Archive:Far-right subcultures

2020-04-09T04:01:09Z

24.164.132.113: /* The American alt-right movement */

{{short description|The symbolism, ideology and traits that hold relevance to various politically extreme right-wing groups and organisations}}
{{Neo-fascism}}
'''Far-right subcultures''' refers to the symbolism, ideology and traits that hold relevance to various politically [[extreme right-wing]] groups and organisations.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Patyi|first1=Peter|last2=Levická|first2=Jana|title=Attractiveness of Right Wing Oriented Movements and Subcultures in Modern Society of the Slovak Republic|journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences|date=August 2014|volume=143|pages=832–837|doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.485}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Subkulturen {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen&gws_rd=cr&ei=CCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de|access-date=2019-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110046/http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/category/ressorts/wissen/woran-man-sie-erkennt/subkulturen%26gws_rd%3Dcr%26ei%3DCCyrWMXaIcGIaLizrZAL|archive-date=2017-02-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are three kinds of subcultures within far-right movements to distinguish: subcultural parasitism, subcultural creation around ideology and subcultures that are networking with far-right movements, as some football hooligans did with neo-nazis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/new-right-wing-alliance-of-neo-nazis-and-hooligans-appears-in-germany-a-1000953.html|title=Germany's New Right: The Unholy Alliance of Neo-Nazis and Football Hooligans - SPIEGEL ONLINE - International|first=SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg|last=Germany|website=SPIEGEL ONLINE|accessdate=4 September 2017}}</ref>

== Subcultures created around or related to Nazi ideology ==
{{main|Nazi symbolism}}
{{see also|Nazi chic}}

== Subcultural Parasitism ==

[[Image:Neo-Nazi Skinhead.jpg|thumb|left|A neo-Nazi skinhead from Germany]]
Far-right ideologists try to infiltrate subcultures in order to spread their ideas among them.<ref>Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung: Rechtsextreme Jugendkultur http://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/rechtsextremismus/41740/jugendkultur</ref> These attempts are defined as subcultural parasitism. The most well-known subculture, which got taken over by the far-right and neo-nazis is the [[Skinhead]] scene, which originally started in Great Britain.<ref>Worley, Matthew, and Nigel Copsey. "White youth: the Far Right, Punk and British youth culture." JOMEC Journal 9 (2016): 27-47.</ref> Some examples for subculture parasitism: the [[Nipster]], infiltration of the [[Hipster (contemporary subculture)]] by neo-nazis (Nazi Hipster), [[Nazi punk]], infiltration of the [[Heavy metal subculture]], known as [[National Socialist black metal]] (NSBM/NSCH). Subcultures as the [[Goth subculture]] and the [[Hip Hop]] subculture got also infiltrated by far-right movements and ideologists.<ref name="auto"/> Some other examples for far-right or neo-Nazi subcultures: [[Esoteric Nazism]] and [[Nazi Satanism]].

[[File:Bussines berlin 2003.jpg|200px|thumb|British [[punk rock]] band [[The Business (band)|The Business]] performs in [[Berlin, Germany]] in 2003.]]

== Cultural counter-subversion ==
There is another strategy which is resorted to by neo-nazis and far right movements, and it is called cultural subversion. This strategy uses already existing forms of expression and organization and gives them a far right meaning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mut-gegen-rechte-gewalt.de/service/lexikon/k/kulturelle-subversion|title=Kulturelle Subversion - Mut Gegen Rechte Gewalt|website=www.mut-gegen-rechte-gewalt.de|accessdate=4 September 2017}}</ref> Some examples:
*Music: use of already existing songs and the change of its lyrics into something national or racist
*Slogans: the change of the left-wing slogan 'Long live the international solidarity' into 'Long live the national solidarity'
*Forms of Organization: democratic forms of organizations are copied and accommodated with far right ideology

== Modern forms of far-right subcultures and lifestyles in specific countries ==
=== Italy ===
During its rule of Italy the [[National Fascist Party]] heavily influenced fashion in its pursuit of [[autarky]] and this pursuit was exemplified by its belief in the importance of aesthetics and symbolism: clothes had to be produced in Italy and they also had to reflect the values of the Italian people.<ref>{{cite web|title=- la Repubblica.it|url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2005/10/30/moda-autarchica-vestiti-di-regime-della.htmlhttp://mda-arte.blogspot.it/2012/09/mussolini-il-fascismo-e-la-moda.html|website=Archivio - la Repubblica.it|language=it}}</ref> Pieces of clothing such as the '''black shirts''' became associated with the dreaded [[Blackshirts|Volunteer Militia for the Safety of the Nation]] and even to the regime itself.
Nowadays [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascists]] still care a great deal about clothing, but with different approaches. Symbols and clothes like the [[Celtic Cross]] and the black clothing are still present and associated to the new filo-fascists political parties and movements, but, similarly to the neo-nazism case, there has also been a growing interest in "trendiness" and fashion, with new clothing brands that offer casual and formal clothing more in line with today's consumerist culture. This has led to three different types of brands usage by the neo-fascist subculture that still cares a big deal about clothing as a way to show their political affiliation, while caring about what is trendy as well:
* The use of brands that are not openly using symbols of fascism but that are thought to be targeting neo-fascist consumers in light of their choices in advertising and partnerships, with the choice of testimonials, models, settings and even copy material that recalls the neo-fascist archetypical man. For example, Pivert.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pivert, l'hanno ribattezzata 'linea di abbigliamento fascista'. Il responsabile: "Non è così ma ai ragazzi di CasaPound piace"|url=http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2016/01/26/pivert-lhanno-ribattezzata-linea-di-abbigliamento-fascista-il-responsabile-non-e-cosi-ma-ai-ragazzi-di-casapound-piace/2405761/|website=Il Fatto Quotidiano|date=26 January 2016}}</ref>
* The use of brands that while denying any political involvement (the apology of fascism in Italy is a felony officially) heavily rely on the fascist's regime icons, using symbols, mottos and images without using the name of the party while still making clear what is their political affiliation. An example is the decimaofficialstore.<ref>{{cite web|title=Per Natale rivive l’abbigliamento fascista|url=http://espresso.repubblica.it/attualita/2014/12/22/news/per-natale-rivive-l-abbigliamento-fascista-1.192927|website=l'Espresso|language=it-IT|date=23 December 2014}}</ref>
* The use of brands that are arbitrarily given a power of identification with their political values by the members of the subculture itself.

[[File:Neo-Nazi celtic cross flag.svg|thumb|[[Celtic cross]] on a Neo-Fascist flag]]

The arbitrary appropriation of modern devices of today's [[consumer culture]] in addition to the ones typical of its "ancestor" in Neo-fascism is not just limited to fashion, examples of modern culture products that were not born with this political affiliation but were used by neo-fascists to frame their values and the adherence of its affiliates to them are [[Tolkien]]'s novels, which led to the "Campi Hobbit" (Hobbit Camps) experience: real political camps where space was given to topics often overlooked by typical political institutions, with right wing music groups, visual artists, radio podcasts performances and social issues discussions about topics such as young people's unemployment together with paramilitary activities being carried out.<ref>{{cite web|title=La Repubblica 08 giugno 2007|url=http://www.compagniadellanello.net/rassegna/repubblica_08_06_07.htm|website=www.compagniadellanello.net}}</ref> Another very famous example is the politicization of [[Association football|football]], with the [[Ultras]] groups often affiliated with certain ideologies. The majority of ultras groups in fact present small "bands" within them that are openly neo-fascist or at least far-right extremists,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.osservatoriosport.interno.gov.it/allegati/rapporto_2015_versione_stampabile.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520020105/http://www.osservatoriosport.interno.gov.it/allegati/rapporto_2015_versione_stampabile.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> with groups such as Hellas Verona's "Brigate Gialloblu" or Juventus' "Vikings" having an infamous record of violence episodes, which are not related to the sport nor their supported teams' ideals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Calcio, la piaga nera del tifo fascista|url=http://espresso.repubblica.it/inchieste/2016/07/11/news/calcio-la-piaga-nera-del-tifo-fascista-1.276905|website=l'Espresso|language=it-IT|date=11 July 2016}}</ref>

=== Germany ===
{{Main article|Far right in Germany}}
{{category see also|Neo-Nazism in Germany}}

==== Far right Organisations and Formations in Germany ====
*Far right parties: East-Germany: [[National Democratic Party of Germany]] (NPD); West-Germany: 'Die Rechte' and 'Dritter Weg'. All together there are around 6000 members of far right parties in Germany.
*Extreme right-wing comradeships: [[Blood & Honour]] network (or 'White Power'). Both networks are primarily selling extreme right-wing music and organizing international concerts. Their offers play an important role regarding the far right Lifestyle and they have an integrating effect on the far right scene in general. The [[Autonome Nationalisten]] are a similar organization, for predominantly young far right. The ideology is the same but in terms of aesthetics, they are more orientated towards their political opponent on the left and copy their lifestyles and symbols for their own purposes. See also Cultural Subversion
*Intellectuals of the 'Neue Rechte' ([[New Right]]): they function as the source of inspiration and keyword transmitter.
*Far-right projects: An innovation of the last years are far right projects at the interface of virtual and real life. Examples are the 'Identitären' ([[Identitarian movement]]) and the 'Unsterblichen'. The 'Unsterblichen' was started by far rights in east Germany. They formulated the prosecution of the supposed 'Volkstods' (death of the nation). Which can be seen as relation to the demographic change in Germany and the fear of being swamped by foreign influences. The 'Unsterblichen' took over the flashmob idea and produced high quality choreographies for demonstrations which they filmed professionally and distributed them with music in social networks.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Borstel|first1=Dierk|title=Ungleichwertigkeitsideologien in der Einwanderungsgesellschaft|date=2017|publisher=Springer Fachmedien|location=Wiesbaden|isbn=978-3-658-14245-2|pages=153–164|edition=Borstel, Dierk; Bozay, Kemal}}</ref>

==== Identitarian movement ====
''Main Article'': [[Identitarian movement|Identitarian Movement]]

The Identitarian movement is one of the most renowned far-right youth culture in Germany and part of the [[New Right]]. Within the New Right it has four unique position features: youthfulness, excessive desire for action, pop culture and [[Corporate Identity]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bruns|first1=Julian|last2=Glösel|first2=Kathrin|last3=Strobl|first3=Natascha|title=Die Identitären. Handbuch zur Jugendbewegung der Neuen Rechte in Europa.|date=May 2016|publisher=UNRAST|location=Münster|isbn=978-3-89771-560-8|pages=68–69|edition=2nd}}</ref> The German Identitarian movement uses Facebook as its main platform, where it spreads quotations of famous thinkers of the [[Conservative Revolutionary movement]] such as Ernst Jünger and Carl Schmitt, articles of the far-right journal ''Sezession'' and videos of various campaigns.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bruns|first1=Julian|last2=Glösel|first2=Kathrin|last3=Strobl|first3=Natascha|title=Die Identitären. Handbuch zur Jugendbewegung der Neuen Rechte in Europa.|date=May 2016|publisher=UNRAST|location=Münster|isbn=978-3-89771-560-8|page=85|edition=2nd}}</ref>

=== United States ===
''Main Article'': [[Alt-right|Alt-Right]]

==== The American alt-right movement====

Also referred to as the alternative right, the [[alt-right]] is a recent political movement which holds extreme views on a wide array of political, cultural, racial and religious subjects, with a central theme being [[white supremacy]] and [[white nationalism]].<ref>{{cite web|title=AP Definitive Source {{!}} Writing about the 'alt-right'|url=https://blog.ap.org/behind-the-news/writing-about-the-alt-right|website=blog.ap.org}}</ref> It has gained significant prominence since the run-up to the [[2016 US election|Presidential election of 2016]], in which [[Donald Trump]] was elected.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alt Right: A Primer about the New White Supremacy|url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/alt-right-a-primer-about-the.html?referrer=https://www.google.it/#.WKQq3BIrKTc|website=ADL}}</ref> The typical alt-right supporter is a white non-naturalized US citizen, most likely of a family lineage without recent immigration to the US. While there are numerous recorded cases of anti-Semitic and anti-Muslim behaviour and supporters to be of predominantly Christian background, personal religious disposition does not prove to be of great importance beyond those which are discriminated against.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Michael|first1=George|title=The seeds of the alt-right, America's emergent right-wing populist movement|url=http://theconversation.com/the-seeds-of-the-alt-right-americas-emergent-right-wing-populist-movement-69036|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2018}}

==== Adoption of Neo-Fascist/Nazi symbolism ====

[[File:Richard B. Spencer in 2016.jpg|thumb|right|187px|Richard B. Spencer speaking at an Alt-Right Rally, 2016]]

Since Donald Trump's victory in November 2016, the exposure and symbolism associated with the alt-right has become more distinct. In mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference with approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C. One of the speakers at this event was president of the National Policy Institute and white supremacist; [[Richard Spencer (activist)|Richard Spencer]]. Audience members cheered and gave the [[Nazi salute]] when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|title=Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html|website=The New York Times|date=20 November 2016}}</ref> The parallel theme of cultural purity combined with the totalitarian and ominous connotations associated with Nazi history provide an aesthetic appeal to the themes and ideas of the alt-right. Due to the highly superficial nature of the group, understanding of the key concepts behind these other far-right political movements is secondary to the imagery and visual culture associated with them.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The 2016 culture war, as illustrated by the alt-right|url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/30/13572256/2016-trump-culture-war-alt-right-meme|website=Vox}}</ref>

== Far-right subcultures and fashion labels ==
=== Fashion label abuse ===

Fashion label abuse means in this case, far-right movements, use specific labels and connect their ideology. Some prominent examples are [[Lonsdale (clothing)|Lonsdale]], [[Fred Perry]] and [[New Balance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/fashion-labels-worn-by-europes-skinheads-restore-their-reputation/a-5226933|title=Fashion labels worn by Europe's skinheads restore their reputation - Culture - DW - 16.02.2010|first=Deutsche Welle|last=(www.dw.com)|website=DW.COM|accessdate=4 September 2017}}</ref> The British sport label Lonsdale became popular in the German neo-nazi movement because of the letters 'NSDA' in the name, which refers to the National Socialist German Workers' Party ([[NSDAP]], [[Nazi Party]]), that was active between 1920 and 1945.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lonsdale {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/lexikontext/lonsdale|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref> The popularity of Fred Perry can be explained through the demand in the skinhead scene. On top of that the brand offers polo shirts with a collar in the colors black-white-red, which was the flag color used by the nazi regime and is therefore as well prominent in German neo-nazi movements.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fred Perry {{!}} Netz gegen Nazis|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/lexikontext/fred-perry|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|language=de}}</ref> Both brands distance themselves from any association. In November 2016 Matthew LeBretton, New Balance's vice president of public affairs, criticized the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, that the Obama administration led and [[Donald Trump]] opposes. After New Balance defended its opposition to TTP, Andrew Anglin, publisher of the American [[neo-nazi]] news and commentary website [[The Daily Stormer]], declared New Balance the “Official Shoes of White People”.<ref>{{cite news|title=We live in crazy times: Neo-Nazis have declared New Balance the ‘Official Shoes of White People’|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/11/15/the-crazy-reason-neo-nazis-have-declared-new-balance-the-official-shoes-of-white-people/|work=Washington Post}}</ref>

=== Fashion label creation around far-right ideology ===

There are also fashion labels that got created for neo-nazis, by neo-nazis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/artikel/marken-der-rechtsextremen-szene |title=Marken der rechtsextremen Szene |date=27 March 2009 |publisher=Netz-gegen-Nazis.de| language=de}}</ref>
Some examples for nazi fashion labels: Ansgar Aryan, Consdaple, Eric and Sons, Masterrace Europe, Outlaw, Reconquista, Rizist, Thor Steinar, Troublemaker, Dryve by Suizhyde, Greifvogel Wear, Hate-Hate, Hermannsland, Sport Frei, Pro Violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netz-gegen-nazis.de/lexikontext/marken-die-bei-neonazis-beliebt-sind|title=Marken, die bei Neonazis beliebt sind - Belltower News|website=www.netz-gegen-nazis.de|accessdate=4 September 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}
*[[Far-right politics]]
*[[Far-right social centres]]
*[[Fashwave]]
*[[List of neo-Nazi bands]]
*[[National Socialist black metal]]
*[[Neo-völkisch movements]]
*[[Nipster]]
{{col-break|gap=4em}}
*[[Neo-Nazism]]
*[[Skinheads]]
*[[White power music]]
*[[White power skinhead]]
*[[Youth subculture]]
{{col-end}}

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
*Borstel, Dierk; Bozay, Kemal ed. (2017). Ungleichwertigkeitsideologien in der Einwanderungsgesellschaft. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien.
*Bruns, Julian, Kathrin Glösel, and Natascha Strobl. Die Identitären: Handbuch zur Jugendbewegung der Neuen Rechten in Europa. Unrast, 2014.
*Goffman, Erving. Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Harvard University Press, 1974.
*Häusler, Alexander; Schedler, Jan. "Neue Formen einer flüchtlingsfeindlichen sozialen Bewegung von rechts" [https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/fjsb.2016.29.issue-2/fjsb-2016-0203/fjsb-2016-0203.pdf Neue Formen einer flüchtlingsfeindlichen sozialen Bewegung von rechts]
*Jaschke, Hans-Gerd. "Right-Wing Extremism and Populism in Contemporary Germany and Western Europe." Rightwing radicalism today: Perspectives from Europe and the US (2013): 22-36.
*Leo, Tobias. "Der Nazis neue Kleider: Die Vereinnahmung jugendlicher Subkulturen durch die extreme Rechte." historia. scribere 8 (2016): 83-124 [https://webapp.uibk.ac.at/ojs2/index.php/historia_scribere/article/view/2162/1715 Der Nazis neue Kleider: Die Vereinnahmung jugendlicher Subkulturen durch die extreme Rechte]
*Mecklenburg, Jens, ed. Handbuch deutscher Rechtsextremismus. Elefanten Press, 1996.
*Patyi, Peter, and Jana Levická. "Attractiveness of right wing oriented movements and subcultures in modern society of the Slovak republic." Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 143 (2014): 832-837.
*Pisoiu, Daniela. "Subcultures, violent radicalization and terrorism." (2015): 1-2.
*Schedler, Jan. "Die extreme Rechte als soziale Bewegung." Handbuch Rechtsextremismus. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. 285-323.
*Schlembach, Raphael. "New trends on the German extreme right." (2013): 192-194.
*Stroud, Joseph James Iain. "Constructions of identity through music in extreme-right subcultures." (2014).

[[Category:Far-right politics]]
[[Category:Political movements]]
[[Category:White supremacy]]
[[Category:Subcultures]]
[[Category:Political culture]]
[[Category:Fascism]]
[[Category:Neo-fascism]]
[[Category:Neo-Nazism]]

Archive:Total parenteral nutrition

2005-06-17T11:55:58Z

24.164.2.60:

'''Total parenteral nutrition''' (TPN), also called [[hyperalimentation]], is the practice of feeding a person without using the [[gut]]. It is normally used during [[surgery|surgical]] recoveries. It has been used for patients in [[coma]], although enteric (tube) feeding is usually adequate, and less prone to complications. [[Chronic]] TPN is occasionally used treat people suffering the extended consequences of an accident or surgery. Most controversially, TPN has extended the life of a small number of children born with nonexistent or severely birth-deformed guts. The oldest were eight years old in [[2003]].

In TPN's simplest form, a bag of [[nutrient]]s is added to a patient's [[intravenous drip]].

The preferred method of performing TPN is with a medical [[infusion pump]]. A [[sterile]] bag of nutrient solution, between 500ml and 4l is provided. The pump infuses a small amount (0.1 to 10ml/hr) continuously in order to keep the vein open. Feeding schedules vary, but one common regimen ramps up the nutrition over a few hours, levels off the rate for a few hours, and then ramps it down over a few more hours, in order to simulate a normal set of meal times.

The nutrient solution consists of [[water]], [[glucose]], [[salt]]s, [[amino acid]]s, [[vitamin]]s and (more controversially) sometimes emulsified [[fat]]s. Long term TPN patients sometimes suffer from lack of trace nutrients or [[electrolyte]] imbalances. Because increased [[blood sugar]] commonly occurs with TPN, [[insulin]] may also be added to the infusion. Occasionally, other drugs are added as well.

Chronic TPN is performed through a [[Hickman line]] or a [[Port-a-Cath]] (venous access systems), or sometimes through an [[artery]]. Arterial shunts are more dangerous, but sturdier because an artery wall is more muscular.

Battery-powered ambulatory infusion pumps are used with chronic TPN patients, and usually the pump and a small (100ml) bag of nutrient to keep the vein open are carried in a fanny pack. Outpatient TPN practices are still being refined.

Aside from their dependence on a pump, chronic TPN patients live quite normal lives.

There are some complications that seem to follow long-term use of TPN. The most common is [[liver]] failure. [[As of 2004]], the cause is unknown, but may be insufficient nutrition - the liver normally processes the [[blood]] returning from the gut.

==See also==
* [[intravenous drip]]

[[Category:nutrition]]
[[Category:intensive care medicine]]

[[de:Parenterale Ernährung]]
[[pt:Nutrição parenteral]]

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Archive:Far-right subcultures

Archive:Total parenteral nutrition