from oncoming vehicles, although in this presentation the arm is generally outstretched with the palm and closed fingers facing the motorist.

Additionally, supporters of [[Texas A&M University]] athletic teams use the thumbs-up sign, associated with the cheer, "Gig 'em, Aggies." The Thumb refers to a "gig" used for hunting frogs. The saying came when the Aggies had a big rival in the Southwest Conference in the TCU Horned Frogs.

Thumbs up and thumbs down are extensively used in scuba diving as commands to ascend or descend.

[[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstar [[Dave Bautista|Batista]] uses this gesture to signify his finisher, the [[Batista Bomb]].

=== Tsk-tsk ===
Palm towards the recipient, all fingers closed except for the index, which alternates from left to right, like a [[metronome]]. In English-speaking countries it has a disapproving meaning and can be accompanied by a "[[tsk|tsk-tsk]]" sound.

In Italy it simply means "no", and does not have any patronizing connotation.

===V sign===
[[Image:Nixon-depart.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Richard Nixon]] gives the V-sign one last time after resigning from the presidency.]]
{{main|V sign}}

The "V sign" is made by lifting the middle and index finger with the palm of the hand facing the recipient (and the remaining fingers clenched). It was associated with the [[catchphrase]] ''"V" for Victory'' in [[World War II]]. In the [[1960s]], it came to be known as the "[[peace]] sign," the gestural equivalent of the [[peace symbol]]. It was associated with British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] during World War II, and later, with U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]]. It is also the sign for the letter V in [[American Sign Language]].

This sign is frequently used by the Japanese, most times holding up 2 "V" signs very close to either side of their face with a big grin during pictures.

In the UK, Australia, and some other countries, reversing the V sign so that the back of the hand facing the recipient is seen as the equivalent of giving [[finger (gesture)|the finger]]. Popular myth supposes it was originally a taunt by Welsh Archers towards the French who were known to cut off an Welsh Archer's first and middle fingers if captured.

Additionally, due to its use in an advertisement for the Australian made Valiant Charger (which ceased production around 1980) many people still display the V sign, in homage to the ad, and the car, if that vehicle happens to be driven past. Hardly an every day occurrence, but of some trivial interest.

===Vulcan salute===
{{main|Vulcan salute}}

The Vulcan salute consists of a raised hand, palm outward, fingers extended, with the index and middle finger kept close together, and the ring and pinky finger close together, with a "V" shaped space between them, and the thumb sticking out alone.

This gesture is associated with the phrase "Live long and prosper", and derives from ''[[Star Trek]]'', where it is used as a salute by fictional humanoid species the [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcans]].

It was introduced by [[Leonard Nimoy]] in his character of [[Mr. Spock]] and is drawn directly from the benedictory gesture made with both hands by a [[Kohen]] (priest in Judaism, a descendant of Aaron) during the [[Priestly Blessing]] ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: ''Birkat Kohanim''). The [[Kohen|Kohanim]] recite a blessing while performing this "gesture" and the other congregants respond with [[Amen]]s.

This gesture is also known as the "Spocker" in allusion to [[Shocker (hand gesture)|the Shocker]].

===Wanker===
[[Image:Fingers and thumb in circle downward motion.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Wanker]]
A loose fist (with all fingers forming a cylindrical shape) is made, and shaken up and down (or sometimes, back and forth) at the wrist.

The gesture is imitative of the motions of male [[masturbation]]. Its meaning is equivalent to the word [[wanker]] or implies something is of little importance. If directed to a person or group, who are not necessarily present, it is considered a display of contempt toward them.

The name for this gesture is described by speakers of [[American English]] as a [[Britishism]].

[[Image:Portugal Wanker Gesture.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Overhand Portuguese Wanker Gesture]]

In [[Portugal]] they use the wanker gesture but with the palm facing the ground thereby implying that the person is masturbating someone else rather than themselves. As such this has [[homosexual]] or promiscuous implications when directed at someone instead of the milder suggestion that they enjoy self-gratification.

===Wave===
A wave is a gesture in which the hand is raised and moved back and forth, as a [[greeting]] or sign of departure. The orientation of the hand varies by culture and situation. In many cultures, the palm is oriented toward the recipient of the wave.

In Chinese culture, orienting the hand palm-down and waving it up and down signifies "come here", rather than a greeting. 

===Whoop-Dee-Doo===
Point the index finger up and rotate it. This is a usually used as a response gesture to indicate something is uninteresting or irrelavent. Similar to saying a sarcastic "Whoop-Dee-Doo" or "Big deal".

==Using two hands==
===Air quotes===
{{main|Air quotes}}

This phrase refers to using one's fingers to make virtual [[quotation marks]] in the air when speaking.

===Awkward Turtle===
The Awkward Turtle is a gesture made after something awkward just happened, or when there is an awkward silence.
To perform an awkward turtle there are three steps to take. First, place hands on top of each other. Next, move thumbs out and away from the hands. Finally, rotate the thumbs.

Nowadays the gesture is used in the United States to hush children, or to calm participants in a heated argument. In [[Japan]], the same gesture may be used to request the check when dining at a restaurant (see also [[#Check, please|Check, please]], above).

==="Gills"===
This gesture involves holding the backs of the wrists against the jawline (with elbows outstretched) and then waggling one's fingers. The gesture is often accompanied by a feminine-voiced "Ooooo!" which rises and falls in intonation. It is used when one would normally say (sarcastically) "well aren't you clever?", or to imply that someone is acting too posh for their station. It is peculiar to Scotland owing to its use in Scottish TV sketch show [[Chewin the Fat]].

==="Shame on you"===
This gesture involves pointing at a person with the index finger of one hand while rubbing the pointed finger with the index finger of the opposite hand. The rubbing motion is directed toward the intended recipient and is repeated at least three times. It is used to imply that the targeted person should feel shame.

===Time-out===
The "time-out" gesture — a "T" formed with the hands, with one hand with flat palm placed perpendicular to the other hand with flat palm, roughly in the center — originates in American sports. It was, and is, used where a brief [[sport time-out|pause in play]] is called for, such as to make substitutions. In [[basketball]], the gesture is used to indicate that a player or coach is guilty of a [[technical foul]].

==Hand with body gestures==
{{Mergeto|Hand gestures|Talk page|date=April 2007}}
===Bent elbow===
[[Image:Kozakiewicz gesture.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Elbow gesture by [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]] ]]
This is performed in two parts: first, the right hand is placed in the elbow crook of the left arm. The left arm is then raised (fist clenched) at the victim in a smooth and continuous motion. While the motion is essential to the gesture, the choice of arm is not. This gesture is associated with [[Italy|Italians]] and is considered a more theatrical and physically exuberant version of the [[finger (gesture)|finger]], and may even be combined with the finger. In Italian it is known as the ''gesto dell'ombrello'', meaning literally "the umbrella gesture." It is typically used in two different situations: 1) to answer "no way!" in an extremely empathic (and quite vulgar) way; 2) after a triumph against some unfair enemy, with a sense of revenge. The gesture is frequently made stronger by crying "toh!" or "tiè!", both meaning "take this!", at the precise moment the hand touches the crook of the elbow.

This gesture is also in use in [[France]] as ''bras d'honneur'' (arm of honour), where it is usually understood as ''va te faire foutre'', still meaning "fuck off." In [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]], it is a ''corte de mangas'' ("[[sleeve]] cut") or a ''manguito'' (a cover formerly worn by public services bureaucratic workers on the arms to protect one's sleeves from ink splatters) respectively and is done with the left hand on the right elbow, without the continuous motion. In [[Portugal]], the iconic fictional character [[Zé Povinho]], created by [[Bordalo Pinheiro]], is usually depicted performing this gesture.

The gesture is sometimes used repetitively by fans at [[Citizens Bank Park]] in [[Philadelphia]] when the [[Phillies]] face the [[Atlanta Braves]] as a [[parody]] of the Braves' [[tomahawk chop]], and this usage is known as the "[[South Philly]] tomahawk chop" due to the gritty reputation of [[Philadelphia]] sports fans.

The gesture above has long been known in Slavic countries in the above senses plus "fuck you", without any standard name. In [[Poland]] its name has been standardized to "Kozakiewicz's gesture", after Polish [[pole vault]] jumper [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]], who had shown this gesture to the jeering Russian public during the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]].

===Biting one's thumb===
[[Image:Sampson bites his thumb.JPG|left|200px|thumb|How NOT to bite your thumb]]
[[Image:Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb]]
[[Biting one's thumb]] was an old rude British gesture. It is comparable to "[[#middle finger|the Finger]]" in modern terms. In [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', Sampson bites his thumb at the Montagues (Act 1, Scene 1).

The gesture does not literally involve biting the thumb. The fingernail of a thumb is placed behind the upper teeth, with the thumb thus pointing upwards, and the thumb is then bent forwards, the fingernail making a clicking sound as it flicks past the teeth.

An equivalent gesture still persists in [[Italy]].

=== Biting one's hand ===
In Sicily, biting one's flat hand or fist is a powerful threat.

===Bowing, kneeling, kowtowing===
A [[bowing (social)|bow]] is a gesture of respect involving lowering the head, usually performed by a social inferior to a social superior. Various cultures have different degrees or ways of performing the bow; [[China]] and [[Japan]] are particularly associated with elaborate and formal bowing. Bowing is also done by many groups as a ritual associated with [[prayer]]. In the Western world, women [[curtsey]] rather than bow. [[Kneel]]ing and "[[kowtow]]ing" are more extreme or elaborate forms of self-abasement before a social superior.

===Choking sign===
[[Image:Chokinggesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Choking" sign]]
The standard gesture to indicate that one is [[choking]] is to hold the throat as if strangling oneself. This is recognized as a request for immediate [[first aid]] for choking. It is promoted as a way to prevent onlookers from confusing the victim's distress with some other problem, such as a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], when the person cannot speak. The gesture is sometimes used metaphorically to refer to someone or something "choking" in the slang sense of failing at something while under pressure, for instance at an athletic event.

===Crossing oneself===
{{main|Sign of the cross}}
The "[[sign of the cross|sign of the Cross]]" is the use of the right hand to touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, and right shoulder, consecutively. It represents the [[Christian cross]]. (Roman Catholics crossing themselves touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, then right shoulder; Byzantine (Eastern) Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians touch the right shoulder before the left, with the thumb and first two fingers joined — symbolizing the Trinity — and the tips of the last two fingers touching the palm, symbolizing the dual nature of Christ in one being. )

This gesture is used by [[Roman Catholic]]s, [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], and some other Christian groups in [[prayer]]s, to perform blessings, and as a salute before entering a [[church]] or similar place of religious significance. It is also used in various kinds of Christian [[folk religion]] to avert [[evil]] or [[bad luck]].

===Cutthroat===
[[Image:Cutthroatgesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Cutthroat" sign]]
This gesture is performed by drawing the hand, or a finger or two, across the throat. It represents slitting the throat with a knife, and means that the gesturer or someone else is metaphorically being killed. It is rarely if ever used literally to refer to death, though it is occasionally used as a theatrical threat ("I'm going to kill you"). In these contexts, it is sometimes accompanied by a harsh "kkkkkch" sound.

This gesture can also mean to "cut," "stop," or to discontinue a particular action. It can also be used to indicate something has ended or a previous process has concluded. [[Scuba diving|Scuba]] divers use this gesture with the palm swept across the throat to indicate that they have run out of air. Airport ground personnel also use this gesture to indicate a variety of things (due to the loud environment), such as baggage offload has completed or the last of the passengers have disembarked. In this context, it can be understood to mean: "That's it."

Additionally, [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstar [[The Undertaker]] uses this gesture to signify their signature moves, the [[Chokeslam]], as did [[Chris Benoit]] until his recent death.

=== Drinking sign ===
In UK, the gesture for drinking (used for example as an invitation to "go down the [[pub]]") is made by putting the back of the thumb just below the lower lip, while the other fingers are close together as if holding an imaginary [[pint]] of beer, tipping it repeatedly.
In other countries, the shaka sign is used in a similar way, as described above.

===Flipping the fingers out from under the chin===

A [http://news.bostonherald.com/localRegional/view.bg?articleid=132932 traditional Sicilian gesture] analogous in meaning to the raised middle finger. This gesture became the center of a controversy in March of 2006, when [[U.S. Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] [[Associate Justice]] [[Antonin Scalia]] was photographed allegedly making the gesture to illustrate his response to his critics. Scalia later claimed that he used a different gesture, waving his fingers beneath his chin, a gesture translating to "I couldn't care less." For more details, see [[Antonin Scalia]].

=== Hand over heart ===
This gesture involves placing one's right hand, palm outstretched and facing in, over one's heart. Male [[hat]] or cap wearers typically remove their hats and hold them in this hand. In some cultures, it is used as a gesture of respect towards [[flag]]s or during singing of a [[national anthem]]. In the United States, it is also performed as a part of the rituals of the [[Pledge of Allegiance]]. It can also be used to indicate sincerity, shock, or hurt.

===Loser===
This gesture is performed by raising the index finger and thumb of your right hand perpendicular to each other so that they form the letter "L". It is then placed onto one's forehead. It signifies that the person to whom this gesture is directed is a loser.

===My eye===

In France, Germany, and parts of Europe it is common to point your index finger at your eye and even pull the skin under the eye lightly down to emphasize the presenting of the eye. The gesture displays disbelief or that a certain statement is made jokingly, similar to winking in American culture.

In Japan, tugging at the eye, often accompanied by sticking out one's tongue, is used as a childishly offensive gesture, or to indicate boredom.

In Italy, Brazil and all Spanish-speaking nations it means "watch out" (POR, ITA:''occhio!'',SPA:''¡ojo!''), and is used for warning or threatening.

===Nonsense===
Performed by waving the palm of your hand in front of your face, it may be used to tell the other person that an idea he or she had was nonsense.

In [[Portugal]], this gesture usually means the person being referred to missed an extremely obvious detail.

===Nose thumbing ===
For this gesture, also known as "cocking a snoot", "giving the five-finger salute", "cocking a snook", or Queen Anne's Fan the thumb is placed on the tip of the nose, with the remaining fingers of the hand extended and waggled freely. This gesture can be ended with a dramatic flicking of the thumb away from the end of the nose and towards the recipient. It is used in (gentle) mockery of someone. It dates back to at least the 18th century and is probably much older.

To add emphasis, the gesture can be made using both hands, connecting them by touching the little finger of the first hand with the thumb of the second, and waggling the remaining seven fingers. It is frequently accompanied by [[blowing a raspberry]], or by sticking out the tongue.

===Suck my dick===
This gesture is performed by crossing the outstretched arms across the thighs, putting emphasis on the [[groin]]. This was used by popular professional wrestling [[stable (wrestling)|stable]], [[D-Generation X]].

There is a variation to this where a fist is made and shook near the mouth while bulging ones tongue against their cheeks to mimic fellatio.

===Touched / screw loose===
Tapping one's index finger against the head indicates that a person or an idea being discussed is insane or "touched in the head". A similar, more elaborate gesture uses a circling motion of the finger at the temple or side of the head. This signifies that the person is "mixed up" or "has a screw loose". In Germany, tapping or pointing to the temple is used as an insult, often with the accompanying phrase "du hast einen Vogel." While this literally means "You have a bird," it is idiomatic for saying that you are insane. Also, in Indonesia, drawing a line across the forehead with the side of the right index finger denotes a similar meaning.

A variant of this one is the suicide. Make a gun with your hand and pretend to shoot point blank at your own temple. It can be accompanied with sticking out the tongue or a shooting sound for full effect, and often implies that the speaker is a "complete idiot". A more recent use of this is in the movie, "40-Year Old Virgin" where one of the characters, after being bored with a conversation, proceeds to aim at his temple and pretend to fire. Afterwards, he uses his other hand and does a reverse cupping motion outward from the other side of his head to signify his brains splattering out.

In Japan, a variation of this is knocking on the temple with the knuckle of the index finger. This is usually used in reference to the signer; "I'm such an idiot!"

==="Wiping" one's forehead===
The act of wiping one's own forehead, regardless of whether sweat has actually formed there, is a sign indicating many things such as "That was close" or "What a relief".

==Body and facial gestures==
{{further|[[Facial expression]]}}
[[Image:Eyeroll.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Rolling one's eyes can express exasperation or condescension.]]

Many gestures utilize only the face or body, without the hands.

===Eye-rolling===
Performed by rotating the eyes upward, it indicates condescension, contempt, boredom, or exasperation. This is often referred to as "rolling ones eyes to Heaven," as though wishing for a divine intervention for a rescue from boredom, frustration, etc.

===Mooning===
[[Mooning]] is the act of displaying one's [[nudity|bare]] [[buttocks]] by lowering the back side of one's [[trousers]] and [[underpants]], usually without exposing the [[genitals]]. Mooning is used in some cultures to express protest, scorn, disrespect, or provocation. It can also be done for [[shock value]] or fun.

===The "peacock"===
Expresses superiority or domination combined with a certain degree of smug arrogance. Performed by pushing the chest up and out at the front as well as tilting the face slightly upward. This may be accompanied by motions of hooking both thumbs under one's [[lapels]] or [[suspenders]] even if they are not present.

{{Gestures}}

[[Category:Gestures]]

Archive:Types of gestures

2007-07-08T23:46:50Z

24.147.102.48: /* Nose thumbing */ rm dead link

{{unreferenced||article|date=September 2006}}
Gestures are a form of [[Body language]] or [[Non-verbal communication]].
Although some [[gesture]]s, such as the ubiquitous act of [[Hand gesture|pointing]], differ little from one place to another, most gestures do not have invariable or universal meanings, having specific connotations only in certain cultures. Different types of gestures are distinguished. The most famous type of gestures are the so-called emblems or quotable gestures (see the examples below). These are [[culture]] specific gestures that can be used as replacement for words. Communities have repertoires of such gestures. A single emblematic gesture can have very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary to highly offensive.

Another type of gestures are the ones we use when we speak. These gestures are closely coordinated with speech. The meaningful part of the gesture is temporally synchronised with the co-expressive words. For example, a gesture that depicts the act of throwing will be synchronous with the word 'threw' in the utterance "and then he threw the ball right into the window." Other gestures like the so-called beat gestures, are used in conjunction with speech, keeping time with the rhythm of speech and to emphasize certain words or phrases. These types of gestures are integrally connected to [[speech]] and thought processes.

==Studies of gesture==
The first full-length study of gesture was published by [[John Bulwer]] in 1644. Bulwer analyzed dozens of gestures, and provided a guide on how to use gestures to increase eloquence and clarity for public speaking. Today, one of the most prominent researchers in the field of gesture research is [[Adam Kendon]]. He has investigated many aspects of gestures, including their role in communication, conventionalization of gesture, integration of gesture and speech, and the evolution of language. Other prominent researchers in this field include [[Susan Goldin-Meadow]] and [[David McNeill]].

==Social significance==
[[Image:VitarkaMudra.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Vitarka [[mudra]], [[Tarim Basin]], 9th century.]]

Gestures play a major role in many aspects of human life. Many animals, including humans, use gestures to initiate a [[mating ritual]]. This may include elaborate [[dance]]s and other movements.

Religious and spiritual gestures are also common, such as the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[sign of the cross]]. In [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]], a ''[[mudra]]'' ([[Sanskrit]], meaning either "posture" or "currency" depending on the interpretation) is a symbolic gesture made with the hand or fingers. Each mudra has a specific meaning, playing a central role in Hindu and Buddhist [[iconography]]. An example is the Vitarka mudra, the gesture of discussion and transmission of Buddhist teaching. It is done by joining the tips of the thumb and the index together, while keeping the other fingers straight.

==Using one hand==
===Itching Under The Chin===
In Italian culture this represents "I don't care, I can't be bothered". This is done by keeping one hand straight, placing it under the chin, and 'throwing out' that hand toward the person receiving the gesture. In Italian American culture this represents "Screw You!"; U.S. Supreme Court justice [[Antonin Scalia]] received criticism for using this gesture towards a reporter.

Scratching or stroking the chin or beard (where possible) can be used to indicate that the gesticulater is thinking or puzzled.

===Bang bang===
[[Image:gesture thumb up then down forefinger out like gun.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This gesture mimes a [[handgun]].]]

The "bang bang" gesture is performed by raising the fist with the index finger and thumb extended. The index finger points at the recipient. The thumb is then brought down on top of the fingers. This imitation of the action of a revolver [[pistol]] is often meant to represent a [[handgun]] in children's games. It may also be used menacingly to mean "I'm gonna kill you", or simply as a playful greeting. The middle finger is often also extended to widen the "barrel".

[[Texas Tech University|Texas Tech]] fans use the "bang bang" salute (fingers pointed upward) to cheer their team. Also, the "bang bang" performed with both hands was a signature gesture of [[professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] [[Mick Foley]] while he was in his "Cactus Jack" [[gimmick (professional wrestling)|persona]].

Also, if the thumb and middle finger are used to click, and the thumb the pointed upwards to form the gun, this can also be interpreted as a greeting.

A two-handed version of the same gesture can be used to indicate sporting/business success or sexual conquest (frequently accompanied by a syncopated "pow-pow", esp. in a posh British accent).

=== Beckoning sign ===
Index finger sticking out of the clenched fist, palm facing the gesturer. The finger moves repeatedly towards the gesturer (in a hook) as to draw something nearer. It has the general meaning of "come here", although it is normally seen as condescending or anyway impolite. It is sometimes performed with the four fingers, with the entire hand, or even with the arm, depending on how far the recipient of the sign is.

When performed with the index finger, it may have a mild sexual connotation depending on the circumstance.

In [[Africa]], the [[Far East]] and many [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking countries, this sign is given with all four fingers and with the palm down.

In [[Japan]] there is a similar gesture, but the four fingers are used, the palm faces the recipient and the hand is at head's height. This is the gesture featured in the [[maneki neko]].

===Benediction and blessing===
[[Image:ConstantineCoin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Benediction gesture, on a coin of [[Constantine I (emperor)|Emperor Constantine]].]]

The benediction gesture is a raised right hand with the ring and pinky fingers touching the palm, while the middle and index fingers remain raised. Taken from Ancient Roman icongraphy for speaking (an example is the Augustus of Prima Porta where the emperor Augustus assumes the pose of an orator in addressing his troops), it is used as a simple [[charm]] or [[blessing]] amongst many [[neopagan|modern]] [[Pagans]], and has a vast array of uses. Perhaps the most common and/or noteworthy use of the gesture is while tracing an invisible "air [[pentagram]]" before someone during certain [[Wicca]]n rituals such as the [[Great Rite]] performed during [[Beltane]] and [[Drawing Down the Moon]] on the [[Esbat]]s. One might also use the gesture to trace invisible pentagrams or other sigils over items to be blessed or empowered, such as [[holy water]], [[ritual]] [[wine]], ritual [[ale]], or [[cannabis|the Sacred Herb]]. The two extended fingers are used to point (except when an [[athame]], [[wand]], or [[sword]] is used).

A similar sign, called the ''benediction'' gesture, is used by the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[clergy]] to perform [[blessing]]s with the [[sign of the cross]]; however Christians keep the thumb raised - the three raised fingers (index, middle, and thumb) are frequently allegorically interpreted as representing the three Persons of the [[Holy Trinity]]. It was shown by representations of [[Jesus]] as [[Christ Pantocrator]].

===Blah-blah===
The fingers are kept straight and together in a horizontal fashion while the thumb is held out straight. The fingers and thumb then snap together repeatedly to suggest a mouth talking. It is used to indicate contempt for a person talking for an excessive period of time about nothing the gesturer feels is important.

===Check, please===
This gesture, understood by waiters around the world to mean that a dinner patron wishes to pay the bill and depart, is executed by touching the index finger and thumb together and "writing" a wavy line in the air, as if to sign one's name. An alternate gesture with the same meaning is made by touching the index finger and thumb together and drawing a [[Tick (checkmark)|checkmark]] ({{unicode|<big>✓</big>}}) in the air. In [[Egypt]], the left hand is held palm-out and the right, palm-down, is tapped against the left wrist to request the check. In [[Thailand]], one makes a circling gesture with the thumb and fingers pinched together- as if you are holding an imaginary pencil and making imaginary scribbles on a piece of paper. Sometimes the opposite palm is used as the 'paper'. In the [[Philippines]], one outlines a rectangle in the air using the thumb and forefinger of both hands.

===Clenched fist===
A raised, clenched fist is used as a gesture of defiance by a number of groups. It is usually considered to be hostile, yet without any sexual, scatological, or notionally offensive connotations. It is especially associated with [[Communism|Communists]] and with other nationalist or ethnic [[revolution]]ary or would-be revolutionary movements, and with the [[Black Power]] movements of the [[1960s]] in the United States. It is the custom to make this gesture while singing ''[[The Internationale]]'', the [[Marxism|Marxist]] anthem. A clenched fist raised quickly up and down and then punched in some direction also signifies a military call for a heavy weapons team to close on the gesturer or to move or open fire in the direction indicated by the punch.

: See also: [[With a strong hand and an outstretched arm]]

=== Pound fist ===
Pound fist is a greeting, in which two individuals touch fists.

=== Clinton thumb ===
The gesture dubbed the "Clinton thumb" after its most famous user, [[Bill Clinton]], is used by politicians to provide emphasis in speeches without pointing the finger. This gesture has the thumb leaning against the thumbside portion of the index finger, which is part of a closed fist. It does not exhibit the anger of the clenched fist or pointing finger, and so is thought to be less threatening. This gesture was likely adopted by Clinton from [[John F. Kennedy]], who can be seen using it in many speeches during his political career.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} It is often used in extemporaenous speech and debate, as a tool for emphasizing points.

===Crossed fingers===
A gesture made by crossing the index and middle fingers such that the middle finger overlaps and intertwines the index finger, which can be used to signify one's hope that something should succeed (compare to the phrase "Keep your fingers crossed."). According to OldSuperstitions.com, this stems from the [[superstition]] that "Bad luck is trapped at the point where the two fingers meet so when we cross our fingers, we stop the bad luck from escaping and allow our wishes to come true.". However, if placed behind one's back, the gesture takes on an entirely different meaning: it is then normally used to indicate that the user secretly wishes for something ''contrary'' to what is being stated or going on, or that a lie is being told. This usage is often seen in dramatic contexts.

===Cuckoo sign===
A gesture made by closing ones fist, extending the index finger, and circling it around ones ear for several seconds. This gesture is used to indicate that someone is speaking nonsense or is crazy (more colloquially, this is described as being [[cuckoo]]). The "cuckoo" sign is well-known in the United States.

===Fig sign===
[[Image:gesture fist with thumb through fingers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "fig sign" is an ancient gesture with many uses.]]

The "fig sign" is a gesture made with the hand and fingers curled and the thumb thrust between the middle and index fingers, or, rarely, the middle and ring fingers, forming the fist so that the thumb partly pokes out. In some areas of the world, the gesture is considered a good luck charm, in others it is considered an obscene gesture, and in still others it is used in the "I've got your nose!" child's game. This gesture is also the letter "T" in the [[American Sign Language alphabet]]. In [[International Sign]], which otherwise uses the same manual alphabet, "T" has been modified to avoid possible offense.

In [[ancient Rome]], this gesture was called the ''mano fico'', and was a fertility and [[good luck]] charm designed to ward off evil. Although this usage has survived in [[Brazil]], where carved images of hands in this gesture are used in good luck [[talisman]]s, in many other cultures, such as Indonesia, Turkey and Russia, the sign has come to have an insulting meaning roughly equivalent to "screw you", based on the thumb being seen as representing a [[clitoris]] or [[sexual intercourse]]. In modern Russia this gesture is used mostly by kids with the meaning "screw you/no way". The same meaning is expressed by adults either with bent elbow (rude, very emphatic, non-classy), or with a "finger" (used mostly by city dwellers). The "finger" made it to Russian gesture language from Western movies. In modern [[Italian language|Italian]], the gesture is called the ''mano fica'', taken to mean "fig hand", as the Italian word for "[[fig]]" is ''fico'' (''ficus'' in [[Latin]]). The obscene connotations of the gesture may partly originate from the fact that a similar Italian word, ''fica'', is a slang term referring to the [[vulva]]. This sexual connotation may date back to ancient Roman times; some Roman amulets combine a ''[[phallus]]'' and a ''mano fico'' gesture. In [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', [[Vanni Fucci]] curses [[God]] with a "fig" gesture. [http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/circle8b.html#vanni]

Also known as the [[Sicilian Fist]] in Sicily, worn as a good luck charm. * [http://www.italybyvip.com/1874.html Images of the "Sicilian Fist Charm" in Sicily]

The gesture is also used in a trick played by adults and parents, with the intention of convincing their child that his or her nose has been ripped off. Someone, usually an adult, grabs at the child's nose and forms the fig sign, exclaiming, "I've got your nose, I've got your nose!" The thumb is supposed to be the child's removed nose.

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use this gesture as a symbol of the [[mother goddess]] to help adherents identify one another. In this context, it is referred to as the "Sign of the Goddess". Its counterpart is the ''[[corna]]'' sign.

===Finger Snap===
{{Unreferenced|date=September 2006}}
One of several gestures familiar to modern people primarily through old [[animated cartoons]], this gesture generally expresses a confident "screw you!" in the face of an adversary. The gesturer holds one hand out, palm up, in the direction of his antagonist and snaps his thumb and middle finger, generally accompanied by a high-nosed, "snooty" facial expression and followed by crossing the arms.

In some countries, particularly Great Britain, snapping the fingers is used to signify remembering or failing to remember. Snapping the fingers repeatedly at a constant rate is commonly used to signify that the person has forgotten something and is trying to recall it. This is often done with the fingers snapped close to the temple, as though literally 'jogging the memory,' and is associated with the phrase 'it's on the tip of my tongue.'

A single snap, sometimes emphasized by an arced swing of the arm, is used when someone is reminded of something by another person, particularly if it is a job or a chore they have forgotten to do, or as a sign of disappointment or regret. Some people also snap their fingers to catch the attention of others. This is informal - some people may find it rude or even threatening, as it is common for the gesturer to snap his fingers very close to the other's face. In some cases, this may be interpreted as a face-threatening act or a sign of contempt.

==="Hanging"===
This gesture is performed by holding a clenched fist at the side of the head, tilting one's head away from one's fist, and making a choking sound. It may also be accompanied by hanging the tongue loosely out of one's mouth, and rolling of the eyes back into the head. It is generally used to signify "what I would rather be doing". It can also be used to show suicide.

===Horns===
{{main|Corna}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with index and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Corna]]

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use it as a symbol of the [[horned god]] to identify each other; in this context it is referred to as the "Sign of the Horned God". Its counterpart is the ''fig sign'', above.

Some say that it is meant to ward off — or to bestow — the [[evil eye]]. It is also a representation of the [[Devil]] by some [[Satanist]]s. The gesture's origin is believed to be an imitation of the shape of a goats head, which has many associations with the concept of Satan in [[Christianity]] [http://www.keyway.ca/htm2001/20010924.htm Satan's Goat]

It has a variety of other meanings as well, depending on culture and area. In some places, it is a sexual insult, charging a man with being a victim of [[adultery|cuckoldry]] (this insult is most common in [[Spain]] and [[Italy]] but is also used in Brazil). Perhaps because of its [[occult]] significance, it is used as a salute by fans of [[Devil horns#Heavy metal|heavy metal music]]. If one reverses the extended fingers, one gets the "inverted heavy metal salute" which can be given as a reply to a heavy metal salute.

Also a common hand gesture used by the University of Texas at Austin. The sign is also usually accompanied by the slogan "Hook 'Em Horns." The gesture is said to look like a head of a Longhorn, the University's mascot.
To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], it is called the "Sign of Voor" or the "Voorish Sign".

===Kodály Hand Signs===
Named after [[Zoltán Kodály]], and largely defined by [[John Curwen]], Kodály Hand Signs are a way of representing musical notes by holding the hand in a certain position for each note. The basic concept of using gestures to represent notes is quite ancient, however near the end of the 19th century, the concept was formalized as a standard teaching method. Kodály Hand Signs are featured in the [[1977]] film [[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]].

===Knocking on wood===
{{main|touch wood}}
This signifies the neutralization of a [[jinx]]ing brought on by mentioning an either hoped-for or feared result. The knuckles are rapped on a nearby piece of wood (or, jokingly, someone's head). Usually this is only valid if done on bare (i.e. unpainted) wood. One possible reason for the tradition could have been from an [[animist]] culture who believed that the knocking would release spirits to protect them. It has also been said to stem from a belief that any nearby evil spirits who overhear somebody speaking of good fortune which has come his way may send some bad luck to offset it; knocking on wood was thought to keep the spirits from hearing. It is also known as "tapping wood" or "touching wood".

In Italy, one knocks on iron with the hand in the ''[[corna]]'' horns position.

===Middle finger===
{{main|The finger}}
[[Image:Middle finger.JPG|thumb|right|200px|"[[The finger]]" is a very common offensive hand gesture.]]
"The finger" is a gesture consisting of a fist with the middle finger extended. It appears to be universally understood as "[[fuck|fuck you]]" due to its resemblance to the penis. It is certainly thousands of years old, being referred to in Ancient Roman literature as the ''digitus infamis'' or ''digitus impudicus''. Performing this gesture is also called "flipping the bird" in countries where "the finger" is used. In other regions, "flipping the bird" refers to the raising of the middle and index finger with the back of the hand directed at the recipient. It can also mean "Victor" (see ''[[#V Sign|V Sign]]'', below) in some countries, which is not to be mistaken for the "Peace" gesture, which is done with the palm facing the recipient of the gesture, but in Britain and some other countries it is an offensive gesture, equivalent to "the finger". [[George W. Bush]] can be seen making the gesture while he was the Governor of Texas, while goofing off before beginning filming of a public address.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9Do-s1cdPk Bush "One-fingered Victory Salute" Video] </ref>

Former [[professional wrestler]] [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] used the finger quite frequently in [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] shows. He raises both of the fingers to the crowd as a way of saluting to them. Also, he gestures the finger at his opponent before kicking them in the stomach and performing the [[Stone Cold Stunner]].

Comedian [[Dane Cook]] parodied the gesture with his "Super Finger" gesture, which consists of raising the middle finger, ring finger, and thumb on the same hand while lowering (or curling) the pointer and pinky finger. It is meant to be a more "powerful" version of "the finger".

The middle finger is also used to represent the number four when one counts in the hexadecimal system using one's fingers.<ref>[http://www.intuitor.com/counting/]</ref>

When this gesture is made with the palm facing forward, it is known to [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]] as the "Sign of Kish". Another Lovecraftian sign is the "Sign of Koth", which consists of fully extending the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and pinky, while the thumb is tucked against the flat of the hand.

=== Money sign ===
The thumb rubs repeatedly over the tip of the index finger and middle fingers. The ring finger and pinky touch the palm. This gesture is meant to resemble the act of rubbing two coins together (alternatively the act of counting paper bills) and has a general meaning of "money", or "expensive".

===OK===
{{main|Okay}}

This is the touching of the index and middle finger (or just index finger) with the thumb (forming a rough circle) with the raising of the remaining fingers. In the United States and most of Europe, it means "OK" and is inoffensive. The OK sign is used extensively in [[scuba diving]]. It can also mean "[[0 (number)|0]]," or "[[money]]," in [[Japan]].
However, in Germany, it is often seen on the Autobahn, as a silent way of calling someone an "Asshole" (with the fingers extended horizontally). Similar vulgar meanings are found in other countries, but usually you have to turn the 'Ring' upside down (supinated to show the ring in front) like this example from [http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/05/butthole-is-not-ok.html Brazil]. It is then a sexual or scatological gesture referring to the [[anus]]

===Pointing===
The typical [[pointing]] with the [[index finger]] is a universal gesture. There are many other ways to point, for example with the hand, a head nod or an eye gaze. In many cases pointing at a person is considered rude. A more polite way of pointing to a person would be to to direct the hand in their direction, as if holding a plate. You may point towards yourself to draw attention, and this behavior is seen commonly in [[monkeys]].

===Moutza (Palm of hand)===
{{main|Moutza}}
In most places, a palm raised towards somebody means "stop".

In [[Greece]], the palm of the hand thrust towards somebody with the fingers splayed is an offensive gesture equivalent to giving the finger. The gesture is known in Greek as "moutza". It originates from the Byzantine punishment of parading a chained criminal around town with his face smeared with [[cinder]], or ''moutzos'' in Greek. An even more offensive version is achieved by using both hands to double the gesture, and smacking the palm of one hand against the back of the other, in the direction of the intended recipient. Both the one-handed and the two-handed versions of this gesture can be (and often are) combined with the term "''na''!", meaning "here you go!" or "there!", or "''na, malaka''!", meaning "there, you wanker!"

===Salute===
{{main|Salute}}

[[Image:Hitler walking out of Brown House after 1930 elections.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Adolf Hitler]] is saluted with the now-infamous [[Hitler salute|Nazi salute]].]]

There are many forms of [[salute]] gestures, most of which are used to denote respect or obedience for an authority. A common [[military]] hand salute consists of raising the right hand, held flat, to the right eyebrow. [[Scouting]] organizations use related salutes. The armies of various countries adopt slightly different forms of salute: in the United States, the military salute places the hand directed outward over the eyebrow, like a visor; in the United Kingdom armed forces, the hand is brought to the forehead palm outward in military and air force contexts, whereas the naval salute is as in the US forces - the US forces derived their saluting habits from the [[Royal Navy]].

One of the most infamous forms of salute is the "[[Hitler salute]]", which is performed by extending the whole right arm, palm outstretched and facing down, upwards into the air at approximately a 45 degree angle from the ground. Sometimes, this is accompanied by holding the index and middle fingers under the nose, representing Hitler's iconic moustache. This gesture is associated with [[Nazism]] and its leader, [[Adolf Hitler]], as well as with [[Germany]] during [[World War II]]. It is occasionally performed to mock someone or something for perceived [[authoritarianism]] or [[bigotry]]. This gesture was based on the [[Roman salute]], and it was in that capacity that it was revived by [[Tennis Court Oath|French Revolutionaries]] and later by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Fascism|Fascist]] party.

In some countries, mostly in Europe, it is forbidden by law to perform this gesture, although this does not deter [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] and white supremacists from using the gesture in public rallies. Even in other countries, it is generally considered taboo to use the gesture, and this partly caused the [[United States]] to abandon the similar [[Bellamy salute]] used when reciting the [[Pledge of Allegiance]], in favor of the current hand-on-heart gesture.

===Shaka===
{{main|Shaka sign}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with thumb and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "[[shaka sign|shaka]]" sign is a common greeting in beach and surfer culture.]]

The "shaka" sign is a common greeting gesture often associated with [[Hawaii]], [[California]], and [[beach]] and [[surfing|surfer]] culture in general. It consists of extending the thumb and pinky finger while keeping the three middle fingers curled, and is often described colloquially as the "hang loose" gesture. It is similar to [[American Sign Language]] letter "''Y''", where a fist is also made with only the thumb and pinky extended. The sign is often followed by waving as a greeting or acknowledgment. It can be used when driving as a signal of thanks to other drivers (for example, someone who stopped to let another driver onto the road from a driveway).

The "shaka" sign is also the greeting gesture for members of [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] Fraternity, Inc. which is the "phi" sign. All African-American Greek fraternities and sororities have hand greeting gestures.
====Similar gestures====

In Britain and Northern Europe the symbol is used as a signal for owners of older model [[Volkswagen]] vans when passing on roads. The silhouette of the hand reveals a "W"-shaped outline along the top of the hand standing for Volkswagen.

In Spain and Italy, if the thumb points to the mouth, it means "drinking", since it is similar the shape of a ''[[porrón]]'' vessel. This is also true of the [[United States]] and [[Portugal]].

In some countries, if the thumb points to the mouth, it can also represent [[marijuana]] usage, in particular the use of a [[bong]]. This is usually accompanied by a sucking noise.

In China, it is also the sign for the number six.

A similar gesture is the "call me" sign, which also has the pinky finger and thumb outstretched, but then also holds it up to the ear, to signify a telephone. This gesture is a common way to silently tell someone to call him or her, such as to continue a conversation in private.

It is also used by [[FC Barcelona]] player [[Ronaldinho]] as part of his goal celebration.

In India, rolling the shaka in a winding motion signifies that the listener does not believe what is being said and that the speaker needs to "spool in the yarn from spinning out too far".

==="Thanks!" Salute===
Another gesture familiar from vintage cartoons, this is performed by sweeping an opened hand from near one's brow toward the person being addressed, and expresses gratitude. It is adapted from [[American Sign Language]], and alludes to tipping your hat or cap.

===Three middle fingers===
Gestures consisting of fully extending the index, middle, and ring fingers with the thumb and pinky tucked together under the palm have had a variety of meanings over the years.

The gesture was also used by [[Bosnian Croat]]s as a victory sign, representing the Christian [[Trinity]], during the [[Bosnian War]]. To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], this gesture is known as the "Sign of the Elders." With the palm facing outwards, the fingers closed (without gaps), the right hand's fingertips to the same-side temple, it is used by the [[scouting|Boy scouts]] as their identifying [[salute]].

In the United States, when the back of the hand faces outwards, this gesture is often used as a [[euphemism]] for "[[#middle finger|the finger]]." It is used especially when a jocular effect is desired. Originally, an accompanying verbal explanation was usual — "Read [[subtext|between the lines]]," referring to the common English expression denoting that one must read carefully to glean the subtle meaning in a passage — but this phrase is now commonly omitted.

===Thumbs up, thumbs down===

A closed fist held with the thumb extended upward or downward is a gesture of approval or disapproval respectively. These gestures have become metaphors in English: ''"My boss gave my proposal the thumbs-up"'' means that the boss approved the proposal, regardless of whether the gesture was made — indeed, the gesture itself is unlikely in a business setting.

The source of the gesture is obscure. Though a favorite of Hollywood '[[sword and sandal|swords and sandals]]' epics, where the "thumbs down" symbol means that the loser in a gladiatorial combat should be put to death, recent research suggests the meanings of the symbols have changed over the years. In [[1997]], Professor [[Anthony Philip Corbeill]] of the [[University of Kansas]] concluded that the thumbs up actually meant "Kill him," basing his assertion on a study of hundreds of ancient artworks. Thus, the "thumbs up" was an approval of the gladiator's request to kill his vanquished foe rather than a vote to allow the defeated to remain alive. Corbeill wrote that a closed fist with a wraparound thumb was the indication for a gladiator's life to be spared.

[[Image:Jean-Leon Gerome Pollice Verso.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Pollice Verso'' by Jean-Léon Gérôme, [[1872]] is the immediate source of the "thumbs down" gesture in [[popular culture]].]]

In [[Latin]], the "thumbs up" gesture is called ''pollice recto'', "thumbs down" is ''pollice verso''. It is not certain that the contemporary gestures are identical to the gestures performed in [[ancient Rome]]. The current version was popularized by a widely reproduced [[academic art|academic painting]] by the [[19th century]] artist [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], whose ''Pollice Verso'' depicts a triumphant gladiator standing over a fallen foe, looking up into the [[bleacher]]s for the verdict of the crowd.

Additionally, [[Desmond Morris]]' ''Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution'' traces the practice back to a [[medieval]] custom used to seal business transactions... Over time, the mere sight of an upraised thumb came to symbolize harmony and kind feelings... The gesture's popularization in America is generally attributed to the practices of World War II pilots, who used the thumbs up to communicate with ground crews prior to take-off. American GIs are reputed to have picked up on the thumb and spread it throughout Europe as they marched toward Berlin." [http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

More recently, these gestures are associated with [[film|movie]] [[review]]s, having been popularized by [[Gene Siskel]] and [[Roger Ebert]] in their televised reviews — the thumb up meaning a positive opinion of a film; the thumb down meaning a negative one. One or two thumbs up, often held over the head, may also be used by athletes in celebration of a victory.

"'Thumbs up' traditionally translates as the foulest of Middle-Eastern gesticular insults — the most straightforward interpretation is 'Up yours, pal!' The sign has a similarly pejorative meaning in parts of West Africa, South America, Russia, Iran, Greece, and Sardinia, according to Roger E. Axtell's book ''Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World''."[http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

[[Hitchhiker]]s traditionally use a thumbs up gesture to solicit rides from oncoming vehicles, although in this presentation the arm is generally outstretched with the palm and closed fingers facing the motorist.

Additionally, supporters of [[Texas A&M University]] athletic teams use the thumbs-up sign, associated with the cheer, "Gig 'em, Aggies." The Thumb refers to a "gig" used for hunting frogs. The saying came when the Aggies had a big rival in the Southwest Conference in the TCU Horned Frogs.

Thumbs up and thumbs down are extensively used in scuba diving as commands to ascend or descend.

[[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstar [[Dave Bautista|Batista]] uses this gesture to signify his finisher, the [[Batista Bomb]].

=== Tsk-tsk ===
Palm towards the recipient, all fingers closed except for the index, which alternates from left to right, like a [[metronome]]. In English-speaking countries it has a disapproving meaning and can be accompanied by a "[[tsk|tsk-tsk]]" sound.

In Italy it simply means "no", and does not have any patronizing connotation.

===V sign===
[[Image:Nixon-depart.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Richard Nixon]] gives the V-sign one last time after resigning from the presidency.]]
{{main|V sign}}

The "V sign" is made by lifting the middle and index finger with the palm of the hand facing the recipient (and the remaining fingers clenched). It was associated with the [[catchphrase]] ''"V" for Victory'' in [[World War II]]. In the [[1960s]], it came to be known as the "[[peace]] sign," the gestural equivalent of the [[peace symbol]]. It was associated with British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] during World War II, and later, with U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]]. It is also the sign for the letter V in [[American Sign Language]].

This sign is frequently used by the Japanese, most times holding up 2 "V" signs very close to either side of their face with a big grin during pictures.

In the UK, Australia, and some other countries, reversing the V sign so that the back of the hand facing the recipient is seen as the equivalent of giving [[finger (gesture)|the finger]]. Popular myth supposes it was originally a taunt by Welsh Archers towards the French who were known to cut off an Welsh Archer's first and middle fingers if captured.

Additionally, due to its use in an advertisement for the Australian made Valiant Charger (which ceased production around 1980) many people still display the V sign, in homage to the ad, and the car, if that vehicle happens to be driven past. Hardly an every day occurrence, but of some trivial interest.

===Vulcan salute===
{{main|Vulcan salute}}

The Vulcan salute consists of a raised hand, palm outward, fingers extended, with the index and middle finger kept close together, and the ring and pinky finger close together, with a "V" shaped space between them, and the thumb sticking out alone.

This gesture is associated with the phrase "Live long and prosper", and derives from ''[[Star Trek]]'', where it is used as a salute by fictional humanoid species the [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcans]].

It was introduced by [[Leonard Nimoy]] in his character of [[Mr. Spock]] and is drawn directly from the benedictory gesture made with both hands by a [[Kohen]] (priest in Judaism, a descendant of Aaron) during the [[Priestly Blessing]] ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: ''Birkat Kohanim''). The [[Kohen|Kohanim]] recite a blessing while performing this "gesture" and the other congregants respond with [[Amen]]s.

This gesture is also known as the "Spocker" in allusion to [[Shocker (hand gesture)|the Shocker]].

===Wanker===
[[Image:Fingers and thumb in circle downward motion.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Wanker]]
A loose fist (with all fingers forming a cylindrical shape) is made, and shaken up and down (or sometimes, back and forth) at the wrist.

The gesture is imitative of the motions of male [[masturbation]]. Its meaning is equivalent to the word [[wanker]] or implies something is of little importance. If directed to a person or group, who are not necessarily present, it is considered a display of contempt toward them.

The name for this gesture is described by speakers of [[American English]] as a [[Britishism]].

[[Image:Portugal Wanker Gesture.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Overhand Portuguese Wanker Gesture]]

In [[Portugal]] they use the wanker gesture but with the palm facing the ground thereby implying that the person is masturbating someone else rather than themselves. As such this has [[homosexual]] or promiscuous implications when directed at someone instead of the milder suggestion that they enjoy self-gratification.

===Wave===
A wave is a gesture in which the hand is raised and moved back and forth, as a [[greeting]] or sign of departure. The orientation of the hand varies by culture and situation. In many cultures, the palm is oriented toward the recipient of the wave.

In Chinese culture, orienting the hand palm-down and waving it up and down signifies "come here", rather than a greeting. 

===Whoop-Dee-Doo===
Point the index finger up and rotate it. This is a usually used as a response gesture to indicate something is uninteresting or irrelavent. Similar to saying a sarcastic "Whoop-Dee-Doo" or "Big deal".

==Using two hands==
===Air quotes===
{{main|Air quotes}}

This phrase refers to using one's fingers to make virtual [[quotation marks]] in the air when speaking.

===Awkward Turtle===
The Awkward Turtle is a gesture made after something awkward just happened, or when there is an awkward silence.
To perform an awkward turtle there are three steps to take. First, place hands on top of each other. Next, move thumbs out and away from the hands. Finally, rotate the thumbs.

Nowadays the gesture is used in the United States to hush children, or to calm participants in a heated argument. In [[Japan]], the same gesture may be used to request the check when dining at a restaurant (see also [[#Check, please|Check, please]], above).

==="Gills"===
This gesture involves holding the backs of the wrists against the jawline (with elbows outstretched) and then waggling one's fingers. The gesture is often accompanied by a feminine-voiced "Ooooo!" which rises and falls in intonation. It is used when one would normally say (sarcastically) "well aren't you clever?", or to imply that someone is acting too posh for their station. It is peculiar to Scotland owing to its use in Scottish TV sketch show [[Chewin the Fat]].

==="Shame on you"===
This gesture involves pointing at a person with the index finger of one hand while rubbing the pointed finger with the index finger of the opposite hand. The rubbing motion is directed toward the intended recipient and is repeated at least three times. It is used to imply that the targeted person should feel shame.

===Time-out===
The "time-out" gesture — a "T" formed with the hands, with one hand with flat palm placed perpendicular to the other hand with flat palm, roughly in the center — originates in American sports. It was, and is, used where a brief [[sport time-out|pause in play]] is called for, such as to make substitutions. In [[basketball]], the gesture is used to indicate that a player or coach is guilty of a [[technical foul]].

==Hand with body gestures==
{{Mergeto|Hand gestures|Talk page|date=April 2007}}
===Bent elbow===
[[Image:Kozakiewicz gesture.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Elbow gesture by [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]] ]]
This is performed in two parts: first, the right hand is placed in the elbow crook of the left arm. The left arm is then raised (fist clenched) at the victim in a smooth and continuous motion. While the motion is essential to the gesture, the choice of arm is not. This gesture is associated with [[Italy|Italians]] and is considered a more theatrical and physically exuberant version of the [[finger (gesture)|finger]], and may even be combined with the finger. In Italian it is known as the ''gesto dell'ombrello'', meaning literally "the umbrella gesture." It is typically used in two different situations: 1) to answer "no way!" in an extremely empathic (and quite vulgar) way; 2) after a triumph against some unfair enemy, with a sense of revenge. The gesture is frequently made stronger by crying "toh!" or "tiè!", both meaning "take this!", at the precise moment the hand touches the crook of the elbow.

This gesture is also in use in [[France]] as ''bras d'honneur'' (arm of honour), where it is usually understood as ''va te faire foutre'', still meaning "fuck off." In [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]], it is a ''corte de mangas'' ("[[sleeve]] cut") or a ''manguito'' (a cover formerly worn by public services bureaucratic workers on the arms to protect one's sleeves from ink splatters) respectively and is done with the left hand on the right elbow, without the continuous motion. In [[Portugal]], the iconic fictional character [[Zé Povinho]], created by [[Bordalo Pinheiro]], is usually depicted performing this gesture.

The gesture is sometimes used repetitively by fans at [[Citizens Bank Park]] in [[Philadelphia]] when the [[Phillies]] face the [[Atlanta Braves]] as a [[parody]] of the Braves' [[tomahawk chop]], and this usage is known as the "[[South Philly]] tomahawk chop" due to the gritty reputation of [[Philadelphia]] sports fans.

The gesture above has long been known in Slavic countries in the above senses plus "fuck you", without any standard name. In [[Poland]] its name has been standardized to "Kozakiewicz's gesture", after Polish [[pole vault]] jumper [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]], who had shown this gesture to the jeering Russian public during the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]].

===Biting one's thumb===
[[Image:Sampson bites his thumb.JPG|left|200px|thumb|How NOT to bite your thumb]]
[[Image:Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb]]
[[Biting one's thumb]] was an old rude British gesture. It is comparable to "[[#middle finger|the Finger]]" in modern terms. In [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', Sampson bites his thumb at the Montagues (Act 1, Scene 1).

The gesture does not literally involve biting the thumb. The fingernail of a thumb is placed behind the upper teeth, with the thumb thus pointing upwards, and the thumb is then bent forwards, the fingernail making a clicking sound as it flicks past the teeth.

An equivalent gesture still persists in [[Italy]].

=== Biting one's hand ===
In Sicily, biting one's flat hand or fist is a powerful threat.

===Bowing, kneeling, kowtowing===
A [[bowing (social)|bow]] is a gesture of respect involving lowering the head, usually performed by a social inferior to a social superior. Various cultures have different degrees or ways of performing the bow; [[China]] and [[Japan]] are particularly associated with elaborate and formal bowing. Bowing is also done by many groups as a ritual associated with [[prayer]]. In the Western world, women [[curtsey]] rather than bow. [[Kneel]]ing and "[[kowtow]]ing" are more extreme or elaborate forms of self-abasement before a social superior.

===Choking sign===
[[Image:Chokinggesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Choking" sign]]
The standard gesture to indicate that one is [[choking]] is to hold the throat as if strangling oneself. This is recognized as a request for immediate [[first aid]] for choking. It is promoted as a way to prevent onlookers from confusing the victim's distress with some other problem, such as a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], when the person cannot speak. The gesture is sometimes used metaphorically to refer to someone or something "choking" in the slang sense of failing at something while under pressure, for instance at an athletic event.

===Crossing oneself===
{{main|Sign of the cross}}
The "[[sign of the cross|sign of the Cross]]" is the use of the right hand to touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, and right shoulder, consecutively. It represents the [[Christian cross]]. (Roman Catholics crossing themselves touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, then right shoulder; Byzantine (Eastern) Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians touch the right shoulder before the left, with the thumb and first two fingers joined — symbolizing the Trinity — and the tips of the last two fingers touching the palm, symbolizing the dual nature of Christ in one being. )

This gesture is used by [[Roman Catholic]]s, [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], and some other Christian groups in [[prayer]]s, to perform blessings, and as a salute before entering a [[church]] or similar place of religious significance. It is also used in various kinds of Christian [[folk religion]] to avert [[evil]] or [[bad luck]].

===Cutthroat===
[[Image:Cutthroatgesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Cutthroat" sign]]
This gesture is performed by drawing the hand, or a finger or two, across the throat. It represents slitting the throat with a knife, and means that the gesturer or someone else is metaphorically being killed. It is rarely if ever used literally to refer to death, though it is occasionally used as a theatrical threat ("I'm going to kill you"). In these contexts, it is sometimes accompanied by a harsh "kkkkkch" sound.

This gesture can also mean to "cut," "stop," or to discontinue a particular action. It can also be used to indicate something has ended or a previous process has concluded. [[Scuba diving|Scuba]] divers use this gesture with the palm swept across the throat to indicate that they have run out of air. Airport ground personnel also use this gesture to indicate a variety of things (due to the loud environment), such as baggage offload has completed or the last of the passengers have disembarked. In this context, it can be understood to mean: "That's it."

Additionally, [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstar [[The Undertaker]] uses this gesture to signify their signature moves, the [[Chokeslam]], as did [[Chris Benoit]] until his recent death.

=== Drinking sign ===
In UK, the gesture for drinking (used for example as an invitation to "go down the [[pub]]") is made by putting the back of the thumb just below the lower lip, while the other fingers are close together as if holding an imaginary [[pint]] of beer, tipping it repeatedly.
In other countries, the shaka sign is used in a similar way, as described above.

===Flipping the fingers out from under the chin===

A [http://news.bostonherald.com/localRegional/view.bg?articleid=132932 traditional Sicilian gesture] analogous in meaning to the raised middle finger. This gesture became the center of a controversy in March of 2006, when [[U.S. Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] [[Associate Justice]] [[Antonin Scalia]] was photographed allegedly making the gesture to illustrate his response to his critics. Scalia later claimed that he used a different gesture, waving his fingers beneath his chin, a gesture translating to "I couldn't care less." For more details, see [[Antonin Scalia]].

=== Hand over heart ===
This gesture involves placing one's right hand, palm outstretched and facing in, over one's heart. Male [[hat]] or cap wearers typically remove their hats and hold them in this hand. In some cultures, it is used as a gesture of respect towards [[flag]]s or during singing of a [[national anthem]]. In the United States, it is also performed as a part of the rituals of the [[Pledge of Allegiance]]. It can also be used to indicate sincerity, shock, or hurt.

===Loser===
This gesture is performed by raising the index finger and thumb of your right hand perpendicular to each other so that they form the letter "L". It is then placed onto one's forehead. It signifies that the person to whom this gesture is directed is a loser.

===My eye===

In France, Germany, and parts of Europe it is common to point your index finger at your eye and even pull the skin under the eye lightly down to emphasize the presenting of the eye. The gesture displays disbelief or that a certain statement is made jokingly, similar to winking in American culture.

In Japan, tugging at the eye, often accompanied by sticking out one's tongue, is used as a childishly offensive gesture, or to indicate boredom.

In Italy, Brazil and all Spanish-speaking nations it means "watch out" (POR, ITA:''occhio!'',SPA:''¡ojo!''), and is used for warning or threatening.

===Nonsense===
Performed by waving the palm of your hand in front of your face, it may be used to tell the other person that an idea he or she had was nonsense.

In [[Portugal]], this gesture usually means the person being referred to missed an extremely obvious detail.

===Nose thumbing ===
For this gesture, also known as "cocking a snoot", "giving the five-finger salute", "cocking a snook", or Queen Anne's Fan the thumb is placed on the tip of the nose, with the remaining fingers of the hand extended and waggled freely. This gesture can be ended with a dramatic flicking of the thumb away from the end of the nose and towards the recipient. It is used in (gentle) mockery of someone. It dates back to at least the 18th century and is probably much older.

To add emphasis, the gesture can be made using both hands, connecting them by touching the little finger of the first hand with the thumb of the second, and waggling the remaining seven fingers. It is frequently accompanied by [[blowing a raspberry]], or by sticking out the tongue.

===Suck my dick===
This gesture is performed by crossing the outstretched arms across the thighs, putting emphasis on the [[groin]]. This was used by popular professional wrestling group, [[D-Generation X]].

There is a variation to this where a fist is made and shook near the mouth while bulging ones tongue against their cheeks to mimic fellatio.

===Touched / screw loose===
Tapping one's index finger against the head indicates that a person or an idea being discussed is insane or "touched in the head". A similar, more elaborate gesture uses a circling motion of the finger at the temple or side of the head. This signifies that the person is "mixed up" or "has a screw loose". In Germany, tapping or pointing to the temple is used as an insult, often with the accompanying phrase "du hast einen Vogel." While this literally means "You have a bird," it is idiomatic for saying that you are insane. Also, in Indonesia, drawing a line across the forehead with the side of the right index finger denotes a similar meaning.

A variant of this one is the suicide. Make a gun with your hand and pretend to shoot point blank at your own temple. It can be accompanied with sticking out the tongue or a shooting sound for full effect, and often implies that the speaker is a "complete idiot". A more recent use of this is in the movie, "40-Year Old Virgin" where one of the characters, after being bored with a conversation, proceeds to aim at his temple and pretend to fire. Afterwards, he uses his other hand and does a reverse cupping motion outward from the other side of his head to signify his brains splattering out.

In Japan, a variation of this is knocking on the temple with the knuckle of the index finger. This is usually used in reference to the signer; "I'm such an idiot!"

==="Wiping" one's forehead===
The act of wiping one's own forehead, regardless of whether sweat has actually formed there, is a sign indicating many things such as "That was close" or "What a relief".

==Body and facial gestures==
{{further|[[Facial expression]]}}
[[Image:Eyeroll.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Rolling one's eyes can express exasperation or condescension.]]

Many gestures utilize only the face or body, without the hands.

===Eye-rolling===
Performed by rotating the eyes upward, it indicates condescension, contempt, boredom, or exasperation. This is often referred to as "rolling ones eyes to Heaven," as though wishing for a divine intervention for a rescue from boredom, frustration, etc.

===Mooning===
[[Mooning]] is the act of displaying one's [[nudity|bare]] [[buttocks]] by lowering the back side of one's [[trousers]] and [[underpants]], usually without exposing the [[genitals]]. Mooning is used in some cultures to express protest, scorn, disrespect, or provocation. It can also be done for [[shock value]] or fun.

===The "peacock"===
Expresses superiority or domination combined with a certain degree of smug arrogance. Performed by pushing the chest up and out at the front as well as tilting the face slightly upward. This may be accompanied by motions of hooking both thumbs under one's [[lapels]] or [[suspenders]] even if they are not present.

{{Gestures}}

[[Category:Gestures]]

Archive:Types of gestures

2007-07-08T23:46:16Z

24.147.102.48: /* My eye */

{{unreferenced||article|date=September 2006}}
Gestures are a form of [[Body language]] or [[Non-verbal communication]].
Although some [[gesture]]s, such as the ubiquitous act of [[Hand gesture|pointing]], differ little from one place to another, most gestures do not have invariable or universal meanings, having specific connotations only in certain cultures. Different types of gestures are distinguished. The most famous type of gestures are the so-called emblems or quotable gestures (see the examples below). These are [[culture]] specific gestures that can be used as replacement for words. Communities have repertoires of such gestures. A single emblematic gesture can have very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary to highly offensive.

Another type of gestures are the ones we use when we speak. These gestures are closely coordinated with speech. The meaningful part of the gesture is temporally synchronised with the co-expressive words. For example, a gesture that depicts the act of throwing will be synchronous with the word 'threw' in the utterance "and then he threw the ball right into the window." Other gestures like the so-called beat gestures, are used in conjunction with speech, keeping time with the rhythm of speech and to emphasize certain words or phrases. These types of gestures are integrally connected to [[speech]] and thought processes.

==Studies of gesture==
The first full-length study of gesture was published by [[John Bulwer]] in 1644. Bulwer analyzed dozens of gestures, and provided a guide on how to use gestures to increase eloquence and clarity for public speaking. Today, one of the most prominent researchers in the field of gesture research is [[Adam Kendon]]. He has investigated many aspects of gestures, including their role in communication, conventionalization of gesture, integration of gesture and speech, and the evolution of language. Other prominent researchers in this field include [[Susan Goldin-Meadow]] and [[David McNeill]].

==Social significance==
[[Image:VitarkaMudra.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Vitarka [[mudra]], [[Tarim Basin]], 9th century.]]

Gestures play a major role in many aspects of human life. Many animals, including humans, use gestures to initiate a [[mating ritual]]. This may include elaborate [[dance]]s and other movements.

Religious and spiritual gestures are also common, such as the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[sign of the cross]]. In [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]], a ''[[mudra]]'' ([[Sanskrit]], meaning either "posture" or "currency" depending on the interpretation) is a symbolic gesture made with the hand or fingers. Each mudra has a specific meaning, playing a central role in Hindu and Buddhist [[iconography]]. An example is the Vitarka mudra, the gesture of discussion and transmission of Buddhist teaching. It is done by joining the tips of the thumb and the index together, while keeping the other fingers straight.

==Using one hand==
===Itching Under The Chin===
In Italian culture this represents "I don't care, I can't be bothered". This is done by keeping one hand straight, placing it under the chin, and 'throwing out' that hand toward the person receiving the gesture. In Italian American culture this represents "Screw You!"; U.S. Supreme Court justice [[Antonin Scalia]] received criticism for using this gesture towards a reporter.

Scratching or stroking the chin or beard (where possible) can be used to indicate that the gesticulater is thinking or puzzled.

===Bang bang===
[[Image:gesture thumb up then down forefinger out like gun.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This gesture mimes a [[handgun]].]]

The "bang bang" gesture is performed by raising the fist with the index finger and thumb extended. The index finger points at the recipient. The thumb is then brought down on top of the fingers. This imitation of the action of a revolver [[pistol]] is often meant to represent a [[handgun]] in children's games. It may also be used menacingly to mean "I'm gonna kill you", or simply as a playful greeting. The middle finger is often also extended to widen the "barrel".

[[Texas Tech University|Texas Tech]] fans use the "bang bang" salute (fingers pointed upward) to cheer their team. Also, the "bang bang" performed with both hands was a signature gesture of [[professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] [[Mick Foley]] while he was in his "Cactus Jack" [[gimmick (professional wrestling)|persona]].

Also, if the thumb and middle finger are used to click, and the thumb the pointed upwards to form the gun, this can also be interpreted as a greeting.

A two-handed version of the same gesture can be used to indicate sporting/business success or sexual conquest (frequently accompanied by a syncopated "pow-pow", esp. in a posh British accent).

=== Beckoning sign ===
Index finger sticking out of the clenched fist, palm facing the gesturer. The finger moves repeatedly towards the gesturer (in a hook) as to draw something nearer. It has the general meaning of "come here", although it is normally seen as condescending or anyway impolite. It is sometimes performed with the four fingers, with the entire hand, or even with the arm, depending on how far the recipient of the sign is.

When performed with the index finger, it may have a mild sexual connotation depending on the circumstance.

In [[Africa]], the [[Far East]] and many [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking countries, this sign is given with all four fingers and with the palm down.

In [[Japan]] there is a similar gesture, but the four fingers are used, the palm faces the recipient and the hand is at head's height. This is the gesture featured in the [[maneki neko]].

===Benediction and blessing===
[[Image:ConstantineCoin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Benediction gesture, on a coin of [[Constantine I (emperor)|Emperor Constantine]].]]

The benediction gesture is a raised right hand with the ring and pinky fingers touching the palm, while the middle and index fingers remain raised. Taken from Ancient Roman icongraphy for speaking (an example is the Augustus of Prima Porta where the emperor Augustus assumes the pose of an orator in addressing his troops), it is used as a simple [[charm]] or [[blessing]] amongst many [[neopagan|modern]] [[Pagans]], and has a vast array of uses. Perhaps the most common and/or noteworthy use of the gesture is while tracing an invisible "air [[pentagram]]" before someone during certain [[Wicca]]n rituals such as the [[Great Rite]] performed during [[Beltane]] and [[Drawing Down the Moon]] on the [[Esbat]]s. One might also use the gesture to trace invisible pentagrams or other sigils over items to be blessed or empowered, such as [[holy water]], [[ritual]] [[wine]], ritual [[ale]], or [[cannabis|the Sacred Herb]]. The two extended fingers are used to point (except when an [[athame]], [[wand]], or [[sword]] is used).

A similar sign, called the ''benediction'' gesture, is used by the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[clergy]] to perform [[blessing]]s with the [[sign of the cross]]; however Christians keep the thumb raised - the three raised fingers (index, middle, and thumb) are frequently allegorically interpreted as representing the three Persons of the [[Holy Trinity]]. It was shown by representations of [[Jesus]] as [[Christ Pantocrator]].

===Blah-blah===
The fingers are kept straight and together in a horizontal fashion while the thumb is held out straight. The fingers and thumb then snap together repeatedly to suggest a mouth talking. It is used to indicate contempt for a person talking for an excessive period of time about nothing the gesturer feels is important.

===Check, please===
This gesture, understood by waiters around the world to mean that a dinner patron wishes to pay the bill and depart, is executed by touching the index finger and thumb together and "writing" a wavy line in the air, as if to sign one's name. An alternate gesture with the same meaning is made by touching the index finger and thumb together and drawing a [[Tick (checkmark)|checkmark]] ({{unicode|<big>✓</big>}}) in the air. In [[Egypt]], the left hand is held palm-out and the right, palm-down, is tapped against the left wrist to request the check. In [[Thailand]], one makes a circling gesture with the thumb and fingers pinched together- as if you are holding an imaginary pencil and making imaginary scribbles on a piece of paper. Sometimes the opposite palm is used as the 'paper'. In the [[Philippines]], one outlines a rectangle in the air using the thumb and forefinger of both hands.

===Clenched fist===
A raised, clenched fist is used as a gesture of defiance by a number of groups. It is usually considered to be hostile, yet without any sexual, scatological, or notionally offensive connotations. It is especially associated with [[Communism|Communists]] and with other nationalist or ethnic [[revolution]]ary or would-be revolutionary movements, and with the [[Black Power]] movements of the [[1960s]] in the United States. It is the custom to make this gesture while singing ''[[The Internationale]]'', the [[Marxism|Marxist]] anthem. A clenched fist raised quickly up and down and then punched in some direction also signifies a military call for a heavy weapons team to close on the gesturer or to move or open fire in the direction indicated by the punch.

: See also: [[With a strong hand and an outstretched arm]]

=== Pound fist ===
Pound fist is a greeting, in which two individuals touch fists.

=== Clinton thumb ===
The gesture dubbed the "Clinton thumb" after its most famous user, [[Bill Clinton]], is used by politicians to provide emphasis in speeches without pointing the finger. This gesture has the thumb leaning against the thumbside portion of the index finger, which is part of a closed fist. It does not exhibit the anger of the clenched fist or pointing finger, and so is thought to be less threatening. This gesture was likely adopted by Clinton from [[John F. Kennedy]], who can be seen using it in many speeches during his political career.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} It is often used in extemporaenous speech and debate, as a tool for emphasizing points.

===Crossed fingers===
A gesture made by crossing the index and middle fingers such that the middle finger overlaps and intertwines the index finger, which can be used to signify one's hope that something should succeed (compare to the phrase "Keep your fingers crossed."). According to OldSuperstitions.com, this stems from the [[superstition]] that "Bad luck is trapped at the point where the two fingers meet so when we cross our fingers, we stop the bad luck from escaping and allow our wishes to come true.". However, if placed behind one's back, the gesture takes on an entirely different meaning: it is then normally used to indicate that the user secretly wishes for something ''contrary'' to what is being stated or going on, or that a lie is being told. This usage is often seen in dramatic contexts.

===Cuckoo sign===
A gesture made by closing ones fist, extending the index finger, and circling it around ones ear for several seconds. This gesture is used to indicate that someone is speaking nonsense or is crazy (more colloquially, this is described as being [[cuckoo]]). The "cuckoo" sign is well-known in the United States.

===Fig sign===
[[Image:gesture fist with thumb through fingers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "fig sign" is an ancient gesture with many uses.]]

The "fig sign" is a gesture made with the hand and fingers curled and the thumb thrust between the middle and index fingers, or, rarely, the middle and ring fingers, forming the fist so that the thumb partly pokes out. In some areas of the world, the gesture is considered a good luck charm, in others it is considered an obscene gesture, and in still others it is used in the "I've got your nose!" child's game. This gesture is also the letter "T" in the [[American Sign Language alphabet]]. In [[International Sign]], which otherwise uses the same manual alphabet, "T" has been modified to avoid possible offense.

In [[ancient Rome]], this gesture was called the ''mano fico'', and was a fertility and [[good luck]] charm designed to ward off evil. Although this usage has survived in [[Brazil]], where carved images of hands in this gesture are used in good luck [[talisman]]s, in many other cultures, such as Indonesia, Turkey and Russia, the sign has come to have an insulting meaning roughly equivalent to "screw you", based on the thumb being seen as representing a [[clitoris]] or [[sexual intercourse]]. In modern Russia this gesture is used mostly by kids with the meaning "screw you/no way". The same meaning is expressed by adults either with bent elbow (rude, very emphatic, non-classy), or with a "finger" (used mostly by city dwellers). The "finger" made it to Russian gesture language from Western movies. In modern [[Italian language|Italian]], the gesture is called the ''mano fica'', taken to mean "fig hand", as the Italian word for "[[fig]]" is ''fico'' (''ficus'' in [[Latin]]). The obscene connotations of the gesture may partly originate from the fact that a similar Italian word, ''fica'', is a slang term referring to the [[vulva]]. This sexual connotation may date back to ancient Roman times; some Roman amulets combine a ''[[phallus]]'' and a ''mano fico'' gesture. In [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', [[Vanni Fucci]] curses [[God]] with a "fig" gesture. [http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/circle8b.html#vanni]

Also known as the [[Sicilian Fist]] in Sicily, worn as a good luck charm. * [http://www.italybyvip.com/1874.html Images of the "Sicilian Fist Charm" in Sicily]

The gesture is also used in a trick played by adults and parents, with the intention of convincing their child that his or her nose has been ripped off. Someone, usually an adult, grabs at the child's nose and forms the fig sign, exclaiming, "I've got your nose, I've got your nose!" The thumb is supposed to be the child's removed nose.

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use this gesture as a symbol of the [[mother goddess]] to help adherents identify one another. In this context, it is referred to as the "Sign of the Goddess". Its counterpart is the ''[[corna]]'' sign.

===Finger Snap===
{{Unreferenced|date=September 2006}}
One of several gestures familiar to modern people primarily through old [[animated cartoons]], this gesture generally expresses a confident "screw you!" in the face of an adversary. The gesturer holds one hand out, palm up, in the direction of his antagonist and snaps his thumb and middle finger, generally accompanied by a high-nosed, "snooty" facial expression and followed by crossing the arms.

In some countries, particularly Great Britain, snapping the fingers is used to signify remembering or failing to remember. Snapping the fingers repeatedly at a constant rate is commonly used to signify that the person has forgotten something and is trying to recall it. This is often done with the fingers snapped close to the temple, as though literally 'jogging the memory,' and is associated with the phrase 'it's on the tip of my tongue.'

A single snap, sometimes emphasized by an arced swing of the arm, is used when someone is reminded of something by another person, particularly if it is a job or a chore they have forgotten to do, or as a sign of disappointment or regret. Some people also snap their fingers to catch the attention of others. This is informal - some people may find it rude or even threatening, as it is common for the gesturer to snap his fingers very close to the other's face. In some cases, this may be interpreted as a face-threatening act or a sign of contempt.

==="Hanging"===
This gesture is performed by holding a clenched fist at the side of the head, tilting one's head away from one's fist, and making a choking sound. It may also be accompanied by hanging the tongue loosely out of one's mouth, and rolling of the eyes back into the head. It is generally used to signify "what I would rather be doing". It can also be used to show suicide.

===Horns===
{{main|Corna}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with index and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Corna]]

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use it as a symbol of the [[horned god]] to identify each other; in this context it is referred to as the "Sign of the Horned God". Its counterpart is the ''fig sign'', above.

Some say that it is meant to ward off — or to bestow — the [[evil eye]]. It is also a representation of the [[Devil]] by some [[Satanist]]s. The gesture's origin is believed to be an imitation of the shape of a goats head, which has many associations with the concept of Satan in [[Christianity]] [http://www.keyway.ca/htm2001/20010924.htm Satan's Goat]

It has a variety of other meanings as well, depending on culture and area. In some places, it is a sexual insult, charging a man with being a victim of [[adultery|cuckoldry]] (this insult is most common in [[Spain]] and [[Italy]] but is also used in Brazil). Perhaps because of its [[occult]] significance, it is used as a salute by fans of [[Devil horns#Heavy metal|heavy metal music]]. If one reverses the extended fingers, one gets the "inverted heavy metal salute" which can be given as a reply to a heavy metal salute.

Also a common hand gesture used by the University of Texas at Austin. The sign is also usually accompanied by the slogan "Hook 'Em Horns." The gesture is said to look like a head of a Longhorn, the University's mascot.
To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], it is called the "Sign of Voor" or the "Voorish Sign".

===Kodály Hand Signs===
Named after [[Zoltán Kodály]], and largely defined by [[John Curwen]], Kodály Hand Signs are a way of representing musical notes by holding the hand in a certain position for each note. The basic concept of using gestures to represent notes is quite ancient, however near the end of the 19th century, the concept was formalized as a standard teaching method. Kodály Hand Signs are featured in the [[1977]] film [[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]].

===Knocking on wood===
{{main|touch wood}}
This signifies the neutralization of a [[jinx]]ing brought on by mentioning an either hoped-for or feared result. The knuckles are rapped on a nearby piece of wood (or, jokingly, someone's head). Usually this is only valid if done on bare (i.e. unpainted) wood. One possible reason for the tradition could have been from an [[animist]] culture who believed that the knocking would release spirits to protect them. It has also been said to stem from a belief that any nearby evil spirits who overhear somebody speaking of good fortune which has come his way may send some bad luck to offset it; knocking on wood was thought to keep the spirits from hearing. It is also known as "tapping wood" or "touching wood".

In Italy, one knocks on iron with the hand in the ''[[corna]]'' horns position.

===Middle finger===
{{main|The finger}}
[[Image:Middle finger.JPG|thumb|right|200px|"[[The finger]]" is a very common offensive hand gesture.]]
"The finger" is a gesture consisting of a fist with the middle finger extended. It appears to be universally understood as "[[fuck|fuck you]]" due to its resemblance to the penis. It is certainly thousands of years old, being referred to in Ancient Roman literature as the ''digitus infamis'' or ''digitus impudicus''. Performing this gesture is also called "flipping the bird" in countries where "the finger" is used. In other regions, "flipping the bird" refers to the raising of the middle and index finger with the back of the hand directed at the recipient. It can also mean "Victor" (see ''[[#V Sign|V Sign]]'', below) in some countries, which is not to be mistaken for the "Peace" gesture, which is done with the palm facing the recipient of the gesture, but in Britain and some other countries it is an offensive gesture, equivalent to "the finger". [[George W. Bush]] can be seen making the gesture while he was the Governor of Texas, while goofing off before beginning filming of a public address.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9Do-s1cdPk Bush "One-fingered Victory Salute" Video] </ref>

Former [[professional wrestler]] [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] used the finger quite frequently in [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] shows. He raises both of the fingers to the crowd as a way of saluting to them. Also, he gestures the finger at his opponent before kicking them in the stomach and performing the [[Stone Cold Stunner]].

Comedian [[Dane Cook]] parodied the gesture with his "Super Finger" gesture, which consists of raising the middle finger, ring finger, and thumb on the same hand while lowering (or curling) the pointer and pinky finger. It is meant to be a more "powerful" version of "the finger".

The middle finger is also used to represent the number four when one counts in the hexadecimal system using one's fingers.<ref>[http://www.intuitor.com/counting/]</ref>

When this gesture is made with the palm facing forward, it is known to [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]] as the "Sign of Kish". Another Lovecraftian sign is the "Sign of Koth", which consists of fully extending the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and pinky, while the thumb is tucked against the flat of the hand.

=== Money sign ===
The thumb rubs repeatedly over the tip of the index finger and middle fingers. The ring finger and pinky touch the palm. This gesture is meant to resemble the act of rubbing two coins together (alternatively the act of counting paper bills) and has a general meaning of "money", or "expensive".

===OK===
{{main|Okay}}

This is the touching of the index and middle finger (or just index finger) with the thumb (forming a rough circle) with the raising of the remaining fingers. In the United States and most of Europe, it means "OK" and is inoffensive. The OK sign is used extensively in [[scuba diving]]. It can also mean "[[0 (number)|0]]," or "[[money]]," in [[Japan]].
However, in Germany, it is often seen on the Autobahn, as a silent way of calling someone an "Asshole" (with the fingers extended horizontally). Similar vulgar meanings are found in other countries, but usually you have to turn the 'Ring' upside down (supinated to show the ring in front) like this example from [http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/05/butthole-is-not-ok.html Brazil]. It is then a sexual or scatological gesture referring to the [[anus]]

===Pointing===
The typical [[pointing]] with the [[index finger]] is a universal gesture. There are many other ways to point, for example with the hand, a head nod or an eye gaze. In many cases pointing at a person is considered rude. A more polite way of pointing to a person would be to to direct the hand in their direction, as if holding a plate. You may point towards yourself to draw attention, and this behavior is seen commonly in [[monkeys]].

===Moutza (Palm of hand)===
{{main|Moutza}}
In most places, a palm raised towards somebody means "stop".

In [[Greece]], the palm of the hand thrust towards somebody with the fingers splayed is an offensive gesture equivalent to giving the finger. The gesture is known in Greek as "moutza". It originates from the Byzantine punishment of parading a chained criminal around town with his face smeared with [[cinder]], or ''moutzos'' in Greek. An even more offensive version is achieved by using both hands to double the gesture, and smacking the palm of one hand against the back of the other, in the direction of the intended recipient. Both the one-handed and the two-handed versions of this gesture can be (and often are) combined with the term "''na''!", meaning "here you go!" or "there!", or "''na, malaka''!", meaning "there, you wanker!"

===Salute===
{{main|Salute}}

[[Image:Hitler walking out of Brown House after 1930 elections.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Adolf Hitler]] is saluted with the now-infamous [[Hitler salute|Nazi salute]].]]

There are many forms of [[salute]] gestures, most of which are used to denote respect or obedience for an authority. A common [[military]] hand salute consists of raising the right hand, held flat, to the right eyebrow. [[Scouting]] organizations use related salutes. The armies of various countries adopt slightly different forms of salute: in the United States, the military salute places the hand directed outward over the eyebrow, like a visor; in the United Kingdom armed forces, the hand is brought to the forehead palm outward in military and air force contexts, whereas the naval salute is as in the US forces - the US forces derived their saluting habits from the [[Royal Navy]].

One of the most infamous forms of salute is the "[[Hitler salute]]", which is performed by extending the whole right arm, palm outstretched and facing down, upwards into the air at approximately a 45 degree angle from the ground. Sometimes, this is accompanied by holding the index and middle fingers under the nose, representing Hitler's iconic moustache. This gesture is associated with [[Nazism]] and its leader, [[Adolf Hitler]], as well as with [[Germany]] during [[World War II]]. It is occasionally performed to mock someone or something for perceived [[authoritarianism]] or [[bigotry]]. This gesture was based on the [[Roman salute]], and it was in that capacity that it was revived by [[Tennis Court Oath|French Revolutionaries]] and later by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Fascism|Fascist]] party.

In some countries, mostly in Europe, it is forbidden by law to perform this gesture, although this does not deter [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] and white supremacists from using the gesture in public rallies. Even in other countries, it is generally considered taboo to use the gesture, and this partly caused the [[United States]] to abandon the similar [[Bellamy salute]] used when reciting the [[Pledge of Allegiance]], in favor of the current hand-on-heart gesture.

===Shaka===
{{main|Shaka sign}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with thumb and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "[[shaka sign|shaka]]" sign is a common greeting in beach and surfer culture.]]

The "shaka" sign is a common greeting gesture often associated with [[Hawaii]], [[California]], and [[beach]] and [[surfing|surfer]] culture in general. It consists of extending the thumb and pinky finger while keeping the three middle fingers curled, and is often described colloquially as the "hang loose" gesture. It is similar to [[American Sign Language]] letter "''Y''", where a fist is also made with only the thumb and pinky extended. The sign is often followed by waving as a greeting or acknowledgment. It can be used when driving as a signal of thanks to other drivers (for example, someone who stopped to let another driver onto the road from a driveway).

The "shaka" sign is also the greeting gesture for members of [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] Fraternity, Inc. which is the "phi" sign. All African-American Greek fraternities and sororities have hand greeting gestures.
====Similar gestures====

In Britain and Northern Europe the symbol is used as a signal for owners of older model [[Volkswagen]] vans when passing on roads. The silhouette of the hand reveals a "W"-shaped outline along the top of the hand standing for Volkswagen.

In Spain and Italy, if the thumb points to the mouth, it means "drinking", since it is similar the shape of a ''[[porrón]]'' vessel. This is also true of the [[United States]] and [[Portugal]].

In some countries, if the thumb points to the mouth, it can also represent [[marijuana]] usage, in particular the use of a [[bong]]. This is usually accompanied by a sucking noise.

In China, it is also the sign for the number six.

A similar gesture is the "call me" sign, which also has the pinky finger and thumb outstretched, but then also holds it up to the ear, to signify a telephone. This gesture is a common way to silently tell someone to call him or her, such as to continue a conversation in private.

It is also used by [[FC Barcelona]] player [[Ronaldinho]] as part of his goal celebration.

In India, rolling the shaka in a winding motion signifies that the listener does not believe what is being said and that the speaker needs to "spool in the yarn from spinning out too far".

==="Thanks!" Salute===
Another gesture familiar from vintage cartoons, this is performed by sweeping an opened hand from near one's brow toward the person being addressed, and expresses gratitude. It is adapted from [[American Sign Language]], and alludes to tipping your hat or cap.

===Three middle fingers===
Gestures consisting of fully extending the index, middle, and ring fingers with the thumb and pinky tucked together under the palm have had a variety of meanings over the years.

The gesture was also used by [[Bosnian Croat]]s as a victory sign, representing the Christian [[Trinity]], during the [[Bosnian War]]. To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], this gesture is known as the "Sign of the Elders." With the palm facing outwards, the fingers closed (without gaps), the right hand's fingertips to the same-side temple, it is used by the [[scouting|Boy scouts]] as their identifying [[salute]].

In the United States, when the back of the hand faces outwards, this gesture is often used as a [[euphemism]] for "[[#middle finger|the finger]]." It is used especially when a jocular effect is desired. Originally, an accompanying verbal explanation was usual — "Read [[subtext|between the lines]]," referring to the common English expression denoting that one must read carefully to glean the subtle meaning in a passage — but this phrase is now commonly omitted.

===Thumbs up, thumbs down===

A closed fist held with the thumb extended upward or downward is a gesture of approval or disapproval respectively. These gestures have become metaphors in English: ''"My boss gave my proposal the thumbs-up"'' means that the boss approved the proposal, regardless of whether the gesture was made — indeed, the gesture itself is unlikely in a business setting.

The source of the gesture is obscure. Though a favorite of Hollywood '[[sword and sandal|swords and sandals]]' epics, where the "thumbs down" symbol means that the loser in a gladiatorial combat should be put to death, recent research suggests the meanings of the symbols have changed over the years. In [[1997]], Professor [[Anthony Philip Corbeill]] of the [[University of Kansas]] concluded that the thumbs up actually meant "Kill him," basing his assertion on a study of hundreds of ancient artworks. Thus, the "thumbs up" was an approval of the gladiator's request to kill his vanquished foe rather than a vote to allow the defeated to remain alive. Corbeill wrote that a closed fist with a wraparound thumb was the indication for a gladiator's life to be spared.

[[Image:Jean-Leon Gerome Pollice Verso.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Pollice Verso'' by Jean-Léon Gérôme, [[1872]] is the immediate source of the "thumbs down" gesture in [[popular culture]].]]

In [[Latin]], the "thumbs up" gesture is called ''pollice recto'', "thumbs down" is ''pollice verso''. It is not certain that the contemporary gestures are identical to the gestures performed in [[ancient Rome]]. The current version was popularized by a widely reproduced [[academic art|academic painting]] by the [[19th century]] artist [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], whose ''Pollice Verso'' depicts a triumphant gladiator standing over a fallen foe, looking up into the [[bleacher]]s for the verdict of the crowd.

Additionally, [[Desmond Morris]]' ''Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution'' traces the practice back to a [[medieval]] custom used to seal business transactions... Over time, the mere sight of an upraised thumb came to symbolize harmony and kind feelings... The gesture's popularization in America is generally attributed to the practices of World War II pilots, who used the thumbs up to communicate with ground crews prior to take-off. American GIs are reputed to have picked up on the thumb and spread it throughout Europe as they marched toward Berlin." [http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

More recently, these gestures are associated with [[film|movie]] [[review]]s, having been popularized by [[Gene Siskel]] and [[Roger Ebert]] in their televised reviews — the thumb up meaning a positive opinion of a film; the thumb down meaning a negative one. One or two thumbs up, often held over the head, may also be used by athletes in celebration of a victory.

"'Thumbs up' traditionally translates as the foulest of Middle-Eastern gesticular insults — the most straightforward interpretation is 'Up yours, pal!' The sign has a similarly pejorative meaning in parts of West Africa, South America, Russia, Iran, Greece, and Sardinia, according to Roger E. Axtell's book ''Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World''."[http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

[[Hitchhiker]]s traditionally use a thumbs up gesture to solicit rides from oncoming vehicles, although in this presentation the arm is generally outstretched with the palm and closed fingers facing the motorist.

Additionally, supporters of [[Texas A&M University]] athletic teams use the thumbs-up sign, associated with the cheer, "Gig 'em, Aggies." The Thumb refers to a "gig" used for hunting frogs. The saying came when the Aggies had a big rival in the Southwest Conference in the TCU Horned Frogs.

Thumbs up and thumbs down are extensively used in scuba diving as commands to ascend or descend.

[[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstar [[Dave Bautista|Batista]] uses this gesture to signify his finisher, the [[Batista Bomb]].

=== Tsk-tsk ===
Palm towards the recipient, all fingers closed except for the index, which alternates from left to right, like a [[metronome]]. In English-speaking countries it has a disapproving meaning and can be accompanied by a "[[tsk|tsk-tsk]]" sound.

In Italy it simply means "no", and does not have any patronizing connotation.

===V sign===
[[Image:Nixon-depart.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Richard Nixon]] gives the V-sign one last time after resigning from the presidency.]]
{{main|V sign}}

The "V sign" is made by lifting the middle and index finger with the palm of the hand facing the recipient (and the remaining fingers clenched). It was associated with the [[catchphrase]] ''"V" for Victory'' in [[World War II]]. In the [[1960s]], it came to be known as the "[[peace]] sign," the gestural equivalent of the [[peace symbol]]. It was associated with British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] during World War II, and later, with U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]]. It is also the sign for the letter V in [[American Sign Language]].

This sign is frequently used by the Japanese, most times holding up 2 "V" signs very close to either side of their face with a big grin during pictures.

In the UK, Australia, and some other countries, reversing the V sign so that the back of the hand facing the recipient is seen as the equivalent of giving [[finger (gesture)|the finger]]. Popular myth supposes it was originally a taunt by Welsh Archers towards the French who were known to cut off an Welsh Archer's first and middle fingers if captured.

Additionally, due to its use in an advertisement for the Australian made Valiant Charger (which ceased production around 1980) many people still display the V sign, in homage to the ad, and the car, if that vehicle happens to be driven past. Hardly an every day occurrence, but of some trivial interest.

===Vulcan salute===
{{main|Vulcan salute}}

The Vulcan salute consists of a raised hand, palm outward, fingers extended, with the index and middle finger kept close together, and the ring and pinky finger close together, with a "V" shaped space between them, and the thumb sticking out alone.

This gesture is associated with the phrase "Live long and prosper", and derives from ''[[Star Trek]]'', where it is used as a salute by fictional humanoid species the [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcans]].

It was introduced by [[Leonard Nimoy]] in his character of [[Mr. Spock]] and is drawn directly from the benedictory gesture made with both hands by a [[Kohen]] (priest in Judaism, a descendant of Aaron) during the [[Priestly Blessing]] ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: ''Birkat Kohanim''). The [[Kohen|Kohanim]] recite a blessing while performing this "gesture" and the other congregants respond with [[Amen]]s.

This gesture is also known as the "Spocker" in allusion to [[Shocker (hand gesture)|the Shocker]].

===Wanker===
[[Image:Fingers and thumb in circle downward motion.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Wanker]]
A loose fist (with all fingers forming a cylindrical shape) is made, and shaken up and down (or sometimes, back and forth) at the wrist.

The gesture is imitative of the motions of male [[masturbation]]. Its meaning is equivalent to the word [[wanker]] or implies something is of little importance. If directed to a person or group, who are not necessarily present, it is considered a display of contempt toward them.

The name for this gesture is described by speakers of [[American English]] as a [[Britishism]].

[[Image:Portugal Wanker Gesture.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Overhand Portuguese Wanker Gesture]]

In [[Portugal]] they use the wanker gesture but with the palm facing the ground thereby implying that the person is masturbating someone else rather than themselves. As such this has [[homosexual]] or promiscuous implications when directed at someone instead of the milder suggestion that they enjoy self-gratification.

===Wave===
A wave is a gesture in which the hand is raised and moved back and forth, as a [[greeting]] or sign of departure. The orientation of the hand varies by culture and situation. In many cultures, the palm is oriented toward the recipient of the wave.

In Chinese culture, orienting the hand palm-down and waving it up and down signifies "come here", rather than a greeting. 

===Whoop-Dee-Doo===
Point the index finger up and rotate it. This is a usually used as a response gesture to indicate something is uninteresting or irrelavent. Similar to saying a sarcastic "Whoop-Dee-Doo" or "Big deal".

==Using two hands==
===Air quotes===
{{main|Air quotes}}

This phrase refers to using one's fingers to make virtual [[quotation marks]] in the air when speaking.

===Awkward Turtle===
The Awkward Turtle is a gesture made after something awkward just happened, or when there is an awkward silence.
To perform an awkward turtle there are three steps to take. First, place hands on top of each other. Next, move thumbs out and away from the hands. Finally, rotate the thumbs.

Nowadays the gesture is used in the United States to hush children, or to calm participants in a heated argument. In [[Japan]], the same gesture may be used to request the check when dining at a restaurant (see also [[#Check, please|Check, please]], above).

==="Gills"===
This gesture involves holding the backs of the wrists against the jawline (with elbows outstretched) and then waggling one's fingers. The gesture is often accompanied by a feminine-voiced "Ooooo!" which rises and falls in intonation. It is used when one would normally say (sarcastically) "well aren't you clever?", or to imply that someone is acting too posh for their station. It is peculiar to Scotland owing to its use in Scottish TV sketch show [[Chewin the Fat]].

==="Shame on you"===
This gesture involves pointing at a person with the index finger of one hand while rubbing the pointed finger with the index finger of the opposite hand. The rubbing motion is directed toward the intended recipient and is repeated at least three times. It is used to imply that the targeted person should feel shame.

===Time-out===
The "time-out" gesture — a "T" formed with the hands, with one hand with flat palm placed perpendicular to the other hand with flat palm, roughly in the center — originates in American sports. It was, and is, used where a brief [[sport time-out|pause in play]] is called for, such as to make substitutions. In [[basketball]], the gesture is used to indicate that a player or coach is guilty of a [[technical foul]].

==Hand with body gestures==
{{Mergeto|Hand gestures|Talk page|date=April 2007}}
===Bent elbow===
[[Image:Kozakiewicz gesture.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Elbow gesture by [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]] ]]
This is performed in two parts: first, the right hand is placed in the elbow crook of the left arm. The left arm is then raised (fist clenched) at the victim in a smooth and continuous motion. While the motion is essential to the gesture, the choice of arm is not. This gesture is associated with [[Italy|Italians]] and is considered a more theatrical and physically exuberant version of the [[finger (gesture)|finger]], and may even be combined with the finger. In Italian it is known as the ''gesto dell'ombrello'', meaning literally "the umbrella gesture." It is typically used in two different situations: 1) to answer "no way!" in an extremely empathic (and quite vulgar) way; 2) after a triumph against some unfair enemy, with a sense of revenge. The gesture is frequently made stronger by crying "toh!" or "tiè!", both meaning "take this!", at the precise moment the hand touches the crook of the elbow.

This gesture is also in use in [[France]] as ''bras d'honneur'' (arm of honour), where it is usually understood as ''va te faire foutre'', still meaning "fuck off." In [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]], it is a ''corte de mangas'' ("[[sleeve]] cut") or a ''manguito'' (a cover formerly worn by public services bureaucratic workers on the arms to protect one's sleeves from ink splatters) respectively and is done with the left hand on the right elbow, without the continuous motion. In [[Portugal]], the iconic fictional character [[Zé Povinho]], created by [[Bordalo Pinheiro]], is usually depicted performing this gesture.

The gesture is sometimes used repetitively by fans at [[Citizens Bank Park]] in [[Philadelphia]] when the [[Phillies]] face the [[Atlanta Braves]] as a [[parody]] of the Braves' [[tomahawk chop]], and this usage is known as the "[[South Philly]] tomahawk chop" due to the gritty reputation of [[Philadelphia]] sports fans.

The gesture above has long been known in Slavic countries in the above senses plus "fuck you", without any standard name. In [[Poland]] its name has been standardized to "Kozakiewicz's gesture", after Polish [[pole vault]] jumper [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]], who had shown this gesture to the jeering Russian public during the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]].

===Biting one's thumb===
[[Image:Sampson bites his thumb.JPG|left|200px|thumb|How NOT to bite your thumb]]
[[Image:Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb]]
[[Biting one's thumb]] was an old rude British gesture. It is comparable to "[[#middle finger|the Finger]]" in modern terms. In [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', Sampson bites his thumb at the Montagues (Act 1, Scene 1).

The gesture does not literally involve biting the thumb. The fingernail of a thumb is placed behind the upper teeth, with the thumb thus pointing upwards, and the thumb is then bent forwards, the fingernail making a clicking sound as it flicks past the teeth.

An equivalent gesture still persists in [[Italy]].

=== Biting one's hand ===
In Sicily, biting one's flat hand or fist is a powerful threat.

===Bowing, kneeling, kowtowing===
A [[bowing (social)|bow]] is a gesture of respect involving lowering the head, usually performed by a social inferior to a social superior. Various cultures have different degrees or ways of performing the bow; [[China]] and [[Japan]] are particularly associated with elaborate and formal bowing. Bowing is also done by many groups as a ritual associated with [[prayer]]. In the Western world, women [[curtsey]] rather than bow. [[Kneel]]ing and "[[kowtow]]ing" are more extreme or elaborate forms of self-abasement before a social superior.

===Choking sign===
[[Image:Chokinggesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Choking" sign]]
The standard gesture to indicate that one is [[choking]] is to hold the throat as if strangling oneself. This is recognized as a request for immediate [[first aid]] for choking. It is promoted as a way to prevent onlookers from confusing the victim's distress with some other problem, such as a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], when the person cannot speak. The gesture is sometimes used metaphorically to refer to someone or something "choking" in the slang sense of failing at something while under pressure, for instance at an athletic event.

===Crossing oneself===
{{main|Sign of the cross}}
The "[[sign of the cross|sign of the Cross]]" is the use of the right hand to touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, and right shoulder, consecutively. It represents the [[Christian cross]]. (Roman Catholics crossing themselves touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, then right shoulder; Byzantine (Eastern) Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians touch the right shoulder before the left, with the thumb and first two fingers joined — symbolizing the Trinity — and the tips of the last two fingers touching the palm, symbolizing the dual nature of Christ in one being. )

This gesture is used by [[Roman Catholic]]s, [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], and some other Christian groups in [[prayer]]s, to perform blessings, and as a salute before entering a [[church]] or similar place of religious significance. It is also used in various kinds of Christian [[folk religion]] to avert [[evil]] or [[bad luck]].

===Cutthroat===
[[Image:Cutthroatgesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Cutthroat" sign]]
This gesture is performed by drawing the hand, or a finger or two, across the throat. It represents slitting the throat with a knife, and means that the gesturer or someone else is metaphorically being killed. It is rarely if ever used literally to refer to death, though it is occasionally used as a theatrical threat ("I'm going to kill you"). In these contexts, it is sometimes accompanied by a harsh "kkkkkch" sound.

This gesture can also mean to "cut," "stop," or to discontinue a particular action. It can also be used to indicate something has ended or a previous process has concluded. [[Scuba diving|Scuba]] divers use this gesture with the palm swept across the throat to indicate that they have run out of air. Airport ground personnel also use this gesture to indicate a variety of things (due to the loud environment), such as baggage offload has completed or the last of the passengers have disembarked. In this context, it can be understood to mean: "That's it."

Additionally, [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstar [[The Undertaker]] uses this gesture to signify their signature moves, the [[Chokeslam]], as did [[Chris Benoit]] until his recent death.

=== Drinking sign ===
In UK, the gesture for drinking (used for example as an invitation to "go down the [[pub]]") is made by putting the back of the thumb just below the lower lip, while the other fingers are close together as if holding an imaginary [[pint]] of beer, tipping it repeatedly.
In other countries, the shaka sign is used in a similar way, as described above.

===Flipping the fingers out from under the chin===

A [http://news.bostonherald.com/localRegional/view.bg?articleid=132932 traditional Sicilian gesture] analogous in meaning to the raised middle finger. This gesture became the center of a controversy in March of 2006, when [[U.S. Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] [[Associate Justice]] [[Antonin Scalia]] was photographed allegedly making the gesture to illustrate his response to his critics. Scalia later claimed that he used a different gesture, waving his fingers beneath his chin, a gesture translating to "I couldn't care less." For more details, see [[Antonin Scalia]].

=== Hand over heart ===
This gesture involves placing one's right hand, palm outstretched and facing in, over one's heart. Male [[hat]] or cap wearers typically remove their hats and hold them in this hand. In some cultures, it is used as a gesture of respect towards [[flag]]s or during singing of a [[national anthem]]. In the United States, it is also performed as a part of the rituals of the [[Pledge of Allegiance]]. It can also be used to indicate sincerity, shock, or hurt.

===Loser===
This gesture is performed by raising the index finger and thumb of your right hand perpendicular to each other so that they form the letter "L". It is then placed onto one's forehead. It signifies that the person to whom this gesture is directed is a loser.

===My eye===

In France, Germany, and parts of Europe it is common to point your index finger at your eye and even pull the skin under the eye lightly down to emphasize the presenting of the eye. The gesture displays disbelief or that a certain statement is made jokingly, similar to winking in American culture.

In Japan, tugging at the eye, often accompanied by sticking out one's tongue, is used as a childishly offensive gesture, or to indicate boredom.

In Italy, Brazil and all Spanish-speaking nations it means "watch out" (POR, ITA:''occhio!'',SPA:''¡ojo!''), and is used for warning or threatening.

===Nonsense===
Performed by waving the palm of your hand in front of your face, it may be used to tell the other person that an idea he or she had was nonsense.

In [[Portugal]], this gesture usually means the person being referred to missed an extremely obvious detail.

===Nose thumbing ===
For this gesture, also known as "cocking a snoot", "giving the five-finger salute", "cocking a snook", or [http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/06/indecent-fan-proposals_19.html Queen Anne's Fan] the thumb is placed on the tip of the nose, with the remaining fingers of the hand extended and waggled freely. This gesture can be ended with a dramatic flicking of the thumb away from the end of the nose and towards the recipient. It is used in (gentle) mockery of someone. It dates back to at least the 18th century and is probably much older.

To add emphasis, the gesture can be made using both hands, connecting them by touching the little finger of the first hand with the thumb of the second, and waggling the remaining seven fingers. It is frequently accompanied by [[blowing a raspberry]], or by sticking out the tongue.

===Suck my dick===
This gesture is performed by crossing the outstretched arms across the thighs, putting emphasis on the [[groin]]. This was used by popular professional wrestling group, [[D-Generation X]].

There is a variation to this where a fist is made and shook near the mouth while bulging ones tongue against their cheeks to mimic fellatio.

===Touched / screw loose===
Tapping one's index finger against the head indicates that a person or an idea being discussed is insane or "touched in the head". A similar, more elaborate gesture uses a circling motion of the finger at the temple or side of the head. This signifies that the person is "mixed up" or "has a screw loose". In Germany, tapping or pointing to the temple is used as an insult, often with the accompanying phrase "du hast einen Vogel." While this literally means "You have a bird," it is idiomatic for saying that you are insane. Also, in Indonesia, drawing a line across the forehead with the side of the right index finger denotes a similar meaning.

A variant of this one is the suicide. Make a gun with your hand and pretend to shoot point blank at your own temple. It can be accompanied with sticking out the tongue or a shooting sound for full effect, and often implies that the speaker is a "complete idiot". A more recent use of this is in the movie, "40-Year Old Virgin" where one of the characters, after being bored with a conversation, proceeds to aim at his temple and pretend to fire. Afterwards, he uses his other hand and does a reverse cupping motion outward from the other side of his head to signify his brains splattering out.

In Japan, a variation of this is knocking on the temple with the knuckle of the index finger. This is usually used in reference to the signer; "I'm such an idiot!"

==="Wiping" one's forehead===
The act of wiping one's own forehead, regardless of whether sweat has actually formed there, is a sign indicating many things such as "That was close" or "What a relief".

==Body and facial gestures==
{{further|[[Facial expression]]}}
[[Image:Eyeroll.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Rolling one's eyes can express exasperation or condescension.]]

Many gestures utilize only the face or body, without the hands.

===Eye-rolling===
Performed by rotating the eyes upward, it indicates condescension, contempt, boredom, or exasperation. This is often referred to as "rolling ones eyes to Heaven," as though wishing for a divine intervention for a rescue from boredom, frustration, etc.

===Mooning===
[[Mooning]] is the act of displaying one's [[nudity|bare]] [[buttocks]] by lowering the back side of one's [[trousers]] and [[underpants]], usually without exposing the [[genitals]]. Mooning is used in some cultures to express protest, scorn, disrespect, or provocation. It can also be done for [[shock value]] or fun.

===The "peacock"===
Expresses superiority or domination combined with a certain degree of smug arrogance. Performed by pushing the chest up and out at the front as well as tilting the face slightly upward. This may be accompanied by motions of hooking both thumbs under one's [[lapels]] or [[suspenders]] even if they are not present.

{{Gestures}}

[[Category:Gestures]]

Archive:Types of gestures

2007-07-08T23:03:14Z

24.147.102.48: /* Cutthroat */

{{unreferenced||article|date=September 2006}}
Gestures are a form of [[Body language]] or [[Non-verbal communication]].
Although some [[gesture]]s, such as the ubiquitous act of [[Hand gesture|pointing]], differ little from one place to another, most gestures do not have invariable or universal meanings, having specific connotations only in certain cultures. Different types of gestures are distinguished. The most famous type of gestures are the so-called emblems or quotable gestures (see the examples below). These are [[culture]] specific gestures that can be used as replacement for words. Communities have repertoires of such gestures. A single emblematic gesture can have very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary to highly offensive.

Another type of gestures are the ones we use when we speak. These gestures are closely coordinated with speech. The meaningful part of the gesture is temporally synchronised with the co-expressive words. For example, a gesture that depicts the act of throwing will be synchronous with the word 'threw' in the utterance "and then he threw the ball right into the window." Other gestures like the so-called beat gestures, are used in conjunction with speech, keeping time with the rhythm of speech and to emphasize certain words or phrases. These types of gestures are integrally connected to [[speech]] and thought processes.

==Studies of gesture==
The first full-length study of gesture was published by [[John Bulwer]] in 1644. Bulwer analyzed dozens of gestures, and provided a guide on how to use gestures to increase eloquence and clarity for public speaking. Today, one of the most prominent researchers in the field of gesture research is [[Adam Kendon]]. He has investigated many aspects of gestures, including their role in communication, conventionalization of gesture, integration of gesture and speech, and the evolution of language. Other prominent researchers in this field include [[Susan Goldin-Meadow]] and [[David McNeill]].

==Social significance==
[[Image:VitarkaMudra.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Vitarka [[mudra]], [[Tarim Basin]], 9th century.]]

Gestures play a major role in many aspects of human life. Many animals, including humans, use gestures to initiate a [[mating ritual]]. This may include elaborate [[dance]]s and other movements.

Religious and spiritual gestures are also common, such as the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[sign of the cross]]. In [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]], a ''[[mudra]]'' ([[Sanskrit]], meaning either "posture" or "currency" depending on the interpretation) is a symbolic gesture made with the hand or fingers. Each mudra has a specific meaning, playing a central role in Hindu and Buddhist [[iconography]]. An example is the Vitarka mudra, the gesture of discussion and transmission of Buddhist teaching. It is done by joining the tips of the thumb and the index together, while keeping the other fingers straight.

==Using one hand==
===Itching Under The Chin===
In Italian culture this represents "I don't care, I can't be bothered". This is done by keeping one hand straight, placing it under the chin, and 'throwing out' that hand toward the person receiving the gesture. In Italian American culture this represents "Screw You!"; U.S. Supreme Court justice [[Antonin Scalia]] received criticism for using this gesture towards a reporter.

Scratching or stroking the chin or beard (where possible) can be used to indicate that the gesticulater is thinking or puzzled.

===Bang bang===
[[Image:gesture thumb up then down forefinger out like gun.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This gesture mimes a [[handgun]].]]

The "bang bang" gesture is performed by raising the fist with the index finger and thumb extended. The index finger points at the recipient. The thumb is then brought down on top of the fingers. This imitation of the action of a revolver [[pistol]] is often meant to represent a [[handgun]] in children's games. It may also be used menacingly to mean "I'm gonna kill you", or simply as a playful greeting. The middle finger is often also extended to widen the "barrel".

[[Texas Tech University|Texas Tech]] fans use the "bang bang" salute (fingers pointed upward) to cheer their team. Also, the "bang bang" performed with both hands was a signature gesture of [[professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] [[Mick Foley]] while he was in his "Cactus Jack" [[gimmick (professional wrestling)|persona]].

Also, if the thumb and middle finger are used to click, and the thumb the pointed upwards to form the gun, this can also be interpreted as a greeting.

A two-handed version of the same gesture can be used to indicate sporting/business success or sexual conquest (frequently accompanied by a syncopated "pow-pow", esp. in a posh British accent).

=== Beckoning sign ===
Index finger sticking out of the clenched fist, palm facing the gesturer. The finger moves repeatedly towards the gesturer (in a hook) as to draw something nearer. It has the general meaning of "come here", although it is normally seen as condescending or anyway impolite. It is sometimes performed with the four fingers, with the entire hand, or even with the arm, depending on how far the recipient of the sign is.

When performed with the index finger, it may have a mild sexual connotation depending on the circumstance.

In [[Africa]], the [[Far East]] and many [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking countries, this sign is given with all four fingers and with the palm down.

In [[Japan]] there is a similar gesture, but the four fingers are used, the palm faces the recipient and the hand is at head's height. This is the gesture featured in the [[maneki neko]].

===Benediction and blessing===
[[Image:ConstantineCoin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Benediction gesture, on a coin of [[Constantine I (emperor)|Emperor Constantine]].]]

The benediction gesture is a raised right hand with the ring and pinky fingers touching the palm, while the middle and index fingers remain raised. Taken from Ancient Roman icongraphy for speaking (an example is the Augustus of Prima Porta where the emperor Augustus assumes the pose of an orator in addressing his troops), it is used as a simple [[charm]] or [[blessing]] amongst many [[neopagan|modern]] [[Pagans]], and has a vast array of uses. Perhaps the most common and/or noteworthy use of the gesture is while tracing an invisible "air [[pentagram]]" before someone during certain [[Wicca]]n rituals such as the [[Great Rite]] performed during [[Beltane]] and [[Drawing Down the Moon]] on the [[Esbat]]s. One might also use the gesture to trace invisible pentagrams or other sigils over items to be blessed or empowered, such as [[holy water]], [[ritual]] [[wine]], ritual [[ale]], or [[cannabis|the Sacred Herb]]. The two extended fingers are used to point (except when an [[athame]], [[wand]], or [[sword]] is used).

A similar sign, called the ''benediction'' gesture, is used by the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[clergy]] to perform [[blessing]]s with the [[sign of the cross]]; however Christians keep the thumb raised - the three raised fingers (index, middle, and thumb) are frequently allegorically interpreted as representing the three Persons of the [[Holy Trinity]]. It was shown by representations of [[Jesus]] as [[Christ Pantocrator]].

===Blah-blah===
The fingers are kept straight and together in a horizontal fashion while the thumb is held out straight. The fingers and thumb then snap together repeatedly to suggest a mouth talking. It is used to indicate contempt for a person talking for an excessive period of time about nothing the gesturer feels is important.

===Check, please===
This gesture, understood by waiters around the world to mean that a dinner patron wishes to pay the bill and depart, is executed by touching the index finger and thumb together and "writing" a wavy line in the air, as if to sign one's name. An alternate gesture with the same meaning is made by touching the index finger and thumb together and drawing a [[Tick (checkmark)|checkmark]] ({{unicode|<big>✓</big>}}) in the air. In [[Egypt]], the left hand is held palm-out and the right, palm-down, is tapped against the left wrist to request the check. In [[Thailand]], one makes a circling gesture with the thumb and fingers pinched together- as if you are holding an imaginary pencil and making imaginary scribbles on a piece of paper. Sometimes the opposite palm is used as the 'paper'. In the [[Philippines]], one outlines a rectangle in the air using the thumb and forefinger of both hands.

===Clenched fist===
A raised, clenched fist is used as a gesture of defiance by a number of groups. It is usually considered to be hostile, yet without any sexual, scatological, or notionally offensive connotations. It is especially associated with [[Communism|Communists]] and with other nationalist or ethnic [[revolution]]ary or would-be revolutionary movements, and with the [[Black Power]] movements of the [[1960s]] in the United States. It is the custom to make this gesture while singing ''[[The Internationale]]'', the [[Marxism|Marxist]] anthem. A clenched fist raised quickly up and down and then punched in some direction also signifies a military call for a heavy weapons team to close on the gesturer or to move or open fire in the direction indicated by the punch.

: See also: [[With a strong hand and an outstretched arm]]

=== Pound fist ===
Pound fist is a greeting, in which two individuals touch fists.

=== Clinton thumb ===
The gesture dubbed the "Clinton thumb" after its most famous user, [[Bill Clinton]], is used by politicians to provide emphasis in speeches without pointing the finger. This gesture has the thumb leaning against the thumbside portion of the index finger, which is part of a closed fist. It does not exhibit the anger of the clenched fist or pointing finger, and so is thought to be less threatening. This gesture was likely adopted by Clinton from [[John F. Kennedy]], who can be seen using it in many speeches during his political career.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} It is often used in extemporaenous speech and debate, as a tool for emphasizing points.

===Crossed fingers===
A gesture made by crossing the index and middle fingers such that the middle finger overlaps and intertwines the index finger, which can be used to signify one's hope that something should succeed (compare to the phrase "Keep your fingers crossed."). According to OldSuperstitions.com, this stems from the [[superstition]] that "Bad luck is trapped at the point where the two fingers meet so when we cross our fingers, we stop the bad luck from escaping and allow our wishes to come true.". However, if placed behind one's back, the gesture takes on an entirely different meaning: it is then normally used to indicate that the user secretly wishes for something ''contrary'' to what is being stated or going on, or that a lie is being told. This usage is often seen in dramatic contexts.

===Cuckoo sign===
A gesture made by closing ones fist, extending the index finger, and circling it around ones ear for several seconds. This gesture is used to indicate that someone is speaking nonsense or is crazy (more colloquially, this is described as being [[cuckoo]]). The "cuckoo" sign is well-known in the United States.

===Fig sign===
[[Image:gesture fist with thumb through fingers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "fig sign" is an ancient gesture with many uses.]]

The "fig sign" is a gesture made with the hand and fingers curled and the thumb thrust between the middle and index fingers, or, rarely, the middle and ring fingers, forming the fist so that the thumb partly pokes out. In some areas of the world, the gesture is considered a good luck charm, in others it is considered an obscene gesture, and in still others it is used in the "I've got your nose!" child's game. This gesture is also the letter "T" in the [[American Sign Language alphabet]]. In [[International Sign]], which otherwise uses the same manual alphabet, "T" has been modified to avoid possible offense.

In [[ancient Rome]], this gesture was called the ''mano fico'', and was a fertility and [[good luck]] charm designed to ward off evil. Although this usage has survived in [[Brazil]], where carved images of hands in this gesture are used in good luck [[talisman]]s, in many other cultures, such as Indonesia, Turkey and Russia, the sign has come to have an insulting meaning roughly equivalent to "screw you", based on the thumb being seen as representing a [[clitoris]] or [[sexual intercourse]]. In modern Russia this gesture is used mostly by kids with the meaning "screw you/no way". The same meaning is expressed by adults either with bent elbow (rude, very emphatic, non-classy), or with a "finger" (used mostly by city dwellers). The "finger" made it to Russian gesture language from Western movies. In modern [[Italian language|Italian]], the gesture is called the ''mano fica'', taken to mean "fig hand", as the Italian word for "[[fig]]" is ''fico'' (''ficus'' in [[Latin]]). The obscene connotations of the gesture may partly originate from the fact that a similar Italian word, ''fica'', is a slang term referring to the [[vulva]]. This sexual connotation may date back to ancient Roman times; some Roman amulets combine a ''[[phallus]]'' and a ''mano fico'' gesture. In [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', [[Vanni Fucci]] curses [[God]] with a "fig" gesture. [http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/circle8b.html#vanni]

Also known as the [[Sicilian Fist]] in Sicily, worn as a good luck charm. * [http://www.italybyvip.com/1874.html Images of the "Sicilian Fist Charm" in Sicily]

The gesture is also used in a trick played by adults and parents, with the intention of convincing their child that his or her nose has been ripped off. Someone, usually an adult, grabs at the child's nose and forms the fig sign, exclaiming, "I've got your nose, I've got your nose!" The thumb is supposed to be the child's removed nose.

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use this gesture as a symbol of the [[mother goddess]] to help adherents identify one another. In this context, it is referred to as the "Sign of the Goddess". Its counterpart is the ''[[corna]]'' sign.

===Finger Snap===
{{Unreferenced|date=September 2006}}
One of several gestures familiar to modern people primarily through old [[animated cartoons]], this gesture generally expresses a confident "screw you!" in the face of an adversary. The gesturer holds one hand out, palm up, in the direction of his antagonist and snaps his thumb and middle finger, generally accompanied by a high-nosed, "snooty" facial expression and followed by crossing the arms.

In some countries, particularly Great Britain, snapping the fingers is used to signify remembering or failing to remember. Snapping the fingers repeatedly at a constant rate is commonly used to signify that the person has forgotten something and is trying to recall it. This is often done with the fingers snapped close to the temple, as though literally 'jogging the memory,' and is associated with the phrase 'it's on the tip of my tongue.'

A single snap, sometimes emphasized by an arced swing of the arm, is used when someone is reminded of something by another person, particularly if it is a job or a chore they have forgotten to do, or as a sign of disappointment or regret. Some people also snap their fingers to catch the attention of others. This is informal - some people may find it rude or even threatening, as it is common for the gesturer to snap his fingers very close to the other's face. In some cases, this may be interpreted as a face-threatening act or a sign of contempt.

==="Hanging"===
This gesture is performed by holding a clenched fist at the side of the head, tilting one's head away from one's fist, and making a choking sound. It may also be accompanied by hanging the tongue loosely out of one's mouth, and rolling of the eyes back into the head. It is generally used to signify "what I would rather be doing". It can also be used to show suicide.

===Horns===
{{main|Corna}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with index and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Corna]]

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use it as a symbol of the [[horned god]] to identify each other; in this context it is referred to as the "Sign of the Horned God". Its counterpart is the ''fig sign'', above.

Some say that it is meant to ward off — or to bestow — the [[evil eye]]. It is also a representation of the [[Devil]] by some [[Satanist]]s. The gesture's origin is believed to be an imitation of the shape of a goats head, which has many associations with the concept of Satan in [[Christianity]] [http://www.keyway.ca/htm2001/20010924.htm Satan's Goat]

It has a variety of other meanings as well, depending on culture and area. In some places, it is a sexual insult, charging a man with being a victim of [[adultery|cuckoldry]] (this insult is most common in [[Spain]] and [[Italy]] but is also used in Brazil). Perhaps because of its [[occult]] significance, it is used as a salute by fans of [[Devil horns#Heavy metal|heavy metal music]]. If one reverses the extended fingers, one gets the "inverted heavy metal salute" which can be given as a reply to a heavy metal salute.

Also a common hand gesture used by the University of Texas at Austin. The sign is also usually accompanied by the slogan "Hook 'Em Horns." The gesture is said to look like a head of a Longhorn, the University's mascot.
To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], it is called the "Sign of Voor" or the "Voorish Sign".

===Kodály Hand Signs===
Named after [[Zoltán Kodály]], and largely defined by [[John Curwen]], Kodály Hand Signs are a way of representing musical notes by holding the hand in a certain position for each note. The basic concept of using gestures to represent notes is quite ancient, however near the end of the 19th century, the concept was formalized as a standard teaching method. Kodály Hand Signs are featured in the [[1977]] film [[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]].

===Knocking on wood===
{{main|touch wood}}
This signifies the neutralization of a [[jinx]]ing brought on by mentioning an either hoped-for or feared result. The knuckles are rapped on a nearby piece of wood (or, jokingly, someone's head). Usually this is only valid if done on bare (i.e. unpainted) wood. One possible reason for the tradition could have been from an [[animist]] culture who believed that the knocking would release spirits to protect them. It has also been said to stem from a belief that any nearby evil spirits who overhear somebody speaking of good fortune which has come his way may send some bad luck to offset it; knocking on wood was thought to keep the spirits from hearing. It is also known as "tapping wood" or "touching wood".

In Italy, one knocks on iron with the hand in the ''[[corna]]'' horns position.

===Middle finger===
{{main|The finger}}
[[Image:Middle finger.JPG|thumb|right|200px|"[[The finger]]" is a very common offensive hand gesture.]]
"The finger" is a gesture consisting of a fist with the middle finger extended. It appears to be universally understood as "[[fuck|fuck you]]" due to its resemblance to the penis. It is certainly thousands of years old, being referred to in Ancient Roman literature as the ''digitus infamis'' or ''digitus impudicus''. Performing this gesture is also called "flipping the bird" in countries where "the finger" is used. In other regions, "flipping the bird" refers to the raising of the middle and index finger with the back of the hand directed at the recipient. It can also mean "Victor" (see ''[[#V Sign|V Sign]]'', below) in some countries, which is not to be mistaken for the "Peace" gesture, which is done with the palm facing the recipient of the gesture, but in Britain and some other countries it is an offensive gesture, equivalent to "the finger". [[George W. Bush]] can be seen making the gesture while he was the Governor of Texas, while goofing off before beginning filming of a public address.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9Do-s1cdPk Bush "One-fingered Victory Salute" Video] </ref>

Former [[professional wrestler]] [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] used the finger quite frequently in [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] shows. He raises both of the fingers to the crowd as a way of saluting to them. Also, he gestures the finger at his opponent before kicking them in the stomach and performing the [[Stone Cold Stunner]].

Comedian [[Dane Cook]] parodied the gesture with his "Super Finger" gesture, which consists of raising the middle finger, ring finger, and thumb on the same hand while lowering (or curling) the pointer and pinky finger. It is meant to be a more "powerful" version of "the finger".

The middle finger is also used to represent the number four when one counts in the hexadecimal system using one's fingers.<ref>[http://www.intuitor.com/counting/]</ref>

When this gesture is made with the palm facing forward, it is known to [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]] as the "Sign of Kish". Another Lovecraftian sign is the "Sign of Koth", which consists of fully extending the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and pinky, while the thumb is tucked against the flat of the hand.

=== Money sign ===
The thumb rubs repeatedly over the tip of the index finger and middle fingers. The ring finger and pinky touch the palm. This gesture is meant to resemble the act of rubbing two coins together (alternatively the act of counting paper bills) and has a general meaning of "money", or "expensive".

===OK===
{{main|Okay}}

This is the touching of the index and middle finger (or just index finger) with the thumb (forming a rough circle) with the raising of the remaining fingers. In the United States and most of Europe, it means "OK" and is inoffensive. The OK sign is used extensively in [[scuba diving]]. It can also mean "[[0 (number)|0]]," or "[[money]]," in [[Japan]].
However, in Germany, it is often seen on the Autobahn, as a silent way of calling someone an "Asshole" (with the fingers extended horizontally). Similar vulgar meanings are found in other countries, but usually you have to turn the 'Ring' upside down (supinated to show the ring in front) like this example from [http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/05/butthole-is-not-ok.html Brazil]. It is then a sexual or scatological gesture referring to the [[anus]]

===Pointing===
The typical [[pointing]] with the [[index finger]] is a universal gesture. There are many other ways to point, for example with the hand, a head nod or an eye gaze. In many cases pointing at a person is considered rude. A more polite way of pointing to a person would be to to direct the hand in their direction, as if holding a plate. You may point towards yourself to draw attention, and this behavior is seen commonly in [[monkeys]].

===Moutza (Palm of hand)===
{{main|Moutza}}
In most places, a palm raised towards somebody means "stop".

In [[Greece]], the palm of the hand thrust towards somebody with the fingers splayed is an offensive gesture equivalent to giving the finger. The gesture is known in Greek as "moutza". It originates from the Byzantine punishment of parading a chained criminal around town with his face smeared with [[cinder]], or ''moutzos'' in Greek. An even more offensive version is achieved by using both hands to double the gesture, and smacking the palm of one hand against the back of the other, in the direction of the intended recipient. Both the one-handed and the two-handed versions of this gesture can be (and often are) combined with the term "''na''!", meaning "here you go!" or "there!", or "''na, malaka''!", meaning "there, you wanker!"

===Salute===
{{main|Salute}}

[[Image:Hitler walking out of Brown House after 1930 elections.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Adolf Hitler]] is saluted with the now-infamous [[Hitler salute|Nazi salute]].]]

There are many forms of [[salute]] gestures, most of which are used to denote respect or obedience for an authority. A common [[military]] hand salute consists of raising the right hand, held flat, to the right eyebrow. [[Scouting]] organizations use related salutes. The armies of various countries adopt slightly different forms of salute: in the United States, the military salute places the hand directed outward over the eyebrow, like a visor; in the United Kingdom armed forces, the hand is brought to the forehead palm outward in military and air force contexts, whereas the naval salute is as in the US forces - the US forces derived their saluting habits from the [[Royal Navy]].

One of the most infamous forms of salute is the "[[Hitler salute]]", which is performed by extending the whole right arm, palm outstretched and facing down, upwards into the air at approximately a 45 degree angle from the ground. Sometimes, this is accompanied by holding the index and middle fingers under the nose, representing Hitler's iconic moustache. This gesture is associated with [[Nazism]] and its leader, [[Adolf Hitler]], as well as with [[Germany]] during [[World War II]]. It is occasionally performed to mock someone or something for perceived [[authoritarianism]] or [[bigotry]]. This gesture was based on the [[Roman salute]], and it was in that capacity that it was revived by [[Tennis Court Oath|French Revolutionaries]] and later by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Fascism|Fascist]] party.

In some countries, mostly in Europe, it is forbidden by law to perform this gesture, although this does not deter [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] and white supremacists from using the gesture in public rallies. Even in other countries, it is generally considered taboo to use the gesture, and this partly caused the [[United States]] to abandon the similar [[Bellamy salute]] used when reciting the [[Pledge of Allegiance]], in favor of the current hand-on-heart gesture.

===Shaka===
{{main|Shaka sign}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with thumb and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "[[shaka sign|shaka]]" sign is a common greeting in beach and surfer culture.]]

The "shaka" sign is a common greeting gesture often associated with [[Hawaii]], [[California]], and [[beach]] and [[surfing|surfer]] culture in general. It consists of extending the thumb and pinky finger while keeping the three middle fingers curled, and is often described colloquially as the "hang loose" gesture. It is similar to [[American Sign Language]] letter "''Y''", where a fist is also made with only the thumb and pinky extended. The sign is often followed by waving as a greeting or acknowledgment. It can be used when driving as a signal of thanks to other drivers (for example, someone who stopped to let another driver onto the road from a driveway).

The "shaka" sign is also the greeting gesture for members of [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] Fraternity, Inc. which is the "phi" sign. All African-American Greek fraternities and sororities have hand greeting gestures.
====Similar gestures====

In Britain and Northern Europe the symbol is used as a signal for owners of older model [[Volkswagen]] vans when passing on roads. The silhouette of the hand reveals a "W"-shaped outline along the top of the hand standing for Volkswagen.

In Spain and Italy, if the thumb points to the mouth, it means "drinking", since it is similar the shape of a ''[[porrón]]'' vessel. This is also true of the [[United States]] and [[Portugal]].

In some countries, if the thumb points to the mouth, it can also represent [[marijuana]] usage, in particular the use of a [[bong]]. This is usually accompanied by a sucking noise.

In China, it is also the sign for the number six.

A similar gesture is the "call me" sign, which also has the pinky finger and thumb outstretched, but then also holds it up to the ear, to signify a telephone. This gesture is a common way to silently tell someone to call him or her, such as to continue a conversation in private.

It is also used by [[FC Barcelona]] player [[Ronaldinho]] as part of his goal celebration.

In India, rolling the shaka in a winding motion signifies that the listener does not believe what is being said and that the speaker needs to "spool in the yarn from spinning out too far".

==="Thanks!" Salute===
Another gesture familiar from vintage cartoons, this is performed by sweeping an opened hand from near one's brow toward the person being addressed, and expresses gratitude. It is adapted from [[American Sign Language]], and alludes to tipping your hat or cap.

===Three middle fingers===
Gestures consisting of fully extending the index, middle, and ring fingers with the thumb and pinky tucked together under the palm have had a variety of meanings over the years.

The gesture was also used by [[Bosnian Croat]]s as a victory sign, representing the Christian [[Trinity]], during the [[Bosnian War]]. To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], this gesture is known as the "Sign of the Elders." With the palm facing outwards, the fingers closed (without gaps), the right hand's fingertips to the same-side temple, it is used by the [[scouting|Boy scouts]] as their identifying [[salute]].

In the United States, when the back of the hand faces outwards, this gesture is often used as a [[euphemism]] for "[[#middle finger|the finger]]." It is used especially when a jocular effect is desired. Originally, an accompanying verbal explanation was usual — "Read [[subtext|between the lines]]," referring to the common English expression denoting that one must read carefully to glean the subtle meaning in a passage — but this phrase is now commonly omitted.

===Thumbs up, thumbs down===

A closed fist held with the thumb extended upward or downward is a gesture of approval or disapproval respectively. These gestures have become metaphors in English: ''"My boss gave my proposal the thumbs-up"'' means that the boss approved the proposal, regardless of whether the gesture was made — indeed, the gesture itself is unlikely in a business setting.

The source of the gesture is obscure. Though a favorite of Hollywood '[[sword and sandal|swords and sandals]]' epics, where the "thumbs down" symbol means that the loser in a gladiatorial combat should be put to death, recent research suggests the meanings of the symbols have changed over the years. In [[1997]], Professor [[Anthony Philip Corbeill]] of the [[University of Kansas]] concluded that the thumbs up actually meant "Kill him," basing his assertion on a study of hundreds of ancient artworks. Thus, the "thumbs up" was an approval of the gladiator's request to kill his vanquished foe rather than a vote to allow the defeated to remain alive. Corbeill wrote that a closed fist with a wraparound thumb was the indication for a gladiator's life to be spared.

[[Image:Jean-Leon Gerome Pollice Verso.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Pollice Verso'' by Jean-Léon Gérôme, [[1872]] is the immediate source of the "thumbs down" gesture in [[popular culture]].]]

In [[Latin]], the "thumbs up" gesture is called ''pollice recto'', "thumbs down" is ''pollice verso''. It is not certain that the contemporary gestures are identical to the gestures performed in [[ancient Rome]]. The current version was popularized by a widely reproduced [[academic art|academic painting]] by the [[19th century]] artist [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], whose ''Pollice Verso'' depicts a triumphant gladiator standing over a fallen foe, looking up into the [[bleacher]]s for the verdict of the crowd.

Additionally, [[Desmond Morris]]' ''Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution'' traces the practice back to a [[medieval]] custom used to seal business transactions... Over time, the mere sight of an upraised thumb came to symbolize harmony and kind feelings... The gesture's popularization in America is generally attributed to the practices of World War II pilots, who used the thumbs up to communicate with ground crews prior to take-off. American GIs are reputed to have picked up on the thumb and spread it throughout Europe as they marched toward Berlin." [http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

More recently, these gestures are associated with [[film|movie]] [[review]]s, having been popularized by [[Gene Siskel]] and [[Roger Ebert]] in their televised reviews — the thumb up meaning a positive opinion of a film; the thumb down meaning a negative one. One or two thumbs up, often held over the head, may also be used by athletes in celebration of a victory.

"'Thumbs up' traditionally translates as the foulest of Middle-Eastern gesticular insults — the most straightforward interpretation is 'Up yours, pal!' The sign has a similarly pejorative meaning in parts of West Africa, South America, Russia, Iran, Greece, and Sardinia, according to Roger E. Axtell's book ''Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World''."[http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

[[Hitchhiker]]s traditionally use a thumbs up gesture to solicit rides from oncoming vehicles, although in this presentation the arm is generally outstretched with the palm and closed fingers facing the motorist.

Additionally, supporters of [[Texas A&M University]] athletic teams use the thumbs-up sign, associated with the cheer, "Gig 'em, Aggies." The Thumb refers to a "gig" used for hunting frogs. The saying came when the Aggies had a big rival in the Southwest Conference in the TCU Horned Frogs.

Thumbs up and thumbs down are extensively used in scuba diving as commands to ascend or descend.

[[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstar [[Dave Bautista|Batista]] uses this gesture to signify his finisher, the [[Batista Bomb]].

=== Tsk-tsk ===
Palm towards the recipient, all fingers closed except for the index, which alternates from left to right, like a [[metronome]]. In English-speaking countries it has a disapproving meaning and can be accompanied by a "[[tsk|tsk-tsk]]" sound.

In Italy it simply means "no", and does not have any patronizing connotation.

===V sign===
[[Image:Nixon-depart.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Richard Nixon]] gives the V-sign one last time after resigning from the presidency.]]
{{main|V sign}}

The "V sign" is made by lifting the middle and index finger with the palm of the hand facing the recipient (and the remaining fingers clenched). It was associated with the [[catchphrase]] ''"V" for Victory'' in [[World War II]]. In the [[1960s]], it came to be known as the "[[peace]] sign," the gestural equivalent of the [[peace symbol]]. It was associated with British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] during World War II, and later, with U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]]. It is also the sign for the letter V in [[American Sign Language]].

This sign is frequently used by the Japanese, most times holding up 2 "V" signs very close to either side of their face with a big grin during pictures.

In the UK, Australia, and some other countries, reversing the V sign so that the back of the hand facing the recipient is seen as the equivalent of giving [[finger (gesture)|the finger]]. Popular myth supposes it was originally a taunt by Welsh Archers towards the French who were known to cut off an Welsh Archer's first and middle fingers if captured.

Additionally, due to its use in an advertisement for the Australian made Valiant Charger (which ceased production around 1980) many people still display the V sign, in homage to the ad, and the car, if that vehicle happens to be driven past. Hardly an every day occurrence, but of some trivial interest.

===Vulcan salute===
{{main|Vulcan salute}}

The Vulcan salute consists of a raised hand, palm outward, fingers extended, with the index and middle finger kept close together, and the ring and pinky finger close together, with a "V" shaped space between them, and the thumb sticking out alone.

This gesture is associated with the phrase "Live long and prosper", and derives from ''[[Star Trek]]'', where it is used as a salute by fictional humanoid species the [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcans]].

It was introduced by [[Leonard Nimoy]] in his character of [[Mr. Spock]] and is drawn directly from the benedictory gesture made with both hands by a [[Kohen]] (priest in Judaism, a descendant of Aaron) during the [[Priestly Blessing]] ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: ''Birkat Kohanim''). The [[Kohen|Kohanim]] recite a blessing while performing this "gesture" and the other congregants respond with [[Amen]]s.

This gesture is also known as the "Spocker" in allusion to [[Shocker (hand gesture)|the Shocker]].

===Wanker===
[[Image:Fingers and thumb in circle downward motion.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Wanker]]
A loose fist (with all fingers forming a cylindrical shape) is made, and shaken up and down (or sometimes, back and forth) at the wrist.

The gesture is imitative of the motions of male [[masturbation]]. Its meaning is equivalent to the word [[wanker]] or implies something is of little importance. If directed to a person or group, who are not necessarily present, it is considered a display of contempt toward them.

The name for this gesture is described by speakers of [[American English]] as a [[Britishism]].

[[Image:Portugal Wanker Gesture.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Overhand Portuguese Wanker Gesture]]

In [[Portugal]] they use the wanker gesture but with the palm facing the ground thereby implying that the person is masturbating someone else rather than themselves. As such this has [[homosexual]] or promiscuous implications when directed at someone instead of the milder suggestion that they enjoy self-gratification.

===Wave===
A wave is a gesture in which the hand is raised and moved back and forth, as a [[greeting]] or sign of departure. The orientation of the hand varies by culture and situation. In many cultures, the palm is oriented toward the recipient of the wave.

In Chinese culture, orienting the hand palm-down and waving it up and down signifies "come here", rather than a greeting. 

===Whoop-Dee-Doo===
Point the index finger up and rotate it. This is a usually used as a response gesture to indicate something is uninteresting or irrelavent. Similar to saying a sarcastic "Whoop-Dee-Doo" or "Big deal".

==Using two hands==
===Air quotes===
{{main|Air quotes}}

This phrase refers to using one's fingers to make virtual [[quotation marks]] in the air when speaking.

===Awkward Turtle===
The Awkward Turtle is a gesture made after something awkward just happened, or when there is an awkward silence.
To perform an awkward turtle there are three steps to take. First, place hands on top of each other. Next, move thumbs out and away from the hands. Finally, rotate the thumbs.

Nowadays the gesture is used in the United States to hush children, or to calm participants in a heated argument. In [[Japan]], the same gesture may be used to request the check when dining at a restaurant (see also [[#Check, please|Check, please]], above).

==="Gills"===
This gesture involves holding the backs of the wrists against the jawline (with elbows outstretched) and then waggling one's fingers. The gesture is often accompanied by a feminine-voiced "Ooooo!" which rises and falls in intonation. It is used when one would normally say (sarcastically) "well aren't you clever?", or to imply that someone is acting too posh for their station. It is peculiar to Scotland owing to its use in Scottish TV sketch show [[Chewin the Fat]].

==="Shame on you"===
This gesture involves pointing at a person with the index finger of one hand while rubbing the pointed finger with the index finger of the opposite hand. The rubbing motion is directed toward the intended recipient and is repeated at least three times. It is used to imply that the targeted person should feel shame.

===Time-out===
The "time-out" gesture — a "T" formed with the hands, with one hand with flat palm placed perpendicular to the other hand with flat palm, roughly in the center — originates in American sports. It was, and is, used where a brief [[sport time-out|pause in play]] is called for, such as to make substitutions. In [[basketball]], the gesture is used to indicate that a player or coach is guilty of a [[technical foul]].

==Hand with body gestures==
{{Mergeto|Hand gestures|Talk page|date=April 2007}}
===Bent elbow===
[[Image:Kozakiewicz gesture.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Elbow gesture by [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]] ]]
This is performed in two parts: first, the right hand is placed in the elbow crook of the left arm. The left arm is then raised (fist clenched) at the victim in a smooth and continuous motion. While the motion is essential to the gesture, the choice of arm is not. This gesture is associated with [[Italy|Italians]] and is considered a more theatrical and physically exuberant version of the [[finger (gesture)|finger]], and may even be combined with the finger. In Italian it is known as the ''gesto dell'ombrello'', meaning literally "the umbrella gesture." It is typically used in two different situations: 1) to answer "no way!" in an extremely empathic (and quite vulgar) way; 2) after a triumph against some unfair enemy, with a sense of revenge. The gesture is frequently made stronger by crying "toh!" or "tiè!", both meaning "take this!", at the precise moment the hand touches the crook of the elbow.

This gesture is also in use in [[France]] as ''bras d'honneur'' (arm of honour), where it is usually understood as ''va te faire foutre'', still meaning "fuck off." In [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]], it is a ''corte de mangas'' ("[[sleeve]] cut") or a ''manguito'' (a cover formerly worn by public services bureaucratic workers on the arms to protect one's sleeves from ink splatters) respectively and is done with the left hand on the right elbow, without the continuous motion. In [[Portugal]], the iconic fictional character [[Zé Povinho]], created by [[Bordalo Pinheiro]], is usually depicted performing this gesture.

The gesture is sometimes used repetitively by fans at [[Citizens Bank Park]] in [[Philadelphia]] when the [[Phillies]] face the [[Atlanta Braves]] as a [[parody]] of the Braves' [[tomahawk chop]], and this usage is known as the "[[South Philly]] tomahawk chop" due to the gritty reputation of [[Philadelphia]] sports fans.

The gesture above has long been known in Slavic countries in the above senses plus "fuck you", without any standard name. In [[Poland]] its name has been standardized to "Kozakiewicz's gesture", after Polish [[pole vault]] jumper [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]], who had shown this gesture to the jeering Russian public during the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]].

===Biting one's thumb===
[[Image:Sampson bites his thumb.JPG|left|200px|thumb|How NOT to bite your thumb]]
[[Image:Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb]]
[[Biting one's thumb]] was an old rude British gesture. It is comparable to "[[#middle finger|the Finger]]" in modern terms. In [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', Sampson bites his thumb at the Montagues (Act 1, Scene 1).

The gesture does not literally involve biting the thumb. The fingernail of a thumb is placed behind the upper teeth, with the thumb thus pointing upwards, and the thumb is then bent forwards, the fingernail making a clicking sound as it flicks past the teeth.

An equivalent gesture still persists in [[Italy]].

=== Biting one's hand ===
In Sicily, biting one's flat hand or fist is a powerful threat.

===Bowing, kneeling, kowtowing===
A [[bowing (social)|bow]] is a gesture of respect involving lowering the head, usually performed by a social inferior to a social superior. Various cultures have different degrees or ways of performing the bow; [[China]] and [[Japan]] are particularly associated with elaborate and formal bowing. Bowing is also done by many groups as a ritual associated with [[prayer]]. In the Western world, women [[curtsey]] rather than bow. [[Kneel]]ing and "[[kowtow]]ing" are more extreme or elaborate forms of self-abasement before a social superior.

===Choking sign===
[[Image:Chokinggesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Choking" sign]]
The standard gesture to indicate that one is [[choking]] is to hold the throat as if strangling oneself. This is recognized as a request for immediate [[first aid]] for choking. It is promoted as a way to prevent onlookers from confusing the victim's distress with some other problem, such as a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], when the person cannot speak. The gesture is sometimes used metaphorically to refer to someone or something "choking" in the slang sense of failing at something while under pressure, for instance at an athletic event.

===Crossing oneself===
{{main|Sign of the cross}}
The "[[sign of the cross|sign of the Cross]]" is the use of the right hand to touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, and right shoulder, consecutively. It represents the [[Christian cross]]. (Roman Catholics crossing themselves touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, then right shoulder; Byzantine (Eastern) Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians touch the right shoulder before the left, with the thumb and first two fingers joined — symbolizing the Trinity — and the tips of the last two fingers touching the palm, symbolizing the dual nature of Christ in one being. )

This gesture is used by [[Roman Catholic]]s, [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], and some other Christian groups in [[prayer]]s, to perform blessings, and as a salute before entering a [[church]] or similar place of religious significance. It is also used in various kinds of Christian [[folk religion]] to avert [[evil]] or [[bad luck]].

===Cutthroat===
[[Image:Cutthroatgesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Cutthroat" sign]]
This gesture is performed by drawing the hand, or a finger or two, across the throat. It represents slitting the throat with a knife, and means that the gesturer or someone else is metaphorically being killed. It is rarely if ever used literally to refer to death, though it is occasionally used as a theatrical threat ("I'm going to kill you"). In these contexts, it is sometimes accompanied by a harsh "kkkkkch" sound.

This gesture can also mean to "cut," "stop," or to discontinue a particular action. It can also be used to indicate something has ended or a previous process has concluded. [[Scuba diving|Scuba]] divers use this gesture with the palm swept across the throat to indicate that they have run out of air. Airport ground personnel also use this gesture to indicate a variety of things (due to the loud environment), such as baggage offload has completed or the last of the passengers have disembarked. In this context, it can be understood to mean: "That's it."

Additionally, [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstar [[The Undertaker]] uses this gesture to signify their signature moves, the [[Chokeslam]], as did [[Chris Benoit]] until his recent death.

=== Drinking sign ===
In UK, the gesture for drinking (used for example as an invitation to "go down the [[pub]]") is made by putting the back of the thumb just below the lower lip, while the other fingers are close together as if holding an imaginary [[pint]] of beer, tipping it repeatedly.
In other countries, the shaka sign is used in a similar way, as described above.

===Flipping the fingers out from under the chin===

A [http://news.bostonherald.com/localRegional/view.bg?articleid=132932 traditional Sicilian gesture] analogous in meaning to the raised middle finger. This gesture became the center of a controversy in March of 2006, when [[U.S. Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] [[Associate Justice]] [[Antonin Scalia]] was photographed allegedly making the gesture to illustrate his response to his critics. Scalia later claimed that he used a different gesture, waving his fingers beneath his chin, a gesture translating to "I couldn't care less." For more details, see [[Antonin Scalia]].

=== Hand over heart ===
This gesture involves placing one's right hand, palm outstretched and facing in, over one's heart. Male [[hat]] or cap wearers typically remove their hats and hold them in this hand. In some cultures, it is used as a gesture of respect towards [[flag]]s or during singing of a [[national anthem]]. In the United States, it is also performed as a part of the rituals of the [[Pledge of Allegiance]]. It can also be used to indicate sincerity, shock, or hurt.

===Loser===
This gesture is performed by raising the index finger and thumb of your right hand perpendicular to each other so that they form the letter "L". It is then placed onto one's forehead. It signifies that the person to whom this gesture is directed is a loser.

===My eye===

In France and parts of Europe it is common to point your index finger at your eye and even pull the skin under the eye lightly down to emphasize the presenting of the eye. The gesture displays disbelief.

In Japan, tugging at the eye, often accompanied by sticking out one's tongue, is used as a childishly offensive gesture, or to indicate boredom.

In Italy, Brazil and all Spanish-speaking nations it means "watch out" (POR, ITA:''occhio!'',SPA:''¡ojo!''), and is used for warning or threatening.

===Nonsense===
Performed by waving the palm of your hand in front of your face, it may be used to tell the other person that an idea he or she had was nonsense.

In [[Portugal]], this gesture usually means the person being referred to missed an extremely obvious detail.

===Nose thumbing ===
For this gesture, also known as "cocking a snoot", "giving the five-finger salute", "cocking a snook", or [http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/06/indecent-fan-proposals_19.html Queen Anne's Fan] the thumb is placed on the tip of the nose, with the remaining fingers of the hand extended and waggled freely. This gesture can be ended with a dramatic flicking of the thumb away from the end of the nose and towards the recipient. It is used in (gentle) mockery of someone. It dates back to at least the 18th century and is probably much older.

To add emphasis, the gesture can be made using both hands, connecting them by touching the little finger of the first hand with the thumb of the second, and waggling the remaining seven fingers. It is frequently accompanied by [[blowing a raspberry]], or by sticking out the tongue.

===Suck my dick===
This gesture is performed by crossing the outstretched arms across the thighs, putting emphasis on the [[groin]]. This was used by popular professional wrestling group, [[D-Generation X]].

There is a variation to this where a fist is made and shook near the mouth while bulging ones tongue against their cheeks to mimic fellatio.

===Touched / screw loose===
Tapping one's index finger against the head indicates that a person or an idea being discussed is insane or "touched in the head". A similar, more elaborate gesture uses a circling motion of the finger at the temple or side of the head. This signifies that the person is "mixed up" or "has a screw loose". In Germany, tapping or pointing to the temple is used as an insult, often with the accompanying phrase "du hast einen Vogel." While this literally means "You have a bird," it is idiomatic for saying that you are insane. Also, in Indonesia, drawing a line across the forehead with the side of the right index finger denotes a similar meaning.

A variant of this one is the suicide. Make a gun with your hand and pretend to shoot point blank at your own temple. It can be accompanied with sticking out the tongue or a shooting sound for full effect, and often implies that the speaker is a "complete idiot". A more recent use of this is in the movie, "40-Year Old Virgin" where one of the characters, after being bored with a conversation, proceeds to aim at his temple and pretend to fire. Afterwards, he uses his other hand and does a reverse cupping motion outward from the other side of his head to signify his brains splattering out.

In Japan, a variation of this is knocking on the temple with the knuckle of the index finger. This is usually used in reference to the signer; "I'm such an idiot!"

==="Wiping" one's forehead===
The act of wiping one's own forehead, regardless of whether sweat has actually formed there, is a sign indicating many things such as "That was close" or "What a relief".

==Body and facial gestures==
{{further|[[Facial expression]]}}
[[Image:Eyeroll.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Rolling one's eyes can express exasperation or condescension.]]

Many gestures utilize only the face or body, without the hands.

===Eye-rolling===
Performed by rotating the eyes upward, it indicates condescension, contempt, boredom, or exasperation. This is often referred to as "rolling ones eyes to Heaven," as though wishing for a divine intervention for a rescue from boredom, frustration, etc.

===Mooning===
[[Mooning]] is the act of displaying one's [[nudity|bare]] [[buttocks]] by lowering the back side of one's [[trousers]] and [[underpants]], usually without exposing the [[genitals]]. Mooning is used in some cultures to express protest, scorn, disrespect, or provocation. It can also be done for [[shock value]] or fun.

===The "peacock"===
Expresses superiority or domination combined with a certain degree of smug arrogance. Performed by pushing the chest up and out at the front as well as tilting the face slightly upward. This may be accompanied by motions of hooking both thumbs under one's [[lapels]] or [[suspenders]] even if they are not present.

{{Gestures}}

[[Category:Gestures]]

Archive:Types of gestures

2007-07-08T23:00:01Z

24.147.102.48: /* Finger Snap */ moved from two-hand gesture to one-hand gesture

{{unreferenced||article|date=September 2006}}
Gestures are a form of [[Body language]] or [[Non-verbal communication]].
Although some [[gesture]]s, such as the ubiquitous act of [[Hand gesture|pointing]], differ little from one place to another, most gestures do not have invariable or universal meanings, having specific connotations only in certain cultures. Different types of gestures are distinguished. The most famous type of gestures are the so-called emblems or quotable gestures (see the examples below). These are [[culture]] specific gestures that can be used as replacement for words. Communities have repertoires of such gestures. A single emblematic gesture can have very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary to highly offensive.

Another type of gestures are the ones we use when we speak. These gestures are closely coordinated with speech. The meaningful part of the gesture is temporally synchronised with the co-expressive words. For example, a gesture that depicts the act of throwing will be synchronous with the word 'threw' in the utterance "and then he threw the ball right into the window." Other gestures like the so-called beat gestures, are used in conjunction with speech, keeping time with the rhythm of speech and to emphasize certain words or phrases. These types of gestures are integrally connected to [[speech]] and thought processes.

==Studies of gesture==
The first full-length study of gesture was published by [[John Bulwer]] in 1644. Bulwer analyzed dozens of gestures, and provided a guide on how to use gestures to increase eloquence and clarity for public speaking. Today, one of the most prominent researchers in the field of gesture research is [[Adam Kendon]]. He has investigated many aspects of gestures, including their role in communication, conventionalization of gesture, integration of gesture and speech, and the evolution of language. Other prominent researchers in this field include [[Susan Goldin-Meadow]] and [[David McNeill]].

==Social significance==
[[Image:VitarkaMudra.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Vitarka [[mudra]], [[Tarim Basin]], 9th century.]]

Gestures play a major role in many aspects of human life. Many animals, including humans, use gestures to initiate a [[mating ritual]]. This may include elaborate [[dance]]s and other movements.

Religious and spiritual gestures are also common, such as the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[sign of the cross]]. In [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]], a ''[[mudra]]'' ([[Sanskrit]], meaning either "posture" or "currency" depending on the interpretation) is a symbolic gesture made with the hand or fingers. Each mudra has a specific meaning, playing a central role in Hindu and Buddhist [[iconography]]. An example is the Vitarka mudra, the gesture of discussion and transmission of Buddhist teaching. It is done by joining the tips of the thumb and the index together, while keeping the other fingers straight.

==Using one hand==
===Itching Under The Chin===
In Italian culture this represents "I don't care, I can't be bothered". This is done by keeping one hand straight, placing it under the chin, and 'throwing out' that hand toward the person receiving the gesture. In Italian American culture this represents "Screw You!"; U.S. Supreme Court justice [[Antonin Scalia]] received criticism for using this gesture towards a reporter.

Scratching or stroking the chin or beard (where possible) can be used to indicate that the gesticulater is thinking or puzzled.

===Bang bang===
[[Image:gesture thumb up then down forefinger out like gun.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This gesture mimes a [[handgun]].]]

The "bang bang" gesture is performed by raising the fist with the index finger and thumb extended. The index finger points at the recipient. The thumb is then brought down on top of the fingers. This imitation of the action of a revolver [[pistol]] is often meant to represent a [[handgun]] in children's games. It may also be used menacingly to mean "I'm gonna kill you", or simply as a playful greeting. The middle finger is often also extended to widen the "barrel".

[[Texas Tech University|Texas Tech]] fans use the "bang bang" salute (fingers pointed upward) to cheer their team. Also, the "bang bang" performed with both hands was a signature gesture of [[professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] [[Mick Foley]] while he was in his "Cactus Jack" [[gimmick (professional wrestling)|persona]].

Also, if the thumb and middle finger are used to click, and the thumb the pointed upwards to form the gun, this can also be interpreted as a greeting.

A two-handed version of the same gesture can be used to indicate sporting/business success or sexual conquest (frequently accompanied by a syncopated "pow-pow", esp. in a posh British accent).

=== Beckoning sign ===
Index finger sticking out of the clenched fist, palm facing the gesturer. The finger moves repeatedly towards the gesturer (in a hook) as to draw something nearer. It has the general meaning of "come here", although it is normally seen as condescending or anyway impolite. It is sometimes performed with the four fingers, with the entire hand, or even with the arm, depending on how far the recipient of the sign is.

When performed with the index finger, it may have a mild sexual connotation depending on the circumstance.

In [[Africa]], the [[Far East]] and many [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking countries, this sign is given with all four fingers and with the palm down.

In [[Japan]] there is a similar gesture, but the four fingers are used, the palm faces the recipient and the hand is at head's height. This is the gesture featured in the [[maneki neko]].

===Benediction and blessing===
[[Image:ConstantineCoin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Benediction gesture, on a coin of [[Constantine I (emperor)|Emperor Constantine]].]]

The benediction gesture is a raised right hand with the ring and pinky fingers touching the palm, while the middle and index fingers remain raised. Taken from Ancient Roman icongraphy for speaking (an example is the Augustus of Prima Porta where the emperor Augustus assumes the pose of an orator in addressing his troops), it is used as a simple [[charm]] or [[blessing]] amongst many [[neopagan|modern]] [[Pagans]], and has a vast array of uses. Perhaps the most common and/or noteworthy use of the gesture is while tracing an invisible "air [[pentagram]]" before someone during certain [[Wicca]]n rituals such as the [[Great Rite]] performed during [[Beltane]] and [[Drawing Down the Moon]] on the [[Esbat]]s. One might also use the gesture to trace invisible pentagrams or other sigils over items to be blessed or empowered, such as [[holy water]], [[ritual]] [[wine]], ritual [[ale]], or [[cannabis|the Sacred Herb]]. The two extended fingers are used to point (except when an [[athame]], [[wand]], or [[sword]] is used).

A similar sign, called the ''benediction'' gesture, is used by the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[clergy]] to perform [[blessing]]s with the [[sign of the cross]]; however Christians keep the thumb raised - the three raised fingers (index, middle, and thumb) are frequently allegorically interpreted as representing the three Persons of the [[Holy Trinity]]. It was shown by representations of [[Jesus]] as [[Christ Pantocrator]].

===Blah-blah===
The fingers are kept straight and together in a horizontal fashion while the thumb is held out straight. The fingers and thumb then snap together repeatedly to suggest a mouth talking. It is used to indicate contempt for a person talking for an excessive period of time about nothing the gesturer feels is important.

===Check, please===
This gesture, understood by waiters around the world to mean that a dinner patron wishes to pay the bill and depart, is executed by touching the index finger and thumb together and "writing" a wavy line in the air, as if to sign one's name. An alternate gesture with the same meaning is made by touching the index finger and thumb together and drawing a [[Tick (checkmark)|checkmark]] ({{unicode|<big>✓</big>}}) in the air. In [[Egypt]], the left hand is held palm-out and the right, palm-down, is tapped against the left wrist to request the check. In [[Thailand]], one makes a circling gesture with the thumb and fingers pinched together- as if you are holding an imaginary pencil and making imaginary scribbles on a piece of paper. Sometimes the opposite palm is used as the 'paper'. In the [[Philippines]], one outlines a rectangle in the air using the thumb and forefinger of both hands.

===Clenched fist===
A raised, clenched fist is used as a gesture of defiance by a number of groups. It is usually considered to be hostile, yet without any sexual, scatological, or notionally offensive connotations. It is especially associated with [[Communism|Communists]] and with other nationalist or ethnic [[revolution]]ary or would-be revolutionary movements, and with the [[Black Power]] movements of the [[1960s]] in the United States. It is the custom to make this gesture while singing ''[[The Internationale]]'', the [[Marxism|Marxist]] anthem. A clenched fist raised quickly up and down and then punched in some direction also signifies a military call for a heavy weapons team to close on the gesturer or to move or open fire in the direction indicated by the punch.

: See also: [[With a strong hand and an outstretched arm]]

=== Pound fist ===
Pound fist is a greeting, in which two individuals touch fists.

=== Clinton thumb ===
The gesture dubbed the "Clinton thumb" after its most famous user, [[Bill Clinton]], is used by politicians to provide emphasis in speeches without pointing the finger. This gesture has the thumb leaning against the thumbside portion of the index finger, which is part of a closed fist. It does not exhibit the anger of the clenched fist or pointing finger, and so is thought to be less threatening. This gesture was likely adopted by Clinton from [[John F. Kennedy]], who can be seen using it in many speeches during his political career.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} It is often used in extemporaenous speech and debate, as a tool for emphasizing points.

===Crossed fingers===
A gesture made by crossing the index and middle fingers such that the middle finger overlaps and intertwines the index finger, which can be used to signify one's hope that something should succeed (compare to the phrase "Keep your fingers crossed."). According to OldSuperstitions.com, this stems from the [[superstition]] that "Bad luck is trapped at the point where the two fingers meet so when we cross our fingers, we stop the bad luck from escaping and allow our wishes to come true.". However, if placed behind one's back, the gesture takes on an entirely different meaning: it is then normally used to indicate that the user secretly wishes for something ''contrary'' to what is being stated or going on, or that a lie is being told. This usage is often seen in dramatic contexts.

===Cuckoo sign===
A gesture made by closing ones fist, extending the index finger, and circling it around ones ear for several seconds. This gesture is used to indicate that someone is speaking nonsense or is crazy (more colloquially, this is described as being [[cuckoo]]). The "cuckoo" sign is well-known in the United States.

===Fig sign===
[[Image:gesture fist with thumb through fingers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "fig sign" is an ancient gesture with many uses.]]

The "fig sign" is a gesture made with the hand and fingers curled and the thumb thrust between the middle and index fingers, or, rarely, the middle and ring fingers, forming the fist so that the thumb partly pokes out. In some areas of the world, the gesture is considered a good luck charm, in others it is considered an obscene gesture, and in still others it is used in the "I've got your nose!" child's game. This gesture is also the letter "T" in the [[American Sign Language alphabet]]. In [[International Sign]], which otherwise uses the same manual alphabet, "T" has been modified to avoid possible offense.

In [[ancient Rome]], this gesture was called the ''mano fico'', and was a fertility and [[good luck]] charm designed to ward off evil. Although this usage has survived in [[Brazil]], where carved images of hands in this gesture are used in good luck [[talisman]]s, in many other cultures, such as Indonesia, Turkey and Russia, the sign has come to have an insulting meaning roughly equivalent to "screw you", based on the thumb being seen as representing a [[clitoris]] or [[sexual intercourse]]. In modern Russia this gesture is used mostly by kids with the meaning "screw you/no way". The same meaning is expressed by adults either with bent elbow (rude, very emphatic, non-classy), or with a "finger" (used mostly by city dwellers). The "finger" made it to Russian gesture language from Western movies. In modern [[Italian language|Italian]], the gesture is called the ''mano fica'', taken to mean "fig hand", as the Italian word for "[[fig]]" is ''fico'' (''ficus'' in [[Latin]]). The obscene connotations of the gesture may partly originate from the fact that a similar Italian word, ''fica'', is a slang term referring to the [[vulva]]. This sexual connotation may date back to ancient Roman times; some Roman amulets combine a ''[[phallus]]'' and a ''mano fico'' gesture. In [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', [[Vanni Fucci]] curses [[God]] with a "fig" gesture. [http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/circle8b.html#vanni]

Also known as the [[Sicilian Fist]] in Sicily, worn as a good luck charm. * [http://www.italybyvip.com/1874.html Images of the "Sicilian Fist Charm" in Sicily]

The gesture is also used in a trick played by adults and parents, with the intention of convincing their child that his or her nose has been ripped off. Someone, usually an adult, grabs at the child's nose and forms the fig sign, exclaiming, "I've got your nose, I've got your nose!" The thumb is supposed to be the child's removed nose.

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use this gesture as a symbol of the [[mother goddess]] to help adherents identify one another. In this context, it is referred to as the "Sign of the Goddess". Its counterpart is the ''[[corna]]'' sign.

===Finger Snap===
{{Unreferenced|date=September 2006}}
One of several gestures familiar to modern people primarily through old [[animated cartoons]], this gesture generally expresses a confident "screw you!" in the face of an adversary. The gesturer holds one hand out, palm up, in the direction of his antagonist and snaps his thumb and middle finger, generally accompanied by a high-nosed, "snooty" facial expression and followed by crossing the arms.

In some countries, particularly Great Britain, snapping the fingers is used to signify remembering or failing to remember. Snapping the fingers repeatedly at a constant rate is commonly used to signify that the person has forgotten something and is trying to recall it. This is often done with the fingers snapped close to the temple, as though literally 'jogging the memory,' and is associated with the phrase 'it's on the tip of my tongue.'

A single snap, sometimes emphasized by an arced swing of the arm, is used when someone is reminded of something by another person, particularly if it is a job or a chore they have forgotten to do, or as a sign of disappointment or regret. Some people also snap their fingers to catch the attention of others. This is informal - some people may find it rude or even threatening, as it is common for the gesturer to snap his fingers very close to the other's face. In some cases, this may be interpreted as a face-threatening act or a sign of contempt.

==="Hanging"===
This gesture is performed by holding a clenched fist at the side of the head, tilting one's head away from one's fist, and making a choking sound. It may also be accompanied by hanging the tongue loosely out of one's mouth, and rolling of the eyes back into the head. It is generally used to signify "what I would rather be doing". It can also be used to show suicide.

===Horns===
{{main|Corna}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with index and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Corna]]

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use it as a symbol of the [[horned god]] to identify each other; in this context it is referred to as the "Sign of the Horned God". Its counterpart is the ''fig sign'', above.

Some say that it is meant to ward off — or to bestow — the [[evil eye]]. It is also a representation of the [[Devil]] by some [[Satanist]]s. The gesture's origin is believed to be an imitation of the shape of a goats head, which has many associations with the concept of Satan in [[Christianity]] [http://www.keyway.ca/htm2001/20010924.htm Satan's Goat]

It has a variety of other meanings as well, depending on culture and area. In some places, it is a sexual insult, charging a man with being a victim of [[adultery|cuckoldry]] (this insult is most common in [[Spain]] and [[Italy]] but is also used in Brazil). Perhaps because of its [[occult]] significance, it is used as a salute by fans of [[Devil horns#Heavy metal|heavy metal music]]. If one reverses the extended fingers, one gets the "inverted heavy metal salute" which can be given as a reply to a heavy metal salute.

Also a common hand gesture used by the University of Texas at Austin. The sign is also usually accompanied by the slogan "Hook 'Em Horns." The gesture is said to look like a head of a Longhorn, the University's mascot.
To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], it is called the "Sign of Voor" or the "Voorish Sign".

===Kodály Hand Signs===
Named after [[Zoltán Kodály]], and largely defined by [[John Curwen]], Kodály Hand Signs are a way of representing musical notes by holding the hand in a certain position for each note. The basic concept of using gestures to represent notes is quite ancient, however near the end of the 19th century, the concept was formalized as a standard teaching method. Kodály Hand Signs are featured in the [[1977]] film [[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]].

===Knocking on wood===
{{main|touch wood}}
This signifies the neutralization of a [[jinx]]ing brought on by mentioning an either hoped-for or feared result. The knuckles are rapped on a nearby piece of wood (or, jokingly, someone's head). Usually this is only valid if done on bare (i.e. unpainted) wood. One possible reason for the tradition could have been from an [[animist]] culture who believed that the knocking would release spirits to protect them. It has also been said to stem from a belief that any nearby evil spirits who overhear somebody speaking of good fortune which has come his way may send some bad luck to offset it; knocking on wood was thought to keep the spirits from hearing. It is also known as "tapping wood" or "touching wood".

In Italy, one knocks on iron with the hand in the ''[[corna]]'' horns position.

===Middle finger===
{{main|The finger}}
[[Image:Middle finger.JPG|thumb|right|200px|"[[The finger]]" is a very common offensive hand gesture.]]
"The finger" is a gesture consisting of a fist with the middle finger extended. It appears to be universally understood as "[[fuck|fuck you]]" due to its resemblance to the penis. It is certainly thousands of years old, being referred to in Ancient Roman literature as the ''digitus infamis'' or ''digitus impudicus''. Performing this gesture is also called "flipping the bird" in countries where "the finger" is used. In other regions, "flipping the bird" refers to the raising of the middle and index finger with the back of the hand directed at the recipient. It can also mean "Victor" (see ''[[#V Sign|V Sign]]'', below) in some countries, which is not to be mistaken for the "Peace" gesture, which is done with the palm facing the recipient of the gesture, but in Britain and some other countries it is an offensive gesture, equivalent to "the finger". [[George W. Bush]] can be seen making the gesture while he was the Governor of Texas, while goofing off before beginning filming of a public address.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9Do-s1cdPk Bush "One-fingered Victory Salute" Video] </ref>

Former [[professional wrestler]] [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] used the finger quite frequently in [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] shows. He raises both of the fingers to the crowd as a way of saluting to them. Also, he gestures the finger at his opponent before kicking them in the stomach and performing the [[Stone Cold Stunner]].

Comedian [[Dane Cook]] parodied the gesture with his "Super Finger" gesture, which consists of raising the middle finger, ring finger, and thumb on the same hand while lowering (or curling) the pointer and pinky finger. It is meant to be a more "powerful" version of "the finger".

The middle finger is also used to represent the number four when one counts in the hexadecimal system using one's fingers.<ref>[http://www.intuitor.com/counting/]</ref>

When this gesture is made with the palm facing forward, it is known to [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]] as the "Sign of Kish". Another Lovecraftian sign is the "Sign of Koth", which consists of fully extending the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and pinky, while the thumb is tucked against the flat of the hand.

=== Money sign ===
The thumb rubs repeatedly over the tip of the index finger and middle fingers. The ring finger and pinky touch the palm. This gesture is meant to resemble the act of rubbing two coins together (alternatively the act of counting paper bills) and has a general meaning of "money", or "expensive".

===OK===
{{main|Okay}}

This is the touching of the index and middle finger (or just index finger) with the thumb (forming a rough circle) with the raising of the remaining fingers. In the United States and most of Europe, it means "OK" and is inoffensive. The OK sign is used extensively in [[scuba diving]]. It can also mean "[[0 (number)|0]]," or "[[money]]," in [[Japan]].
However, in Germany, it is often seen on the Autobahn, as a silent way of calling someone an "Asshole" (with the fingers extended horizontally). Similar vulgar meanings are found in other countries, but usually you have to turn the 'Ring' upside down (supinated to show the ring in front) like this example from [http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/05/butthole-is-not-ok.html Brazil]. It is then a sexual or scatological gesture referring to the [[anus]]

===Pointing===
The typical [[pointing]] with the [[index finger]] is a universal gesture. There are many other ways to point, for example with the hand, a head nod or an eye gaze. In many cases pointing at a person is considered rude. A more polite way of pointing to a person would be to to direct the hand in their direction, as if holding a plate. You may point towards yourself to draw attention, and this behavior is seen commonly in [[monkeys]].

===Moutza (Palm of hand)===
{{main|Moutza}}
In most places, a palm raised towards somebody means "stop".

In [[Greece]], the palm of the hand thrust towards somebody with the fingers splayed is an offensive gesture equivalent to giving the finger. The gesture is known in Greek as "moutza". It originates from the Byzantine punishment of parading a chained criminal around town with his face smeared with [[cinder]], or ''moutzos'' in Greek. An even more offensive version is achieved by using both hands to double the gesture, and smacking the palm of one hand against the back of the other, in the direction of the intended recipient. Both the one-handed and the two-handed versions of this gesture can be (and often are) combined with the term "''na''!", meaning "here you go!" or "there!", or "''na, malaka''!", meaning "there, you wanker!"

===Salute===
{{main|Salute}}

[[Image:Hitler walking out of Brown House after 1930 elections.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Adolf Hitler]] is saluted with the now-infamous [[Hitler salute|Nazi salute]].]]

There are many forms of [[salute]] gestures, most of which are used to denote respect or obedience for an authority. A common [[military]] hand salute consists of raising the right hand, held flat, to the right eyebrow. [[Scouting]] organizations use related salutes. The armies of various countries adopt slightly different forms of salute: in the United States, the military salute places the hand directed outward over the eyebrow, like a visor; in the United Kingdom armed forces, the hand is brought to the forehead palm outward in military and air force contexts, whereas the naval salute is as in the US forces - the US forces derived their saluting habits from the [[Royal Navy]].

One of the most infamous forms of salute is the "[[Hitler salute]]", which is performed by extending the whole right arm, palm outstretched and facing down, upwards into the air at approximately a 45 degree angle from the ground. Sometimes, this is accompanied by holding the index and middle fingers under the nose, representing Hitler's iconic moustache. This gesture is associated with [[Nazism]] and its leader, [[Adolf Hitler]], as well as with [[Germany]] during [[World War II]]. It is occasionally performed to mock someone or something for perceived [[authoritarianism]] or [[bigotry]]. This gesture was based on the [[Roman salute]], and it was in that capacity that it was revived by [[Tennis Court Oath|French Revolutionaries]] and later by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Fascism|Fascist]] party.

In some countries, mostly in Europe, it is forbidden by law to perform this gesture, although this does not deter [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] and white supremacists from using the gesture in public rallies. Even in other countries, it is generally considered taboo to use the gesture, and this partly caused the [[United States]] to abandon the similar [[Bellamy salute]] used when reciting the [[Pledge of Allegiance]], in favor of the current hand-on-heart gesture.

===Shaka===
{{main|Shaka sign}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with thumb and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "[[shaka sign|shaka]]" sign is a common greeting in beach and surfer culture.]]

The "shaka" sign is a common greeting gesture often associated with [[Hawaii]], [[California]], and [[beach]] and [[surfing|surfer]] culture in general. It consists of extending the thumb and pinky finger while keeping the three middle fingers curled, and is often described colloquially as the "hang loose" gesture. It is similar to [[American Sign Language]] letter "''Y''", where a fist is also made with only the thumb and pinky extended. The sign is often followed by waving as a greeting or acknowledgment. It can be used when driving as a signal of thanks to other drivers (for example, someone who stopped to let another driver onto the road from a driveway).

The "shaka" sign is also the greeting gesture for members of [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] Fraternity, Inc. which is the "phi" sign. All African-American Greek fraternities and sororities have hand greeting gestures.
====Similar gestures====

In Britain and Northern Europe the symbol is used as a signal for owners of older model [[Volkswagen]] vans when passing on roads. The silhouette of the hand reveals a "W"-shaped outline along the top of the hand standing for Volkswagen.

In Spain and Italy, if the thumb points to the mouth, it means "drinking", since it is similar the shape of a ''[[porrón]]'' vessel. This is also true of the [[United States]] and [[Portugal]].

In some countries, if the thumb points to the mouth, it can also represent [[marijuana]] usage, in particular the use of a [[bong]]. This is usually accompanied by a sucking noise.

In China, it is also the sign for the number six.

A similar gesture is the "call me" sign, which also has the pinky finger and thumb outstretched, but then also holds it up to the ear, to signify a telephone. This gesture is a common way to silently tell someone to call him or her, such as to continue a conversation in private.

It is also used by [[FC Barcelona]] player [[Ronaldinho]] as part of his goal celebration.

In India, rolling the shaka in a winding motion signifies that the listener does not believe what is being said and that the speaker needs to "spool in the yarn from spinning out too far".

==="Thanks!" Salute===
Another gesture familiar from vintage cartoons, this is performed by sweeping an opened hand from near one's brow toward the person being addressed, and expresses gratitude. It is adapted from [[American Sign Language]], and alludes to tipping your hat or cap.

===Three middle fingers===
Gestures consisting of fully extending the index, middle, and ring fingers with the thumb and pinky tucked together under the palm have had a variety of meanings over the years.

The gesture was also used by [[Bosnian Croat]]s as a victory sign, representing the Christian [[Trinity]], during the [[Bosnian War]]. To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], this gesture is known as the "Sign of the Elders." With the palm facing outwards, the fingers closed (without gaps), the right hand's fingertips to the same-side temple, it is used by the [[scouting|Boy scouts]] as their identifying [[salute]].

In the United States, when the back of the hand faces outwards, this gesture is often used as a [[euphemism]] for "[[#middle finger|the finger]]." It is used especially when a jocular effect is desired. Originally, an accompanying verbal explanation was usual — "Read [[subtext|between the lines]]," referring to the common English expression denoting that one must read carefully to glean the subtle meaning in a passage — but this phrase is now commonly omitted.

===Thumbs up, thumbs down===

A closed fist held with the thumb extended upward or downward is a gesture of approval or disapproval respectively. These gestures have become metaphors in English: ''"My boss gave my proposal the thumbs-up"'' means that the boss approved the proposal, regardless of whether the gesture was made — indeed, the gesture itself is unlikely in a business setting.

The source of the gesture is obscure. Though a favorite of Hollywood '[[sword and sandal|swords and sandals]]' epics, where the "thumbs down" symbol means that the loser in a gladiatorial combat should be put to death, recent research suggests the meanings of the symbols have changed over the years. In [[1997]], Professor [[Anthony Philip Corbeill]] of the [[University of Kansas]] concluded that the thumbs up actually meant "Kill him," basing his assertion on a study of hundreds of ancient artworks. Thus, the "thumbs up" was an approval of the gladiator's request to kill his vanquished foe rather than a vote to allow the defeated to remain alive. Corbeill wrote that a closed fist with a wraparound thumb was the indication for a gladiator's life to be spared.

[[Image:Jean-Leon Gerome Pollice Verso.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Pollice Verso'' by Jean-Léon Gérôme, [[1872]] is the immediate source of the "thumbs down" gesture in [[popular culture]].]]

In [[Latin]], the "thumbs up" gesture is called ''pollice recto'', "thumbs down" is ''pollice verso''. It is not certain that the contemporary gestures are identical to the gestures performed in [[ancient Rome]]. The current version was popularized by a widely reproduced [[academic art|academic painting]] by the [[19th century]] artist [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], whose ''Pollice Verso'' depicts a triumphant gladiator standing over a fallen foe, looking up into the [[bleacher]]s for the verdict of the crowd.

Additionally, [[Desmond Morris]]' ''Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution'' traces the practice back to a [[medieval]] custom used to seal business transactions... Over time, the mere sight of an upraised thumb came to symbolize harmony and kind feelings... The gesture's popularization in America is generally attributed to the practices of World War II pilots, who used the thumbs up to communicate with ground crews prior to take-off. American GIs are reputed to have picked up on the thumb and spread it throughout Europe as they marched toward Berlin." [http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

More recently, these gestures are associated with [[film|movie]] [[review]]s, having been popularized by [[Gene Siskel]] and [[Roger Ebert]] in their televised reviews — the thumb up meaning a positive opinion of a film; the thumb down meaning a negative one. One or two thumbs up, often held over the head, may also be used by athletes in celebration of a victory.

"'Thumbs up' traditionally translates as the foulest of Middle-Eastern gesticular insults — the most straightforward interpretation is 'Up yours, pal!' The sign has a similarly pejorative meaning in parts of West Africa, South America, Russia, Iran, Greece, and Sardinia, according to Roger E. Axtell's book ''Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World''."[http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

[[Hitchhiker]]s traditionally use a thumbs up gesture to solicit rides from oncoming vehicles, although in this presentation the arm is generally outstretched with the palm and closed fingers facing the motorist.

Additionally, supporters of [[Texas A&M University]] athletic teams use the thumbs-up sign, associated with the cheer, "Gig 'em, Aggies." The Thumb refers to a "gig" used for hunting frogs. The saying came when the Aggies had a big rival in the Southwest Conference in the TCU Horned Frogs.

Thumbs up and thumbs down are extensively used in scuba diving as commands to ascend or descend.

[[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstar [[Dave Bautista|Batista]] uses this gesture to signify his finisher, the [[Batista Bomb]].

=== Tsk-tsk ===
Palm towards the recipient, all fingers closed except for the index, which alternates from left to right, like a [[metronome]]. In English-speaking countries it has a disapproving meaning and can be accompanied by a "[[tsk|tsk-tsk]]" sound.

In Italy it simply means "no", and does not have any patronizing connotation.

===V sign===
[[Image:Nixon-depart.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Richard Nixon]] gives the V-sign one last time after resigning from the presidency.]]
{{main|V sign}}

The "V sign" is made by lifting the middle and index finger with the palm of the hand facing the recipient (and the remaining fingers clenched). It was associated with the [[catchphrase]] ''"V" for Victory'' in [[World War II]]. In the [[1960s]], it came to be known as the "[[peace]] sign," the gestural equivalent of the [[peace symbol]]. It was associated with British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] during World War II, and later, with U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]]. It is also the sign for the letter V in [[American Sign Language]].

This sign is frequently used by the Japanese, most times holding up 2 "V" signs very close to either side of their face with a big grin during pictures.

In the UK, Australia, and some other countries, reversing the V sign so that the back of the hand facing the recipient is seen as the equivalent of giving [[finger (gesture)|the finger]]. Popular myth supposes it was originally a taunt by Welsh Archers towards the French who were known to cut off an Welsh Archer's first and middle fingers if captured.

Additionally, due to its use in an advertisement for the Australian made Valiant Charger (which ceased production around 1980) many people still display the V sign, in homage to the ad, and the car, if that vehicle happens to be driven past. Hardly an every day occurrence, but of some trivial interest.

===Vulcan salute===
{{main|Vulcan salute}}

The Vulcan salute consists of a raised hand, palm outward, fingers extended, with the index and middle finger kept close together, and the ring and pinky finger close together, with a "V" shaped space between them, and the thumb sticking out alone.

This gesture is associated with the phrase "Live long and prosper", and derives from ''[[Star Trek]]'', where it is used as a salute by fictional humanoid species the [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcans]].

It was introduced by [[Leonard Nimoy]] in his character of [[Mr. Spock]] and is drawn directly from the benedictory gesture made with both hands by a [[Kohen]] (priest in Judaism, a descendant of Aaron) during the [[Priestly Blessing]] ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: ''Birkat Kohanim''). The [[Kohen|Kohanim]] recite a blessing while performing this "gesture" and the other congregants respond with [[Amen]]s.

This gesture is also known as the "Spocker" in allusion to [[Shocker (hand gesture)|the Shocker]].

===Wanker===
[[Image:Fingers and thumb in circle downward motion.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Wanker]]
A loose fist (with all fingers forming a cylindrical shape) is made, and shaken up and down (or sometimes, back and forth) at the wrist.

The gesture is imitative of the motions of male [[masturbation]]. Its meaning is equivalent to the word [[wanker]] or implies something is of little importance. If directed to a person or group, who are not necessarily present, it is considered a display of contempt toward them.

The name for this gesture is described by speakers of [[American English]] as a [[Britishism]].

[[Image:Portugal Wanker Gesture.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Overhand Portuguese Wanker Gesture]]

In [[Portugal]] they use the wanker gesture but with the palm facing the ground thereby implying that the person is masturbating someone else rather than themselves. As such this has [[homosexual]] or promiscuous implications when directed at someone instead of the milder suggestion that they enjoy self-gratification.

===Wave===
A wave is a gesture in which the hand is raised and moved back and forth, as a [[greeting]] or sign of departure. The orientation of the hand varies by culture and situation. In many cultures, the palm is oriented toward the recipient of the wave.

In Chinese culture, orienting the hand palm-down and waving it up and down signifies "come here", rather than a greeting. 

===Whoop-Dee-Doo===
Point the index finger up and rotate it. This is a usually used as a response gesture to indicate something is uninteresting or irrelavent. Similar to saying a sarcastic "Whoop-Dee-Doo" or "Big deal".

==Using two hands==
===Air quotes===
{{main|Air quotes}}

This phrase refers to using one's fingers to make virtual [[quotation marks]] in the air when speaking.

===Awkward Turtle===
The Awkward Turtle is a gesture made after something awkward just happened, or when there is an awkward silence.
To perform an awkward turtle there are three steps to take. First, place hands on top of each other. Next, move thumbs out and away from the hands. Finally, rotate the thumbs.

Nowadays the gesture is used in the United States to hush children, or to calm participants in a heated argument. In [[Japan]], the same gesture may be used to request the check when dining at a restaurant (see also [[#Check, please|Check, please]], above).

==="Gills"===
This gesture involves holding the backs of the wrists against the jawline (with elbows outstretched) and then waggling one's fingers. The gesture is often accompanied by a feminine-voiced "Ooooo!" which rises and falls in intonation. It is used when one would normally say (sarcastically) "well aren't you clever?", or to imply that someone is acting too posh for their station. It is peculiar to Scotland owing to its use in Scottish TV sketch show [[Chewin the Fat]].

==="Shame on you"===
This gesture involves pointing at a person with the index finger of one hand while rubbing the pointed finger with the index finger of the opposite hand. The rubbing motion is directed toward the intended recipient and is repeated at least three times. It is used to imply that the targeted person should feel shame.

===Time-out===
The "time-out" gesture — a "T" formed with the hands, with one hand with flat palm placed perpendicular to the other hand with flat palm, roughly in the center — originates in American sports. It was, and is, used where a brief [[sport time-out|pause in play]] is called for, such as to make substitutions. In [[basketball]], the gesture is used to indicate that a player or coach is guilty of a [[technical foul]].

==Hand with body gestures==
{{Mergeto|Hand gestures|Talk page|date=April 2007}}
===Bent elbow===
[[Image:Kozakiewicz gesture.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Elbow gesture by [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]] ]]
This is performed in two parts: first, the right hand is placed in the elbow crook of the left arm. The left arm is then raised (fist clenched) at the victim in a smooth and continuous motion. While the motion is essential to the gesture, the choice of arm is not. This gesture is associated with [[Italy|Italians]] and is considered a more theatrical and physically exuberant version of the [[finger (gesture)|finger]], and may even be combined with the finger. In Italian it is known as the ''gesto dell'ombrello'', meaning literally "the umbrella gesture." It is typically used in two different situations: 1) to answer "no way!" in an extremely empathic (and quite vulgar) way; 2) after a triumph against some unfair enemy, with a sense of revenge. The gesture is frequently made stronger by crying "toh!" or "tiè!", both meaning "take this!", at the precise moment the hand touches the crook of the elbow.

This gesture is also in use in [[France]] as ''bras d'honneur'' (arm of honour), where it is usually understood as ''va te faire foutre'', still meaning "fuck off." In [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]], it is a ''corte de mangas'' ("[[sleeve]] cut") or a ''manguito'' (a cover formerly worn by public services bureaucratic workers on the arms to protect one's sleeves from ink splatters) respectively and is done with the left hand on the right elbow, without the continuous motion. In [[Portugal]], the iconic fictional character [[Zé Povinho]], created by [[Bordalo Pinheiro]], is usually depicted performing this gesture.

The gesture is sometimes used repetitively by fans at [[Citizens Bank Park]] in [[Philadelphia]] when the [[Phillies]] face the [[Atlanta Braves]] as a [[parody]] of the Braves' [[tomahawk chop]], and this usage is known as the "[[South Philly]] tomahawk chop" due to the gritty reputation of [[Philadelphia]] sports fans.

The gesture above has long been known in Slavic countries in the above senses plus "fuck you", without any standard name. In [[Poland]] its name has been standardized to "Kozakiewicz's gesture", after Polish [[pole vault]] jumper [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]], who had shown this gesture to the jeering Russian public during the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]].

===Biting one's thumb===
[[Image:Sampson bites his thumb.JPG|left|200px|thumb|How NOT to bite your thumb]]
[[Image:Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb]]
[[Biting one's thumb]] was an old rude British gesture. It is comparable to "[[#middle finger|the Finger]]" in modern terms. In [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', Sampson bites his thumb at the Montagues (Act 1, Scene 1).

The gesture does not literally involve biting the thumb. The fingernail of a thumb is placed behind the upper teeth, with the thumb thus pointing upwards, and the thumb is then bent forwards, the fingernail making a clicking sound as it flicks past the teeth.

An equivalent gesture still persists in [[Italy]].

=== Biting one's hand ===
In Sicily, biting one's flat hand or fist is a powerful threat.

===Bowing, kneeling, kowtowing===
A [[bowing (social)|bow]] is a gesture of respect involving lowering the head, usually performed by a social inferior to a social superior. Various cultures have different degrees or ways of performing the bow; [[China]] and [[Japan]] are particularly associated with elaborate and formal bowing. Bowing is also done by many groups as a ritual associated with [[prayer]]. In the Western world, women [[curtsey]] rather than bow. [[Kneel]]ing and "[[kowtow]]ing" are more extreme or elaborate forms of self-abasement before a social superior.

===Choking sign===
[[Image:Chokinggesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Choking" sign]]
The standard gesture to indicate that one is [[choking]] is to hold the throat as if strangling oneself. This is recognized as a request for immediate [[first aid]] for choking. It is promoted as a way to prevent onlookers from confusing the victim's distress with some other problem, such as a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], when the person cannot speak. The gesture is sometimes used metaphorically to refer to someone or something "choking" in the slang sense of failing at something while under pressure, for instance at an athletic event.

===Crossing oneself===
{{main|Sign of the cross}}
The "[[sign of the cross|sign of the Cross]]" is the use of the right hand to touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, and right shoulder, consecutively. It represents the [[Christian cross]]. (Roman Catholics crossing themselves touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, then right shoulder; Byzantine (Eastern) Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians touch the right shoulder before the left, with the thumb and first two fingers joined — symbolizing the Trinity — and the tips of the last two fingers touching the palm, symbolizing the dual nature of Christ in one being. )

This gesture is used by [[Roman Catholic]]s, [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], and some other Christian groups in [[prayer]]s, to perform blessings, and as a salute before entering a [[church]] or similar place of religious significance. It is also used in various kinds of Christian [[folk religion]] to avert [[evil]] or [[bad luck]].

===Cutthroat===
[[Image:Cutthroatgesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Cutthroat" sign]]
This gesture is performed by drawing the hand, or a finger or two, across the throat. It represents slitting the throat with a knife, and means that the gesturer or someone else is metaphorically being killed. It is rarely if ever used literally to refer to death, though it is occasionally used as a theatrical threat ("I'm going to kill you"). In these contexts, it is sometimes accompanied by a harsh "kkkkkch" sound.

This gesture can also mean to "cut," "stop," or to discontinue a particular action. It can also be used to indicate something has ended or a previous process has concluded. [[Scuba diving|Scuba]] divers use this gesture with the palm swept across the throat to indicate that they have run out of air. Airport ground personnel also use this gesture to indicate a variety of things (due to the loud environment), such as baggage offload has completed or the last of the passengers have disembarked. In this context, it can be understood to mean: "That's it."

Additionally, [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstars [[Chris Benoit]] and [[The Undertaker]] use this gesture to signify their signature moves, The [[Flying Headbutt]] and the [[Chokeslam]].

=== Drinking sign ===
In UK, the gesture for drinking (used for example as an invitation to "go down the [[pub]]") is made by putting the back of the thumb just below the lower lip, while the other fingers are close together as if holding an imaginary [[pint]] of beer, tipping it repeatedly.
In other countries, the shaka sign is used in a similar way, as described above.

===Flipping the fingers out from under the chin===

A [http://news.bostonherald.com/localRegional/view.bg?articleid=132932 traditional Sicilian gesture] analogous in meaning to the raised middle finger. This gesture became the center of a controversy in March of 2006, when [[U.S. Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] [[Associate Justice]] [[Antonin Scalia]] was photographed allegedly making the gesture to illustrate his response to his critics. Scalia later claimed that he used a different gesture, waving his fingers beneath his chin, a gesture translating to "I couldn't care less." For more details, see [[Antonin Scalia]].

=== Hand over heart ===
This gesture involves placing one's right hand, palm outstretched and facing in, over one's heart. Male [[hat]] or cap wearers typically remove their hats and hold them in this hand. In some cultures, it is used as a gesture of respect towards [[flag]]s or during singing of a [[national anthem]]. In the United States, it is also performed as a part of the rituals of the [[Pledge of Allegiance]]. It can also be used to indicate sincerity, shock, or hurt.

===Loser===
This gesture is performed by raising the index finger and thumb of your right hand perpendicular to each other so that they form the letter "L". It is then placed onto one's forehead. It signifies that the person to whom this gesture is directed is a loser.

===My eye===

In France and parts of Europe it is common to point your index finger at your eye and even pull the skin under the eye lightly down to emphasize the presenting of the eye. The gesture displays disbelief.

In Japan, tugging at the eye, often accompanied by sticking out one's tongue, is used as a childishly offensive gesture, or to indicate boredom.

In Italy, Brazil and all Spanish-speaking nations it means "watch out" (POR, ITA:''occhio!'',SPA:''¡ojo!''), and is used for warning or threatening.

===Nonsense===
Performed by waving the palm of your hand in front of your face, it may be used to tell the other person that an idea he or she had was nonsense.

In [[Portugal]], this gesture usually means the person being referred to missed an extremely obvious detail.

===Nose thumbing ===
For this gesture, also known as "cocking a snoot", "giving the five-finger salute", "cocking a snook", or [http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/06/indecent-fan-proposals_19.html Queen Anne's Fan] the thumb is placed on the tip of the nose, with the remaining fingers of the hand extended and waggled freely. This gesture can be ended with a dramatic flicking of the thumb away from the end of the nose and towards the recipient. It is used in (gentle) mockery of someone. It dates back to at least the 18th century and is probably much older.

To add emphasis, the gesture can be made using both hands, connecting them by touching the little finger of the first hand with the thumb of the second, and waggling the remaining seven fingers. It is frequently accompanied by [[blowing a raspberry]], or by sticking out the tongue.

===Suck my dick===
This gesture is performed by crossing the outstretched arms across the thighs, putting emphasis on the [[groin]]. This was used by popular professional wrestling group, [[D-Generation X]].

There is a variation to this where a fist is made and shook near the mouth while bulging ones tongue against their cheeks to mimic fellatio.

===Touched / screw loose===
Tapping one's index finger against the head indicates that a person or an idea being discussed is insane or "touched in the head". A similar, more elaborate gesture uses a circling motion of the finger at the temple or side of the head. This signifies that the person is "mixed up" or "has a screw loose". In Germany, tapping or pointing to the temple is used as an insult, often with the accompanying phrase "du hast einen Vogel." While this literally means "You have a bird," it is idiomatic for saying that you are insane. Also, in Indonesia, drawing a line across the forehead with the side of the right index finger denotes a similar meaning.

A variant of this one is the suicide. Make a gun with your hand and pretend to shoot point blank at your own temple. It can be accompanied with sticking out the tongue or a shooting sound for full effect, and often implies that the speaker is a "complete idiot". A more recent use of this is in the movie, "40-Year Old Virgin" where one of the characters, after being bored with a conversation, proceeds to aim at his temple and pretend to fire. Afterwards, he uses his other hand and does a reverse cupping motion outward from the other side of his head to signify his brains splattering out.

In Japan, a variation of this is knocking on the temple with the knuckle of the index finger. This is usually used in reference to the signer; "I'm such an idiot!"

==="Wiping" one's forehead===
The act of wiping one's own forehead, regardless of whether sweat has actually formed there, is a sign indicating many things such as "That was close" or "What a relief".

==Body and facial gestures==
{{further|[[Facial expression]]}}
[[Image:Eyeroll.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Rolling one's eyes can express exasperation or condescension.]]

Many gestures utilize only the face or body, without the hands.

===Eye-rolling===
Performed by rotating the eyes upward, it indicates condescension, contempt, boredom, or exasperation. This is often referred to as "rolling ones eyes to Heaven," as though wishing for a divine intervention for a rescue from boredom, frustration, etc.

===Mooning===
[[Mooning]] is the act of displaying one's [[nudity|bare]] [[buttocks]] by lowering the back side of one's [[trousers]] and [[underpants]], usually without exposing the [[genitals]]. Mooning is used in some cultures to express protest, scorn, disrespect, or provocation. It can also be done for [[shock value]] or fun.

===The "peacock"===
Expresses superiority or domination combined with a certain degree of smug arrogance. Performed by pushing the chest up and out at the front as well as tilting the face slightly upward. This may be accompanied by motions of hooking both thumbs under one's [[lapels]] or [[suspenders]] even if they are not present.

{{Gestures}}

[[Category:Gestures]]

Archive:Types of gestures

2007-07-08T22:59:33Z

24.147.102.48: /* "Hanging" */

{{unreferenced||article|date=September 2006}}
Gestures are a form of [[Body language]] or [[Non-verbal communication]].
Although some [[gesture]]s, such as the ubiquitous act of [[Hand gesture|pointing]], differ little from one place to another, most gestures do not have invariable or universal meanings, having specific connotations only in certain cultures. Different types of gestures are distinguished. The most famous type of gestures are the so-called emblems or quotable gestures (see the examples below). These are [[culture]] specific gestures that can be used as replacement for words. Communities have repertoires of such gestures. A single emblematic gesture can have very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary to highly offensive.

Another type of gestures are the ones we use when we speak. These gestures are closely coordinated with speech. The meaningful part of the gesture is temporally synchronised with the co-expressive words. For example, a gesture that depicts the act of throwing will be synchronous with the word 'threw' in the utterance "and then he threw the ball right into the window." Other gestures like the so-called beat gestures, are used in conjunction with speech, keeping time with the rhythm of speech and to emphasize certain words or phrases. These types of gestures are integrally connected to [[speech]] and thought processes.

==Studies of gesture==
The first full-length study of gesture was published by [[John Bulwer]] in 1644. Bulwer analyzed dozens of gestures, and provided a guide on how to use gestures to increase eloquence and clarity for public speaking. Today, one of the most prominent researchers in the field of gesture research is [[Adam Kendon]]. He has investigated many aspects of gestures, including their role in communication, conventionalization of gesture, integration of gesture and speech, and the evolution of language. Other prominent researchers in this field include [[Susan Goldin-Meadow]] and [[David McNeill]].

==Social significance==
[[Image:VitarkaMudra.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Vitarka [[mudra]], [[Tarim Basin]], 9th century.]]

Gestures play a major role in many aspects of human life. Many animals, including humans, use gestures to initiate a [[mating ritual]]. This may include elaborate [[dance]]s and other movements.

Religious and spiritual gestures are also common, such as the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[sign of the cross]]. In [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]], a ''[[mudra]]'' ([[Sanskrit]], meaning either "posture" or "currency" depending on the interpretation) is a symbolic gesture made with the hand or fingers. Each mudra has a specific meaning, playing a central role in Hindu and Buddhist [[iconography]]. An example is the Vitarka mudra, the gesture of discussion and transmission of Buddhist teaching. It is done by joining the tips of the thumb and the index together, while keeping the other fingers straight.

==Using one hand==
===Itching Under The Chin===
In Italian culture this represents "I don't care, I can't be bothered". This is done by keeping one hand straight, placing it under the chin, and 'throwing out' that hand toward the person receiving the gesture. In Italian American culture this represents "Screw You!"; U.S. Supreme Court justice [[Antonin Scalia]] received criticism for using this gesture towards a reporter.

Scratching or stroking the chin or beard (where possible) can be used to indicate that the gesticulater is thinking or puzzled.

===Bang bang===
[[Image:gesture thumb up then down forefinger out like gun.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This gesture mimes a [[handgun]].]]

The "bang bang" gesture is performed by raising the fist with the index finger and thumb extended. The index finger points at the recipient. The thumb is then brought down on top of the fingers. This imitation of the action of a revolver [[pistol]] is often meant to represent a [[handgun]] in children's games. It may also be used menacingly to mean "I'm gonna kill you", or simply as a playful greeting. The middle finger is often also extended to widen the "barrel".

[[Texas Tech University|Texas Tech]] fans use the "bang bang" salute (fingers pointed upward) to cheer their team. Also, the "bang bang" performed with both hands was a signature gesture of [[professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] [[Mick Foley]] while he was in his "Cactus Jack" [[gimmick (professional wrestling)|persona]].

Also, if the thumb and middle finger are used to click, and the thumb the pointed upwards to form the gun, this can also be interpreted as a greeting.

A two-handed version of the same gesture can be used to indicate sporting/business success or sexual conquest (frequently accompanied by a syncopated "pow-pow", esp. in a posh British accent).

=== Beckoning sign ===
Index finger sticking out of the clenched fist, palm facing the gesturer. The finger moves repeatedly towards the gesturer (in a hook) as to draw something nearer. It has the general meaning of "come here", although it is normally seen as condescending or anyway impolite. It is sometimes performed with the four fingers, with the entire hand, or even with the arm, depending on how far the recipient of the sign is.

When performed with the index finger, it may have a mild sexual connotation depending on the circumstance.

In [[Africa]], the [[Far East]] and many [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking countries, this sign is given with all four fingers and with the palm down.

In [[Japan]] there is a similar gesture, but the four fingers are used, the palm faces the recipient and the hand is at head's height. This is the gesture featured in the [[maneki neko]].

===Benediction and blessing===
[[Image:ConstantineCoin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Benediction gesture, on a coin of [[Constantine I (emperor)|Emperor Constantine]].]]

The benediction gesture is a raised right hand with the ring and pinky fingers touching the palm, while the middle and index fingers remain raised. Taken from Ancient Roman icongraphy for speaking (an example is the Augustus of Prima Porta where the emperor Augustus assumes the pose of an orator in addressing his troops), it is used as a simple [[charm]] or [[blessing]] amongst many [[neopagan|modern]] [[Pagans]], and has a vast array of uses. Perhaps the most common and/or noteworthy use of the gesture is while tracing an invisible "air [[pentagram]]" before someone during certain [[Wicca]]n rituals such as the [[Great Rite]] performed during [[Beltane]] and [[Drawing Down the Moon]] on the [[Esbat]]s. One might also use the gesture to trace invisible pentagrams or other sigils over items to be blessed or empowered, such as [[holy water]], [[ritual]] [[wine]], ritual [[ale]], or [[cannabis|the Sacred Herb]]. The two extended fingers are used to point (except when an [[athame]], [[wand]], or [[sword]] is used).

A similar sign, called the ''benediction'' gesture, is used by the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[clergy]] to perform [[blessing]]s with the [[sign of the cross]]; however Christians keep the thumb raised - the three raised fingers (index, middle, and thumb) are frequently allegorically interpreted as representing the three Persons of the [[Holy Trinity]]. It was shown by representations of [[Jesus]] as [[Christ Pantocrator]].

===Blah-blah===
The fingers are kept straight and together in a horizontal fashion while the thumb is held out straight. The fingers and thumb then snap together repeatedly to suggest a mouth talking. It is used to indicate contempt for a person talking for an excessive period of time about nothing the gesturer feels is important.

===Check, please===
This gesture, understood by waiters around the world to mean that a dinner patron wishes to pay the bill and depart, is executed by touching the index finger and thumb together and "writing" a wavy line in the air, as if to sign one's name. An alternate gesture with the same meaning is made by touching the index finger and thumb together and drawing a [[Tick (checkmark)|checkmark]] ({{unicode|<big>✓</big>}}) in the air. In [[Egypt]], the left hand is held palm-out and the right, palm-down, is tapped against the left wrist to request the check. In [[Thailand]], one makes a circling gesture with the thumb and fingers pinched together- as if you are holding an imaginary pencil and making imaginary scribbles on a piece of paper. Sometimes the opposite palm is used as the 'paper'. In the [[Philippines]], one outlines a rectangle in the air using the thumb and forefinger of both hands.

===Clenched fist===
A raised, clenched fist is used as a gesture of defiance by a number of groups. It is usually considered to be hostile, yet without any sexual, scatological, or notionally offensive connotations. It is especially associated with [[Communism|Communists]] and with other nationalist or ethnic [[revolution]]ary or would-be revolutionary movements, and with the [[Black Power]] movements of the [[1960s]] in the United States. It is the custom to make this gesture while singing ''[[The Internationale]]'', the [[Marxism|Marxist]] anthem. A clenched fist raised quickly up and down and then punched in some direction also signifies a military call for a heavy weapons team to close on the gesturer or to move or open fire in the direction indicated by the punch.

: See also: [[With a strong hand and an outstretched arm]]

=== Pound fist ===
Pound fist is a greeting, in which two individuals touch fists.

=== Clinton thumb ===
The gesture dubbed the "Clinton thumb" after its most famous user, [[Bill Clinton]], is used by politicians to provide emphasis in speeches without pointing the finger. This gesture has the thumb leaning against the thumbside portion of the index finger, which is part of a closed fist. It does not exhibit the anger of the clenched fist or pointing finger, and so is thought to be less threatening. This gesture was likely adopted by Clinton from [[John F. Kennedy]], who can be seen using it in many speeches during his political career.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} It is often used in extemporaenous speech and debate, as a tool for emphasizing points.

===Crossed fingers===
A gesture made by crossing the index and middle fingers such that the middle finger overlaps and intertwines the index finger, which can be used to signify one's hope that something should succeed (compare to the phrase "Keep your fingers crossed."). According to OldSuperstitions.com, this stems from the [[superstition]] that "Bad luck is trapped at the point where the two fingers meet so when we cross our fingers, we stop the bad luck from escaping and allow our wishes to come true.". However, if placed behind one's back, the gesture takes on an entirely different meaning: it is then normally used to indicate that the user secretly wishes for something ''contrary'' to what is being stated or going on, or that a lie is being told. This usage is often seen in dramatic contexts.

===Cuckoo sign===
A gesture made by closing ones fist, extending the index finger, and circling it around ones ear for several seconds. This gesture is used to indicate that someone is speaking nonsense or is crazy (more colloquially, this is described as being [[cuckoo]]). The "cuckoo" sign is well-known in the United States.

===Fig sign===
[[Image:gesture fist with thumb through fingers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "fig sign" is an ancient gesture with many uses.]]

The "fig sign" is a gesture made with the hand and fingers curled and the thumb thrust between the middle and index fingers, or, rarely, the middle and ring fingers, forming the fist so that the thumb partly pokes out. In some areas of the world, the gesture is considered a good luck charm, in others it is considered an obscene gesture, and in still others it is used in the "I've got your nose!" child's game. This gesture is also the letter "T" in the [[American Sign Language alphabet]]. In [[International Sign]], which otherwise uses the same manual alphabet, "T" has been modified to avoid possible offense.

In [[ancient Rome]], this gesture was called the ''mano fico'', and was a fertility and [[good luck]] charm designed to ward off evil. Although this usage has survived in [[Brazil]], where carved images of hands in this gesture are used in good luck [[talisman]]s, in many other cultures, such as Indonesia, Turkey and Russia, the sign has come to have an insulting meaning roughly equivalent to "screw you", based on the thumb being seen as representing a [[clitoris]] or [[sexual intercourse]]. In modern Russia this gesture is used mostly by kids with the meaning "screw you/no way". The same meaning is expressed by adults either with bent elbow (rude, very emphatic, non-classy), or with a "finger" (used mostly by city dwellers). The "finger" made it to Russian gesture language from Western movies. In modern [[Italian language|Italian]], the gesture is called the ''mano fica'', taken to mean "fig hand", as the Italian word for "[[fig]]" is ''fico'' (''ficus'' in [[Latin]]). The obscene connotations of the gesture may partly originate from the fact that a similar Italian word, ''fica'', is a slang term referring to the [[vulva]]. This sexual connotation may date back to ancient Roman times; some Roman amulets combine a ''[[phallus]]'' and a ''mano fico'' gesture. In [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', [[Vanni Fucci]] curses [[God]] with a "fig" gesture. [http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/circle8b.html#vanni]

Also known as the [[Sicilian Fist]] in Sicily, worn as a good luck charm. * [http://www.italybyvip.com/1874.html Images of the "Sicilian Fist Charm" in Sicily]

The gesture is also used in a trick played by adults and parents, with the intention of convincing their child that his or her nose has been ripped off. Someone, usually an adult, grabs at the child's nose and forms the fig sign, exclaiming, "I've got your nose, I've got your nose!" The thumb is supposed to be the child's removed nose.

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use this gesture as a symbol of the [[mother goddess]] to help adherents identify one another. In this context, it is referred to as the "Sign of the Goddess". Its counterpart is the ''[[corna]]'' sign.

===Finger Snap===
{{Unreferenced|date=September 2006}}
One of several gestures familiar to modern people primarily through old [[animated cartoons]], this gesture generally expresses a confident "screw you!" in the face of an adversary. The gesturer holds one hand out, palm up, in the direction of his antagonist and snaps his thumb and middle finger, generally accompanied by a high-nosed, "snooty" facial expression and followed by crossing the arms.

In some countries, particularly Great Britain, snapping the fingers is used to signify remembering or failing to remember. Snapping the fingers repeatedly at a constant rate is commonly used to signify that the person has forgotten something and is trying to recall it. This is often done with the fingers snapped close to the temple, as though literally 'jogging the memory,' and is associated with the phrase 'it's on the tip of my tongue.'

A single snap, sometimes emphasized by an arced swing of the arm, is used when someone is reminded of something by another person, particularly if it is a job or a chore they have forgotten to do, or as a sign of disappointment or regret. Some people also snap their fingers to catch the attention of others. This is informal - some people may find it rude or even threatening, as it is common for the gesturer to snap his fingers very close to the other's face. In some cases, this may be interpreted as a face-threatening act or a sign of contempt.

===Horns===
{{main|Corna}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with index and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Corna]]

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use it as a symbol of the [[horned god]] to identify each other; in this context it is referred to as the "Sign of the Horned God". Its counterpart is the ''fig sign'', above.

Some say that it is meant to ward off — or to bestow — the [[evil eye]]. It is also a representation of the [[Devil]] by some [[Satanist]]s. The gesture's origin is believed to be an imitation of the shape of a goats head, which has many associations with the concept of Satan in [[Christianity]] [http://www.keyway.ca/htm2001/20010924.htm Satan's Goat]

It has a variety of other meanings as well, depending on culture and area. In some places, it is a sexual insult, charging a man with being a victim of [[adultery|cuckoldry]] (this insult is most common in [[Spain]] and [[Italy]] but is also used in Brazil). Perhaps because of its [[occult]] significance, it is used as a salute by fans of [[Devil horns#Heavy metal|heavy metal music]]. If one reverses the extended fingers, one gets the "inverted heavy metal salute" which can be given as a reply to a heavy metal salute.

Also a common hand gesture used by the University of Texas at Austin. The sign is also usually accompanied by the slogan "Hook 'Em Horns." The gesture is said to look like a head of a Longhorn, the University's mascot.
To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], it is called the "Sign of Voor" or the "Voorish Sign".

===Kodály Hand Signs===
Named after [[Zoltán Kodály]], and largely defined by [[John Curwen]], Kodály Hand Signs are a way of representing musical notes by holding the hand in a certain position for each note. The basic concept of using gestures to represent notes is quite ancient, however near the end of the 19th century, the concept was formalized as a standard teaching method. Kodály Hand Signs are featured in the [[1977]] film [[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]].

===Knocking on wood===
{{main|touch wood}}
This signifies the neutralization of a [[jinx]]ing brought on by mentioning an either hoped-for or feared result. The knuckles are rapped on a nearby piece of wood (or, jokingly, someone's head). Usually this is only valid if done on bare (i.e. unpainted) wood. One possible reason for the tradition could have been from an [[animist]] culture who believed that the knocking would release spirits to protect them. It has also been said to stem from a belief that any nearby evil spirits who overhear somebody speaking of good fortune which has come his way may send some bad luck to offset it; knocking on wood was thought to keep the spirits from hearing. It is also known as "tapping wood" or "touching wood".

In Italy, one knocks on iron with the hand in the ''[[corna]]'' horns position.

===Middle finger===
{{main|The finger}}
[[Image:Middle finger.JPG|thumb|right|200px|"[[The finger]]" is a very common offensive hand gesture.]]
"The finger" is a gesture consisting of a fist with the middle finger extended. It appears to be universally understood as "[[fuck|fuck you]]" due to its resemblance to the penis. It is certainly thousands of years old, being referred to in Ancient Roman literature as the ''digitus infamis'' or ''digitus impudicus''. Performing this gesture is also called "flipping the bird" in countries where "the finger" is used. In other regions, "flipping the bird" refers to the raising of the middle and index finger with the back of the hand directed at the recipient. It can also mean "Victor" (see ''[[#V Sign|V Sign]]'', below) in some countries, which is not to be mistaken for the "Peace" gesture, which is done with the palm facing the recipient of the gesture, but in Britain and some other countries it is an offensive gesture, equivalent to "the finger". [[George W. Bush]] can be seen making the gesture while he was the Governor of Texas, while goofing off before beginning filming of a public address.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9Do-s1cdPk Bush "One-fingered Victory Salute" Video] </ref>

Former [[professional wrestler]] [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] used the finger quite frequently in [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] shows. He raises both of the fingers to the crowd as a way of saluting to them. Also, he gestures the finger at his opponent before kicking them in the stomach and performing the [[Stone Cold Stunner]].

Comedian [[Dane Cook]] parodied the gesture with his "Super Finger" gesture, which consists of raising the middle finger, ring finger, and thumb on the same hand while lowering (or curling) the pointer and pinky finger. It is meant to be a more "powerful" version of "the finger".

The middle finger is also used to represent the number four when one counts in the hexadecimal system using one's fingers.<ref>[http://www.intuitor.com/counting/]</ref>

When this gesture is made with the palm facing forward, it is known to [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]] as the "Sign of Kish". Another Lovecraftian sign is the "Sign of Koth", which consists of fully extending the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and pinky, while the thumb is tucked against the flat of the hand.

=== Money sign ===
The thumb rubs repeatedly over the tip of the index finger and middle fingers. The ring finger and pinky touch the palm. This gesture is meant to resemble the act of rubbing two coins together (alternatively the act of counting paper bills) and has a general meaning of "money", or "expensive".

===OK===
{{main|Okay}}

This is the touching of the index and middle finger (or just index finger) with the thumb (forming a rough circle) with the raising of the remaining fingers. In the United States and most of Europe, it means "OK" and is inoffensive. The OK sign is used extensively in [[scuba diving]]. It can also mean "[[0 (number)|0]]," or "[[money]]," in [[Japan]].
However, in Germany, it is often seen on the Autobahn, as a silent way of calling someone an "Asshole" (with the fingers extended horizontally). Similar vulgar meanings are found in other countries, but usually you have to turn the 'Ring' upside down (supinated to show the ring in front) like this example from [http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/05/butthole-is-not-ok.html Brazil]. It is then a sexual or scatological gesture referring to the [[anus]]

===Pointing===
The typical [[pointing]] with the [[index finger]] is a universal gesture. There are many other ways to point, for example with the hand, a head nod or an eye gaze. In many cases pointing at a person is considered rude. A more polite way of pointing to a person would be to to direct the hand in their direction, as if holding a plate. You may point towards yourself to draw attention, and this behavior is seen commonly in [[monkeys]].

===Moutza (Palm of hand)===
{{main|Moutza}}
In most places, a palm raised towards somebody means "stop".

In [[Greece]], the palm of the hand thrust towards somebody with the fingers splayed is an offensive gesture equivalent to giving the finger. The gesture is known in Greek as "moutza". It originates from the Byzantine punishment of parading a chained criminal around town with his face smeared with [[cinder]], or ''moutzos'' in Greek. An even more offensive version is achieved by using both hands to double the gesture, and smacking the palm of one hand against the back of the other, in the direction of the intended recipient. Both the one-handed and the two-handed versions of this gesture can be (and often are) combined with the term "''na''!", meaning "here you go!" or "there!", or "''na, malaka''!", meaning "there, you wanker!"

===Salute===
{{main|Salute}}

[[Image:Hitler walking out of Brown House after 1930 elections.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Adolf Hitler]] is saluted with the now-infamous [[Hitler salute|Nazi salute]].]]

There are many forms of [[salute]] gestures, most of which are used to denote respect or obedience for an authority. A common [[military]] hand salute consists of raising the right hand, held flat, to the right eyebrow. [[Scouting]] organizations use related salutes. The armies of various countries adopt slightly different forms of salute: in the United States, the military salute places the hand directed outward over the eyebrow, like a visor; in the United Kingdom armed forces, the hand is brought to the forehead palm outward in military and air force contexts, whereas the naval salute is as in the US forces - the US forces derived their saluting habits from the [[Royal Navy]].

One of the most infamous forms of salute is the "[[Hitler salute]]", which is performed by extending the whole right arm, palm outstretched and facing down, upwards into the air at approximately a 45 degree angle from the ground. Sometimes, this is accompanied by holding the index and middle fingers under the nose, representing Hitler's iconic moustache. This gesture is associated with [[Nazism]] and its leader, [[Adolf Hitler]], as well as with [[Germany]] during [[World War II]]. It is occasionally performed to mock someone or something for perceived [[authoritarianism]] or [[bigotry]]. This gesture was based on the [[Roman salute]], and it was in that capacity that it was revived by [[Tennis Court Oath|French Revolutionaries]] and later by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Fascism|Fascist]] party.

In some countries, mostly in Europe, it is forbidden by law to perform this gesture, although this does not deter [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] and white supremacists from using the gesture in public rallies. Even in other countries, it is generally considered taboo to use the gesture, and this partly caused the [[United States]] to abandon the similar [[Bellamy salute]] used when reciting the [[Pledge of Allegiance]], in favor of the current hand-on-heart gesture.

===Shaka===
{{main|Shaka sign}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with thumb and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "[[shaka sign|shaka]]" sign is a common greeting in beach and surfer culture.]]

The "shaka" sign is a common greeting gesture often associated with [[Hawaii]], [[California]], and [[beach]] and [[surfing|surfer]] culture in general. It consists of extending the thumb and pinky finger while keeping the three middle fingers curled, and is often described colloquially as the "hang loose" gesture. It is similar to [[American Sign Language]] letter "''Y''", where a fist is also made with only the thumb and pinky extended. The sign is often followed by waving as a greeting or acknowledgment. It can be used when driving as a signal of thanks to other drivers (for example, someone who stopped to let another driver onto the road from a driveway).

The "shaka" sign is also the greeting gesture for members of [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] Fraternity, Inc. which is the "phi" sign. All African-American Greek fraternities and sororities have hand greeting gestures.
====Similar gestures====

In Britain and Northern Europe the symbol is used as a signal for owners of older model [[Volkswagen]] vans when passing on roads. The silhouette of the hand reveals a "W"-shaped outline along the top of the hand standing for Volkswagen.

In Spain and Italy, if the thumb points to the mouth, it means "drinking", since it is similar the shape of a ''[[porrón]]'' vessel. This is also true of the [[United States]] and [[Portugal]].

In some countries, if the thumb points to the mouth, it can also represent [[marijuana]] usage, in particular the use of a [[bong]]. This is usually accompanied by a sucking noise.

In China, it is also the sign for the number six.

A similar gesture is the "call me" sign, which also has the pinky finger and thumb outstretched, but then also holds it up to the ear, to signify a telephone. This gesture is a common way to silently tell someone to call him or her, such as to continue a conversation in private.

It is also used by [[FC Barcelona]] player [[Ronaldinho]] as part of his goal celebration.

In India, rolling the shaka in a winding motion signifies that the listener does not believe what is being said and that the speaker needs to "spool in the yarn from spinning out too far".

==="Thanks!" Salute===
Another gesture familiar from vintage cartoons, this is performed by sweeping an opened hand from near one's brow toward the person being addressed, and expresses gratitude. It is adapted from [[American Sign Language]], and alludes to tipping your hat or cap.

===Three middle fingers===
Gestures consisting of fully extending the index, middle, and ring fingers with the thumb and pinky tucked together under the palm have had a variety of meanings over the years.

The gesture was also used by [[Bosnian Croat]]s as a victory sign, representing the Christian [[Trinity]], during the [[Bosnian War]]. To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], this gesture is known as the "Sign of the Elders." With the palm facing outwards, the fingers closed (without gaps), the right hand's fingertips to the same-side temple, it is used by the [[scouting|Boy scouts]] as their identifying [[salute]].

In the United States, when the back of the hand faces outwards, this gesture is often used as a [[euphemism]] for "[[#middle finger|the finger]]." It is used especially when a jocular effect is desired. Originally, an accompanying verbal explanation was usual — "Read [[subtext|between the lines]]," referring to the common English expression denoting that one must read carefully to glean the subtle meaning in a passage — but this phrase is now commonly omitted.

===Thumbs up, thumbs down===

A closed fist held with the thumb extended upward or downward is a gesture of approval or disapproval respectively. These gestures have become metaphors in English: ''"My boss gave my proposal the thumbs-up"'' means that the boss approved the proposal, regardless of whether the gesture was made — indeed, the gesture itself is unlikely in a business setting.

The source of the gesture is obscure. Though a favorite of Hollywood '[[sword and sandal|swords and sandals]]' epics, where the "thumbs down" symbol means that the loser in a gladiatorial combat should be put to death, recent research suggests the meanings of the symbols have changed over the years. In [[1997]], Professor [[Anthony Philip Corbeill]] of the [[University of Kansas]] concluded that the thumbs up actually meant "Kill him," basing his assertion on a study of hundreds of ancient artworks. Thus, the "thumbs up" was an approval of the gladiator's request to kill his vanquished foe rather than a vote to allow the defeated to remain alive. Corbeill wrote that a closed fist with a wraparound thumb was the indication for a gladiator's life to be spared.

[[Image:Jean-Leon Gerome Pollice Verso.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Pollice Verso'' by Jean-Léon Gérôme, [[1872]] is the immediate source of the "thumbs down" gesture in [[popular culture]].]]

In [[Latin]], the "thumbs up" gesture is called ''pollice recto'', "thumbs down" is ''pollice verso''. It is not certain that the contemporary gestures are identical to the gestures performed in [[ancient Rome]]. The current version was popularized by a widely reproduced [[academic art|academic painting]] by the [[19th century]] artist [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], whose ''Pollice Verso'' depicts a triumphant gladiator standing over a fallen foe, looking up into the [[bleacher]]s for the verdict of the crowd.

Additionally, [[Desmond Morris]]' ''Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution'' traces the practice back to a [[medieval]] custom used to seal business transactions... Over time, the mere sight of an upraised thumb came to symbolize harmony and kind feelings... The gesture's popularization in America is generally attributed to the practices of World War II pilots, who used the thumbs up to communicate with ground crews prior to take-off. American GIs are reputed to have picked up on the thumb and spread it throughout Europe as they marched toward Berlin." [http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

More recently, these gestures are associated with [[film|movie]] [[review]]s, having been popularized by [[Gene Siskel]] and [[Roger Ebert]] in their televised reviews — the thumb up meaning a positive opinion of a film; the thumb down meaning a negative one. One or two thumbs up, often held over the head, may also be used by athletes in celebration of a victory.

"'Thumbs up' traditionally translates as the foulest of Middle-Eastern gesticular insults — the most straightforward interpretation is 'Up yours, pal!' The sign has a similarly pejorative meaning in parts of West Africa, South America, Russia, Iran, Greece, and Sardinia, according to Roger E. Axtell's book ''Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World''."[http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

[[Hitchhiker]]s traditionally use a thumbs up gesture to solicit rides from oncoming vehicles, although in this presentation the arm is generally outstretched with the palm and closed fingers facing the motorist.

Additionally, supporters of [[Texas A&M University]] athletic teams use the thumbs-up sign, associated with the cheer, "Gig 'em, Aggies." The Thumb refers to a "gig" used for hunting frogs. The saying came when the Aggies had a big rival in the Southwest Conference in the TCU Horned Frogs.

Thumbs up and thumbs down are extensively used in scuba diving as commands to ascend or descend.

[[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstar [[Dave Bautista|Batista]] uses this gesture to signify his finisher, the [[Batista Bomb]].

=== Tsk-tsk ===
Palm towards the recipient, all fingers closed except for the index, which alternates from left to right, like a [[metronome]]. In English-speaking countries it has a disapproving meaning and can be accompanied by a "[[tsk|tsk-tsk]]" sound.

In Italy it simply means "no", and does not have any patronizing connotation.

===V sign===
[[Image:Nixon-depart.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Richard Nixon]] gives the V-sign one last time after resigning from the presidency.]]
{{main|V sign}}

The "V sign" is made by lifting the middle and index finger with the palm of the hand facing the recipient (and the remaining fingers clenched). It was associated with the [[catchphrase]] ''"V" for Victory'' in [[World War II]]. In the [[1960s]], it came to be known as the "[[peace]] sign," the gestural equivalent of the [[peace symbol]]. It was associated with British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] during World War II, and later, with U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]]. It is also the sign for the letter V in [[American Sign Language]].

This sign is frequently used by the Japanese, most times holding up 2 "V" signs very close to either side of their face with a big grin during pictures.

In the UK, Australia, and some other countries, reversing the V sign so that the back of the hand facing the recipient is seen as the equivalent of giving [[finger (gesture)|the finger]]. Popular myth supposes it was originally a taunt by Welsh Archers towards the French who were known to cut off an Welsh Archer's first and middle fingers if captured.

Additionally, due to its use in an advertisement for the Australian made Valiant Charger (which ceased production around 1980) many people still display the V sign, in homage to the ad, and the car, if that vehicle happens to be driven past. Hardly an every day occurrence, but of some trivial interest.

===Vulcan salute===
{{main|Vulcan salute}}

The Vulcan salute consists of a raised hand, palm outward, fingers extended, with the index and middle finger kept close together, and the ring and pinky finger close together, with a "V" shaped space between them, and the thumb sticking out alone.

This gesture is associated with the phrase "Live long and prosper", and derives from ''[[Star Trek]]'', where it is used as a salute by fictional humanoid species the [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcans]].

It was introduced by [[Leonard Nimoy]] in his character of [[Mr. Spock]] and is drawn directly from the benedictory gesture made with both hands by a [[Kohen]] (priest in Judaism, a descendant of Aaron) during the [[Priestly Blessing]] ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: ''Birkat Kohanim''). The [[Kohen|Kohanim]] recite a blessing while performing this "gesture" and the other congregants respond with [[Amen]]s.

This gesture is also known as the "Spocker" in allusion to [[Shocker (hand gesture)|the Shocker]].

===Wanker===
[[Image:Fingers and thumb in circle downward motion.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Wanker]]
A loose fist (with all fingers forming a cylindrical shape) is made, and shaken up and down (or sometimes, back and forth) at the wrist.

The gesture is imitative of the motions of male [[masturbation]]. Its meaning is equivalent to the word [[wanker]] or implies something is of little importance. If directed to a person or group, who are not necessarily present, it is considered a display of contempt toward them.

The name for this gesture is described by speakers of [[American English]] as a [[Britishism]].

[[Image:Portugal Wanker Gesture.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Overhand Portuguese Wanker Gesture]]

In [[Portugal]] they use the wanker gesture but with the palm facing the ground thereby implying that the person is masturbating someone else rather than themselves. As such this has [[homosexual]] or promiscuous implications when directed at someone instead of the milder suggestion that they enjoy self-gratification.

===Wave===
A wave is a gesture in which the hand is raised and moved back and forth, as a [[greeting]] or sign of departure. The orientation of the hand varies by culture and situation. In many cultures, the palm is oriented toward the recipient of the wave.

In Chinese culture, orienting the hand palm-down and waving it up and down signifies "come here", rather than a greeting. 

===Whoop-Dee-Doo===
Point the index finger up and rotate it. This is a usually used as a response gesture to indicate something is uninteresting or irrelavent. Similar to saying a sarcastic "Whoop-Dee-Doo" or "Big deal".

==Using two hands==
===Air quotes===
{{main|Air quotes}}

This phrase refers to using one's fingers to make virtual [[quotation marks]] in the air when speaking.

===Awkward Turtle===
The Awkward Turtle is a gesture made after something awkward just happened, or when there is an awkward silence.
To perform an awkward turtle there are three steps to take. First, place hands on top of each other. Next, move thumbs out and away from the hands. Finally, rotate the thumbs.

Nowadays the gesture is used in the United States to hush children, or to calm participants in a heated argument. In [[Japan]], the same gesture may be used to request the check when dining at a restaurant (see also [[#Check, please|Check, please]], above).

==="Gills"===
This gesture involves holding the backs of the wrists against the jawline (with elbows outstretched) and then waggling one's fingers. The gesture is often accompanied by a feminine-voiced "Ooooo!" which rises and falls in intonation. It is used when one would normally say (sarcastically) "well aren't you clever?", or to imply that someone is acting too posh for their station. It is peculiar to Scotland owing to its use in Scottish TV sketch show [[Chewin the Fat]].

==="Shame on you"===
This gesture involves pointing at a person with the index finger of one hand while rubbing the pointed finger with the index finger of the opposite hand. The rubbing motion is directed toward the intended recipient and is repeated at least three times. It is used to imply that the targeted person should feel shame.

===Time-out===
The "time-out" gesture — a "T" formed with the hands, with one hand with flat palm placed perpendicular to the other hand with flat palm, roughly in the center — originates in American sports. It was, and is, used where a brief [[sport time-out|pause in play]] is called for, such as to make substitutions. In [[basketball]], the gesture is used to indicate that a player or coach is guilty of a [[technical foul]].

==Hand with body gestures==
{{Mergeto|Hand gestures|Talk page|date=April 2007}}
===Bent elbow===
[[Image:Kozakiewicz gesture.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Elbow gesture by [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]] ]]
This is performed in two parts: first, the right hand is placed in the elbow crook of the left arm. The left arm is then raised (fist clenched) at the victim in a smooth and continuous motion. While the motion is essential to the gesture, the choice of arm is not. This gesture is associated with [[Italy|Italians]] and is considered a more theatrical and physically exuberant version of the [[finger (gesture)|finger]], and may even be combined with the finger. In Italian it is known as the ''gesto dell'ombrello'', meaning literally "the umbrella gesture." It is typically used in two different situations: 1) to answer "no way!" in an extremely empathic (and quite vulgar) way; 2) after a triumph against some unfair enemy, with a sense of revenge. The gesture is frequently made stronger by crying "toh!" or "tiè!", both meaning "take this!", at the precise moment the hand touches the crook of the elbow.

This gesture is also in use in [[France]] as ''bras d'honneur'' (arm of honour), where it is usually understood as ''va te faire foutre'', still meaning "fuck off." In [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]], it is a ''corte de mangas'' ("[[sleeve]] cut") or a ''manguito'' (a cover formerly worn by public services bureaucratic workers on the arms to protect one's sleeves from ink splatters) respectively and is done with the left hand on the right elbow, without the continuous motion. In [[Portugal]], the iconic fictional character [[Zé Povinho]], created by [[Bordalo Pinheiro]], is usually depicted performing this gesture.

The gesture is sometimes used repetitively by fans at [[Citizens Bank Park]] in [[Philadelphia]] when the [[Phillies]] face the [[Atlanta Braves]] as a [[parody]] of the Braves' [[tomahawk chop]], and this usage is known as the "[[South Philly]] tomahawk chop" due to the gritty reputation of [[Philadelphia]] sports fans.

The gesture above has long been known in Slavic countries in the above senses plus "fuck you", without any standard name. In [[Poland]] its name has been standardized to "Kozakiewicz's gesture", after Polish [[pole vault]] jumper [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]], who had shown this gesture to the jeering Russian public during the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]].

===Biting one's thumb===
[[Image:Sampson bites his thumb.JPG|left|200px|thumb|How NOT to bite your thumb]]
[[Image:Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb]]
[[Biting one's thumb]] was an old rude British gesture. It is comparable to "[[#middle finger|the Finger]]" in modern terms. In [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', Sampson bites his thumb at the Montagues (Act 1, Scene 1).

The gesture does not literally involve biting the thumb. The fingernail of a thumb is placed behind the upper teeth, with the thumb thus pointing upwards, and the thumb is then bent forwards, the fingernail making a clicking sound as it flicks past the teeth.

An equivalent gesture still persists in [[Italy]].

=== Biting one's hand ===
In Sicily, biting one's flat hand or fist is a powerful threat.

===Bowing, kneeling, kowtowing===
A [[bowing (social)|bow]] is a gesture of respect involving lowering the head, usually performed by a social inferior to a social superior. Various cultures have different degrees or ways of performing the bow; [[China]] and [[Japan]] are particularly associated with elaborate and formal bowing. Bowing is also done by many groups as a ritual associated with [[prayer]]. In the Western world, women [[curtsey]] rather than bow. [[Kneel]]ing and "[[kowtow]]ing" are more extreme or elaborate forms of self-abasement before a social superior.

===Choking sign===
[[Image:Chokinggesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Choking" sign]]
The standard gesture to indicate that one is [[choking]] is to hold the throat as if strangling oneself. This is recognized as a request for immediate [[first aid]] for choking. It is promoted as a way to prevent onlookers from confusing the victim's distress with some other problem, such as a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], when the person cannot speak. The gesture is sometimes used metaphorically to refer to someone or something "choking" in the slang sense of failing at something while under pressure, for instance at an athletic event.

===Crossing oneself===
{{main|Sign of the cross}}
The "[[sign of the cross|sign of the Cross]]" is the use of the right hand to touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, and right shoulder, consecutively. It represents the [[Christian cross]]. (Roman Catholics crossing themselves touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, then right shoulder; Byzantine (Eastern) Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians touch the right shoulder before the left, with the thumb and first two fingers joined — symbolizing the Trinity — and the tips of the last two fingers touching the palm, symbolizing the dual nature of Christ in one being. )

This gesture is used by [[Roman Catholic]]s, [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], and some other Christian groups in [[prayer]]s, to perform blessings, and as a salute before entering a [[church]] or similar place of religious significance. It is also used in various kinds of Christian [[folk religion]] to avert [[evil]] or [[bad luck]].

===Cutthroat===
[[Image:Cutthroatgesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Cutthroat" sign]]
This gesture is performed by drawing the hand, or a finger or two, across the throat. It represents slitting the throat with a knife, and means that the gesturer or someone else is metaphorically being killed. It is rarely if ever used literally to refer to death, though it is occasionally used as a theatrical threat ("I'm going to kill you"). In these contexts, it is sometimes accompanied by a harsh "kkkkkch" sound.

This gesture can also mean to "cut," "stop," or to discontinue a particular action. It can also be used to indicate something has ended or a previous process has concluded. [[Scuba diving|Scuba]] divers use this gesture with the palm swept across the throat to indicate that they have run out of air. Airport ground personnel also use this gesture to indicate a variety of things (due to the loud environment), such as baggage offload has completed or the last of the passengers have disembarked. In this context, it can be understood to mean: "That's it."

Additionally, [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstars [[Chris Benoit]] and [[The Undertaker]] use this gesture to signify their signature moves, The [[Flying Headbutt]] and the [[Chokeslam]].

=== Drinking sign ===
In UK, the gesture for drinking (used for example as an invitation to "go down the [[pub]]") is made by putting the back of the thumb just below the lower lip, while the other fingers are close together as if holding an imaginary [[pint]] of beer, tipping it repeatedly.
In other countries, the shaka sign is used in a similar way, as described above.

===Flipping the fingers out from under the chin===

A [http://news.bostonherald.com/localRegional/view.bg?articleid=132932 traditional Sicilian gesture] analogous in meaning to the raised middle finger. This gesture became the center of a controversy in March of 2006, when [[U.S. Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] [[Associate Justice]] [[Antonin Scalia]] was photographed allegedly making the gesture to illustrate his response to his critics. Scalia later claimed that he used a different gesture, waving his fingers beneath his chin, a gesture translating to "I couldn't care less." For more details, see [[Antonin Scalia]].

=== Hand over heart ===
This gesture involves placing one's right hand, palm outstretched and facing in, over one's heart. Male [[hat]] or cap wearers typically remove their hats and hold them in this hand. In some cultures, it is used as a gesture of respect towards [[flag]]s or during singing of a [[national anthem]]. In the United States, it is also performed as a part of the rituals of the [[Pledge of Allegiance]]. It can also be used to indicate sincerity, shock, or hurt.

===Loser===
This gesture is performed by raising the index finger and thumb of your right hand perpendicular to each other so that they form the letter "L". It is then placed onto one's forehead. It signifies that the person to whom this gesture is directed is a loser.

===My eye===

In France and parts of Europe it is common to point your index finger at your eye and even pull the skin under the eye lightly down to emphasize the presenting of the eye. The gesture displays disbelief.

In Japan, tugging at the eye, often accompanied by sticking out one's tongue, is used as a childishly offensive gesture, or to indicate boredom.

In Italy, Brazil and all Spanish-speaking nations it means "watch out" (POR, ITA:''occhio!'',SPA:''¡ojo!''), and is used for warning or threatening.

===Nonsense===
Performed by waving the palm of your hand in front of your face, it may be used to tell the other person that an idea he or she had was nonsense.

In [[Portugal]], this gesture usually means the person being referred to missed an extremely obvious detail.

===Nose thumbing ===
For this gesture, also known as "cocking a snoot", "giving the five-finger salute", "cocking a snook", or [http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/06/indecent-fan-proposals_19.html Queen Anne's Fan] the thumb is placed on the tip of the nose, with the remaining fingers of the hand extended and waggled freely. This gesture can be ended with a dramatic flicking of the thumb away from the end of the nose and towards the recipient. It is used in (gentle) mockery of someone. It dates back to at least the 18th century and is probably much older.

To add emphasis, the gesture can be made using both hands, connecting them by touching the little finger of the first hand with the thumb of the second, and waggling the remaining seven fingers. It is frequently accompanied by [[blowing a raspberry]], or by sticking out the tongue.

===Suck my dick===
This gesture is performed by crossing the outstretched arms across the thighs, putting emphasis on the [[groin]]. This was used by popular professional wrestling group, [[D-Generation X]].

There is a variation to this where a fist is made and shook near the mouth while bulging ones tongue against their cheeks to mimic fellatio.

===Touched / screw loose===
Tapping one's index finger against the head indicates that a person or an idea being discussed is insane or "touched in the head". A similar, more elaborate gesture uses a circling motion of the finger at the temple or side of the head. This signifies that the person is "mixed up" or "has a screw loose". In Germany, tapping or pointing to the temple is used as an insult, often with the accompanying phrase "du hast einen Vogel." While this literally means "You have a bird," it is idiomatic for saying that you are insane. Also, in Indonesia, drawing a line across the forehead with the side of the right index finger denotes a similar meaning.

A variant of this one is the suicide. Make a gun with your hand and pretend to shoot point blank at your own temple. It can be accompanied with sticking out the tongue or a shooting sound for full effect, and often implies that the speaker is a "complete idiot". A more recent use of this is in the movie, "40-Year Old Virgin" where one of the characters, after being bored with a conversation, proceeds to aim at his temple and pretend to fire. Afterwards, he uses his other hand and does a reverse cupping motion outward from the other side of his head to signify his brains splattering out.

In Japan, a variation of this is knocking on the temple with the knuckle of the index finger. This is usually used in reference to the signer; "I'm such an idiot!"

==="Wiping" one's forehead===
The act of wiping one's own forehead, regardless of whether sweat has actually formed there, is a sign indicating many things such as "That was close" or "What a relief".

==Body and facial gestures==
{{further|[[Facial expression]]}}
[[Image:Eyeroll.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Rolling one's eyes can express exasperation or condescension.]]

Many gestures utilize only the face or body, without the hands.

===Eye-rolling===
Performed by rotating the eyes upward, it indicates condescension, contempt, boredom, or exasperation. This is often referred to as "rolling ones eyes to Heaven," as though wishing for a divine intervention for a rescue from boredom, frustration, etc.

===Mooning===
[[Mooning]] is the act of displaying one's [[nudity|bare]] [[buttocks]] by lowering the back side of one's [[trousers]] and [[underpants]], usually without exposing the [[genitals]]. Mooning is used in some cultures to express protest, scorn, disrespect, or provocation. It can also be done for [[shock value]] or fun.

===The "peacock"===
Expresses superiority or domination combined with a certain degree of smug arrogance. Performed by pushing the chest up and out at the front as well as tilting the face slightly upward. This may be accompanied by motions of hooking both thumbs under one's [[lapels]] or [[suspenders]] even if they are not present.

{{Gestures}}

[[Category:Gestures]]

Archive:Types of gestures

2007-07-08T22:44:35Z

24.147.102.48: /* Three middle fingers */

{{unreferenced||article|date=September 2006}}
Gestures are a form of [[Body language]] or [[Non-verbal communication]].
Although some [[gesture]]s, such as the ubiquitous act of [[Hand gesture|pointing]], differ little from one place to another, most gestures do not have invariable or universal meanings, having specific connotations only in certain cultures. Different types of gestures are distinguished. The most famous type of gestures are the so-called emblems or quotable gestures (see the examples below). These are [[culture]] specific gestures that can be used as replacement for words. Communities have repertoires of such gestures. A single emblematic gesture can have very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary to highly offensive.

Another type of gestures are the ones we use when we speak. These gestures are closely coordinated with speech. The meaningful part of the gesture is temporally synchronised with the co-expressive words. For example, a gesture that depicts the act of throwing will be synchronous with the word 'threw' in the utterance "and then he threw the ball right into the window." Other gestures like the so-called beat gestures, are used in conjunction with speech, keeping time with the rhythm of speech and to emphasize certain words or phrases. These types of gestures are integrally connected to [[speech]] and thought processes.

==Studies of gesture==
The first full-length study of gesture was published by [[John Bulwer]] in 1644. Bulwer analyzed dozens of gestures, and provided a guide on how to use gestures to increase eloquence and clarity for public speaking. Today, one of the most prominent researchers in the field of gesture research is [[Adam Kendon]]. He has investigated many aspects of gestures, including their role in communication, conventionalization of gesture, integration of gesture and speech, and the evolution of language. Other prominent researchers in this field include [[Susan Goldin-Meadow]] and [[David McNeill]].

==Social significance==
[[Image:VitarkaMudra.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Vitarka [[mudra]], [[Tarim Basin]], 9th century.]]

Gestures play a major role in many aspects of human life. Many animals, including humans, use gestures to initiate a [[mating ritual]]. This may include elaborate [[dance]]s and other movements.

Religious and spiritual gestures are also common, such as the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[sign of the cross]]. In [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]], a ''[[mudra]]'' ([[Sanskrit]], meaning either "posture" or "currency" depending on the interpretation) is a symbolic gesture made with the hand or fingers. Each mudra has a specific meaning, playing a central role in Hindu and Buddhist [[iconography]]. An example is the Vitarka mudra, the gesture of discussion and transmission of Buddhist teaching. It is done by joining the tips of the thumb and the index together, while keeping the other fingers straight.

==Using one hand==
===Itching Under The Chin===
In Italian culture this represents "I don't care, I can't be bothered". This is done by keeping one hand straight, placing it under the chin, and 'throwing out' that hand toward the person receiving the gesture. In Italian American culture this represents "Screw You!"; U.S. Supreme Court justice [[Antonin Scalia]] received criticism for using this gesture towards a reporter.

Scratching or stroking the chin or beard (where possible) can be used to indicate that the gesticulater is thinking or puzzled.

===Bang bang===
[[Image:gesture thumb up then down forefinger out like gun.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This gesture mimes a [[handgun]].]]

The "bang bang" gesture is performed by raising the fist with the index finger and thumb extended. The index finger points at the recipient. The thumb is then brought down on top of the fingers. This imitation of the action of a revolver [[pistol]] is often meant to represent a [[handgun]] in children's games. It may also be used menacingly to mean "I'm gonna kill you", or simply as a playful greeting. The middle finger is often also extended to widen the "barrel".

[[Texas Tech University|Texas Tech]] fans use the "bang bang" salute (fingers pointed upward) to cheer their team. Also, the "bang bang" performed with both hands was a signature gesture of [[professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] [[Mick Foley]] while he was in his "Cactus Jack" [[gimmick (professional wrestling)|persona]].

Also, if the thumb and middle finger are used to click, and the thumb the pointed upwards to form the gun, this can also be interpreted as a greeting.

A two-handed version of the same gesture can be used to indicate sporting/business success or sexual conquest (frequently accompanied by a syncopated "pow-pow", esp. in a posh British accent).

=== Beckoning sign ===
Index finger sticking out of the clenched fist, palm facing the gesturer. The finger moves repeatedly towards the gesturer (in a hook) as to draw something nearer. It has the general meaning of "come here", although it is normally seen as condescending or anyway impolite. It is sometimes performed with the four fingers, with the entire hand, or even with the arm, depending on how far the recipient of the sign is.

When performed with the index finger, it may have a mild sexual connotation depending on the circumstance.

In [[Africa]], the [[Far East]] and many [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking countries, this sign is given with all four fingers and with the palm down.

In [[Japan]] there is a similar gesture, but the four fingers are used, the palm faces the recipient and the hand is at head's height. This is the gesture featured in the [[maneki neko]].

===Benediction and blessing===
[[Image:ConstantineCoin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Benediction gesture, on a coin of [[Constantine I (emperor)|Emperor Constantine]].]]

The benediction gesture is a raised right hand with the ring and pinky fingers touching the palm, while the middle and index fingers remain raised. Taken from Ancient Roman icongraphy for speaking (an example is the Augustus of Prima Porta where the emperor Augustus assumes the pose of an orator in addressing his troops), it is used as a simple [[charm]] or [[blessing]] amongst many [[neopagan|modern]] [[Pagans]], and has a vast array of uses. Perhaps the most common and/or noteworthy use of the gesture is while tracing an invisible "air [[pentagram]]" before someone during certain [[Wicca]]n rituals such as the [[Great Rite]] performed during [[Beltane]] and [[Drawing Down the Moon]] on the [[Esbat]]s. One might also use the gesture to trace invisible pentagrams or other sigils over items to be blessed or empowered, such as [[holy water]], [[ritual]] [[wine]], ritual [[ale]], or [[cannabis|the Sacred Herb]]. The two extended fingers are used to point (except when an [[athame]], [[wand]], or [[sword]] is used).

A similar sign, called the ''benediction'' gesture, is used by the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[clergy]] to perform [[blessing]]s with the [[sign of the cross]]; however Christians keep the thumb raised - the three raised fingers (index, middle, and thumb) are frequently allegorically interpreted as representing the three Persons of the [[Holy Trinity]]. It was shown by representations of [[Jesus]] as [[Christ Pantocrator]].

===Blah-blah===
The fingers are kept straight and together in a horizontal fashion while the thumb is held out straight. The fingers and thumb then snap together repeatedly to suggest a mouth talking. It is used to indicate contempt for a person talking for an excessive period of time about nothing the gesturer feels is important.

===Check, please===
This gesture, understood by waiters around the world to mean that a dinner patron wishes to pay the bill and depart, is executed by touching the index finger and thumb together and "writing" a wavy line in the air, as if to sign one's name. An alternate gesture with the same meaning is made by touching the index finger and thumb together and drawing a [[Tick (checkmark)|checkmark]] ({{unicode|<big>✓</big>}}) in the air. In [[Egypt]], the left hand is held palm-out and the right, palm-down, is tapped against the left wrist to request the check. In [[Thailand]], one makes a circling gesture with the thumb and fingers pinched together- as if you are holding an imaginary pencil and making imaginary scribbles on a piece of paper. Sometimes the opposite palm is used as the 'paper'. In the [[Philippines]], one outlines a rectangle in the air using the thumb and forefinger of both hands.

===Clenched fist===
A raised, clenched fist is used as a gesture of defiance by a number of groups. It is usually considered to be hostile, yet without any sexual, scatological, or notionally offensive connotations. It is especially associated with [[Communism|Communists]] and with other nationalist or ethnic [[revolution]]ary or would-be revolutionary movements, and with the [[Black Power]] movements of the [[1960s]] in the United States. It is the custom to make this gesture while singing ''[[The Internationale]]'', the [[Marxism|Marxist]] anthem. A clenched fist raised quickly up and down and then punched in some direction also signifies a military call for a heavy weapons team to close on the gesturer or to move or open fire in the direction indicated by the punch.

: See also: [[With a strong hand and an outstretched arm]]

=== Pound fist ===
Pound fist is a greeting, in which two individuals touch fists.

=== Clinton thumb ===
The gesture dubbed the "Clinton thumb" after its most famous user, [[Bill Clinton]], is used by politicians to provide emphasis in speeches without pointing the finger. This gesture has the thumb leaning against the thumbside portion of the index finger, which is part of a closed fist. It does not exhibit the anger of the clenched fist or pointing finger, and so is thought to be less threatening. This gesture was likely adopted by Clinton from [[John F. Kennedy]], who can be seen using it in many speeches during his political career.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} It is often used in extemporaenous speech and debate, as a tool for emphasizing points.

===Crossed fingers===
A gesture made by crossing the index and middle fingers such that the middle finger overlaps and intertwines the index finger, which can be used to signify one's hope that something should succeed (compare to the phrase "Keep your fingers crossed."). According to OldSuperstitions.com, this stems from the [[superstition]] that "Bad luck is trapped at the point where the two fingers meet so when we cross our fingers, we stop the bad luck from escaping and allow our wishes to come true.". However, if placed behind one's back, the gesture takes on an entirely different meaning: it is then normally used to indicate that the user secretly wishes for something ''contrary'' to what is being stated or going on, or that a lie is being told. This usage is often seen in dramatic contexts.

===Cuckoo sign===
A gesture made by closing ones fist, extending the index finger, and circling it around ones ear for several seconds. This gesture is used to indicate that someone is speaking nonsense or is crazy (more colloquially, this is described as being [[cuckoo]]). The "cuckoo" sign is well-known in the United States.

===Fig sign===
[[Image:gesture fist with thumb through fingers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "fig sign" is an ancient gesture with many uses.]]

The "fig sign" is a gesture made with the hand and fingers curled and the thumb thrust between the middle and index fingers, or, rarely, the middle and ring fingers, forming the fist so that the thumb partly pokes out. In some areas of the world, the gesture is considered a good luck charm, in others it is considered an obscene gesture, and in still others it is used in the "I've got your nose!" child's game. This gesture is also the letter "T" in the [[American Sign Language alphabet]]. In [[International Sign]], which otherwise uses the same manual alphabet, "T" has been modified to avoid possible offense.

In [[ancient Rome]], this gesture was called the ''mano fico'', and was a fertility and [[good luck]] charm designed to ward off evil. Although this usage has survived in [[Brazil]], where carved images of hands in this gesture are used in good luck [[talisman]]s, in many other cultures, such as Indonesia, Turkey and Russia, the sign has come to have an insulting meaning roughly equivalent to "screw you", based on the thumb being seen as representing a [[clitoris]] or [[sexual intercourse]]. In modern Russia this gesture is used mostly by kids with the meaning "screw you/no way". The same meaning is expressed by adults either with bent elbow (rude, very emphatic, non-classy), or with a "finger" (used mostly by city dwellers). The "finger" made it to Russian gesture language from Western movies. In modern [[Italian language|Italian]], the gesture is called the ''mano fica'', taken to mean "fig hand", as the Italian word for "[[fig]]" is ''fico'' (''ficus'' in [[Latin]]). The obscene connotations of the gesture may partly originate from the fact that a similar Italian word, ''fica'', is a slang term referring to the [[vulva]]. This sexual connotation may date back to ancient Roman times; some Roman amulets combine a ''[[phallus]]'' and a ''mano fico'' gesture. In [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', [[Vanni Fucci]] curses [[God]] with a "fig" gesture. [http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/circle8b.html#vanni]

Also known as the [[Sicilian Fist]] in Sicily, worn as a good luck charm. * [http://www.italybyvip.com/1874.html Images of the "Sicilian Fist Charm" in Sicily]

The gesture is also used in a trick played by adults and parents, with the intention of convincing their child that his or her nose has been ripped off. Someone, usually an adult, grabs at the child's nose and forms the fig sign, exclaiming, "I've got your nose, I've got your nose!" The thumb is supposed to be the child's removed nose.

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use this gesture as a symbol of the [[mother goddess]] to help adherents identify one another. In this context, it is referred to as the "Sign of the Goddess". Its counterpart is the ''[[corna]]'' sign.

===Finger Snap===
{{Unreferenced|date=September 2006}}
One of several gestures familiar to modern people primarily through old [[animated cartoons]], this gesture generally expresses a confident "screw you!" in the face of an adversary. The gesturer holds one hand out, palm up, in the direction of his antagonist and snaps his thumb and middle finger, generally accompanied by a high-nosed, "snooty" facial expression and followed by crossing the arms.

In some countries, particularly Great Britain, snapping the fingers is used to signify remembering or failing to remember. Snapping the fingers repeatedly at a constant rate is commonly used to signify that the person has forgotten something and is trying to recall it. This is often done with the fingers snapped close to the temple, as though literally 'jogging the memory,' and is associated with the phrase 'it's on the tip of my tongue.'

A single snap, sometimes emphasized by an arced swing of the arm, is used when someone is reminded of something by another person, particularly if it is a job or a chore they have forgotten to do, or as a sign of disappointment or regret. Some people also snap their fingers to catch the attention of others. This is informal - some people may find it rude or even threatening, as it is common for the gesturer to snap his fingers very close to the other's face. In some cases, this may be interpreted as a face-threatening act or a sign of contempt.

===Horns===
{{main|Corna}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with index and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Corna]]

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use it as a symbol of the [[horned god]] to identify each other; in this context it is referred to as the "Sign of the Horned God". Its counterpart is the ''fig sign'', above.

Some say that it is meant to ward off — or to bestow — the [[evil eye]]. It is also a representation of the [[Devil]] by some [[Satanist]]s. The gesture's origin is believed to be an imitation of the shape of a goats head, which has many associations with the concept of Satan in [[Christianity]] [http://www.keyway.ca/htm2001/20010924.htm Satan's Goat]

It has a variety of other meanings as well, depending on culture and area. In some places, it is a sexual insult, charging a man with being a victim of [[adultery|cuckoldry]] (this insult is most common in [[Spain]] and [[Italy]] but is also used in Brazil). Perhaps because of its [[occult]] significance, it is used as a salute by fans of [[Devil horns#Heavy metal|heavy metal music]]. If one reverses the extended fingers, one gets the "inverted heavy metal salute" which can be given as a reply to a heavy metal salute.

Also a common hand gesture used by the University of Texas at Austin. The sign is also usually accompanied by the slogan "Hook 'Em Horns." The gesture is said to look like a head of a Longhorn, the University's mascot.
To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], it is called the "Sign of Voor" or the "Voorish Sign".

===Kodály Hand Signs===
Named after [[Zoltán Kodály]], and largely defined by [[John Curwen]], Kodály Hand Signs are a way of representing musical notes by holding the hand in a certain position for each note. The basic concept of using gestures to represent notes is quite ancient, however near the end of the 19th century, the concept was formalized as a standard teaching method. Kodály Hand Signs are featured in the [[1977]] film [[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]].

===Knocking on wood===
{{main|touch wood}}
This signifies the neutralization of a [[jinx]]ing brought on by mentioning an either hoped-for or feared result. The knuckles are rapped on a nearby piece of wood (or, jokingly, someone's head). Usually this is only valid if done on bare (i.e. unpainted) wood. One possible reason for the tradition could have been from an [[animist]] culture who believed that the knocking would release spirits to protect them. It has also been said to stem from a belief that any nearby evil spirits who overhear somebody speaking of good fortune which has come his way may send some bad luck to offset it; knocking on wood was thought to keep the spirits from hearing. It is also known as "tapping wood" or "touching wood".

In Italy, one knocks on iron with the hand in the ''[[corna]]'' horns position.

===Middle finger===
{{main|The finger}}
[[Image:Middle finger.JPG|thumb|right|200px|"[[The finger]]" is a very common offensive hand gesture.]]
"The finger" is a gesture consisting of a fist with the middle finger extended. It appears to be universally understood as "[[fuck|fuck you]]" due to its resemblance to the penis. It is certainly thousands of years old, being referred to in Ancient Roman literature as the ''digitus infamis'' or ''digitus impudicus''. Performing this gesture is also called "flipping the bird" in countries where "the finger" is used. In other regions, "flipping the bird" refers to the raising of the middle and index finger with the back of the hand directed at the recipient. It can also mean "Victor" (see ''[[#V Sign|V Sign]]'', below) in some countries, which is not to be mistaken for the "Peace" gesture, which is done with the palm facing the recipient of the gesture, but in Britain and some other countries it is an offensive gesture, equivalent to "the finger". [[George W. Bush]] can be seen making the gesture while he was the Governor of Texas, while goofing off before beginning filming of a public address.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9Do-s1cdPk Bush "One-fingered Victory Salute" Video] </ref>

Former [[professional wrestler]] [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] used the finger quite frequently in [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] shows. He raises both of the fingers to the crowd as a way of saluting to them. Also, he gestures the finger at his opponent before kicking them in the stomach and performing the [[Stone Cold Stunner]].

Comedian [[Dane Cook]] parodied the gesture with his "Super Finger" gesture, which consists of raising the middle finger, ring finger, and thumb on the same hand while lowering (or curling) the pointer and pinky finger. It is meant to be a more "powerful" version of "the finger".

The middle finger is also used to represent the number four when one counts in the hexadecimal system using one's fingers.<ref>[http://www.intuitor.com/counting/]</ref>

When this gesture is made with the palm facing forward, it is known to [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]] as the "Sign of Kish". Another Lovecraftian sign is the "Sign of Koth", which consists of fully extending the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and pinky, while the thumb is tucked against the flat of the hand.

=== Money sign ===
The thumb rubs repeatedly over the tip of the index finger and middle fingers. The ring finger and pinky touch the palm. This gesture is meant to resemble the act of rubbing two coins together (alternatively the act of counting paper bills) and has a general meaning of "money", or "expensive".

===OK===
{{main|Okay}}

This is the touching of the index and middle finger (or just index finger) with the thumb (forming a rough circle) with the raising of the remaining fingers. In the United States and most of Europe, it means "OK" and is inoffensive. The OK sign is used extensively in [[scuba diving]]. It can also mean "[[0 (number)|0]]," or "[[money]]," in [[Japan]].
However, in Germany, it is often seen on the Autobahn, as a silent way of calling someone an "Asshole" (with the fingers extended horizontally). Similar vulgar meanings are found in other countries, but usually you have to turn the 'Ring' upside down (supinated to show the ring in front) like this example from [http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/05/butthole-is-not-ok.html Brazil]. It is then a sexual or scatological gesture referring to the [[anus]]

===Pointing===
The typical [[pointing]] with the [[index finger]] is a universal gesture. There are many other ways to point, for example with the hand, a head nod or an eye gaze. In many cases pointing at a person is considered rude. A more polite way of pointing to a person would be to to direct the hand in their direction, as if holding a plate. You may point towards yourself to draw attention, and this behavior is seen commonly in [[monkeys]].

===Moutza (Palm of hand)===
{{main|Moutza}}
In most places, a palm raised towards somebody means "stop".

In [[Greece]], the palm of the hand thrust towards somebody with the fingers splayed is an offensive gesture equivalent to giving the finger. The gesture is known in Greek as "moutza". It originates from the Byzantine punishment of parading a chained criminal around town with his face smeared with [[cinder]], or ''moutzos'' in Greek. An even more offensive version is achieved by using both hands to double the gesture, and smacking the palm of one hand against the back of the other, in the direction of the intended recipient. Both the one-handed and the two-handed versions of this gesture can be (and often are) combined with the term "''na''!", meaning "here you go!" or "there!", or "''na, malaka''!", meaning "there, you wanker!"

===Salute===
{{main|Salute}}

[[Image:Hitler walking out of Brown House after 1930 elections.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Adolf Hitler]] is saluted with the now-infamous [[Hitler salute|Nazi salute]].]]

There are many forms of [[salute]] gestures, most of which are used to denote respect or obedience for an authority. A common [[military]] hand salute consists of raising the right hand, held flat, to the right eyebrow. [[Scouting]] organizations use related salutes. The armies of various countries adopt slightly different forms of salute: in the United States, the military salute places the hand directed outward over the eyebrow, like a visor; in the United Kingdom armed forces, the hand is brought to the forehead palm outward in military and air force contexts, whereas the naval salute is as in the US forces - the US forces derived their saluting habits from the [[Royal Navy]].

One of the most infamous forms of salute is the "[[Hitler salute]]", which is performed by extending the whole right arm, palm outstretched and facing down, upwards into the air at approximately a 45 degree angle from the ground. Sometimes, this is accompanied by holding the index and middle fingers under the nose, representing Hitler's iconic moustache. This gesture is associated with [[Nazism]] and its leader, [[Adolf Hitler]], as well as with [[Germany]] during [[World War II]]. It is occasionally performed to mock someone or something for perceived [[authoritarianism]] or [[bigotry]]. This gesture was based on the [[Roman salute]], and it was in that capacity that it was revived by [[Tennis Court Oath|French Revolutionaries]] and later by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Fascism|Fascist]] party.

In some countries, mostly in Europe, it is forbidden by law to perform this gesture, although this does not deter [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] and white supremacists from using the gesture in public rallies. Even in other countries, it is generally considered taboo to use the gesture, and this partly caused the [[United States]] to abandon the similar [[Bellamy salute]] used when reciting the [[Pledge of Allegiance]], in favor of the current hand-on-heart gesture.

===Shaka===
{{main|Shaka sign}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with thumb and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "[[shaka sign|shaka]]" sign is a common greeting in beach and surfer culture.]]

The "shaka" sign is a common greeting gesture often associated with [[Hawaii]], [[California]], and [[beach]] and [[surfing|surfer]] culture in general. It consists of extending the thumb and pinky finger while keeping the three middle fingers curled, and is often described colloquially as the "hang loose" gesture. It is similar to [[American Sign Language]] letter "''Y''", where a fist is also made with only the thumb and pinky extended. The sign is often followed by waving as a greeting or acknowledgment. It can be used when driving as a signal of thanks to other drivers (for example, someone who stopped to let another driver onto the road from a driveway).

The "shaka" sign is also the greeting gesture for members of [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] Fraternity, Inc. which is the "phi" sign. All African-American Greek fraternities and sororities have hand greeting gestures.
====Similar gestures====

In Britain and Northern Europe the symbol is used as a signal for owners of older model [[Volkswagen]] vans when passing on roads. The silhouette of the hand reveals a "W"-shaped outline along the top of the hand standing for Volkswagen.

In Spain and Italy, if the thumb points to the mouth, it means "drinking", since it is similar the shape of a ''[[porrón]]'' vessel. This is also true of the [[United States]] and [[Portugal]].

In some countries, if the thumb points to the mouth, it can also represent [[marijuana]] usage, in particular the use of a [[bong]]. This is usually accompanied by a sucking noise.

In China, it is also the sign for the number six.

A similar gesture is the "call me" sign, which also has the pinky finger and thumb outstretched, but then also holds it up to the ear, to signify a telephone. This gesture is a common way to silently tell someone to call him or her, such as to continue a conversation in private.

It is also used by [[FC Barcelona]] player [[Ronaldinho]] as part of his goal celebration.

In India, rolling the shaka in a winding motion signifies that the listener does not believe what is being said and that the speaker needs to "spool in the yarn from spinning out too far".

==="Thanks!" Salute===
Another gesture familiar from vintage cartoons, this is performed by sweeping an opened hand from near one's brow toward the person being addressed, and expresses gratitude. It is adapted from [[American Sign Language]], and alludes to tipping your hat or cap.

===Three middle fingers===
Gestures consisting of fully extending the index, middle, and ring fingers with the thumb and pinky tucked together under the palm have had a variety of meanings over the years.

The gesture was also used by [[Bosnian Croat]]s as a victory sign, representing the Christian [[Trinity]], during the [[Bosnian War]]. To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], this gesture is known as the "Sign of the Elders." With the palm facing outwards, the fingers closed (without gaps), the right hand's fingertips to the same-side temple, it is used by the [[scouting|Boy scouts]] as their identifying [[salute]].

In the United States, when the back of the hand faces outwards, this gesture is often used as a [[euphemism]] for "[[#middle finger|the finger]]." It is used especially when a jocular effect is desired. Originally, an accompanying verbal explanation was usual — "Read [[subtext|between the lines]]," referring to the common English expression denoting that one must read carefully to glean the subtle meaning in a passage — but this phrase is now commonly omitted.

===Thumbs up, thumbs down===

A closed fist held with the thumb extended upward or downward is a gesture of approval or disapproval respectively. These gestures have become metaphors in English: ''"My boss gave my proposal the thumbs-up"'' means that the boss approved the proposal, regardless of whether the gesture was made — indeed, the gesture itself is unlikely in a business setting.

The source of the gesture is obscure. Though a favorite of Hollywood '[[sword and sandal|swords and sandals]]' epics, where the "thumbs down" symbol means that the loser in a gladiatorial combat should be put to death, recent research suggests the meanings of the symbols have changed over the years. In [[1997]], Professor [[Anthony Philip Corbeill]] of the [[University of Kansas]] concluded that the thumbs up actually meant "Kill him," basing his assertion on a study of hundreds of ancient artworks. Thus, the "thumbs up" was an approval of the gladiator's request to kill his vanquished foe rather than a vote to allow the defeated to remain alive. Corbeill wrote that a closed fist with a wraparound thumb was the indication for a gladiator's life to be spared.

[[Image:Jean-Leon Gerome Pollice Verso.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Pollice Verso'' by Jean-Léon Gérôme, [[1872]] is the immediate source of the "thumbs down" gesture in [[popular culture]].]]

In [[Latin]], the "thumbs up" gesture is called ''pollice recto'', "thumbs down" is ''pollice verso''. It is not certain that the contemporary gestures are identical to the gestures performed in [[ancient Rome]]. The current version was popularized by a widely reproduced [[academic art|academic painting]] by the [[19th century]] artist [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], whose ''Pollice Verso'' depicts a triumphant gladiator standing over a fallen foe, looking up into the [[bleacher]]s for the verdict of the crowd.

Additionally, [[Desmond Morris]]' ''Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution'' traces the practice back to a [[medieval]] custom used to seal business transactions... Over time, the mere sight of an upraised thumb came to symbolize harmony and kind feelings... The gesture's popularization in America is generally attributed to the practices of World War II pilots, who used the thumbs up to communicate with ground crews prior to take-off. American GIs are reputed to have picked up on the thumb and spread it throughout Europe as they marched toward Berlin." [http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

More recently, these gestures are associated with [[film|movie]] [[review]]s, having been popularized by [[Gene Siskel]] and [[Roger Ebert]] in their televised reviews — the thumb up meaning a positive opinion of a film; the thumb down meaning a negative one. One or two thumbs up, often held over the head, may also be used by athletes in celebration of a victory.

"'Thumbs up' traditionally translates as the foulest of Middle-Eastern gesticular insults — the most straightforward interpretation is 'Up yours, pal!' The sign has a similarly pejorative meaning in parts of West Africa, South America, Russia, Iran, Greece, and Sardinia, according to Roger E. Axtell's book ''Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World''."[http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

[[Hitchhiker]]s traditionally use a thumbs up gesture to solicit rides from oncoming vehicles, although in this presentation the arm is generally outstretched with the palm and closed fingers facing the motorist.

Additionally, supporters of [[Texas A&M University]] athletic teams use the thumbs-up sign, associated with the cheer, "Gig 'em, Aggies." The Thumb refers to a "gig" used for hunting frogs. The saying came when the Aggies had a big rival in the Southwest Conference in the TCU Horned Frogs.

Thumbs up and thumbs down are extensively used in scuba diving as commands to ascend or descend.

[[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstar [[Dave Bautista|Batista]] uses this gesture to signify his finisher, the [[Batista Bomb]].

=== Tsk-tsk ===
Palm towards the recipient, all fingers closed except for the index, which alternates from left to right, like a [[metronome]]. In English-speaking countries it has a disapproving meaning and can be accompanied by a "[[tsk|tsk-tsk]]" sound.

In Italy it simply means "no", and does not have any patronizing connotation.

===V sign===
[[Image:Nixon-depart.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Richard Nixon]] gives the V-sign one last time after resigning from the presidency.]]
{{main|V sign}}

The "V sign" is made by lifting the middle and index finger with the palm of the hand facing the recipient (and the remaining fingers clenched). It was associated with the [[catchphrase]] ''"V" for Victory'' in [[World War II]]. In the [[1960s]], it came to be known as the "[[peace]] sign," the gestural equivalent of the [[peace symbol]]. It was associated with British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] during World War II, and later, with U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]]. It is also the sign for the letter V in [[American Sign Language]].

This sign is frequently used by the Japanese, most times holding up 2 "V" signs very close to either side of their face with a big grin during pictures.

In the UK, Australia, and some other countries, reversing the V sign so that the back of the hand facing the recipient is seen as the equivalent of giving [[finger (gesture)|the finger]]. Popular myth supposes it was originally a taunt by Welsh Archers towards the French who were known to cut off an Welsh Archer's first and middle fingers if captured.

Additionally, due to its use in an advertisement for the Australian made Valiant Charger (which ceased production around 1980) many people still display the V sign, in homage to the ad, and the car, if that vehicle happens to be driven past. Hardly an every day occurrence, but of some trivial interest.

===Vulcan salute===
{{main|Vulcan salute}}

The Vulcan salute consists of a raised hand, palm outward, fingers extended, with the index and middle finger kept close together, and the ring and pinky finger close together, with a "V" shaped space between them, and the thumb sticking out alone.

This gesture is associated with the phrase "Live long and prosper", and derives from ''[[Star Trek]]'', where it is used as a salute by fictional humanoid species the [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcans]].

It was introduced by [[Leonard Nimoy]] in his character of [[Mr. Spock]] and is drawn directly from the benedictory gesture made with both hands by a [[Kohen]] (priest in Judaism, a descendant of Aaron) during the [[Priestly Blessing]] ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: ''Birkat Kohanim''). The [[Kohen|Kohanim]] recite a blessing while performing this "gesture" and the other congregants respond with [[Amen]]s.

This gesture is also known as the "Spocker" in allusion to [[Shocker (hand gesture)|the Shocker]].

===Wanker===
[[Image:Fingers and thumb in circle downward motion.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Wanker]]
A loose fist (with all fingers forming a cylindrical shape) is made, and shaken up and down (or sometimes, back and forth) at the wrist.

The gesture is imitative of the motions of male [[masturbation]]. Its meaning is equivalent to the word [[wanker]] or implies something is of little importance. If directed to a person or group, who are not necessarily present, it is considered a display of contempt toward them.

The name for this gesture is described by speakers of [[American English]] as a [[Britishism]].

[[Image:Portugal Wanker Gesture.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Overhand Portuguese Wanker Gesture]]

In [[Portugal]] they use the wanker gesture but with the palm facing the ground thereby implying that the person is masturbating someone else rather than themselves. As such this has [[homosexual]] or promiscuous implications when directed at someone instead of the milder suggestion that they enjoy self-gratification.

===Wave===
A wave is a gesture in which the hand is raised and moved back and forth, as a [[greeting]] or sign of departure. The orientation of the hand varies by culture and situation. In many cultures, the palm is oriented toward the recipient of the wave.

In Chinese culture, orienting the hand palm-down and waving it up and down signifies "come here", rather than a greeting. 

===Whoop-Dee-Doo===
Point the index finger up and rotate it. This is a usually used as a response gesture to indicate something is uninteresting or irrelavent. Similar to saying a sarcastic "Whoop-Dee-Doo" or "Big deal".

==Using two hands==
===Air quotes===
{{main|Air quotes}}

This phrase refers to using one's fingers to make virtual [[quotation marks]] in the air when speaking.

===Awkward Turtle===
The Awkward Turtle is a gesture made after something awkward just happened, or when there is an awkward silence.
To perform an awkward turtle there are three steps to take. First, place hands on top of each other. Next, move thumbs out and away from the hands. Finally, rotate the thumbs.

Nowadays the gesture is used in the United States to hush children, or to calm participants in a heated argument. In [[Japan]], the same gesture may be used to request the check when dining at a restaurant (see also [[#Check, please|Check, please]], above).

==="Gills"===
This gesture involves holding the backs of the wrists against the jawline (with elbows outstretched) and then waggling one's fingers. The gesture is often accompanied by a feminine-voiced "Ooooo!" which rises and falls in intonation. It is used when one would normally say (sarcastically) "well aren't you clever?", or to imply that someone is acting too posh for their station. It is peculiar to Scotland owing to its use in Scottish TV sketch show [[Chewin the Fat]].

==="Hanging"===
This gesture is performed by holding a clenched fist at the side of the head, tilting one's head away from one's fist, and making a choking sound. It may also be accompanied by hanging the tongue loosely out of one's mouth, and rolling of the eyes back into the head. It is generally used to signify "what I would rather be doing". It can also be used to show suicide.

==="Shame on you"===
This gesture involves pointing at a person with the index finger of one hand while rubbing the pointed finger with the index finger of the opposite hand. The rubbing motion is directed toward the intended recipient and is repeated at least three times. It is used to imply that the targeted person should feel shame.

===Time-out===
The "time-out" gesture — a "T" formed with the hands, with one hand with flat palm placed perpendicular to the other hand with flat palm, roughly in the center — originates in American sports. It was, and is, used where a brief [[sport time-out|pause in play]] is called for, such as to make substitutions. In [[basketball]], the gesture is used to indicate that a player or coach is guilty of a [[technical foul]].

==Hand with body gestures==
{{Mergeto|Hand gestures|Talk page|date=April 2007}}
===Bent elbow===
[[Image:Kozakiewicz gesture.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Elbow gesture by [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]] ]]
This is performed in two parts: first, the right hand is placed in the elbow crook of the left arm. The left arm is then raised (fist clenched) at the victim in a smooth and continuous motion. While the motion is essential to the gesture, the choice of arm is not. This gesture is associated with [[Italy|Italians]] and is considered a more theatrical and physically exuberant version of the [[finger (gesture)|finger]], and may even be combined with the finger. In Italian it is known as the ''gesto dell'ombrello'', meaning literally "the umbrella gesture." It is typically used in two different situations: 1) to answer "no way!" in an extremely empathic (and quite vulgar) way; 2) after a triumph against some unfair enemy, with a sense of revenge. The gesture is frequently made stronger by crying "toh!" or "tiè!", both meaning "take this!", at the precise moment the hand touches the crook of the elbow.

This gesture is also in use in [[France]] as ''bras d'honneur'' (arm of honour), where it is usually understood as ''va te faire foutre'', still meaning "fuck off." In [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]], it is a ''corte de mangas'' ("[[sleeve]] cut") or a ''manguito'' (a cover formerly worn by public services bureaucratic workers on the arms to protect one's sleeves from ink splatters) respectively and is done with the left hand on the right elbow, without the continuous motion. In [[Portugal]], the iconic fictional character [[Zé Povinho]], created by [[Bordalo Pinheiro]], is usually depicted performing this gesture.

The gesture is sometimes used repetitively by fans at [[Citizens Bank Park]] in [[Philadelphia]] when the [[Phillies]] face the [[Atlanta Braves]] as a [[parody]] of the Braves' [[tomahawk chop]], and this usage is known as the "[[South Philly]] tomahawk chop" due to the gritty reputation of [[Philadelphia]] sports fans.

The gesture above has long been known in Slavic countries in the above senses plus "fuck you", without any standard name. In [[Poland]] its name has been standardized to "Kozakiewicz's gesture", after Polish [[pole vault]] jumper [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]], who had shown this gesture to the jeering Russian public during the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]].

===Biting one's thumb===
[[Image:Sampson bites his thumb.JPG|left|200px|thumb|How NOT to bite your thumb]]
[[Image:Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb]]
[[Biting one's thumb]] was an old rude British gesture. It is comparable to "[[#middle finger|the Finger]]" in modern terms. In [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', Sampson bites his thumb at the Montagues (Act 1, Scene 1).

The gesture does not literally involve biting the thumb. The fingernail of a thumb is placed behind the upper teeth, with the thumb thus pointing upwards, and the thumb is then bent forwards, the fingernail making a clicking sound as it flicks past the teeth.

An equivalent gesture still persists in [[Italy]].

=== Biting one's hand ===
In Sicily, biting one's flat hand or fist is a powerful threat.

===Bowing, kneeling, kowtowing===
A [[bowing (social)|bow]] is a gesture of respect involving lowering the head, usually performed by a social inferior to a social superior. Various cultures have different degrees or ways of performing the bow; [[China]] and [[Japan]] are particularly associated with elaborate and formal bowing. Bowing is also done by many groups as a ritual associated with [[prayer]]. In the Western world, women [[curtsey]] rather than bow. [[Kneel]]ing and "[[kowtow]]ing" are more extreme or elaborate forms of self-abasement before a social superior.

===Choking sign===
[[Image:Chokinggesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Choking" sign]]
The standard gesture to indicate that one is [[choking]] is to hold the throat as if strangling oneself. This is recognized as a request for immediate [[first aid]] for choking. It is promoted as a way to prevent onlookers from confusing the victim's distress with some other problem, such as a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], when the person cannot speak. The gesture is sometimes used metaphorically to refer to someone or something "choking" in the slang sense of failing at something while under pressure, for instance at an athletic event.

===Crossing oneself===
{{main|Sign of the cross}}
The "[[sign of the cross|sign of the Cross]]" is the use of the right hand to touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, and right shoulder, consecutively. It represents the [[Christian cross]]. (Roman Catholics crossing themselves touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, then right shoulder; Byzantine (Eastern) Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians touch the right shoulder before the left, with the thumb and first two fingers joined — symbolizing the Trinity — and the tips of the last two fingers touching the palm, symbolizing the dual nature of Christ in one being. )

This gesture is used by [[Roman Catholic]]s, [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], and some other Christian groups in [[prayer]]s, to perform blessings, and as a salute before entering a [[church]] or similar place of religious significance. It is also used in various kinds of Christian [[folk religion]] to avert [[evil]] or [[bad luck]].

===Cutthroat===
[[Image:Cutthroatgesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Cutthroat" sign]]
This gesture is performed by drawing the hand, or a finger or two, across the throat. It represents slitting the throat with a knife, and means that the gesturer or someone else is metaphorically being killed. It is rarely if ever used literally to refer to death, though it is occasionally used as a theatrical threat ("I'm going to kill you"). In these contexts, it is sometimes accompanied by a harsh "kkkkkch" sound.

This gesture can also mean to "cut," "stop," or to discontinue a particular action. It can also be used to indicate something has ended or a previous process has concluded. [[Scuba diving|Scuba]] divers use this gesture with the palm swept across the throat to indicate that they have run out of air. Airport ground personnel also use this gesture to indicate a variety of things (due to the loud environment), such as baggage offload has completed or the last of the passengers have disembarked. In this context, it can be understood to mean: "That's it."

Additionally, [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstars [[Chris Benoit]] and [[The Undertaker]] use this gesture to signify their signature moves, The [[Flying Headbutt]] and the [[Chokeslam]].

=== Drinking sign ===
In UK, the gesture for drinking (used for example as an invitation to "go down the [[pub]]") is made by putting the back of the thumb just below the lower lip, while the other fingers are close together as if holding an imaginary [[pint]] of beer, tipping it repeatedly.
In other countries, the shaka sign is used in a similar way, as described above.

===Flipping the fingers out from under the chin===

A [http://news.bostonherald.com/localRegional/view.bg?articleid=132932 traditional Sicilian gesture] analogous in meaning to the raised middle finger. This gesture became the center of a controversy in March of 2006, when [[U.S. Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] [[Associate Justice]] [[Antonin Scalia]] was photographed allegedly making the gesture to illustrate his response to his critics. Scalia later claimed that he used a different gesture, waving his fingers beneath his chin, a gesture translating to "I couldn't care less." For more details, see [[Antonin Scalia]].

=== Hand over heart ===
This gesture involves placing one's right hand, palm outstretched and facing in, over one's heart. Male [[hat]] or cap wearers typically remove their hats and hold them in this hand. In some cultures, it is used as a gesture of respect towards [[flag]]s or during singing of a [[national anthem]]. In the United States, it is also performed as a part of the rituals of the [[Pledge of Allegiance]]. It can also be used to indicate sincerity, shock, or hurt.

===Loser===
This gesture is performed by raising the index finger and thumb of your right hand perpendicular to each other so that they form the letter "L". It is then placed onto one's forehead. It signifies that the person to whom this gesture is directed is a loser.

===My eye===

In France and parts of Europe it is common to point your index finger at your eye and even pull the skin under the eye lightly down to emphasize the presenting of the eye. The gesture displays disbelief.

In Japan, tugging at the eye, often accompanied by sticking out one's tongue, is used as a childishly offensive gesture, or to indicate boredom.

In Italy, Brazil and all Spanish-speaking nations it means "watch out" (POR, ITA:''occhio!'',SPA:''¡ojo!''), and is used for warning or threatening.

===Nonsense===
Performed by waving the palm of your hand in front of your face, it may be used to tell the other person that an idea he or she had was nonsense.

In [[Portugal]], this gesture usually means the person being referred to missed an extremely obvious detail.

===Nose thumbing ===
For this gesture, also known as "cocking a snoot", "giving the five-finger salute", "cocking a snook", or [http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/06/indecent-fan-proposals_19.html Queen Anne's Fan] the thumb is placed on the tip of the nose, with the remaining fingers of the hand extended and waggled freely. This gesture can be ended with a dramatic flicking of the thumb away from the end of the nose and towards the recipient. It is used in (gentle) mockery of someone. It dates back to at least the 18th century and is probably much older.

To add emphasis, the gesture can be made using both hands, connecting them by touching the little finger of the first hand with the thumb of the second, and waggling the remaining seven fingers. It is frequently accompanied by [[blowing a raspberry]], or by sticking out the tongue.

===Suck my dick===
This gesture is performed by crossing the outstretched arms across the thighs, putting emphasis on the [[groin]]. This was used by popular professional wrestling group, [[D-Generation X]].

There is a variation to this where a fist is made and shook near the mouth while bulging ones tongue against their cheeks to mimic fellatio.

===Touched / screw loose===
Tapping one's index finger against the head indicates that a person or an idea being discussed is insane or "touched in the head". A similar, more elaborate gesture uses a circling motion of the finger at the temple or side of the head. This signifies that the person is "mixed up" or "has a screw loose". In Germany, tapping or pointing to the temple is used as an insult, often with the accompanying phrase "du hast einen Vogel." While this literally means "You have a bird," it is idiomatic for saying that you are insane. Also, in Indonesia, drawing a line across the forehead with the side of the right index finger denotes a similar meaning.

A variant of this one is the suicide. Make a gun with your hand and pretend to shoot point blank at your own temple. It can be accompanied with sticking out the tongue or a shooting sound for full effect, and often implies that the speaker is a "complete idiot". A more recent use of this is in the movie, "40-Year Old Virgin" where one of the characters, after being bored with a conversation, proceeds to aim at his temple and pretend to fire. Afterwards, he uses his other hand and does a reverse cupping motion outward from the other side of his head to signify his brains splattering out.

In Japan, a variation of this is knocking on the temple with the knuckle of the index finger. This is usually used in reference to the signer; "I'm such an idiot!"

==="Wiping" one's forehead===
The act of wiping one's own forehead, regardless of whether sweat has actually formed there, is a sign indicating many things such as "That was close" or "What a relief".

==Body and facial gestures==
{{further|[[Facial expression]]}}
[[Image:Eyeroll.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Rolling one's eyes can express exasperation or condescension.]]

Many gestures utilize only the face or body, without the hands.

===Eye-rolling===
Performed by rotating the eyes upward, it indicates condescension, contempt, boredom, or exasperation. This is often referred to as "rolling ones eyes to Heaven," as though wishing for a divine intervention for a rescue from boredom, frustration, etc.

===Mooning===
[[Mooning]] is the act of displaying one's [[nudity|bare]] [[buttocks]] by lowering the back side of one's [[trousers]] and [[underpants]], usually without exposing the [[genitals]]. Mooning is used in some cultures to express protest, scorn, disrespect, or provocation. It can also be done for [[shock value]] or fun.

===The "peacock"===
Expresses superiority or domination combined with a certain degree of smug arrogance. Performed by pushing the chest up and out at the front as well as tilting the face slightly upward. This may be accompanied by motions of hooking both thumbs under one's [[lapels]] or [[suspenders]] even if they are not present.

{{Gestures}}

[[Category:Gestures]]

Archive:Types of gestures

2007-07-08T22:44:23Z

24.147.102.48: /* Three middle fingers */

{{unreferenced||article|date=September 2006}}
Gestures are a form of [[Body language]] or [[Non-verbal communication]].
Although some [[gesture]]s, such as the ubiquitous act of [[Hand gesture|pointing]], differ little from one place to another, most gestures do not have invariable or universal meanings, having specific connotations only in certain cultures. Different types of gestures are distinguished. The most famous type of gestures are the so-called emblems or quotable gestures (see the examples below). These are [[culture]] specific gestures that can be used as replacement for words. Communities have repertoires of such gestures. A single emblematic gesture can have very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary to highly offensive.

Another type of gestures are the ones we use when we speak. These gestures are closely coordinated with speech. The meaningful part of the gesture is temporally synchronised with the co-expressive words. For example, a gesture that depicts the act of throwing will be synchronous with the word 'threw' in the utterance "and then he threw the ball right into the window." Other gestures like the so-called beat gestures, are used in conjunction with speech, keeping time with the rhythm of speech and to emphasize certain words or phrases. These types of gestures are integrally connected to [[speech]] and thought processes.

==Studies of gesture==
The first full-length study of gesture was published by [[John Bulwer]] in 1644. Bulwer analyzed dozens of gestures, and provided a guide on how to use gestures to increase eloquence and clarity for public speaking. Today, one of the most prominent researchers in the field of gesture research is [[Adam Kendon]]. He has investigated many aspects of gestures, including their role in communication, conventionalization of gesture, integration of gesture and speech, and the evolution of language. Other prominent researchers in this field include [[Susan Goldin-Meadow]] and [[David McNeill]].

==Social significance==
[[Image:VitarkaMudra.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Vitarka [[mudra]], [[Tarim Basin]], 9th century.]]

Gestures play a major role in many aspects of human life. Many animals, including humans, use gestures to initiate a [[mating ritual]]. This may include elaborate [[dance]]s and other movements.

Religious and spiritual gestures are also common, such as the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[sign of the cross]]. In [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]], a ''[[mudra]]'' ([[Sanskrit]], meaning either "posture" or "currency" depending on the interpretation) is a symbolic gesture made with the hand or fingers. Each mudra has a specific meaning, playing a central role in Hindu and Buddhist [[iconography]]. An example is the Vitarka mudra, the gesture of discussion and transmission of Buddhist teaching. It is done by joining the tips of the thumb and the index together, while keeping the other fingers straight.

==Using one hand==
===Itching Under The Chin===
In Italian culture this represents "I don't care, I can't be bothered". This is done by keeping one hand straight, placing it under the chin, and 'throwing out' that hand toward the person receiving the gesture. In Italian American culture this represents "Screw You!"; U.S. Supreme Court justice [[Antonin Scalia]] received criticism for using this gesture towards a reporter.

Scratching or stroking the chin or beard (where possible) can be used to indicate that the gesticulater is thinking or puzzled.

===Bang bang===
[[Image:gesture thumb up then down forefinger out like gun.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This gesture mimes a [[handgun]].]]

The "bang bang" gesture is performed by raising the fist with the index finger and thumb extended. The index finger points at the recipient. The thumb is then brought down on top of the fingers. This imitation of the action of a revolver [[pistol]] is often meant to represent a [[handgun]] in children's games. It may also be used menacingly to mean "I'm gonna kill you", or simply as a playful greeting. The middle finger is often also extended to widen the "barrel".

[[Texas Tech University|Texas Tech]] fans use the "bang bang" salute (fingers pointed upward) to cheer their team. Also, the "bang bang" performed with both hands was a signature gesture of [[professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] [[Mick Foley]] while he was in his "Cactus Jack" [[gimmick (professional wrestling)|persona]].

Also, if the thumb and middle finger are used to click, and the thumb the pointed upwards to form the gun, this can also be interpreted as a greeting.

A two-handed version of the same gesture can be used to indicate sporting/business success or sexual conquest (frequently accompanied by a syncopated "pow-pow", esp. in a posh British accent).

=== Beckoning sign ===
Index finger sticking out of the clenched fist, palm facing the gesturer. The finger moves repeatedly towards the gesturer (in a hook) as to draw something nearer. It has the general meaning of "come here", although it is normally seen as condescending or anyway impolite. It is sometimes performed with the four fingers, with the entire hand, or even with the arm, depending on how far the recipient of the sign is.

When performed with the index finger, it may have a mild sexual connotation depending on the circumstance.

In [[Africa]], the [[Far East]] and many [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking countries, this sign is given with all four fingers and with the palm down.

In [[Japan]] there is a similar gesture, but the four fingers are used, the palm faces the recipient and the hand is at head's height. This is the gesture featured in the [[maneki neko]].

===Benediction and blessing===
[[Image:ConstantineCoin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Benediction gesture, on a coin of [[Constantine I (emperor)|Emperor Constantine]].]]

The benediction gesture is a raised right hand with the ring and pinky fingers touching the palm, while the middle and index fingers remain raised. Taken from Ancient Roman icongraphy for speaking (an example is the Augustus of Prima Porta where the emperor Augustus assumes the pose of an orator in addressing his troops), it is used as a simple [[charm]] or [[blessing]] amongst many [[neopagan|modern]] [[Pagans]], and has a vast array of uses. Perhaps the most common and/or noteworthy use of the gesture is while tracing an invisible "air [[pentagram]]" before someone during certain [[Wicca]]n rituals such as the [[Great Rite]] performed during [[Beltane]] and [[Drawing Down the Moon]] on the [[Esbat]]s. One might also use the gesture to trace invisible pentagrams or other sigils over items to be blessed or empowered, such as [[holy water]], [[ritual]] [[wine]], ritual [[ale]], or [[cannabis|the Sacred Herb]]. The two extended fingers are used to point (except when an [[athame]], [[wand]], or [[sword]] is used).

A similar sign, called the ''benediction'' gesture, is used by the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[clergy]] to perform [[blessing]]s with the [[sign of the cross]]; however Christians keep the thumb raised - the three raised fingers (index, middle, and thumb) are frequently allegorically interpreted as representing the three Persons of the [[Holy Trinity]]. It was shown by representations of [[Jesus]] as [[Christ Pantocrator]].

===Blah-blah===
The fingers are kept straight and together in a horizontal fashion while the thumb is held out straight. The fingers and thumb then snap together repeatedly to suggest a mouth talking. It is used to indicate contempt for a person talking for an excessive period of time about nothing the gesturer feels is important.

===Check, please===
This gesture, understood by waiters around the world to mean that a dinner patron wishes to pay the bill and depart, is executed by touching the index finger and thumb together and "writing" a wavy line in the air, as if to sign one's name. An alternate gesture with the same meaning is made by touching the index finger and thumb together and drawing a [[Tick (checkmark)|checkmark]] ({{unicode|<big>✓</big>}}) in the air. In [[Egypt]], the left hand is held palm-out and the right, palm-down, is tapped against the left wrist to request the check. In [[Thailand]], one makes a circling gesture with the thumb and fingers pinched together- as if you are holding an imaginary pencil and making imaginary scribbles on a piece of paper. Sometimes the opposite palm is used as the 'paper'. In the [[Philippines]], one outlines a rectangle in the air using the thumb and forefinger of both hands.

===Clenched fist===
A raised, clenched fist is used as a gesture of defiance by a number of groups. It is usually considered to be hostile, yet without any sexual, scatological, or notionally offensive connotations. It is especially associated with [[Communism|Communists]] and with other nationalist or ethnic [[revolution]]ary or would-be revolutionary movements, and with the [[Black Power]] movements of the [[1960s]] in the United States. It is the custom to make this gesture while singing ''[[The Internationale]]'', the [[Marxism|Marxist]] anthem. A clenched fist raised quickly up and down and then punched in some direction also signifies a military call for a heavy weapons team to close on the gesturer or to move or open fire in the direction indicated by the punch.

: See also: [[With a strong hand and an outstretched arm]]

=== Pound fist ===
Pound fist is a greeting, in which two individuals touch fists.

=== Clinton thumb ===
The gesture dubbed the "Clinton thumb" after its most famous user, [[Bill Clinton]], is used by politicians to provide emphasis in speeches without pointing the finger. This gesture has the thumb leaning against the thumbside portion of the index finger, which is part of a closed fist. It does not exhibit the anger of the clenched fist or pointing finger, and so is thought to be less threatening. This gesture was likely adopted by Clinton from [[John F. Kennedy]], who can be seen using it in many speeches during his political career.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} It is often used in extemporaenous speech and debate, as a tool for emphasizing points.

===Crossed fingers===
A gesture made by crossing the index and middle fingers such that the middle finger overlaps and intertwines the index finger, which can be used to signify one's hope that something should succeed (compare to the phrase "Keep your fingers crossed."). According to OldSuperstitions.com, this stems from the [[superstition]] that "Bad luck is trapped at the point where the two fingers meet so when we cross our fingers, we stop the bad luck from escaping and allow our wishes to come true.". However, if placed behind one's back, the gesture takes on an entirely different meaning: it is then normally used to indicate that the user secretly wishes for something ''contrary'' to what is being stated or going on, or that a lie is being told. This usage is often seen in dramatic contexts.

===Cuckoo sign===
A gesture made by closing ones fist, extending the index finger, and circling it around ones ear for several seconds. This gesture is used to indicate that someone is speaking nonsense or is crazy (more colloquially, this is described as being [[cuckoo]]). The "cuckoo" sign is well-known in the United States.

===Fig sign===
[[Image:gesture fist with thumb through fingers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "fig sign" is an ancient gesture with many uses.]]

The "fig sign" is a gesture made with the hand and fingers curled and the thumb thrust between the middle and index fingers, or, rarely, the middle and ring fingers, forming the fist so that the thumb partly pokes out. In some areas of the world, the gesture is considered a good luck charm, in others it is considered an obscene gesture, and in still others it is used in the "I've got your nose!" child's game. This gesture is also the letter "T" in the [[American Sign Language alphabet]]. In [[International Sign]], which otherwise uses the same manual alphabet, "T" has been modified to avoid possible offense.

In [[ancient Rome]], this gesture was called the ''mano fico'', and was a fertility and [[good luck]] charm designed to ward off evil. Although this usage has survived in [[Brazil]], where carved images of hands in this gesture are used in good luck [[talisman]]s, in many other cultures, such as Indonesia, Turkey and Russia, the sign has come to have an insulting meaning roughly equivalent to "screw you", based on the thumb being seen as representing a [[clitoris]] or [[sexual intercourse]]. In modern Russia this gesture is used mostly by kids with the meaning "screw you/no way". The same meaning is expressed by adults either with bent elbow (rude, very emphatic, non-classy), or with a "finger" (used mostly by city dwellers). The "finger" made it to Russian gesture language from Western movies. In modern [[Italian language|Italian]], the gesture is called the ''mano fica'', taken to mean "fig hand", as the Italian word for "[[fig]]" is ''fico'' (''ficus'' in [[Latin]]). The obscene connotations of the gesture may partly originate from the fact that a similar Italian word, ''fica'', is a slang term referring to the [[vulva]]. This sexual connotation may date back to ancient Roman times; some Roman amulets combine a ''[[phallus]]'' and a ''mano fico'' gesture. In [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', [[Vanni Fucci]] curses [[God]] with a "fig" gesture. [http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/circle8b.html#vanni]

Also known as the [[Sicilian Fist]] in Sicily, worn as a good luck charm. * [http://www.italybyvip.com/1874.html Images of the "Sicilian Fist Charm" in Sicily]

The gesture is also used in a trick played by adults and parents, with the intention of convincing their child that his or her nose has been ripped off. Someone, usually an adult, grabs at the child's nose and forms the fig sign, exclaiming, "I've got your nose, I've got your nose!" The thumb is supposed to be the child's removed nose.

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use this gesture as a symbol of the [[mother goddess]] to help adherents identify one another. In this context, it is referred to as the "Sign of the Goddess". Its counterpart is the ''[[corna]]'' sign.

===Finger Snap===
{{Unreferenced|date=September 2006}}
One of several gestures familiar to modern people primarily through old [[animated cartoons]], this gesture generally expresses a confident "screw you!" in the face of an adversary. The gesturer holds one hand out, palm up, in the direction of his antagonist and snaps his thumb and middle finger, generally accompanied by a high-nosed, "snooty" facial expression and followed by crossing the arms.

In some countries, particularly Great Britain, snapping the fingers is used to signify remembering or failing to remember. Snapping the fingers repeatedly at a constant rate is commonly used to signify that the person has forgotten something and is trying to recall it. This is often done with the fingers snapped close to the temple, as though literally 'jogging the memory,' and is associated with the phrase 'it's on the tip of my tongue.'

A single snap, sometimes emphasized by an arced swing of the arm, is used when someone is reminded of something by another person, particularly if it is a job or a chore they have forgotten to do, or as a sign of disappointment or regret. Some people also snap their fingers to catch the attention of others. This is informal - some people may find it rude or even threatening, as it is common for the gesturer to snap his fingers very close to the other's face. In some cases, this may be interpreted as a face-threatening act or a sign of contempt.

===Horns===
{{main|Corna}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with index and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Corna]]

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use it as a symbol of the [[horned god]] to identify each other; in this context it is referred to as the "Sign of the Horned God". Its counterpart is the ''fig sign'', above.

Some say that it is meant to ward off — or to bestow — the [[evil eye]]. It is also a representation of the [[Devil]] by some [[Satanist]]s. The gesture's origin is believed to be an imitation of the shape of a goats head, which has many associations with the concept of Satan in [[Christianity]] [http://www.keyway.ca/htm2001/20010924.htm Satan's Goat]

It has a variety of other meanings as well, depending on culture and area. In some places, it is a sexual insult, charging a man with being a victim of [[adultery|cuckoldry]] (this insult is most common in [[Spain]] and [[Italy]] but is also used in Brazil). Perhaps because of its [[occult]] significance, it is used as a salute by fans of [[Devil horns#Heavy metal|heavy metal music]]. If one reverses the extended fingers, one gets the "inverted heavy metal salute" which can be given as a reply to a heavy metal salute.

Also a common hand gesture used by the University of Texas at Austin. The sign is also usually accompanied by the slogan "Hook 'Em Horns." The gesture is said to look like a head of a Longhorn, the University's mascot.
To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], it is called the "Sign of Voor" or the "Voorish Sign".

===Kodály Hand Signs===
Named after [[Zoltán Kodály]], and largely defined by [[John Curwen]], Kodály Hand Signs are a way of representing musical notes by holding the hand in a certain position for each note. The basic concept of using gestures to represent notes is quite ancient, however near the end of the 19th century, the concept was formalized as a standard teaching method. Kodály Hand Signs are featured in the [[1977]] film [[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]].

===Knocking on wood===
{{main|touch wood}}
This signifies the neutralization of a [[jinx]]ing brought on by mentioning an either hoped-for or feared result. The knuckles are rapped on a nearby piece of wood (or, jokingly, someone's head). Usually this is only valid if done on bare (i.e. unpainted) wood. One possible reason for the tradition could have been from an [[animist]] culture who believed that the knocking would release spirits to protect them. It has also been said to stem from a belief that any nearby evil spirits who overhear somebody speaking of good fortune which has come his way may send some bad luck to offset it; knocking on wood was thought to keep the spirits from hearing. It is also known as "tapping wood" or "touching wood".

In Italy, one knocks on iron with the hand in the ''[[corna]]'' horns position.

===Middle finger===
{{main|The finger}}
[[Image:Middle finger.JPG|thumb|right|200px|"[[The finger]]" is a very common offensive hand gesture.]]
"The finger" is a gesture consisting of a fist with the middle finger extended. It appears to be universally understood as "[[fuck|fuck you]]" due to its resemblance to the penis. It is certainly thousands of years old, being referred to in Ancient Roman literature as the ''digitus infamis'' or ''digitus impudicus''. Performing this gesture is also called "flipping the bird" in countries where "the finger" is used. In other regions, "flipping the bird" refers to the raising of the middle and index finger with the back of the hand directed at the recipient. It can also mean "Victor" (see ''[[#V Sign|V Sign]]'', below) in some countries, which is not to be mistaken for the "Peace" gesture, which is done with the palm facing the recipient of the gesture, but in Britain and some other countries it is an offensive gesture, equivalent to "the finger". [[George W. Bush]] can be seen making the gesture while he was the Governor of Texas, while goofing off before beginning filming of a public address.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9Do-s1cdPk Bush "One-fingered Victory Salute" Video] </ref>

Former [[professional wrestler]] [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] used the finger quite frequently in [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] shows. He raises both of the fingers to the crowd as a way of saluting to them. Also, he gestures the finger at his opponent before kicking them in the stomach and performing the [[Stone Cold Stunner]].

Comedian [[Dane Cook]] parodied the gesture with his "Super Finger" gesture, which consists of raising the middle finger, ring finger, and thumb on the same hand while lowering (or curling) the pointer and pinky finger. It is meant to be a more "powerful" version of "the finger".

The middle finger is also used to represent the number four when one counts in the hexadecimal system using one's fingers.<ref>[http://www.intuitor.com/counting/]</ref>

When this gesture is made with the palm facing forward, it is known to [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]] as the "Sign of Kish". Another Lovecraftian sign is the "Sign of Koth", which consists of fully extending the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and pinky, while the thumb is tucked against the flat of the hand.

=== Money sign ===
The thumb rubs repeatedly over the tip of the index finger and middle fingers. The ring finger and pinky touch the palm. This gesture is meant to resemble the act of rubbing two coins together (alternatively the act of counting paper bills) and has a general meaning of "money", or "expensive".

===OK===
{{main|Okay}}

This is the touching of the index and middle finger (or just index finger) with the thumb (forming a rough circle) with the raising of the remaining fingers. In the United States and most of Europe, it means "OK" and is inoffensive. The OK sign is used extensively in [[scuba diving]]. It can also mean "[[0 (number)|0]]," or "[[money]]," in [[Japan]].
However, in Germany, it is often seen on the Autobahn, as a silent way of calling someone an "Asshole" (with the fingers extended horizontally). Similar vulgar meanings are found in other countries, but usually you have to turn the 'Ring' upside down (supinated to show the ring in front) like this example from [http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/05/butthole-is-not-ok.html Brazil]. It is then a sexual or scatological gesture referring to the [[anus]]

===Pointing===
The typical [[pointing]] with the [[index finger]] is a universal gesture. There are many other ways to point, for example with the hand, a head nod or an eye gaze. In many cases pointing at a person is considered rude. A more polite way of pointing to a person would be to to direct the hand in their direction, as if holding a plate. You may point towards yourself to draw attention, and this behavior is seen commonly in [[monkeys]].

===Moutza (Palm of hand)===
{{main|Moutza}}
In most places, a palm raised towards somebody means "stop".

In [[Greece]], the palm of the hand thrust towards somebody with the fingers splayed is an offensive gesture equivalent to giving the finger. The gesture is known in Greek as "moutza". It originates from the Byzantine punishment of parading a chained criminal around town with his face smeared with [[cinder]], or ''moutzos'' in Greek. An even more offensive version is achieved by using both hands to double the gesture, and smacking the palm of one hand against the back of the other, in the direction of the intended recipient. Both the one-handed and the two-handed versions of this gesture can be (and often are) combined with the term "''na''!", meaning "here you go!" or "there!", or "''na, malaka''!", meaning "there, you wanker!"

===Salute===
{{main|Salute}}

[[Image:Hitler walking out of Brown House after 1930 elections.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Adolf Hitler]] is saluted with the now-infamous [[Hitler salute|Nazi salute]].]]

There are many forms of [[salute]] gestures, most of which are used to denote respect or obedience for an authority. A common [[military]] hand salute consists of raising the right hand, held flat, to the right eyebrow. [[Scouting]] organizations use related salutes. The armies of various countries adopt slightly different forms of salute: in the United States, the military salute places the hand directed outward over the eyebrow, like a visor; in the United Kingdom armed forces, the hand is brought to the forehead palm outward in military and air force contexts, whereas the naval salute is as in the US forces - the US forces derived their saluting habits from the [[Royal Navy]].

One of the most infamous forms of salute is the "[[Hitler salute]]", which is performed by extending the whole right arm, palm outstretched and facing down, upwards into the air at approximately a 45 degree angle from the ground. Sometimes, this is accompanied by holding the index and middle fingers under the nose, representing Hitler's iconic moustache. This gesture is associated with [[Nazism]] and its leader, [[Adolf Hitler]], as well as with [[Germany]] during [[World War II]]. It is occasionally performed to mock someone or something for perceived [[authoritarianism]] or [[bigotry]]. This gesture was based on the [[Roman salute]], and it was in that capacity that it was revived by [[Tennis Court Oath|French Revolutionaries]] and later by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Fascism|Fascist]] party.

In some countries, mostly in Europe, it is forbidden by law to perform this gesture, although this does not deter [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] and white supremacists from using the gesture in public rallies. Even in other countries, it is generally considered taboo to use the gesture, and this partly caused the [[United States]] to abandon the similar [[Bellamy salute]] used when reciting the [[Pledge of Allegiance]], in favor of the current hand-on-heart gesture.

===Shaka===
{{main|Shaka sign}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with thumb and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "[[shaka sign|shaka]]" sign is a common greeting in beach and surfer culture.]]

The "shaka" sign is a common greeting gesture often associated with [[Hawaii]], [[California]], and [[beach]] and [[surfing|surfer]] culture in general. It consists of extending the thumb and pinky finger while keeping the three middle fingers curled, and is often described colloquially as the "hang loose" gesture. It is similar to [[American Sign Language]] letter "''Y''", where a fist is also made with only the thumb and pinky extended. The sign is often followed by waving as a greeting or acknowledgment. It can be used when driving as a signal of thanks to other drivers (for example, someone who stopped to let another driver onto the road from a driveway).

The "shaka" sign is also the greeting gesture for members of [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] Fraternity, Inc. which is the "phi" sign. All African-American Greek fraternities and sororities have hand greeting gestures.
====Similar gestures====

In Britain and Northern Europe the symbol is used as a signal for owners of older model [[Volkswagen]] vans when passing on roads. The silhouette of the hand reveals a "W"-shaped outline along the top of the hand standing for Volkswagen.

In Spain and Italy, if the thumb points to the mouth, it means "drinking", since it is similar the shape of a ''[[porrón]]'' vessel. This is also true of the [[United States]] and [[Portugal]].

In some countries, if the thumb points to the mouth, it can also represent [[marijuana]] usage, in particular the use of a [[bong]]. This is usually accompanied by a sucking noise.

In China, it is also the sign for the number six.

A similar gesture is the "call me" sign, which also has the pinky finger and thumb outstretched, but then also holds it up to the ear, to signify a telephone. This gesture is a common way to silently tell someone to call him or her, such as to continue a conversation in private.

It is also used by [[FC Barcelona]] player [[Ronaldinho]] as part of his goal celebration.

In India, rolling the shaka in a winding motion signifies that the listener does not believe what is being said and that the speaker needs to "spool in the yarn from spinning out too far".

==="Thanks!" Salute===
Another gesture familiar from vintage cartoons, this is performed by sweeping an opened hand from near one's brow toward the person being addressed, and expresses gratitude. It is adapted from [[American Sign Language]], and alludes to tipping your hat or cap.

===Three middle fingers===
Gestures consisting of fully extending the index, middle, and ring fingers with the thumb and pinky tucked together under the palm have had a variety of meanings over the years.

The gesture was also used by [[Bosnian Croat]]s as a victory sign, representing the Christian [[Trinity]], during the [[Bosnian War]]. To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], this gesture is known as the "Sign of the Elders." With the palm facing outwards, the fingers closed (without gaps), the right hand's fingertips to the same-side temple, it is used by the [[scouting|Boy scouts]] as their identifying [[salute]].

In the United States, when the back of the hand faces outwards, this gesture is often used as a [[euphemism]] for "[[#middle finger|the finger]]." It is used especially when a jocular effect is desired. Originally, an accompanying verbal explanation was usual — "Read [[subtext|between the lines|]]," referring to the common English expression denoting that one must read carefully to glean the subtle meaning in a passage — but this phrase is now commonly omitted.

===Thumbs up, thumbs down===

A closed fist held with the thumb extended upward or downward is a gesture of approval or disapproval respectively. These gestures have become metaphors in English: ''"My boss gave my proposal the thumbs-up"'' means that the boss approved the proposal, regardless of whether the gesture was made — indeed, the gesture itself is unlikely in a business setting.

The source of the gesture is obscure. Though a favorite of Hollywood '[[sword and sandal|swords and sandals]]' epics, where the "thumbs down" symbol means that the loser in a gladiatorial combat should be put to death, recent research suggests the meanings of the symbols have changed over the years. In [[1997]], Professor [[Anthony Philip Corbeill]] of the [[University of Kansas]] concluded that the thumbs up actually meant "Kill him," basing his assertion on a study of hundreds of ancient artworks. Thus, the "thumbs up" was an approval of the gladiator's request to kill his vanquished foe rather than a vote to allow the defeated to remain alive. Corbeill wrote that a closed fist with a wraparound thumb was the indication for a gladiator's life to be spared.

[[Image:Jean-Leon Gerome Pollice Verso.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Pollice Verso'' by Jean-Léon Gérôme, [[1872]] is the immediate source of the "thumbs down" gesture in [[popular culture]].]]

In [[Latin]], the "thumbs up" gesture is called ''pollice recto'', "thumbs down" is ''pollice verso''. It is not certain that the contemporary gestures are identical to the gestures performed in [[ancient Rome]]. The current version was popularized by a widely reproduced [[academic art|academic painting]] by the [[19th century]] artist [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], whose ''Pollice Verso'' depicts a triumphant gladiator standing over a fallen foe, looking up into the [[bleacher]]s for the verdict of the crowd.

Additionally, [[Desmond Morris]]' ''Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution'' traces the practice back to a [[medieval]] custom used to seal business transactions... Over time, the mere sight of an upraised thumb came to symbolize harmony and kind feelings... The gesture's popularization in America is generally attributed to the practices of World War II pilots, who used the thumbs up to communicate with ground crews prior to take-off. American GIs are reputed to have picked up on the thumb and spread it throughout Europe as they marched toward Berlin." [http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

More recently, these gestures are associated with [[film|movie]] [[review]]s, having been popularized by [[Gene Siskel]] and [[Roger Ebert]] in their televised reviews — the thumb up meaning a positive opinion of a film; the thumb down meaning a negative one. One or two thumbs up, often held over the head, may also be used by athletes in celebration of a victory.

"'Thumbs up' traditionally translates as the foulest of Middle-Eastern gesticular insults — the most straightforward interpretation is 'Up yours, pal!' The sign has a similarly pejorative meaning in parts of West Africa, South America, Russia, Iran, Greece, and Sardinia, according to Roger E. Axtell's book ''Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World''."[http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

[[Hitchhiker]]s traditionally use a thumbs up gesture to solicit rides from oncoming vehicles, although in this presentation the arm is generally outstretched with the palm and closed fingers facing the motorist.

Additionally, supporters of [[Texas A&M University]] athletic teams use the thumbs-up sign, associated with the cheer, "Gig 'em, Aggies." The Thumb refers to a "gig" used for hunting frogs. The saying came when the Aggies had a big rival in the Southwest Conference in the TCU Horned Frogs.

Thumbs up and thumbs down are extensively used in scuba diving as commands to ascend or descend.

[[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstar [[Dave Bautista|Batista]] uses this gesture to signify his finisher, the [[Batista Bomb]].

=== Tsk-tsk ===
Palm towards the recipient, all fingers closed except for the index, which alternates from left to right, like a [[metronome]]. In English-speaking countries it has a disapproving meaning and can be accompanied by a "[[tsk|tsk-tsk]]" sound.

In Italy it simply means "no", and does not have any patronizing connotation.

===V sign===
[[Image:Nixon-depart.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Richard Nixon]] gives the V-sign one last time after resigning from the presidency.]]
{{main|V sign}}

The "V sign" is made by lifting the middle and index finger with the palm of the hand facing the recipient (and the remaining fingers clenched). It was associated with the [[catchphrase]] ''"V" for Victory'' in [[World War II]]. In the [[1960s]], it came to be known as the "[[peace]] sign," the gestural equivalent of the [[peace symbol]]. It was associated with British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] during World War II, and later, with U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]]. It is also the sign for the letter V in [[American Sign Language]].

This sign is frequently used by the Japanese, most times holding up 2 "V" signs very close to either side of their face with a big grin during pictures.

In the UK, Australia, and some other countries, reversing the V sign so that the back of the hand facing the recipient is seen as the equivalent of giving [[finger (gesture)|the finger]]. Popular myth supposes it was originally a taunt by Welsh Archers towards the French who were known to cut off an Welsh Archer's first and middle fingers if captured.

Additionally, due to its use in an advertisement for the Australian made Valiant Charger (which ceased production around 1980) many people still display the V sign, in homage to the ad, and the car, if that vehicle happens to be driven past. Hardly an every day occurrence, but of some trivial interest.

===Vulcan salute===
{{main|Vulcan salute}}

The Vulcan salute consists of a raised hand, palm outward, fingers extended, with the index and middle finger kept close together, and the ring and pinky finger close together, with a "V" shaped space between them, and the thumb sticking out alone.

This gesture is associated with the phrase "Live long and prosper", and derives from ''[[Star Trek]]'', where it is used as a salute by fictional humanoid species the [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcans]].

It was introduced by [[Leonard Nimoy]] in his character of [[Mr. Spock]] and is drawn directly from the benedictory gesture made with both hands by a [[Kohen]] (priest in Judaism, a descendant of Aaron) during the [[Priestly Blessing]] ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: ''Birkat Kohanim''). The [[Kohen|Kohanim]] recite a blessing while performing this "gesture" and the other congregants respond with [[Amen]]s.

This gesture is also known as the "Spocker" in allusion to [[Shocker (hand gesture)|the Shocker]].

===Wanker===
[[Image:Fingers and thumb in circle downward motion.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Wanker]]
A loose fist (with all fingers forming a cylindrical shape) is made, and shaken up and down (or sometimes, back and forth) at the wrist.

The gesture is imitative of the motions of male [[masturbation]]. Its meaning is equivalent to the word [[wanker]] or implies something is of little importance. If directed to a person or group, who are not necessarily present, it is considered a display of contempt toward them.

The name for this gesture is described by speakers of [[American English]] as a [[Britishism]].

[[Image:Portugal Wanker Gesture.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Overhand Portuguese Wanker Gesture]]

In [[Portugal]] they use the wanker gesture but with the palm facing the ground thereby implying that the person is masturbating someone else rather than themselves. As such this has [[homosexual]] or promiscuous implications when directed at someone instead of the milder suggestion that they enjoy self-gratification.

===Wave===
A wave is a gesture in which the hand is raised and moved back and forth, as a [[greeting]] or sign of departure. The orientation of the hand varies by culture and situation. In many cultures, the palm is oriented toward the recipient of the wave.

In Chinese culture, orienting the hand palm-down and waving it up and down signifies "come here", rather than a greeting. 

===Whoop-Dee-Doo===
Point the index finger up and rotate it. This is a usually used as a response gesture to indicate something is uninteresting or irrelavent. Similar to saying a sarcastic "Whoop-Dee-Doo" or "Big deal".

==Using two hands==
===Air quotes===
{{main|Air quotes}}

This phrase refers to using one's fingers to make virtual [[quotation marks]] in the air when speaking.

===Awkward Turtle===
The Awkward Turtle is a gesture made after something awkward just happened, or when there is an awkward silence.
To perform an awkward turtle there are three steps to take. First, place hands on top of each other. Next, move thumbs out and away from the hands. Finally, rotate the thumbs.

Nowadays the gesture is used in the United States to hush children, or to calm participants in a heated argument. In [[Japan]], the same gesture may be used to request the check when dining at a restaurant (see also [[#Check, please|Check, please]], above).

==="Gills"===
This gesture involves holding the backs of the wrists against the jawline (with elbows outstretched) and then waggling one's fingers. The gesture is often accompanied by a feminine-voiced "Ooooo!" which rises and falls in intonation. It is used when one would normally say (sarcastically) "well aren't you clever?", or to imply that someone is acting too posh for their station. It is peculiar to Scotland owing to its use in Scottish TV sketch show [[Chewin the Fat]].

==="Hanging"===
This gesture is performed by holding a clenched fist at the side of the head, tilting one's head away from one's fist, and making a choking sound. It may also be accompanied by hanging the tongue loosely out of one's mouth, and rolling of the eyes back into the head. It is generally used to signify "what I would rather be doing". It can also be used to show suicide.

==="Shame on you"===
This gesture involves pointing at a person with the index finger of one hand while rubbing the pointed finger with the index finger of the opposite hand. The rubbing motion is directed toward the intended recipient and is repeated at least three times. It is used to imply that the targeted person should feel shame.

===Time-out===
The "time-out" gesture — a "T" formed with the hands, with one hand with flat palm placed perpendicular to the other hand with flat palm, roughly in the center — originates in American sports. It was, and is, used where a brief [[sport time-out|pause in play]] is called for, such as to make substitutions. In [[basketball]], the gesture is used to indicate that a player or coach is guilty of a [[technical foul]].

==Hand with body gestures==
{{Mergeto|Hand gestures|Talk page|date=April 2007}}
===Bent elbow===
[[Image:Kozakiewicz gesture.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Elbow gesture by [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]] ]]
This is performed in two parts: first, the right hand is placed in the elbow crook of the left arm. The left arm is then raised (fist clenched) at the victim in a smooth and continuous motion. While the motion is essential to the gesture, the choice of arm is not. This gesture is associated with [[Italy|Italians]] and is considered a more theatrical and physically exuberant version of the [[finger (gesture)|finger]], and may even be combined with the finger. In Italian it is known as the ''gesto dell'ombrello'', meaning literally "the umbrella gesture." It is typically used in two different situations: 1) to answer "no way!" in an extremely empathic (and quite vulgar) way; 2) after a triumph against some unfair enemy, with a sense of revenge. The gesture is frequently made stronger by crying "toh!" or "tiè!", both meaning "take this!", at the precise moment the hand touches the crook of the elbow.

This gesture is also in use in [[France]] as ''bras d'honneur'' (arm of honour), where it is usually understood as ''va te faire foutre'', still meaning "fuck off." In [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]], it is a ''corte de mangas'' ("[[sleeve]] cut") or a ''manguito'' (a cover formerly worn by public services bureaucratic workers on the arms to protect one's sleeves from ink splatters) respectively and is done with the left hand on the right elbow, without the continuous motion. In [[Portugal]], the iconic fictional character [[Zé Povinho]], created by [[Bordalo Pinheiro]], is usually depicted performing this gesture.

The gesture is sometimes used repetitively by fans at [[Citizens Bank Park]] in [[Philadelphia]] when the [[Phillies]] face the [[Atlanta Braves]] as a [[parody]] of the Braves' [[tomahawk chop]], and this usage is known as the "[[South Philly]] tomahawk chop" due to the gritty reputation of [[Philadelphia]] sports fans.

The gesture above has long been known in Slavic countries in the above senses plus "fuck you", without any standard name. In [[Poland]] its name has been standardized to "Kozakiewicz's gesture", after Polish [[pole vault]] jumper [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]], who had shown this gesture to the jeering Russian public during the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]].

===Biting one's thumb===
[[Image:Sampson bites his thumb.JPG|left|200px|thumb|How NOT to bite your thumb]]
[[Image:Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb]]
[[Biting one's thumb]] was an old rude British gesture. It is comparable to "[[#middle finger|the Finger]]" in modern terms. In [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', Sampson bites his thumb at the Montagues (Act 1, Scene 1).

The gesture does not literally involve biting the thumb. The fingernail of a thumb is placed behind the upper teeth, with the thumb thus pointing upwards, and the thumb is then bent forwards, the fingernail making a clicking sound as it flicks past the teeth.

An equivalent gesture still persists in [[Italy]].

=== Biting one's hand ===
In Sicily, biting one's flat hand or fist is a powerful threat.

===Bowing, kneeling, kowtowing===
A [[bowing (social)|bow]] is a gesture of respect involving lowering the head, usually performed by a social inferior to a social superior. Various cultures have different degrees or ways of performing the bow; [[China]] and [[Japan]] are particularly associated with elaborate and formal bowing. Bowing is also done by many groups as a ritual associated with [[prayer]]. In the Western world, women [[curtsey]] rather than bow. [[Kneel]]ing and "[[kowtow]]ing" are more extreme or elaborate forms of self-abasement before a social superior.

===Choking sign===
[[Image:Chokinggesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Choking" sign]]
The standard gesture to indicate that one is [[choking]] is to hold the throat as if strangling oneself. This is recognized as a request for immediate [[first aid]] for choking. It is promoted as a way to prevent onlookers from confusing the victim's distress with some other problem, such as a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], when the person cannot speak. The gesture is sometimes used metaphorically to refer to someone or something "choking" in the slang sense of failing at something while under pressure, for instance at an athletic event.

===Crossing oneself===
{{main|Sign of the cross}}
The "[[sign of the cross|sign of the Cross]]" is the use of the right hand to touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, and right shoulder, consecutively. It represents the [[Christian cross]]. (Roman Catholics crossing themselves touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, then right shoulder; Byzantine (Eastern) Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians touch the right shoulder before the left, with the thumb and first two fingers joined — symbolizing the Trinity — and the tips of the last two fingers touching the palm, symbolizing the dual nature of Christ in one being. )

This gesture is used by [[Roman Catholic]]s, [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], and some other Christian groups in [[prayer]]s, to perform blessings, and as a salute before entering a [[church]] or similar place of religious significance. It is also used in various kinds of Christian [[folk religion]] to avert [[evil]] or [[bad luck]].

===Cutthroat===
[[Image:Cutthroatgesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Cutthroat" sign]]
This gesture is performed by drawing the hand, or a finger or two, across the throat. It represents slitting the throat with a knife, and means that the gesturer or someone else is metaphorically being killed. It is rarely if ever used literally to refer to death, though it is occasionally used as a theatrical threat ("I'm going to kill you"). In these contexts, it is sometimes accompanied by a harsh "kkkkkch" sound.

This gesture can also mean to "cut," "stop," or to discontinue a particular action. It can also be used to indicate something has ended or a previous process has concluded. [[Scuba diving|Scuba]] divers use this gesture with the palm swept across the throat to indicate that they have run out of air. Airport ground personnel also use this gesture to indicate a variety of things (due to the loud environment), such as baggage offload has completed or the last of the passengers have disembarked. In this context, it can be understood to mean: "That's it."

Additionally, [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstars [[Chris Benoit]] and [[The Undertaker]] use this gesture to signify their signature moves, The [[Flying Headbutt]] and the [[Chokeslam]].

=== Drinking sign ===
In UK, the gesture for drinking (used for example as an invitation to "go down the [[pub]]") is made by putting the back of the thumb just below the lower lip, while the other fingers are close together as if holding an imaginary [[pint]] of beer, tipping it repeatedly.
In other countries, the shaka sign is used in a similar way, as described above.

===Flipping the fingers out from under the chin===

A [http://news.bostonherald.com/localRegional/view.bg?articleid=132932 traditional Sicilian gesture] analogous in meaning to the raised middle finger. This gesture became the center of a controversy in March of 2006, when [[U.S. Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] [[Associate Justice]] [[Antonin Scalia]] was photographed allegedly making the gesture to illustrate his response to his critics. Scalia later claimed that he used a different gesture, waving his fingers beneath his chin, a gesture translating to "I couldn't care less." For more details, see [[Antonin Scalia]].

=== Hand over heart ===
This gesture involves placing one's right hand, palm outstretched and facing in, over one's heart. Male [[hat]] or cap wearers typically remove their hats and hold them in this hand. In some cultures, it is used as a gesture of respect towards [[flag]]s or during singing of a [[national anthem]]. In the United States, it is also performed as a part of the rituals of the [[Pledge of Allegiance]]. It can also be used to indicate sincerity, shock, or hurt.

===Loser===
This gesture is performed by raising the index finger and thumb of your right hand perpendicular to each other so that they form the letter "L". It is then placed onto one's forehead. It signifies that the person to whom this gesture is directed is a loser.

===My eye===

In France and parts of Europe it is common to point your index finger at your eye and even pull the skin under the eye lightly down to emphasize the presenting of the eye. The gesture displays disbelief.

In Japan, tugging at the eye, often accompanied by sticking out one's tongue, is used as a childishly offensive gesture, or to indicate boredom.

In Italy, Brazil and all Spanish-speaking nations it means "watch out" (POR, ITA:''occhio!'',SPA:''¡ojo!''), and is used for warning or threatening.

===Nonsense===
Performed by waving the palm of your hand in front of your face, it may be used to tell the other person that an idea he or she had was nonsense.

In [[Portugal]], this gesture usually means the person being referred to missed an extremely obvious detail.

===Nose thumbing ===
For this gesture, also known as "cocking a snoot", "giving the five-finger salute", "cocking a snook", or [http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/06/indecent-fan-proposals_19.html Queen Anne's Fan] the thumb is placed on the tip of the nose, with the remaining fingers of the hand extended and waggled freely. This gesture can be ended with a dramatic flicking of the thumb away from the end of the nose and towards the recipient. It is used in (gentle) mockery of someone. It dates back to at least the 18th century and is probably much older.

To add emphasis, the gesture can be made using both hands, connecting them by touching the little finger of the first hand with the thumb of the second, and waggling the remaining seven fingers. It is frequently accompanied by [[blowing a raspberry]], or by sticking out the tongue.

===Suck my dick===
This gesture is performed by crossing the outstretched arms across the thighs, putting emphasis on the [[groin]]. This was used by popular professional wrestling group, [[D-Generation X]].

There is a variation to this where a fist is made and shook near the mouth while bulging ones tongue against their cheeks to mimic fellatio.

===Touched / screw loose===
Tapping one's index finger against the head indicates that a person or an idea being discussed is insane or "touched in the head". A similar, more elaborate gesture uses a circling motion of the finger at the temple or side of the head. This signifies that the person is "mixed up" or "has a screw loose". In Germany, tapping or pointing to the temple is used as an insult, often with the accompanying phrase "du hast einen Vogel." While this literally means "You have a bird," it is idiomatic for saying that you are insane. Also, in Indonesia, drawing a line across the forehead with the side of the right index finger denotes a similar meaning.

A variant of this one is the suicide. Make a gun with your hand and pretend to shoot point blank at your own temple. It can be accompanied with sticking out the tongue or a shooting sound for full effect, and often implies that the speaker is a "complete idiot". A more recent use of this is in the movie, "40-Year Old Virgin" where one of the characters, after being bored with a conversation, proceeds to aim at his temple and pretend to fire. Afterwards, he uses his other hand and does a reverse cupping motion outward from the other side of his head to signify his brains splattering out.

In Japan, a variation of this is knocking on the temple with the knuckle of the index finger. This is usually used in reference to the signer; "I'm such an idiot!"

==="Wiping" one's forehead===
The act of wiping one's own forehead, regardless of whether sweat has actually formed there, is a sign indicating many things such as "That was close" or "What a relief".

==Body and facial gestures==
{{further|[[Facial expression]]}}
[[Image:Eyeroll.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Rolling one's eyes can express exasperation or condescension.]]

Many gestures utilize only the face or body, without the hands.

===Eye-rolling===
Performed by rotating the eyes upward, it indicates condescension, contempt, boredom, or exasperation. This is often referred to as "rolling ones eyes to Heaven," as though wishing for a divine intervention for a rescue from boredom, frustration, etc.

===Mooning===
[[Mooning]] is the act of displaying one's [[nudity|bare]] [[buttocks]] by lowering the back side of one's [[trousers]] and [[underpants]], usually without exposing the [[genitals]]. Mooning is used in some cultures to express protest, scorn, disrespect, or provocation. It can also be done for [[shock value]] or fun.

===The "peacock"===
Expresses superiority or domination combined with a certain degree of smug arrogance. Performed by pushing the chest up and out at the front as well as tilting the face slightly upward. This may be accompanied by motions of hooking both thumbs under one's [[lapels]] or [[suspenders]] even if they are not present.

{{Gestures}}

[[Category:Gestures]]

Archive:Types of gestures

2007-07-08T22:24:27Z

24.147.102.48: /* Kodály Hand Signs */ rm dead link

{{unreferenced||article|date=September 2006}}
Gestures are a form of [[Body language]] or [[Non-verbal communication]].
Although some [[gesture]]s, such as the ubiquitous act of [[Hand gesture|pointing]], differ little from one place to another, most gestures do not have invariable or universal meanings, having specific connotations only in certain cultures. Different types of gestures are distinguished. The most famous type of gestures are the so-called emblems or quotable gestures (see the examples below). These are [[culture]] specific gestures that can be used as replacement for words. Communities have repertoires of such gestures. A single emblematic gesture can have very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary to highly offensive.

Another type of gestures are the ones we use when we speak. These gestures are closely coordinated with speech. The meaningful part of the gesture is temporally synchronised with the co-expressive words. For example, a gesture that depicts the act of throwing will be synchronous with the word 'threw' in the utterance "and then he threw the ball right into the window." Other gestures like the so-called beat gestures, are used in conjunction with speech, keeping time with the rhythm of speech and to emphasize certain words or phrases. These types of gestures are integrally connected to [[speech]] and thought processes.

==Studies of gesture==
The first full-length study of gesture was published by [[John Bulwer]] in 1644. Bulwer analyzed dozens of gestures, and provided a guide on how to use gestures to increase eloquence and clarity for public speaking. Today, one of the most prominent researchers in the field of gesture research is [[Adam Kendon]]. He has investigated many aspects of gestures, including their role in communication, conventionalization of gesture, integration of gesture and speech, and the evolution of language. Other prominent researchers in this field include [[Susan Goldin-Meadow]] and [[David McNeill]].

==Social significance==
[[Image:VitarkaMudra.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Vitarka [[mudra]], [[Tarim Basin]], 9th century.]]

Gestures play a major role in many aspects of human life. Many animals, including humans, use gestures to initiate a [[mating ritual]]. This may include elaborate [[dance]]s and other movements.

Religious and spiritual gestures are also common, such as the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[sign of the cross]]. In [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]], a ''[[mudra]]'' ([[Sanskrit]], meaning either "posture" or "currency" depending on the interpretation) is a symbolic gesture made with the hand or fingers. Each mudra has a specific meaning, playing a central role in Hindu and Buddhist [[iconography]]. An example is the Vitarka mudra, the gesture of discussion and transmission of Buddhist teaching. It is done by joining the tips of the thumb and the index together, while keeping the other fingers straight.

==Using one hand==
===Itching Under The Chin===
In Italian culture this represents "I don't care, I can't be bothered". This is done by keeping one hand straight, placing it under the chin, and 'throwing out' that hand toward the person receiving the gesture. In Italian American culture this represents "Screw You!"; U.S. Supreme Court justice [[Antonin Scalia]] received criticism for using this gesture towards a reporter.

Scratching or stroking the chin or beard (where possible) can be used to indicate that the gesticulater is thinking or puzzled.

===Bang bang===
[[Image:gesture thumb up then down forefinger out like gun.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This gesture mimes a [[handgun]].]]

The "bang bang" gesture is performed by raising the fist with the index finger and thumb extended. The index finger points at the recipient. The thumb is then brought down on top of the fingers. This imitation of the action of a revolver [[pistol]] is often meant to represent a [[handgun]] in children's games. It may also be used menacingly to mean "I'm gonna kill you", or simply as a playful greeting. The middle finger is often also extended to widen the "barrel".

[[Texas Tech University|Texas Tech]] fans use the "bang bang" salute (fingers pointed upward) to cheer their team. Also, the "bang bang" performed with both hands was a signature gesture of [[professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] [[Mick Foley]] while he was in his "Cactus Jack" [[gimmick (professional wrestling)|persona]].

Also, if the thumb and middle finger are used to click, and the thumb the pointed upwards to form the gun, this can also be interpreted as a greeting.

A two-handed version of the same gesture can be used to indicate sporting/business success or sexual conquest (frequently accompanied by a syncopated "pow-pow", esp. in a posh British accent).

=== Beckoning sign ===
Index finger sticking out of the clenched fist, palm facing the gesturer. The finger moves repeatedly towards the gesturer (in a hook) as to draw something nearer. It has the general meaning of "come here", although it is normally seen as condescending or anyway impolite. It is sometimes performed with the four fingers, with the entire hand, or even with the arm, depending on how far the recipient of the sign is.

When performed with the index finger, it may have a mild sexual connotation depending on the circumstance.

In [[Africa]], the [[Far East]] and many [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking countries, this sign is given with all four fingers and with the palm down.

In [[Japan]] there is a similar gesture, but the four fingers are used, the palm faces the recipient and the hand is at head's height. This is the gesture featured in the [[maneki neko]].

===Benediction and blessing===
[[Image:ConstantineCoin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Benediction gesture, on a coin of [[Constantine I (emperor)|Emperor Constantine]].]]

The benediction gesture is a raised right hand with the ring and pinky fingers touching the palm, while the middle and index fingers remain raised. Taken from Ancient Roman icongraphy for speaking (an example is the Augustus of Prima Porta where the emperor Augustus assumes the pose of an orator in addressing his troops), it is used as a simple [[charm]] or [[blessing]] amongst many [[neopagan|modern]] [[Pagans]], and has a vast array of uses. Perhaps the most common and/or noteworthy use of the gesture is while tracing an invisible "air [[pentagram]]" before someone during certain [[Wicca]]n rituals such as the [[Great Rite]] performed during [[Beltane]] and [[Drawing Down the Moon]] on the [[Esbat]]s. One might also use the gesture to trace invisible pentagrams or other sigils over items to be blessed or empowered, such as [[holy water]], [[ritual]] [[wine]], ritual [[ale]], or [[cannabis|the Sacred Herb]]. The two extended fingers are used to point (except when an [[athame]], [[wand]], or [[sword]] is used).

A similar sign, called the ''benediction'' gesture, is used by the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[clergy]] to perform [[blessing]]s with the [[sign of the cross]]; however Christians keep the thumb raised - the three raised fingers (index, middle, and thumb) are frequently allegorically interpreted as representing the three Persons of the [[Holy Trinity]]. It was shown by representations of [[Jesus]] as [[Christ Pantocrator]].

===Blah-blah===
The fingers are kept straight and together in a horizontal fashion while the thumb is held out straight. The fingers and thumb then snap together repeatedly to suggest a mouth talking. It is used to indicate contempt for a person talking for an excessive period of time about nothing the gesturer feels is important.

===Check, please===
This gesture, understood by waiters around the world to mean that a dinner patron wishes to pay the bill and depart, is executed by touching the index finger and thumb together and "writing" a wavy line in the air, as if to sign one's name. An alternate gesture with the same meaning is made by touching the index finger and thumb together and drawing a [[Tick (checkmark)|checkmark]] ({{unicode|<big>✓</big>}}) in the air. In [[Egypt]], the left hand is held palm-out and the right, palm-down, is tapped against the left wrist to request the check. In [[Thailand]], one makes a circling gesture with the thumb and fingers pinched together- as if you are holding an imaginary pencil and making imaginary scribbles on a piece of paper. Sometimes the opposite palm is used as the 'paper'. In the [[Philippines]], one outlines a rectangle in the air using the thumb and forefinger of both hands.

===Clenched fist===
A raised, clenched fist is used as a gesture of defiance by a number of groups. It is usually considered to be hostile, yet without any sexual, scatological, or notionally offensive connotations. It is especially associated with [[Communism|Communists]] and with other nationalist or ethnic [[revolution]]ary or would-be revolutionary movements, and with the [[Black Power]] movements of the [[1960s]] in the United States. It is the custom to make this gesture while singing ''[[The Internationale]]'', the [[Marxism|Marxist]] anthem. A clenched fist raised quickly up and down and then punched in some direction also signifies a military call for a heavy weapons team to close on the gesturer or to move or open fire in the direction indicated by the punch.

: See also: [[With a strong hand and an outstretched arm]]

=== Pound fist ===
Pound fist is a greeting, in which two individuals touch fists.

=== Clinton thumb ===
The gesture dubbed the "Clinton thumb" after its most famous user, [[Bill Clinton]], is used by politicians to provide emphasis in speeches without pointing the finger. This gesture has the thumb leaning against the thumbside portion of the index finger, which is part of a closed fist. It does not exhibit the anger of the clenched fist or pointing finger, and so is thought to be less threatening. This gesture was likely adopted by Clinton from [[John F. Kennedy]], who can be seen using it in many speeches during his political career.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} It is often used in extemporaenous speech and debate, as a tool for emphasizing points.

===Crossed fingers===
A gesture made by crossing the index and middle fingers such that the middle finger overlaps and intertwines the index finger, which can be used to signify one's hope that something should succeed (compare to the phrase "Keep your fingers crossed."). According to OldSuperstitions.com, this stems from the [[superstition]] that "Bad luck is trapped at the point where the two fingers meet so when we cross our fingers, we stop the bad luck from escaping and allow our wishes to come true.". However, if placed behind one's back, the gesture takes on an entirely different meaning: it is then normally used to indicate that the user secretly wishes for something ''contrary'' to what is being stated or going on, or that a lie is being told. This usage is often seen in dramatic contexts.

===Cuckoo sign===
A gesture made by closing ones fist, extending the index finger, and circling it around ones ear for several seconds. This gesture is used to indicate that someone is speaking nonsense or is crazy (more colloquially, this is described as being [[cuckoo]]). The "cuckoo" sign is well-known in the United States.

===Fig sign===
[[Image:gesture fist with thumb through fingers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "fig sign" is an ancient gesture with many uses.]]

The "fig sign" is a gesture made with the hand and fingers curled and the thumb thrust between the middle and index fingers, or, rarely, the middle and ring fingers, forming the fist so that the thumb partly pokes out. In some areas of the world, the gesture is considered a good luck charm, in others it is considered an obscene gesture, and in still others it is used in the "I've got your nose!" child's game. This gesture is also the letter "T" in the [[American Sign Language alphabet]]. In [[International Sign]], which otherwise uses the same manual alphabet, "T" has been modified to avoid possible offense.

In [[ancient Rome]], this gesture was called the ''mano fico'', and was a fertility and [[good luck]] charm designed to ward off evil. Although this usage has survived in [[Brazil]], where carved images of hands in this gesture are used in good luck [[talisman]]s, in many other cultures, such as Indonesia, Turkey and Russia, the sign has come to have an insulting meaning roughly equivalent to "screw you", based on the thumb being seen as representing a [[clitoris]] or [[sexual intercourse]]. In modern Russia this gesture is used mostly by kids with the meaning "screw you/no way". The same meaning is expressed by adults either with bent elbow (rude, very emphatic, non-classy), or with a "finger" (used mostly by city dwellers). The "finger" made it to Russian gesture language from Western movies. In modern [[Italian language|Italian]], the gesture is called the ''mano fica'', taken to mean "fig hand", as the Italian word for "[[fig]]" is ''fico'' (''ficus'' in [[Latin]]). The obscene connotations of the gesture may partly originate from the fact that a similar Italian word, ''fica'', is a slang term referring to the [[vulva]]. This sexual connotation may date back to ancient Roman times; some Roman amulets combine a ''[[phallus]]'' and a ''mano fico'' gesture. In [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', [[Vanni Fucci]] curses [[God]] with a "fig" gesture. [http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/circle8b.html#vanni]

Also known as the [[Sicilian Fist]] in Sicily, worn as a good luck charm. * [http://www.italybyvip.com/1874.html Images of the "Sicilian Fist Charm" in Sicily]

The gesture is also used in a trick played by adults and parents, with the intention of convincing their child that his or her nose has been ripped off. Someone, usually an adult, grabs at the child's nose and forms the fig sign, exclaiming, "I've got your nose, I've got your nose!" The thumb is supposed to be the child's removed nose.

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use this gesture as a symbol of the [[mother goddess]] to help adherents identify one another. In this context, it is referred to as the "Sign of the Goddess". Its counterpart is the ''[[corna]]'' sign.

===Finger Snap===
{{Unreferenced|date=September 2006}}
One of several gestures familiar to modern people primarily through old [[animated cartoons]], this gesture generally expresses a confident "screw you!" in the face of an adversary. The gesturer holds one hand out, palm up, in the direction of his antagonist and snaps his thumb and middle finger, generally accompanied by a high-nosed, "snooty" facial expression and followed by crossing the arms.

In some countries, particularly Great Britain, snapping the fingers is used to signify remembering or failing to remember. Snapping the fingers repeatedly at a constant rate is commonly used to signify that the person has forgotten something and is trying to recall it. This is often done with the fingers snapped close to the temple, as though literally 'jogging the memory,' and is associated with the phrase 'it's on the tip of my tongue.'

A single snap, sometimes emphasized by an arced swing of the arm, is used when someone is reminded of something by another person, particularly if it is a job or a chore they have forgotten to do, or as a sign of disappointment or regret. Some people also snap their fingers to catch the attention of others. This is informal - some people may find it rude or even threatening, as it is common for the gesturer to snap his fingers very close to the other's face. In some cases, this may be interpreted as a face-threatening act or a sign of contempt.

===Horns===
{{main|Corna}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with index and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Corna]]

Many [[neopaganism|neopagans]] use it as a symbol of the [[horned god]] to identify each other; in this context it is referred to as the "Sign of the Horned God". Its counterpart is the ''fig sign'', above.

Some say that it is meant to ward off — or to bestow — the [[evil eye]]. It is also a representation of the [[Devil]] by some [[Satanist]]s. The gesture's origin is believed to be an imitation of the shape of a goats head, which has many associations with the concept of Satan in [[Christianity]] [http://www.keyway.ca/htm2001/20010924.htm Satan's Goat]

It has a variety of other meanings as well, depending on culture and area. In some places, it is a sexual insult, charging a man with being a victim of [[adultery|cuckoldry]] (this insult is most common in [[Spain]] and [[Italy]] but is also used in Brazil). Perhaps because of its [[occult]] significance, it is used as a salute by fans of [[Devil horns#Heavy metal|heavy metal music]]. If one reverses the extended fingers, one gets the "inverted heavy metal salute" which can be given as a reply to a heavy metal salute.

Also a common hand gesture used by the University of Texas at Austin. The sign is also usually accompanied by the slogan "Hook 'Em Horns." The gesture is said to look like a head of a Longhorn, the University's mascot.
To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], it is called the "Sign of Voor" or the "Voorish Sign".

===Kodály Hand Signs===
Named after [[Zoltán Kodály]], and largely defined by [[John Curwen]], Kodály Hand Signs are a way of representing musical notes by holding the hand in a certain position for each note. The basic concept of using gestures to represent notes is quite ancient, however near the end of the 19th century, the concept was formalized as a standard teaching method. Kodály Hand Signs are featured in the [[1977]] film [[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]].

===Knocking on wood===
{{main|touch wood}}
This signifies the neutralization of a [[jinx]]ing brought on by mentioning an either hoped-for or feared result. The knuckles are rapped on a nearby piece of wood (or, jokingly, someone's head). Usually this is only valid if done on bare (i.e. unpainted) wood. One possible reason for the tradition could have been from an [[animist]] culture who believed that the knocking would release spirits to protect them. It has also been said to stem from a belief that any nearby evil spirits who overhear somebody speaking of good fortune which has come his way may send some bad luck to offset it; knocking on wood was thought to keep the spirits from hearing. It is also known as "tapping wood" or "touching wood".

In Italy, one knocks on iron with the hand in the ''[[corna]]'' horns position.

===Middle finger===
{{main|The finger}}
[[Image:Middle finger.JPG|thumb|right|200px|"[[The finger]]" is a very common offensive hand gesture.]]
"The finger" is a gesture consisting of a fist with the middle finger extended. It appears to be universally understood as "[[fuck|fuck you]]" due to its resemblance to the penis. It is certainly thousands of years old, being referred to in Ancient Roman literature as the ''digitus infamis'' or ''digitus impudicus''. Performing this gesture is also called "flipping the bird" in countries where "the finger" is used. In other regions, "flipping the bird" refers to the raising of the middle and index finger with the back of the hand directed at the recipient. It can also mean "Victor" (see ''[[#V Sign|V Sign]]'', below) in some countries, which is not to be mistaken for the "Peace" gesture, which is done with the palm facing the recipient of the gesture, but in Britain and some other countries it is an offensive gesture, equivalent to "the finger". [[George W. Bush]] can be seen making the gesture while he was the Governor of Texas, while goofing off before beginning filming of a public address.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9Do-s1cdPk Bush "One-fingered Victory Salute" Video] </ref>

Former [[professional wrestler]] [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] used the finger quite frequently in [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] shows. He raises both of the fingers to the crowd as a way of saluting to them. Also, he gestures the finger at his opponent before kicking them in the stomach and performing the [[Stone Cold Stunner]].

Comedian [[Dane Cook]] parodied the gesture with his "Super Finger" gesture, which consists of raising the middle finger, ring finger, and thumb on the same hand while lowering (or curling) the pointer and pinky finger. It is meant to be a more "powerful" version of "the finger".

The middle finger is also used to represent the number four when one counts in the hexadecimal system using one's fingers.<ref>[http://www.intuitor.com/counting/]</ref>

When this gesture is made with the palm facing forward, it is known to [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]] as the "Sign of Kish". Another Lovecraftian sign is the "Sign of Koth", which consists of fully extending the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and pinky, while the thumb is tucked against the flat of the hand.

=== Money sign ===
The thumb rubs repeatedly over the tip of the index finger and middle fingers. The ring finger and pinky touch the palm. This gesture is meant to resemble the act of rubbing two coins together (alternatively the act of counting paper bills) and has a general meaning of "money", or "expensive".

===OK===
{{main|Okay}}

This is the touching of the index and middle finger (or just index finger) with the thumb (forming a rough circle) with the raising of the remaining fingers. In the United States and most of Europe, it means "OK" and is inoffensive. The OK sign is used extensively in [[scuba diving]]. It can also mean "[[0 (number)|0]]," or "[[money]]," in [[Japan]].
However, in Germany, it is often seen on the Autobahn, as a silent way of calling someone an "Asshole" (with the fingers extended horizontally). Similar vulgar meanings are found in other countries, but usually you have to turn the 'Ring' upside down (supinated to show the ring in front) like this example from [http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/05/butthole-is-not-ok.html Brazil]. It is then a sexual or scatological gesture referring to the [[anus]]

===Pointing===
The typical [[pointing]] with the [[index finger]] is a universal gesture. There are many other ways to point, for example with the hand, a head nod or an eye gaze. In many cases pointing at a person is considered rude. A more polite way of pointing to a person would be to to direct the hand in their direction, as if holding a plate. You may point towards yourself to draw attention, and this behavior is seen commonly in [[monkeys]].

===Moutza (Palm of hand)===
{{main|Moutza}}
In most places, a palm raised towards somebody means "stop".

In [[Greece]], the palm of the hand thrust towards somebody with the fingers splayed is an offensive gesture equivalent to giving the finger. The gesture is known in Greek as "moutza". It originates from the Byzantine punishment of parading a chained criminal around town with his face smeared with [[cinder]], or ''moutzos'' in Greek. An even more offensive version is achieved by using both hands to double the gesture, and smacking the palm of one hand against the back of the other, in the direction of the intended recipient. Both the one-handed and the two-handed versions of this gesture can be (and often are) combined with the term "''na''!", meaning "here you go!" or "there!", or "''na, malaka''!", meaning "there, you wanker!"

===Salute===
{{main|Salute}}

[[Image:Hitler walking out of Brown House after 1930 elections.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Adolf Hitler]] is saluted with the now-infamous [[Hitler salute|Nazi salute]].]]

There are many forms of [[salute]] gestures, most of which are used to denote respect or obedience for an authority. A common [[military]] hand salute consists of raising the right hand, held flat, to the right eyebrow. [[Scouting]] organizations use related salutes. The armies of various countries adopt slightly different forms of salute: in the United States, the military salute places the hand directed outward over the eyebrow, like a visor; in the United Kingdom armed forces, the hand is brought to the forehead palm outward in military and air force contexts, whereas the naval salute is as in the US forces - the US forces derived their saluting habits from the [[Royal Navy]].

One of the most infamous forms of salute is the "[[Hitler salute]]", which is performed by extending the whole right arm, palm outstretched and facing down, upwards into the air at approximately a 45 degree angle from the ground. Sometimes, this is accompanied by holding the index and middle fingers under the nose, representing Hitler's iconic moustache. This gesture is associated with [[Nazism]] and its leader, [[Adolf Hitler]], as well as with [[Germany]] during [[World War II]]. It is occasionally performed to mock someone or something for perceived [[authoritarianism]] or [[bigotry]]. This gesture was based on the [[Roman salute]], and it was in that capacity that it was revived by [[Tennis Court Oath|French Revolutionaries]] and later by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Fascism|Fascist]] party.

In some countries, mostly in Europe, it is forbidden by law to perform this gesture, although this does not deter [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] and white supremacists from using the gesture in public rallies. Even in other countries, it is generally considered taboo to use the gesture, and this partly caused the [[United States]] to abandon the similar [[Bellamy salute]] used when reciting the [[Pledge of Allegiance]], in favor of the current hand-on-heart gesture.

===Shaka===
{{main|Shaka sign}}
[[Image:gesture raised fist with thumb and pinky lifted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The "[[shaka sign|shaka]]" sign is a common greeting in beach and surfer culture.]]

The "shaka" sign is a common greeting gesture often associated with [[Hawaii]], [[California]], and [[beach]] and [[surfing|surfer]] culture in general. It consists of extending the thumb and pinky finger while keeping the three middle fingers curled, and is often described colloquially as the "hang loose" gesture. It is similar to [[American Sign Language]] letter "''Y''", where a fist is also made with only the thumb and pinky extended. The sign is often followed by waving as a greeting or acknowledgment. It can be used when driving as a signal of thanks to other drivers (for example, someone who stopped to let another driver onto the road from a driveway).

The "shaka" sign is also the greeting gesture for members of [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] Fraternity, Inc. which is the "phi" sign. All African-American Greek fraternities and sororities have hand greeting gestures.
====Similar gestures====

In Britain and Northern Europe the symbol is used as a signal for owners of older model [[Volkswagen]] vans when passing on roads. The silhouette of the hand reveals a "W"-shaped outline along the top of the hand standing for Volkswagen.

In Spain and Italy, if the thumb points to the mouth, it means "drinking", since it is similar the shape of a ''[[porrón]]'' vessel. This is also true of the [[United States]] and [[Portugal]].

In some countries, if the thumb points to the mouth, it can also represent [[marijuana]] usage, in particular the use of a [[bong]]. This is usually accompanied by a sucking noise.

In China, it is also the sign for the number six.

A similar gesture is the "call me" sign, which also has the pinky finger and thumb outstretched, but then also holds it up to the ear, to signify a telephone. This gesture is a common way to silently tell someone to call him or her, such as to continue a conversation in private.

It is also used by [[FC Barcelona]] player [[Ronaldinho]] as part of his goal celebration.

In India, rolling the shaka in a winding motion signifies that the listener does not believe what is being said and that the speaker needs to "spool in the yarn from spinning out too far".

==="Thanks!" Salute===
Another gesture familiar from vintage cartoons, this is performed by sweeping an opened hand from near one's brow toward the person being addressed, and expresses gratitude. It is adapted from [[American Sign Language]], and alludes to tipping your hat or cap.

===Three middle fingers===
Gestures consisting of fully extending the index, middle, and ring fingers with the thumb and pinky tucked together under the palm have had a variety of meanings over the years.

The gesture was also used by [[Bosnian Croat]]s as a victory sign, representing the Christian [[Trinity]], during the [[Bosnian War]]. To [[Chaote]]s practicing [[Lovecraftian magick]], this gesture is known as the "Sign of the Elders." With the palm facing outwards, the fingers closed (without gaps), the right hand's fingertips to the same-side temple, it is used by the [[scouting|Boy scouts]] as their identifying [[salute]].

In the United States, when the back of the hand faces outwards, this gesture is often used as a [[euphemism]] for "[[#middle finger|the finger]]." It is used especially when a jocular effect is desired. Originally, an accompanying verbal explanation was usual — "Read [[between the lines]]," referring to the common English expression denoting that one must read carefully to glean the subtle meaning in a passage — but this phrase is now commonly omitted.

===Thumbs up, thumbs down===

A closed fist held with the thumb extended upward or downward is a gesture of approval or disapproval respectively. These gestures have become metaphors in English: ''"My boss gave my proposal the thumbs-up"'' means that the boss approved the proposal, regardless of whether the gesture was made — indeed, the gesture itself is unlikely in a business setting.

The source of the gesture is obscure. Though a favorite of Hollywood '[[sword and sandal|swords and sandals]]' epics, where the "thumbs down" symbol means that the loser in a gladiatorial combat should be put to death, recent research suggests the meanings of the symbols have changed over the years. In [[1997]], Professor [[Anthony Philip Corbeill]] of the [[University of Kansas]] concluded that the thumbs up actually meant "Kill him," basing his assertion on a study of hundreds of ancient artworks. Thus, the "thumbs up" was an approval of the gladiator's request to kill his vanquished foe rather than a vote to allow the defeated to remain alive. Corbeill wrote that a closed fist with a wraparound thumb was the indication for a gladiator's life to be spared.

[[Image:Jean-Leon Gerome Pollice Verso.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Pollice Verso'' by Jean-Léon Gérôme, [[1872]] is the immediate source of the "thumbs down" gesture in [[popular culture]].]]

In [[Latin]], the "thumbs up" gesture is called ''pollice recto'', "thumbs down" is ''pollice verso''. It is not certain that the contemporary gestures are identical to the gestures performed in [[ancient Rome]]. The current version was popularized by a widely reproduced [[academic art|academic painting]] by the [[19th century]] artist [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], whose ''Pollice Verso'' depicts a triumphant gladiator standing over a fallen foe, looking up into the [[bleacher]]s for the verdict of the crowd.

Additionally, [[Desmond Morris]]' ''Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution'' traces the practice back to a [[medieval]] custom used to seal business transactions... Over time, the mere sight of an upraised thumb came to symbolize harmony and kind feelings... The gesture's popularization in America is generally attributed to the practices of World War II pilots, who used the thumbs up to communicate with ground crews prior to take-off. American GIs are reputed to have picked up on the thumb and spread it throughout Europe as they marched toward Berlin." [http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

More recently, these gestures are associated with [[film|movie]] [[review]]s, having been popularized by [[Gene Siskel]] and [[Roger Ebert]] in their televised reviews — the thumb up meaning a positive opinion of a film; the thumb down meaning a negative one. One or two thumbs up, often held over the head, may also be used by athletes in celebration of a victory.

"'Thumbs up' traditionally translates as the foulest of Middle-Eastern gesticular insults — the most straightforward interpretation is 'Up yours, pal!' The sign has a similarly pejorative meaning in parts of West Africa, South America, Russia, Iran, Greece, and Sardinia, according to Roger E. Axtell's book ''Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World''."[http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/]

[[Hitchhiker]]s traditionally use a thumbs up gesture to solicit rides from oncoming vehicles, although in this presentation the arm is generally outstretched with the palm and closed fingers facing the motorist.

Additionally, supporters of [[Texas A&M University]] athletic teams use the thumbs-up sign, associated with the cheer, "Gig 'em, Aggies." The Thumb refers to a "gig" used for hunting frogs. The saying came when the Aggies had a big rival in the Southwest Conference in the TCU Horned Frogs.

Thumbs up and thumbs down are extensively used in scuba diving as commands to ascend or descend.

[[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstar [[Dave Bautista|Batista]] uses this gesture to signify his finisher, the [[Batista Bomb]].

=== Tsk-tsk ===
Palm towards the recipient, all fingers closed except for the index, which alternates from left to right, like a [[metronome]]. In English-speaking countries it has a disapproving meaning and can be accompanied by a "[[tsk|tsk-tsk]]" sound.

In Italy it simply means "no", and does not have any patronizing connotation.

===V sign===
[[Image:Nixon-depart.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Richard Nixon]] gives the V-sign one last time after resigning from the presidency.]]
{{main|V sign}}

The "V sign" is made by lifting the middle and index finger with the palm of the hand facing the recipient (and the remaining fingers clenched). It was associated with the [[catchphrase]] ''"V" for Victory'' in [[World War II]]. In the [[1960s]], it came to be known as the "[[peace]] sign," the gestural equivalent of the [[peace symbol]]. It was associated with British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] during World War II, and later, with U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]]. It is also the sign for the letter V in [[American Sign Language]].

This sign is frequently used by the Japanese, most times holding up 2 "V" signs very close to either side of their face with a big grin during pictures.

In the UK, Australia, and some other countries, reversing the V sign so that the back of the hand facing the recipient is seen as the equivalent of giving [[finger (gesture)|the finger]]. Popular myth supposes it was originally a taunt by Welsh Archers towards the French who were known to cut off an Welsh Archer's first and middle fingers if captured.

Additionally, due to its use in an advertisement for the Australian made Valiant Charger (which ceased production around 1980) many people still display the V sign, in homage to the ad, and the car, if that vehicle happens to be driven past. Hardly an every day occurrence, but of some trivial interest.

===Vulcan salute===
{{main|Vulcan salute}}

The Vulcan salute consists of a raised hand, palm outward, fingers extended, with the index and middle finger kept close together, and the ring and pinky finger close together, with a "V" shaped space between them, and the thumb sticking out alone.

This gesture is associated with the phrase "Live long and prosper", and derives from ''[[Star Trek]]'', where it is used as a salute by fictional humanoid species the [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcans]].

It was introduced by [[Leonard Nimoy]] in his character of [[Mr. Spock]] and is drawn directly from the benedictory gesture made with both hands by a [[Kohen]] (priest in Judaism, a descendant of Aaron) during the [[Priestly Blessing]] ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: ''Birkat Kohanim''). The [[Kohen|Kohanim]] recite a blessing while performing this "gesture" and the other congregants respond with [[Amen]]s.

This gesture is also known as the "Spocker" in allusion to [[Shocker (hand gesture)|the Shocker]].

===Wanker===
[[Image:Fingers and thumb in circle downward motion.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Wanker]]
A loose fist (with all fingers forming a cylindrical shape) is made, and shaken up and down (or sometimes, back and forth) at the wrist.

The gesture is imitative of the motions of male [[masturbation]]. Its meaning is equivalent to the word [[wanker]] or implies something is of little importance. If directed to a person or group, who are not necessarily present, it is considered a display of contempt toward them.

The name for this gesture is described by speakers of [[American English]] as a [[Britishism]].

[[Image:Portugal Wanker Gesture.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Overhand Portuguese Wanker Gesture]]

In [[Portugal]] they use the wanker gesture but with the palm facing the ground thereby implying that the person is masturbating someone else rather than themselves. As such this has [[homosexual]] or promiscuous implications when directed at someone instead of the milder suggestion that they enjoy self-gratification.

===Wave===
A wave is a gesture in which the hand is raised and moved back and forth, as a [[greeting]] or sign of departure. The orientation of the hand varies by culture and situation. In many cultures, the palm is oriented toward the recipient of the wave.

In Chinese culture, orienting the hand palm-down and waving it up and down signifies "come here", rather than a greeting. 

===Whoop-Dee-Doo===
Point the index finger up and rotate it. This is a usually used as a response gesture to indicate something is uninteresting or irrelavent. Similar to saying a sarcastic "Whoop-Dee-Doo" or "Big deal".

==Using two hands==
===Air quotes===
{{main|Air quotes}}

This phrase refers to using one's fingers to make virtual [[quotation marks]] in the air when speaking.

===Awkward Turtle===
The Awkward Turtle is a gesture made after something awkward just happened, or when there is an awkward silence.
To perform an awkward turtle there are three steps to take. First, place hands on top of each other. Next, move thumbs out and away from the hands. Finally, rotate the thumbs.

Nowadays the gesture is used in the United States to hush children, or to calm participants in a heated argument. In [[Japan]], the same gesture may be used to request the check when dining at a restaurant (see also [[#Check, please|Check, please]], above).

==="Gills"===
This gesture involves holding the backs of the wrists against the jawline (with elbows outstretched) and then waggling one's fingers. The gesture is often accompanied by a feminine-voiced "Ooooo!" which rises and falls in intonation. It is used when one would normally say (sarcastically) "well aren't you clever?", or to imply that someone is acting too posh for their station. It is peculiar to Scotland owing to its use in Scottish TV sketch show [[Chewin the Fat]].

==="Hanging"===
This gesture is performed by holding a clenched fist at the side of the head, tilting one's head away from one's fist, and making a choking sound. It may also be accompanied by hanging the tongue loosely out of one's mouth, and rolling of the eyes back into the head. It is generally used to signify "what I would rather be doing". It can also be used to show suicide.

==="Shame on you"===
This gesture involves pointing at a person with the index finger of one hand while rubbing the pointed finger with the index finger of the opposite hand. The rubbing motion is directed toward the intended recipient and is repeated at least three times. It is used to imply that the targeted person should feel shame.

===Time-out===
The "time-out" gesture — a "T" formed with the hands, with one hand with flat palm placed perpendicular to the other hand with flat palm, roughly in the center — originates in American sports. It was, and is, used where a brief [[sport time-out|pause in play]] is called for, such as to make substitutions. In [[basketball]], the gesture is used to indicate that a player or coach is guilty of a [[technical foul]].

==Hand with body gestures==
{{Mergeto|Hand gestures|Talk page|date=April 2007}}
===Bent elbow===
[[Image:Kozakiewicz gesture.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Elbow gesture by [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]] ]]
This is performed in two parts: first, the right hand is placed in the elbow crook of the left arm. The left arm is then raised (fist clenched) at the victim in a smooth and continuous motion. While the motion is essential to the gesture, the choice of arm is not. This gesture is associated with [[Italy|Italians]] and is considered a more theatrical and physically exuberant version of the [[finger (gesture)|finger]], and may even be combined with the finger. In Italian it is known as the ''gesto dell'ombrello'', meaning literally "the umbrella gesture." It is typically used in two different situations: 1) to answer "no way!" in an extremely empathic (and quite vulgar) way; 2) after a triumph against some unfair enemy, with a sense of revenge. The gesture is frequently made stronger by crying "toh!" or "tiè!", both meaning "take this!", at the precise moment the hand touches the crook of the elbow.

This gesture is also in use in [[France]] as ''bras d'honneur'' (arm of honour), where it is usually understood as ''va te faire foutre'', still meaning "fuck off." In [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]], it is a ''corte de mangas'' ("[[sleeve]] cut") or a ''manguito'' (a cover formerly worn by public services bureaucratic workers on the arms to protect one's sleeves from ink splatters) respectively and is done with the left hand on the right elbow, without the continuous motion. In [[Portugal]], the iconic fictional character [[Zé Povinho]], created by [[Bordalo Pinheiro]], is usually depicted performing this gesture.

The gesture is sometimes used repetitively by fans at [[Citizens Bank Park]] in [[Philadelphia]] when the [[Phillies]] face the [[Atlanta Braves]] as a [[parody]] of the Braves' [[tomahawk chop]], and this usage is known as the "[[South Philly]] tomahawk chop" due to the gritty reputation of [[Philadelphia]] sports fans.

The gesture above has long been known in Slavic countries in the above senses plus "fuck you", without any standard name. In [[Poland]] its name has been standardized to "Kozakiewicz's gesture", after Polish [[pole vault]] jumper [[Władysław Kozakiewicz]], who had shown this gesture to the jeering Russian public during the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]].

===Biting one's thumb===
[[Image:Sampson bites his thumb.JPG|left|200px|thumb|How NOT to bite your thumb]]
[[Image:Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Abram catches Sampson biting his thumb]]
[[Biting one's thumb]] was an old rude British gesture. It is comparable to "[[#middle finger|the Finger]]" in modern terms. In [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', Sampson bites his thumb at the Montagues (Act 1, Scene 1).

The gesture does not literally involve biting the thumb. The fingernail of a thumb is placed behind the upper teeth, with the thumb thus pointing upwards, and the thumb is then bent forwards, the fingernail making a clicking sound as it flicks past the teeth.

An equivalent gesture still persists in [[Italy]].

=== Biting one's hand ===
In Sicily, biting one's flat hand or fist is a powerful threat.

===Bowing, kneeling, kowtowing===
A [[bowing (social)|bow]] is a gesture of respect involving lowering the head, usually performed by a social inferior to a social superior. Various cultures have different degrees or ways of performing the bow; [[China]] and [[Japan]] are particularly associated with elaborate and formal bowing. Bowing is also done by many groups as a ritual associated with [[prayer]]. In the Western world, women [[curtsey]] rather than bow. [[Kneel]]ing and "[[kowtow]]ing" are more extreme or elaborate forms of self-abasement before a social superior.

===Choking sign===
[[Image:Chokinggesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Choking" sign]]
The standard gesture to indicate that one is [[choking]] is to hold the throat as if strangling oneself. This is recognized as a request for immediate [[first aid]] for choking. It is promoted as a way to prevent onlookers from confusing the victim's distress with some other problem, such as a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], when the person cannot speak. The gesture is sometimes used metaphorically to refer to someone or something "choking" in the slang sense of failing at something while under pressure, for instance at an athletic event.

===Crossing oneself===
{{main|Sign of the cross}}
The "[[sign of the cross|sign of the Cross]]" is the use of the right hand to touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, and right shoulder, consecutively. It represents the [[Christian cross]]. (Roman Catholics crossing themselves touch the forehead, chest, left shoulder, then right shoulder; Byzantine (Eastern) Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians touch the right shoulder before the left, with the thumb and first two fingers joined — symbolizing the Trinity — and the tips of the last two fingers touching the palm, symbolizing the dual nature of Christ in one being. )

This gesture is used by [[Roman Catholic]]s, [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], and some other Christian groups in [[prayer]]s, to perform blessings, and as a salute before entering a [[church]] or similar place of religious significance. It is also used in various kinds of Christian [[folk religion]] to avert [[evil]] or [[bad luck]].

===Cutthroat===
[[Image:Cutthroatgesture.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The "Cutthroat" sign]]
This gesture is performed by drawing the hand, or a finger or two, across the throat. It represents slitting the throat with a knife, and means that the gesturer or someone else is metaphorically being killed. It is rarely if ever used literally to refer to death, though it is occasionally used as a theatrical threat ("I'm going to kill you"). In these contexts, it is sometimes accompanied by a harsh "kkkkkch" sound.

This gesture can also mean to "cut," "stop," or to discontinue a particular action. It can also be used to indicate something has ended or a previous process has concluded. [[Scuba diving|Scuba]] divers use this gesture with the palm swept across the throat to indicate that they have run out of air. Airport ground personnel also use this gesture to indicate a variety of things (due to the loud environment), such as baggage offload has completed or the last of the passengers have disembarked. In this context, it can be understood to mean: "That's it."

Additionally, [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] Superstars [[Chris Benoit]] and [[The Undertaker]] use this gesture to signify their signature moves, The [[Flying Headbutt]] and the [[Chokeslam]].

=== Drinking sign ===
In UK, the gesture for drinking (used for example as an invitation to "go down the [[pub]]") is made by putting the back of the thumb just below the lower lip, while the other fingers are close together as if holding an imaginary [[pint]] of beer, tipping it repeatedly.
In other countries, the shaka sign is used in a similar way, as described above.

===Flipping the fingers out from under the chin===

A [http://news.bostonherald.com/localRegional/view.bg?articleid=132932 traditional Sicilian gesture] analogous in meaning to the raised middle finger. This gesture became the center of a controversy in March of 2006, when [[U.S. Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] [[Associate Justice]] [[Antonin Scalia]] was photographed allegedly making the gesture to illustrate his response to his critics. Scalia later claimed that he used a different gesture, waving his fingers beneath his chin, a gesture translating to "I couldn't care less." For more details, see [[Antonin Scalia]].

=== Hand over heart ===
This gesture involves placing one's right hand, palm outstretched and facing in, over one's heart. Male [[hat]] or cap wearers typically remove their hats and hold them in this hand. In some cultures, it is used as a gesture of respect towards [[flag]]s or during singing of a [[national anthem]]. In the United States, it is also performed as a part of the rituals of the [[Pledge of Allegiance]]. It can also be used to indicate sincerity, shock, or hurt.

===Loser===
This gesture is performed by raising the index finger and thumb of your right hand perpendicular to each other so that they form the letter "L". It is then placed onto one's forehead. It signifies that the person to whom this gesture is directed is a loser.

===My eye===

In France and parts of Europe it is common to point your index finger at your eye and even pull the skin under the eye lightly down to emphasize the presenting of the eye. The gesture displays disbelief.

In Japan, tugging at the eye, often accompanied by sticking out one's tongue, is used as a childishly offensive gesture, or to indicate boredom.

In Italy, Brazil and all Spanish-speaking nations it means "watch out" (POR, ITA:''occhio!'',SPA:''¡ojo!''), and is used for warning or threatening.

===Nonsense===
Performed by waving the palm of your hand in front of your face, it may be used to tell the other person that an idea he or she had was nonsense.

In [[Portugal]], this gesture usually means the person being referred to missed an extremely obvious detail.

===Nose thumbing ===
For this gesture, also known as "cocking a snoot", "giving the five-finger salute", "cocking a snook", or [http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/06/indecent-fan-proposals_19.html Queen Anne's Fan] the thumb is placed on the tip of the nose, with the remaining fingers of the hand extended and waggled freely. This gesture can be ended with a dramatic flicking of the thumb away from the end of the nose and towards the recipient. It is used in (gentle) mockery of someone. It dates back to at least the 18th century and is probably much older.

To add emphasis, the gesture can be made using both hands, connecting them by touching the little finger of the first hand with the thumb of the second, and waggling the remaining seven fingers. It is frequently accompanied by [[blowing a raspberry]], or by sticking out the tongue.

===Suck my dick===
This gesture is performed by crossing the outstretched arms across the thighs, putting emphasis on the [[groin]]. This was used by popular professional wrestling group, [[D-Generation X]].

There is a variation to this where a fist is made and shook near the mouth while bulging ones tongue against their cheeks to mimic fellatio.

===Touched / screw loose===
Tapping one's index finger against the head indicates that a person or an idea being discussed is insane or "touched in the head". A similar, more elaborate gesture uses a circling motion of the finger at the temple or side of the head. This signifies that the person is "mixed up" or "has a screw loose". In Germany, tapping or pointing to the temple is used as an insult, often with the accompanying phrase "du hast einen Vogel." While this literally means "You have a bird," it is idiomatic for saying that you are insane. Also, in Indonesia, drawing a line across the forehead with the side of the right index finger denotes a similar meaning.

A variant of this one is the suicide. Make a gun with your hand and pretend to shoot point blank at your own temple. It can be accompanied with sticking out the tongue or a shooting sound for full effect, and often implies that the speaker is a "complete idiot". A more recent use of this is in the movie, "40-Year Old Virgin" where one of the characters, after being bored with a conversation, proceeds to aim at his temple and pretend to fire. Afterwards, he uses his other hand and does a reverse cupping motion outward from the other side of his head to signify his brains splattering out.

In Japan, a variation of this is knocking on the temple with the knuckle of the index finger. This is usually used in reference to the signer; "I'm such an idiot!"

==="Wiping" one's forehead===
The act of wiping one's own forehead, regardless of whether sweat has actually formed there, is a sign indicating many things such as "That was close" or "What a relief".

==Body and facial gestures==
{{further|[[Facial expression]]}}
[[Image:Eyeroll.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Rolling one's eyes can express exasperation or condescension.]]

Many gestures utilize only the face or body, without the hands.

===Eye-rolling===
Performed by rotating the eyes upward, it indicates condescension, contempt, boredom, or exasperation. This is often referred to as "rolling ones eyes to Heaven," as though wishing for a divine intervention for a rescue from boredom, frustration, etc.

===Mooning===
[[Mooning]] is the act of displaying one's [[nudity|bare]] [[buttocks]] by lowering the back side of one's [[trousers]] and [[underpants]], usually without exposing the [[genitals]]. Mooning is used in some cultures to express protest, scorn, disrespect, or provocation. It can also be done for [[shock value]] or fun.

===The "peacock"===
Expresses superiority or domination combined with a certain degree of smug arrogance. Performed by pushing the chest up and out at the front as well as tilting the face slightly upward. This may be accompanied by motions of hooking both thumbs under one's [[lapels]] or [[suspenders]] even if they are not present.

{{Gestures}}

[[Category:Gestures]]

Template:Interwikitmp-grp

2007-04-19T08:09:10Z

24.147.210.74: Update from Meta

<noinclude>{{WPTSP}} 
{| style="font-size:80%; background:#f9f9f9; border:#aaa 1px solid; font-face:monotype; width: 98%; margin: 0 auto 1em auto;"
|-bgcolor="#cedff2" align-text="center"
!colspan=4 |<center> Version at a glance for [[M:TSP]] [ Template:Ltsmta ]
|-bgcolor="#cedff2" align-text="center"
!Version
! Origin
! style="width:65%"| Change Description
! datestamp and programmer
|- 
|Ver: 3a3 || Meta || || <nowiki> ~~~~ </nowiki> 
|-

|Ver: 3a2 || Meta ||(m) Trim out old inline commented history, and remove many unneeded editing/maintenance links || [[User:Fabartus|Fra]][[User talk:Fabartus|nkB]] 08:05, 19 April 2007 (UTC) 
|-
|Ver: 3a1 || Meta ||Iterim: Install revised auto-categorization logic, and do some clarification and rework of self documentation.|| [[User:Fabartus|Fra]][[User talk:Fabartus|nkB]] 06:54, 15 March 2007 (UTC) 
|-
|Ver: 3a || Meta || Edits to limit bad text nesting, moved and expanded inhib parameter processing. This is Iterim still. || [[User:Fabartus|Fra]][[User talk:Fabartus|nkB]] 00:42, 15 March 2007 (UTC) 
|-
|Ver: 3r1 || Meta || Section edits to tidy up various things. (b) Iterim save, even added the two letter and user unfriendly names the anom wanted. Cleaned up and formatted. Next: Refactor and cut in [[template:IWG_links]] (a) Top=This table || <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> 3r1b: [[User:Fabartus|Fra]][[User talk:Fabartus|nkB]] 12:22, 7 March 2007 (UTC) 3r1a: from: 10:30, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
|-
|Ver: 3__ || Meta || Wikipedia version, with belated auto-categorization added, new table, but saved and Finished on Meta through several iterations... Adding (subst'd WPTSP version table) with this save. ||[[User:Fabartus|Fra]][[User talk:Fabartus|nkB]] 08:35, 7 March 2007 (UTC) from: two hours b4 above.

|-
|Ver:2F-k || Wikipedia || Adds Edit link to array box, Fixed logic sense of ALL param., added Inhib/Override params (All UCASE mnemonic) to bypass a sister if they don't or do want a template... whichever is opposite case from normal participation in the project.
||[[User:Fabartus|Fra]][[User talk:Fabartus|nkB]] ww:zz, xx March 2007 (UTC)
|-
|}
==Table 2==
<tt>
;IWG_links quick usage:
* '1'=='E'dit / '2'=='L'inks / '3'=='H'istory / '4'=='SISTER'(prefix) [add colons too!]
* '5'=='PAGENAME override / T=toggle namespace, undefined--category space, defined Template space.</tt>
* {{lts|IWG links}} -- {{Tlx|IWG links|<nowiki>T=1| | | | </nowiki>}}
</noinclude><table style=" clear: right; float:right;  border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px; margin:5px;">
<tr>
<th colspan="4">Similar templates at English sister projects [[{{fullurl:Template:Interwikitmp-grp|action=edit}} edit]]</th>
</tr>
{{#if: {{{mta}}}{{{meta|}}} | 
<tr>
<td>[[Image:Wikimedia-logo.svg|25x25px]]</td>
<td> mta </td>
<td>Meta-wiki</td>
<td>[[M:Template:{{{mta|{{{meta|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}|{{{mta|{{{meta|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}]]</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{wpd}}}{{{wp|}}} | 
<tr>
<td>[[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|25x25px]]</td>
<td> wpd </td>
<td>Wikipedia</td>
<td>[[w:Template:{{{wpd|{{{wp|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}|{{{wpd|{{{wp|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}]]</td>
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{cms}}}{{{com|}}} | 
<tr>
<td>[[Image:Commons-logo.svg|25x25px]]</td>
<td> cms </td>
<td>Commons</td>
{{#ifeq: {{SITENAME}}|Wikimedia Commons | <td>[[ Template: {{{cms|{{{com|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} | {{{cms|{{{com|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}]] </td> | <td>[[commons:Template: {{{cms|{{{com|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} | {{{cms|{{{com|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}]] </td> }}
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{wbk}}}{{{wb|}}} | 
<tr>
<td>[[Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg|25x25px]]</td>
<td> wbk </td>
<td>Wikibooks</td>
{{#ifeq: {{SITENAME}}|Wikibooks | <td>[[ Template: {{{wbk|{{{wb|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} |{{{wbk|{{{wb|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}]] </td>| <td>[[b:Template: {{{wbk|{{{wb|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} |{{{wbk|{{{wb|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}]] </td> }}
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{wqt|}}}{{{wq|}}}{{{WQT|}}}{{{ALL|}}} | 
<tr>
<td>[[Image:Wikiquote-logo.svg|25x25px]]</td>
<td> wqt </td>
<td>Wikiquote</td>
{{#ifeq:{{SITENAME}}|Wikiquote| <td>[[Template:{{{wqt|{{{wq|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}|{{{wqt|{{{wq|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}]] </td>
| <td>[[q:Template:{{{wqt|{{{wq|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}|{{{wqt|{{{wq|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}]] </td> }}
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{wsr|}}}{{{ws|}}}{{{WSR|}}}{{{ALL|}}} | 
<tr>
<td>[[Image:Wikisource-logo.svg|25x25px]]</td>
<td> wsr </td>
<td>Wikisource</td>
{{#ifeq:{{SITENAME}}|Wikisource| <td>[[Template:{{{wsr|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}}}}}|{{{wsr|{{{ws|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}]] </td>
| <td>[[s:Template:{{{wsr|{{{ws|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}|{{{wsr|{{{ws|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}]] </td> }}
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{WDY|{{{ALL|}}} }}}| 

{{#if: {{{wdy|{{{ALL|}}} }}} |
<tr>
<td>[[Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png|25x25px]]</td>
<td> wdy </td>
<td>Wiktionary</td> 
<td>[[wikt:Template:{{{wdy|{{{2|{{ lcfirst:{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}|{{{wdy|{{{2|{{lcfirst:{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}]]</td>
</tr>
}}
}}
{{#if: {{{WNW|{{{ALL|}}} }}}{{{wn|}}}{{{wnw|}}}|
{{#if: {{{wnw|{{{wn|{{{ALL|}}} }}} }}} |
<tr>
<td>[[Image:Wikinews-logo.svg|25x25px]]</td>
<td> wnw </td>
<td>Wikinews</td>
<td>[[n:Template:{{{wnw|{{{wn|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}|{{{wnw|{{{wn|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}]]</td>

</tr>
}}
}}
{{#if: {{{wsp}}}{{{species|}}} | 
<tr>
<td>[[Image:Wikispecies-logo.svg|25x25px]]</td>
<td> wsp </td>
<td>Wikispecies</td>
{{#ifeq:{{SITENAME}}|Wikispecies| <td>[[Template:{{{wsp|{{{species|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} |{{{wsp|{{{species|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}]] </td>
| <td>[[wikispecies:Template:{{{wsp|{{{species|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} |{{{wsp|{{{species|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}]] </td> }}
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{wvy}}} | 
<tr>
<td>[[Image:Wikiversity-logo.svg|25x25px]]</td>
<td> wvy </td>
<td>Wikiversity</td>
{{#ifeq:{{SITENAME}}|Wikiversity
| <td>[[ Template:{{{wvy|{{{wv|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} |{{{wvy|{{{wv|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}]] </td>
| <td>[[v:Template:{{{wvy|{{{wv|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} |{{{wvy|{{{wv|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}]] </td> }}
</tr>
}}
{{#if: {{{mdw|{{{ALL|}}} }}}{{{mw|}}}| 
<tr>
<td>[[Image:Mediawiki.png|25x25px]]</td>
<td> mdw </td>
<td>Mediawiki</td>
<td>[[mw:Template:{{{mdw|{{{mw|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}|{{{mdw|{{{mw|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}]]</td>
</tr>
}}
<tr>
<th colspan="4"> This project now less under construction ... Pardon our appearance whist we remodel, pull the engine, and change the tires. </th>
</tr>
</table><noinclude>==Table 3==

==Usage==
This template can be used when more than one English language sister projects has a similar template. If the templates have different names on different projects you can use parameters to specify those names:

===Switch and override pagename parameters===
*'''mta'''=template name at Meta-wiki
*'''wpd'''=template name at English Wikipedia
*'''cms'''=template name at Commons
*'''wbk'''=template name at English Wikibooks
*'''wqt'''=template name at English Wikiquote
*'''wsr'''=template name at English Wikisource
*'''wdy'''=template name at English Wikitionary
*'''wnw'''=template name at English Wikinews
*'''wsp'''=template name at English Wikispecies
*'''wvr'''=template name at English Wikiversity
*'''mdw'''=template name at Media-wiki 

::(In some of the discussion below, any one of the above is represented by 'xxx'.) 

Passing an empty parameter will cause the item to be omitted from the list. Some sister-projects only have marginal inclusion in, or need for this template sharing. These default to 'off' in the normal display (Wiktionary, Media-wiki, Wikinews currently).
;Flip parameters
Those which are off, but do use the template being tagged, may be included in the list by defining an all capital letters version of the above all lower case parameters. (Example: '|WDY=y' will include Wiktionary under the same default template name by the template code: <code>'<nowiki>{{{wdy|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}</nowiki> </code>, thus typing in a long name when a normally suppressed template auto-link IS desired, is not necessary. Using XXX=1 to turn off a link, such as when a Sister project TfD decides to not allow the template locally, would be redundant with 'xxx=', add complexity, and is subject to confusion. So the Capital letter flip parameters are available only those sister projects which normally suppress a template.


<pre>
Example:

{{Template:Interwikitmp-grp
|mta=
|wqt=
|wnw=foo
|WDY=on
|MDW=1
|!Goo|{{PAGENAME}}
}}
</pre>
This produces a box with the Meta and Wikiquote rows ommitted, and the "Template:foo" linked to in the Wikinews row (alternate name of same template), and link to the normal name on Wiktionary and Media-wiki. '!Goo' is the category pipe-trick, <nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki> is redundant </nowiki>{{{2}}}</nowiki> argument.

An interesting experiment: See the different uses the templates {{tl|w}}, {{tl|c}}, {{tl|cat}} and {{tl|tl}} are put to on each English sister project. ''The shorter the name, the more likely a naming collision will occur with a different use of the tool template!''

===Other parameters===
# inhib=''anything'' — Inhib suppresses auto-categorization to [[:Category:Interwiki utility templates]] (Normally lists tools or other Utility templates). {{I2}}In use, '''inhib''' is for templates that are part of one interwiki linking system, or the other (two other tagging systems that tie categories together which came first, albeit unofficially as experimental implementations began in the summer of 2006), and lastly, for the site independent templates which are used to generate uniform messages and documentation for such templates, many of these being formating typing aids (i, i0, i2, i5, and indent) powerful category or template links generating tools (lc, lts), or site independent link templates (w2, w2c, Mw, wd). {{I2}}
# General Auto-categorization applies pipe-tricked category sorting using <code>'<nowiki>{{{xxx|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}</nowiki> </code>, which allows the lowercase override name 'xxx', the general sorting name {{{1}}}, or the overall default, the [[M:Help:Magic word|Magic word]] <code>'<nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki> </code>.{{I2}}
# General parameter '''<code> <nowiki>{{{2}}}</nowiki>is coded to be a generic override for a locally differently named template using '<nowiki>{{{xxx|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}}</nowiki> </code>. {{I5}}Example: Assume Wikitionary uses <tt><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[{{{LANG|}}}{{{SISTER|}}}{{ns:Template}}: tl|tl]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></tt> for something involving lexicographical meaning (as it does), so assuming the '''local template name''' used instead is 'TL' (all uppercase). A proper back link would then be given as <nowiki>{{interwikitmp-grp|wdy=TL|{{PAGENAME}}|tl}} where {{{1}}}=={{PAGENAME}} (''the category pipetrick''), {{{2}}}=='tl'</nowiki>. 
# V=letter 'D' or numbers: {0, 1, 2,..., 6}} — from Version P3 will provide auto-categorization same as the suffixed versions of 'interwikitmp-grp##' listed in [[template:interwikitmp-grp/doc]]. (Not currently in place!) // [[User:Fabartus|Fra]][[User talk:Fabartus|nkB]] 07:19, 8 February 2007 (UTC){{I2}}
# ALL=''anything'' — turns on all links forming elements including those normally shut down. This can use to poll sister projects for template presence, or to distribute the template, despite ''normal non-participation'' by that sister in the template sharing project.{{I2}}
# cat=''bare name''... value supplants [[Category:Miscellaneous templates]] for V=3, 4, 5, and V=6 auto-categorization modes. The replacement category is generally a sub-category of Miscellaneous, such as typing-aid templates or uncategorized templates. 'cat=' may be defined false (not uncommon in V=6 calls where template is a category tagging template linking both internally and externally but used on category pages. Example: [[W:Template:Commonscat1A]], {{W2c|Template:Wikipediacat1A}}, [[Template:WikiPtmp]] (or any 'XXXXtmp' templates listed below) and etcetera.){{I2}}{{#if: {{{cats|}}}|'''PARAMETER ERROR: Parameter 'cats=' depreciated in favor of 'CATS=' or 'cat=' as noted above. {{I2}}}}
# ALL2= or ALLCATS= ''anything'' — is an edit-check mode parameter. It is the same as specifying all variations of 'V=' parameter, and turns on ALL autocategorization. (It should not be used on any page in a permanent save, but is for preview mode testing.){{I2}}
# CATS=<nowiki>[[Category:non-standard category1|pipetrick1]][[[[Category:non-standard category2|pipetrick2]]...[[Category:non-standard categoryNN|pipetrickNN]]</nowiki>{{I5}}Used primarily in administrative templates where the category structure has been duplicated locally for compatibility.{{i0}}
##Cat1=, Cat2=, Cat3=, ..., Cat5=<nowiki>[[Category:catname|pipe-trick]]</nowiki>, for keeping things neat on separate lines... especially useful when using different pipe-tricked forms.{{I2}}
# SYS=''defined'', or V=0, it asserts [[:Category:Interwiki template-links-tagging templates]] regardless of the 'V=#' parameter's other affects on auto-categorization.
# ??? - Stay tuned.

==Individual tags== 
;Templates to use when only some small number of sister projects has a similar template:
:# [[template:Metatmp ]]
:# [[template:commonstmp ]]
:# [[template:WikiBookstmp ]]
:# [[template:Wiktionarytmp ]]
:# [[template:Wikiquote ]]
:# [[template:WikiNewstmp ]]
:# [[template:Wikisourcetmp ]]
:# [[template:WikiSpeciestmp ]]
:# [[template:WikiVersitytmp ]]

 {{#if: {{{ALLCATS|}}} {{{ALL2|}}} |
# [[:Category:Interwiki templates on all sisterprojects ]] 
# [[:Category:template namespace templates ]] 
# [[:Category:redirects from other template ]] 
# [[:Category:template documentation ]] 
# [[:Category:Interwiki template-links-tagging templates ]] 
# [[:Category:Internal link templates ]] 
# [[:Category:Interwiki link templates ]] 
# [[:Category:Miscellaneous templates ]] 
{{#if: {{{cat|}}}|# [[:Category:{{{cat}}} ]] }}
# [[:Category:templates used in categories ]] 
# [[:Category:Exported templates used only on {{{only|sitename}}} ]] 
# [[:Category:templates different on {{{diff|{{{D|sitename}}} }}} ]] 

}} {{#ifeq: {{{inhib|}}}|{{#if:{{{cat|}}}||[[Category:{{{cat}}} | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]}} | [[Category:Interwiki utility templates | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]}}{{#if: {{{ALL|}}} |[[Category:Interwiki templates on all sisterprojects | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]] 
}}{{#if: {{{CAT|}}} | [[Category:templates used in categories | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
}}{{#if: {{{TMP|}}} | [[Category:template namespace templates | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
}}{{#if: {{{SYS|}}} | [[Category:Interwiki template-links-tagging templates | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]][[Category:template namespace templates | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
}}{{#if: {{{V|}}} |
{{#ifeq: {{{V|}}}| R | [[Category:redirects from other template | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
}}{{#ifeq: {{{V|}}}| D | [[Category:template documentation | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
}}{{#ifeq: {{{V|}}}| 0 | {{#if:{{{SYS|}}}||[[Category:Interwiki template-links-tagging templates | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]}}
}}{{#ifeq: {{{V|}}}| 1 | [[Category:Internal link templates | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
}}{{#ifeq: {{{V|}}}| 2 | [[Category:Interwiki link templates | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
}}{{#ifeq: {{{V|}}}| 3 |
{{#if: {{{cat|}}}| [[Category:{{{cat}}} | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
| [[Category:Miscellaneous templates | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
}}
}}
{{#ifeq: {{{V|}}}| 4 |
[[Category:Internal link templates | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
{{#if: {{{cat|}}}| [[Category:{{{cat}}} | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
| [[Category:Miscellaneous templates | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
}}
}}
{{#ifeq: {{{V|}}}| 5 |
[[Category:Interwiki link templates | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
{{#if: {{{cat|}}}| [[Category:{{{cat}}} | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
| [[Category:Miscellaneous templates | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
}}
}}
{{#ifeq: {{{V|}}}| 6 |
[[Category:Interwiki link templates | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
[[Category:Internal link templates | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
{{#if: {{{cat|}}}| [[Category:{{{cat}}} | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
| {{#if: {{{MISC|}}}|[[Category:Miscellaneous templates | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]}}
}}
}}
|
{{#if: {{{cat|}}}| [[Category:{{{cat}}} | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
|{{#if: {{{CAT|}}}| [[Category:templates used in categories | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]}}
}}
}}
{{#if: {{{UNCAT|}}}| [[Category:Uncategorized templates | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
}}
{{#if: {{{only|}}}|
{{#ifeq:{{{only}}}|COMMONS
| [[Category:Exported templates used only on Mediawiki commons | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
| [[Category:Exported templates used only on {{{only}}} | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
}}
}}
{{#if: {{{D|}}}{{{diff|}}} |
[[Category:templates different on {{{diff|{{{D|sitename}}} }}} | {{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
[[Category:Interwiki templates varying on other sister projects|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}} }}} ]]
}}

;Key categories versus parameters:'Sister parameters' are those semi-mnemonic three letter codes noted on the template. Several depreciated equivalents are also legal substitutes: meta wikt '''Toggle Parameters:''' Defining one of the three letter mnemonic's expressed as all uppercase toggles the logic for the cell displaying that sister project from'' 'on to off' ''(This template is not used on that sister, the most common need), or from'' 'off to on' ''(A sister which has little need for templates has this particular one).

<pre>
Example:
{{interwikitmp-grp|WDY=1|WPD=1|...}}
</pre>
:This example would express a template shared in common from the two sites Wiktionary and whereever, but for which Wikipedia (which normally has most everything) does NOT have said template. Wikitionary is toggled from normally<code> off to on</code>, Wikipedia from normally<code> on to Off. </code>

:Lower case Mnemonic codes work dissimilarly in that defining such an parameter triggers difference tracking auto-categorization, but is indeed the same in effect for non-participating sister projects, for whom it is uncommon to share a template.
==Categories by parameter affecting (table)==
{| Style="background-color: #f5f5f5; border:1px blue solid; padding:0.5em; font size:3;width:96%; margin:0 2em 1em 2em; " 
! Categories in the system
! style="width:25%"| Params in play
|- bgcolor="azure"
|colspan="2" line-height="25%"|
----
|- bgcolor="azure"

| {{lcs|Interwiki template-links-tagging templates }} Templates that are needed by tagging system. Cat includes XXXXtmp individual tagging templates.
| SYS (asserts) and V=0

|- bgcolor="PaleGoldenrod"
|colspan="2" line-height="25%"|
----
|- bgcolor="PaleGoldenrod"

| {{lcs|Interwiki utility templates }} Principal tagging and'' 'Tracking category' ''where this tagging utility auto-categorizes (lists) tagged templates. Can only turn off by inhibiting it's expression setting "|inhib='something'.
| inhib (suppresses)

|- bgcolor="WhiteSmoke"
|colspan="2" line-height="25%"|
----
|- bgcolor="WhiteSmoke"

| {{lcs|Interwiki templates on all sisterprojects}} Rare occurence. Scope refers to paricipating Sister Projects, not literally all.
| ALL2 (asserts)

|- bgcolor="azure"
|colspan="2" line-height="25%"|
----
|- bgcolor="azure"

| {{lcs|Interwiki link templates}}
| cases: V=1, V=4, V=6

|- bgcolor="PaleGoldenrod"
|colspan="2" line-height="25%"|
----
|- bgcolor="PaleGoldenrod"

| {{lcs|Miscellaneous templates }} 
| cases: V=3, V=4, V=5, and V=6 (If V=6, then '''iff manually defined using <nowiki>'cat=|'</nowiki> or MISC=''defined''.)

|- bgcolor="WhiteSmoke"
|colspan="2" line-height="25%"|
----
|- bgcolor="WhiteSmoke"

| {{lcs|Typing-aid templates }} Assumed as a sub-category of Miscellaneous, uses same V=''x'' logic. Use param cat=(bare) ''category name'' to supplant Miscellaneous for all <code><tt>{</tt> V: 3,4,5,6 <tt>}</tt></code> modes.
| sub-cat of same V=# distribution as Miscellaneous... define using cat= to supplant (replace) Miscellaneous templates.

|- bgcolor="azure"
|colspan="2" line-height="25%"|
----
|- bgcolor="azure"

| {{lcs|Interwiki category linking templates }} 
| CAT=''any value''

|- bgcolor="PaleGoldenrod"
|colspan="2" line-height="25%"|
----
|- bgcolor="PaleGoldenrod"

| {{lcs|Interwiki templates varying on other sister projects }} tracking category for anomalous templates where the template exists, but has an
| D or diff set

|- bgcolor="WhiteSmoke"
|colspan="2" line-height="25%"|
----
|- bgcolor="WhiteSmoke"

| {{lcs|Interwiki name difference other sister project tracking category
| any mnemonic name parameter being set to an

|- bgcolor="azure"
|colspan="2" line-height="25%"|
----
|- bgcolor="azure"

| {{lcs|Uncategorized templates}}
| UNCAT

|- bgcolor="PaleGoldenrod"
|colspan="2" line-height="25%"|
----
|- bgcolor="PaleGoldenrod"

| {{lcs|Navigation templates}} or {{lcs|Navigational templates}} or {{lcs|{{SITENAME}} Navigation templates}}
| '''NAV''' evinces if and only if there exists a defined category of one of these names

|- bgcolor="WhiteSmoke"
|colspan="2" line-height="25%"|
----
|- bgcolor="WhiteSmoke"

| {{lcs|redirect templates}}
| R

|- bgcolor="azure"
|colspan="2" line-height="25%"|
----
|- bgcolor="azure"

| a1
| a2

|- bgcolor="PaleGoldenrod"
|colspan="2" line-height="25%"|
----
|- bgcolor="PaleGoldenrod"

| c1
| c2

|- bgcolor="WhiteSmoke"
|colspan="2" line-height="25%"|
----
|- bgcolor="WhiteSmoke"

| e1
| e2

|}
1 Category:Interwiki link templates and Category:Interwiki utility templates -- bridge a gulf

2 Category: Internal link templates and Category:Interwiki utility templates.-- Link/Edit another page internally

3 Category:[ Miscellaneous || Typing-aid || Uncategorized ] templates and Category:Interwiki utility templates

4 Category:Interwiki link templates and Category:Miscellaneous templates -- Combo's of 1 + 3

5 Category: Internal link templates and Category:Miscellaneous templates -- Combo's of 2 + 3

6 Interwiki link templates, Internal link templates and Category:Miscellaneous templates -- Combo's of 1 + 2 + 3

{|
|-
! {{TL|IWTG size}}=={{IWTG size}}
! {{TL|IWTG width}}=={{IWTG width}}
! {{Lts|Interwiki class-sisterproject}}
|}
{{tl|Interwikitmp-grp/doc}}
</noinclude>