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Gender flip

2025-09-14T19:35:47Z

2600:1700:4ED0:31A0:216B:94E4:9E5B:9B11: /* Notable examples */

{{Short description|When a fictional character is created to have a different sex in another work}}
{{about||the Internet meme predicting the prevalence of gender reversal of an existing character|Rule 63|the practice or act of a person assuming a different or gender identity than one's actual gender identity, especially in a virtual setting|genderswap|and|cross-dressing}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
[[File:Kathinka Hoppé, Marie Le Seur - Tooneel-herinneringen (1900).jpg|thumb| Kathinka Hoppé (left) as Ganymed, the gender-flipped love interest, and Marie Le Seur as Galathée in a late 19th-century production of ''[[Die schöne Galathée]]'']]
A '''gender flip'''<ref name="pdi-20220213">[[Agence France-Presse]]"[https://entertainment.inquirer.net/437545/gender-flip-of-film-classic-opens-berlin-fest-under-virus-cloud Gender flip of film classic opens Berlinale under virus cloud]", ''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]'', 13 February 2022.</ref><ref name="avclub-20210922">Caroline Siede. "[https://www.avclub.com/dear-evan-hansen-is-a-misfire-on-just-about-every-level-1847718189 Dear Evan Hansen is a misfire on just about every level]", avclub.com, 22 September 2021.</ref> is when a fictional character is created to have a different sex/gender in another setting or in an adaptation of a work. The Internet meme [[Rule 63]] predicts the prevalence of this.

== Notable examples ==
* [[Sherlock Holmes]]' companion [[Dr. Watson|Dr. John Watson]] (male) is in some adaptations changed to females: Joan Watson in ''[[Elementary (TV series)|Elementary]]'' (2012 TV series) or Jane Watson in ''[[The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1987 film)|The Return of Sherlock Holmes]]'' (1987 film)
* ''[[Foundation (Asimov novel)|Foundation]]'' (1951 novel) character [[Gaal Dornick]] (male) was changed to Gaal Dornick (female) in ''[[Foundation (TV series)|Foundation]]'' (2021 TV series)
* ''[[Starship Troopers]]'' (1959 novel) character Dizzy Flores (male) was changed to a female in ''[[Starship Troopers (film)|Starship Troopers]]'' (1997 film)
* ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]'' (1965 novel) character [[Liet Kynes|Liet-Kynes]] (male) was changed to a female in ''[[Dune (2021 film)|Dune]]'' (2021 film)
* ''[[Bedazzled (1967 film)|Bedazzled]]'' (1967 film) character the Devil (male) was changed to a female in ''[[Bedazzled (2000 film)|Bedazzled]]'' (2000 film)
* ''[[The Wicker Man]]'' (1973 film) character Lord Summerisle (male) was changed to Sister Summersisle (female) in ''[[The Wicker Man (2006 film)|The Wicker Man]]'' (2006 film)
* ''[[Dead Ringers (film)|Dead Ringers]]'' (1988 film) characters Beverly & Elliot Mantle (males) were change to females in [[Dead Ringers (miniseries)|''Dead Ringers'']] (2023 miniseries)
* ''[[12 Monkeys]]'' (1995 film) character Jeffrey Goines (male) was changed to Jennifer Goines (female) in ''[[12 Monkeys (TV series)|12 Monkeys]]'' (2015 TV series)
* The 2022 [[DreamWorks Animation|DreamWorks]] ''[[The Bad Guys (film)|The Bad Guys]]'', had Mr. Tarantula's gender swapped to a girl in the film from the [[The Bad Guys (book series)|children's book series of the same name]]
* ''[[My Friend Flicka (film)|My Friend Flicka]]'' (1943 film) based on the [[My Friend Flicka|1941 children's book of the same name]] with protagonist and 10-year-old boy Ken McLaughlin changed to a 16-year-old girl named Katy McLaughlin in the infamous [[Flicka|2006 remake]] loosely based on the book.
* ''[[Doctor Who]]''. The long-running British television series features "regeneration" of the lead character. In 2018, [[Jodie Whittaker]] became the first woman to play the eponymous Doctor.
* ''[[Frequency (2000 film)|Frequency]]'' (2000 film) and ''[[Frequency (TV series)|Frequency]]'' (2016 TV series): John Sullivan, played by [[Jim Caviezel]] in the movie, was changed to a female character, Raimy Sullivan, played by [[Peyton List (actress, born 1986)|Peyton List]], in the television series.
* On ''[[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)]]'', Kono Kalakaua, who was a male character in the ''[[Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)|original 1968 series]]'', played by [[Gilbert Lani Kauhi|Zulu]], was changed to a female character, played by [[Grace Park (actress)|Grace Park]].
* [[John Hillerman]]'s character from ''[[Magnum, P.I.]]'', [[Jonathan Higgins]], was changed to a female character, Juliet Higgins, played by [[Perdita Weeks]], in the [[Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series)|2018 reboot]].
* ''[[MacGyver (1985 TV series)|MacGyver]]'' (1985) and ''[[MacGyver (2016 TV series)|MacGyver]]'' (2016): The character of Peter Thornton (played by [[Dana Elcar]]) in the original series was changed to Patricia Thornton (played by [[Sandrine Holt]]) in the 2016 series.
* ''[[Dynasty (1981 TV series)|Dynasty]]'' (1981) and ''[[Dynasty (2017 TV series)|Dynasty]]'' (2017): The female character of Sammy Jo, played by [[Heather Locklear]], was changed to a male character, Samuel Jones, played by [[Rafael de la Fuente]], in the reboot.
* The character of Robert McCall, played by [[Edward Woodward]] on ''[[The Equalizer (1985 TV series)|The Equalizer]]'' (1985), and [[Denzel Washington]] in the [[The Equalizer (film)|2014 film]] and its sequels, was changed to a female character, Robyn McCall, played by [[Queen Latifah]], on the ''[[The Equalizer (2021 TV series)|2021 reboot]]''.
* In the 1987 film ''[[Overboard (1987 film)|Overboard]]'', the plot was about a single Father with three sons, claiming an amnesiac Woman as his wife and Mother of his sons. The genders are reversed in the ''[[Overboard (2018 film)|2018 remake]]'', with a single Mother with three daughters, claiming an amnesiac Man as her husband and Father of her daughters.

== See also ==
{{wiktionary|gender-flip}}
* [[Rule 63]], an [[Internet meme]] that states that, as a rule, "for every given male [[Character (arts)|character]], there is a female version of that character" and vice versa.
* [[Cross-gender acting]], when actors or actresses portray a character of the opposite sex.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Gender roles]]
[[Category:Gender studies]]
[[Category:Gender fluidity]]
[[Category:Fiction about gender flip]]
[[Category:Casting controversies]]

Artificial Intelligence Cold War

2022-07-07T00:17:39Z

2600:1700:31E0:5650:1CA1:8816:7CFE:5363: /* Shortcomings of the AI Cold War narrative */

{{short description|Geopolitical narrative}}
{{Infobox event
| name = AI Cold War
| image =
| caption = Presentation of Facebook’s AI technology "direct brain interface", 2017
| date = 2018 – present
| participants = '''{{flag|United States}}''', '''{{flag|China}}''', '''{{flag|Russia}}'''
| type = Technological and geopolitical [[great power]] competition
| theme = [[AI arms race|AI Arms Race]], [[Second Cold War]]
| cause = Geopolitical [[great power]] competition
}}

The ''' Artificial Intelligence Cold War ''' ('''AI Cold War''') is a narrative in which tensions between the US, Russia, and China lead to a [[second Cold War]] waged in the area of AI technology rather than in the areas of nuclear capabilities or ideology.<ref>{{cite news |last=Champion |first=Marc |date=12 December 2019|title= Digital Cold War |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/quicktake/how-u-s-china-tech-rivalry-looks-like-a-digital-cold-war|work= Bloomberg|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref>
The context of the AI Cold War narrative is the [[AI arms race|AI Arms Race]], which involves a build-up of military capabilities using AI technology by the US, Russia and China.

==Origins of the term==

The term AI Cold War first appeared in 2018 in an article in
[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] by [[Nicholas Thompson (editor)|Nicholas Thompson]] and [[Ian Bremmer]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 23 October 2018 |title= The AI Cold War That Threatens Us All |url=https://www.wired.com/story/ai-cold-war-china-could-doom-us-all/
|work= WIRED|location= |access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref> The two authors trace the emergence of the AI Cold War narrative to 2017, when China published its AI Development Plan, which included a strategy aimed at becoming the global leader in AI by 2030. While the authors acknowledge the use of AI by China to strengthen its authoritarian rule, they warn against the perils for the US of engaging in an AI Cold War strategy. Nicholas Thompson and Ian Bremmer rather advocate for a technological cooperation between the US and China to encourage global standards in privacy and ethical use of AI.

Shortly after the publication of the article in Wired magazine, the former U.S. Treasury Secretary [[Henry M. Paulson|Hank Paulson]] referred to the emergence of an ‘Economic Iron Curtain’ between the US and China, reinforcing the new AI Cold War narrative.<ref>{{cite news |last= Curran |first=Enda |date=7 November 2018|title= Paulson Warns of ‘Economic Iron Curtain’ Between U.S., China |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-07/paulson-warns-of-economic-iron-curtain-between-u-s-china|work= Bloomberg|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref>

==Proponents of the AI Cold War narrative==

[[Politico]] contributed to reinforcing the AI Cold War narrative. In 2020, the paper argued that because of the increasing AI capabilities of China, the US and other democratic countries have to create an alliance to stay ahead of China.<ref>{{cite news |last= Heath |first=Ryan |date=16 October 2020|title= Artificial Intelligence Cold War on the horizon|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/10/16/artificial-intelligence-cold-war-on-the-horizon-429714|work= Politico|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref>

Former Google CEO [[Eric Schmidt]] together with [[Graham T. Allison]] alleged in an article in [[Project Syndicate]] that, in the context of the [[Covid-19 pandemic]], the AI capabilities of China are ahead of the US in most critical areas.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Schmidt |first1= Eric |last2= Allison |first2= Graham |date=4 August 2020|title= Is China Winning the AI Race?
|url= https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-versus-america-ai-race-pandemic-by-eric-schmidt-and-graham-allison-2020-08|work= Project Syndicate|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref>

US politicians and European industry players have invoked the looming AI Cold War as a reason to ban procurement by public authorities in Europe of [[Huawei]] [[5G]] technology due to concerns over the Chinese state-sponsored surveillance industry.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Meyer |first1= David|date=23 November 2018|title= U.S. Urges Other Countries to Shun Huawei, Citing Espionage Risk|url= https://fortune.com/2018/11/23/us-huawei-espionage/
|work= Fortune|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= Doffman |first1= Zak|date= 22 December 2018|title= As The AI Cold War Looms, Has Time Finally Been Called On China's Spy Industry?
|url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2018/12/22/as-the-ai-cold-war-looms-has-time-finally-been-called-on-chinas-spy-industry/|work= Fortune|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref>

Academics have pointed to concerns about unethical use of AI which would be primarily associated with China. Ethics would therefore constitute a major ideological divide in the upcoming AI Cold War.<ref>{{cite report |author= |author-link= |authors=Lee Rainie, Janna Anderson and Emily A. Vogels |date=16 June 2021 |title= Experts Doubt Ethical AI Design Will Be Broadly Adopted as the Norm Within the Next Decade |url= https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/06/16/1-worries-about-developments-in-ai/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |page= |docket= |access-date=3 July 2021 |quote=}}</ref>

==Semiconductors==
[[File:Tesla Autopilot HW2.5 and Infotainment Boards (50938493268).jpg|thumb|right|Automotive semiconductors ([[Electronic Control Unit|ECU]]s)|170px]]
A key area of concern in the tensions between China and the US are semiconductors.

The trade restrictions imposed by the [[Presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] affected semiconductors imports from China to the US<ref>{{cite news|last1= Klayman|first1= Ben|last2= Nellis |first2= Stephen|date= 15 January 2021|title= Trump's China tech war backfires on automakers as chips run short|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autos-tech-chips-focus-idUSKBN29K0GA|work= Reuters|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref> and raised concerns by the US industry that supply chains will be disrupted in case of an AI Cold War. This prompted US technology companies to develop mitigation strategies including hoarding semiconductors and trying to set up local [[semiconductor]] production facilities, with the support of government subsidies.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Ioannou |first1= Lori|date= 18 September 2020|title= A brewing U.S.-China tech cold war rattles the semiconductor industry|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/18/a-brewing-us-china-tech-cold-war-rattles-the-semiconductor-industry.html|work= CNBC|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref>

Fears around disrupting supply chains are linked to Taiwan's critical role in the production of semiconductors. 70% of semiconductors are either produced in Taiwan or transfer through Taiwan, where [[TSMC]], world's largest chipmaker is headquartered. China does not recognize the sovereignty of Taiwan and trade restrictions by the US on companies selling semiconductors to China have disrupted in the past the commercial relationships between TSMC and Huawei.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Slingerlend |first1= Brad|date= 2 June 2020|title= Opinion: A semiconductor ‘cold war’ is heating up between the U.S. and China |url= https://www.marketwatch.com/story/a-semiconductor-cold-war-is-heating-up-between-the-us-and-china-2020-06-01|work= Market Watch|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref>

==Influence on US policy making==
In June 2021 the US Senate approved the [[U.S. Innovation and Competition Act]] providing around 250 billion US dollars public money support to the US technological and manufacturing industry. The alleged Chinese threat in the area of technology helped secure a strong bipartisan support for the new legislation, amounting to the largest industrial policy move by the US in decades. Chinese authorities reproached to the US that the bill was “full of cold war zero-sum thinking”.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ni |first=Vincent |date=9 June 2021|title= China denounces US Senate’s $250bn move to boost tech and manufacturing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jun/09/us-senate-approves-50bn-boost-for-computer-chip-and-ai-technology-to-counter-china|work= The Guardian|access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref>

The legislative bill is aimed at strengthening capabilities in the area of technology, such as quantum computing and AI specifically to face the competitive threat from China perceived as urgent. Senator [[Chuck Schumer]], the leader of the Senate majority and one of the sponsors of the industrial policy bill invoked the threat of authoritarian regimes that want “grab the mantle of global economic leadership and own the innovations”.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanger |first1=David E.|last2= Edmondson |first2= Catie |last3= McCabe |first3=David|last4=Kaplan |first4=Thomas |date=7 June 2021|title= Senate Poised to Pass Huge Industrial Policy Bill to Counter China |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/07/us/politics/senate-china-semiconductors.html
|work= The New York Times|access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref>

Commentators identified possible positive effects on innovation from the US attempts to compete with China in a perceived rivalry.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shen |first=Lucinda |date=10 June 2021|title= Will legislation on competing with China spur the next big thing akin to the internet? |url= https://fortune.com/2021/06/10/will-legislation-on-competing-with-china-spur-the-next-big-thing-akin-to-the-internet/|work= Fortune|access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref>

===Impact on European countries===

In 2019, the [[Presidency of Donald Trump | Trump administration]] successfully lobbied the Dutch government into stopping the Netherlands-based company [[ASML Holding| ASML ]] from exporting equipment to China.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Clark |first1=Don|date=4 July 2021|title= The Tech Cold War’s ‘Most Complicated Machine’ That’s Out of China’s Reach |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/04/technology/tech-cold-war-chips.html|work= The New York Times|access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>
ASML manufactures a machine called an extreme ultraviolet lithography system used by semiconductor producers, including [[TSMC]] and [[Intel]] to produce state of the art microchips.<ref name="ASML">{{cite news| last1 = Woo | first1 = Stu| last2 = Jie | first2 = Yang | title = China Wants a Chip Machine From the Dutch. The U.S. Said No.| newspaper = Wall Street Journal| date = 17 July 2021| url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-wants-a-chip-machine-from-the-dutch-the-u-s-said-no-11626514513| access-date = 23 July 2021}}</ref>
The Biden administration adopted the same course of action as the Trump administration and requested the Netherlands to restrict sales by ASML to China, invoking national-security concerns.<ref name="ASML"/>

==Shortcomings of the AI Cold War narrative==
Concerns have been expressed by academics and observers about the validity and soundness of the AI Cold War narrative.
Denise Garzia expressed concerned in [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] that the AI Cold War narrative will undermine the efforts by the US to establish global rules for AI ethics.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Garzia|first1= Denise |date= 11 May 2021 |title= Stop the emerging AI cold war |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01244-z |journal= Nature|volume=593 |issue=169 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01244-z |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref>
Researchers have warned in [[MIT Technology Review]] that the breakdown in international collaboration in the area of science because of the threat of the alleged AI Cold War would be detrimental to progress.<ref name="MIT">{{cite news| last = Webster | first = Graham | date=19 December 2018| title = The US and China aren’t in a "cold war," so stop calling it that /| url = https://www.technologyreview.com/2018/12/19/138211/the-us-and-china-arent-in-a-cold-war-so-stop-calling-it-that | work = MIT Technology Review | access-date = 1 July 2021}}</ref> Additionally, the AI Cold War narrative impacts on many more areas including the planning of supply chains and the proliferation of AI. The dissemination of the AI Cold War narrative could therefore be costly and destructive and exacerbate existing tensions.<ref name="MIT"/>

[[Joanna Bryson]] and Helena Malikova have pointed to [[Big Tech]]'s potential interest in promoting the AI Cold War narrative, as technology companies lobby for less onerous regulation of AI in the US and the EU. A factual assessment of the existing AI capabilities of different countries shows a less binary reality than portrayed by the AI Cold War narrative.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Bryson|first1= Joanna|last2=Malikova |first2=Helena |date=28 June 2021 |title= Is There an AI Cold War? |url= https://online.ucpress.edu/gp/article-abstract/2/1/24803/117647/Is-There-an-AI-Cold-War?|journal= Global Perspectives University of California Press|volume=2 |issue=1|doi=10.1525/gp.2021.24803 |access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref>
Regarding cyber power, the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] published a study in June 2021, which argued that the online capabilities of China have been exaggerated and that Chinese cyber power is at least a decade behind the US, largely due to lingering security issues.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Warrell |first1= Helen|date= 28 June 2021|title= China’s cyber power at least a decade behind the US, new study finds
|url= https://www.ft.com/content/3350bce7-7f19-4a45-a749-79aa9b3b265e
|work= The Financial Times|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence]]
* [[Partnership on AI]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:AI Cold War}}
[[Category:Artificial intelligence]]
[[Category:China–United States relations]]
[[Category:Russia–United States relations]]
[[Category:Technological races]]
[[Category:History of artificial intelligence| ]]

Archive:Glossary of Indian culture

2020-03-31T03:01:08Z

2600:1700:3BD0:8E0:ED72:1790:B333:C3C1: /* W */

{{Short description|Indian cultural summary}}
Here is a list of glossary of Culture of India in alphabetical order:

==A==
*'''[[Akaal bodhan]]''': worship of Devi Durga in the month of Ashwin.
*'''[[Akshaya Tritiya]]''': Hindu and Jain, third Tithi (Lunar day) of Bright Half (Shukla Paksha) of Vaishakha. Occasion to buy gold.
*'''[[Ambubachi Mela]]''': Mela celebrated in [[Kamakhya Temple]] in Guwahati in the assamese month Ahaar (monsoon season). It celebrates the yearly menstruation course of goddess Kamakhya.
*'''[[Anant Chaturdashi]]''': fourteenth day (Chaturdashi) of the bright fortnight (Shukla paksha) of Bhadrapad month. It is also the last day of the Hindu festival of [[Ganeshotsav]].
*'''[[Aoling]]''': a festival in Nagaland celebrated by the [[Konyaks]] tribes in April
*'''[[Ayudha Puja]]''': part of the Navratri festival. Weapons and tools are worshipped on this day.
==B==
*'''Bada Osha''': a festival celebrated at the Dhabaleswar temple (of Lord Mahadeva) situated on an island in the river Mahanadi.
*'''[[Bali Jatra]]''': Celebrated in Cuttack at Gadagadia Ghata of the Mahanadi river, to mark the day when ancient [[Sadhabas]] (Oriya mariners) would set sail to distant lands of Bali, as well as Java, Sumatra, Borneo (all in Indonesia), and Sri Lanka for trade and cultural expansion. They sailed in large vessels called Boitas.
*'''[[Bandi Chhor Divas]]''': a Sikh festival which occurs during the month of Ashvin in the Indian lunisolar calendar, around the new moon day (Amavasya). It celebrates the release from prison of the Sixth Guru, Guru Hargobind, and 52 other princes with him, in October 1619.
*'''[[Bathukamma]]''' is a spring festival celebrated by the Hindu women of Telangana region. It is celebrated for nine days during Durga Navratri. On this occasion people make Bathukamma, a beautiful conical flower stack.
*'''Behdeinkhlam''': Most important and colourful festival of [[Jaintias]] held at [[Jowai]].
* '''[[Bhagoria Festival]]''': celebrated by the tribal people (Bhils and Bhilalas) of an Indian state [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Amusing tribal festival in which young boys and girls are allowed to elope after choosing their partners.
*'''Bhaonas''': a folk theatre in Assam
*'''[[Bhau-beej]]''': Hindu festival in the second day of the bright fortnight or Shukla Paksha of the Hindu month of Kartika. On this day, sisters pray for their brothers to have long and happy lives by performing the Tika ceremony, and brothers make gifts to their sisters.
*'''[[Bhumchu]]''': Buddhist festival celebrated to predict the future. In this water stored in a vase is opened during the festival by the lamas who inspect the water level. If it is filled to the brim, the following year will be filled with bloodshed. If it is empty, famine will follow, and if it is half-filled, a prosperous year will follow.
*'''[[Bihu]]''': celebrated in the state of [[Assam]] in India in mid-April. It marks the first day of Hindu Solar calendar. It is a time of celebrations as Spring arrives and there is happiness all around. It also marks the advent of seeding time.
*'''[[Bishu (festival)|Bishu]]''': a festival in [[Nagaland]] celebrated by the [[Kacharis]] tribes in January.
*'''[[Bonalu]]''': a Hindu festival of the Goddess of power, Mahakali. Special poojas are performed for [[Yellamma]] on the first and last day of the festival.
*'''Boori-boot''': festival celebrated by Hill Miris in Nagaland
==C==
*'''Chaand Raat Hindi''': a Hindi, Urdu locution used in Pakistan and India for the eve of the Muslim festival of Eid ul-Fitr; it can also mean a night with a full moon.
* '''[[Ningol Chakouba|Chakouba]] ''': The biggest festival of [[Manipur]], to strengthen the bond of love between married ladies and their paternal families.
*'''Chapchar Kut''': a festival of Mizoram. Celebrated after the [[Jhum]] operation.
*'''[[Cheraw (dance)|Cheraw]]''': A Mizo folk dance performed with [[bamboo]].
*'''[[Cheti Chand]]''': An important festival celebrated as New Year's Day by Sindhi people of Pakistan and India. According to the Hindu calendar, it is the second day of the month chaitra.
*'''[[Chhath]]''': An ancient Hindu festival dedicated to the Hindu Sun God, Surya. The Chhath Puja is performed in order to thank Surya for sustaining life on earth and to request the granting of certain wishes.
*'''[[Sajibu Cheiraoba|Cheiraoba]]''': celebrated as New Year's Day in [[Manipur]].
*'''[[Chotrul Duchen]]''': One of the four Buddhist festivals commemorating four events in the life of the Buddha, according to Tibetan traditions. Chötrul Düchen closely follows Losar, the Tibetan New Year.

==D==
*'''[[Danda nata]]''': One of the important dance festivals organized in different parts of South Orissa, particularly in the [[Ganjam District]]. Held in the month of [[Chaitra]].
*'''[[Kartik Poornima|Deva Devali]]''': A Jain festival, which takes place during the month of Kartik around the full moon day (Purnima). This usually falls in October/November. The festival celebrates the enlightenment of Lord [[Mahavira]], the last of the Jain Tirthankar.
*'''[[Dhanu Jatra]]''': A famous festival celebrated in Bargarh of Koshal region or Western Orissa. It is about the episode of Krishna and Balaram's visit to Mathura to witness the ceremony of 'Bow' organised by their mama Kansa or Kamsa.
*'''[[Dol Purnima]]''': In Bengal and Orissa, Holi is celebrated as Dol Purnima.
*'''[[Dree Festival|Dree]]''': An agricultural rite observed by the Apatanis in Arunachal Pradesh. It involves the sacrifice of fowls, eggs and animals to the Gods - Tamu, Metii and Danyi Pilo(Sun and Moon God). The purpose of the festival is to appease these Gods so that famine could be avoided.
*'''[[Drupka Teshi]]''': a Buddhist festival celebrated to observe Buddha's first preaching of the "Noble Truths" at the deer park in Sarnath.
*'''[[Durga Puja]]''': An annual Hindu festival in South Asia that celebrates worship of the Hindu goddess Durga. It refers to all the six days observed as Mahalaya, Shashthi, Maha Saptami, Maha Ashtami, Maha Navami and Vijayadashami.
*'''[[Dussehara]]''': A ten-day festival celebrated in September or October by the northern states of India to mark the victory of Lord Ram over the evil demon-king Ravana. Ramlila, which is the re-enactment of the Ramayana, is staged in various cities, towns and villages. On the tenth day of the festival, the effigies of Ravana, his brother Kumbhakaran and son Meghnath are burned to portray the triumph of good over evil.
==E==
*'''[[Ekadashi]]''': The eleventh lunar day (Tithi) of the shukla (bright) or krishna (dark) paksha (fortnight) of every lunar month in the Hindu calendar (Panchang). In [[Hinduism]] and [[Jainism]] it is considered a spiritually beneficial day.
* '''[[Emoinu|Emoinu Iratpa]]''': The festival of lights celebrated in [[Manipur]], dedicated to [[Manipur]]i Goddess [[Emoinu]], the goddess of [[Wealth]] and [[Prosperity]].

==G==
*'''[[Gaan Ngai]]''': A festival of the [[Zeliangrong]] [[Naga people|Nagas]] in Assam, Manipur and Nagaland.
*'''[[Ganesh Chaturthi]]''': Hindu festival celebrated on the rebirth of Lord [[Ganesha]], the son of Shiva and Parvati.
*'''[[Ganesh Jayanti]]''': Hindu festival celebrated on the birth day of Ganesha.
*'''[[Gangaur]]''': a festival in Rajasthan, celebrated in the honour of Goddess Gauri.
*'''[[Gudhi Padwa]]''': the Marathi name for Chaitra Shukla Pratipada. It is celebrated on the first day of the Chaitra month to mark the beginning of the New year.
*'''[[Guru Nanak Gurpurab]]''': One of the most sacred festivals in Sikhism, Guru Nanak Dev Ji's Prakash Utsav, marks the birth anniversary of the first [[Sikh]] Guru, [[Guru Nanak]].
*'''[[Guru Purnima]]''': a festival traditionally celebrated by Hindus and Buddhists, marked by ritualistic veneration of the Guru, Guru Puja.
==H==
*'''[[Haldi Kumkum]]''': a social gathering (popular in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Goa) in which married women exchange haldi (turmeric) and kumkum (vermilion powder), as a symbol of their married status and wishing for their husbands' long lives.
*'''[[Hanuman Jayanti]]''': celebrated to commemorate the birth of Hanuman, the Vanara god, widely venerated throughout India on the 15th day of the Shukla Paksha, during the month of Chaitra.
* '''[[Heikru Hidongba|Heeyang Taanaba]]''': The boat racing religious sports of [[Manipur]].
* '''[[Heikru Hidongba]]''': The boat racing religious festival of [[Manipur]], celebrated by the followers of [[Sanamahism]].
*'''[[Hornbill Festival]]''': Festival of Festivals' of Naga Tribes, celebrated in Nagaland in the first week of December.

==K==
*'''[[Kali Puja]]''': dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali, celebrated on the new moon day of the Hindu month Ashwin in Bengal.
*'''[[Kanya puja]]''': a Hindu holiday celebrated on the eighth and ninth day of Navaratri. Nine young girls representing the nine forms of Goddess Durga are worshiped
*'''[[Kartik Poornima]]''': a Hindu holy day celebrated on the full moon day or the fifteenth lunar day of Kartik.
*'''[[Karva Chauth]]''': on this day Hindu and some Sikh women in North India fast from sunrise to moonrise for the safety and longevity of their husbands.
*'''[[Krishna Janmashtami]]''': annual commemoration of the birth of Krishna, the eighth avatar of Vishnu.
*'''[[Kshamavani]]''': a day of forgiving and seeking forgiveness for the followers of Jainism.
*'''[[Kumbh Mela]]''': a mass Hindu pilgrimage in which Hindus gather at the Ganges, where bathing for purification from sin is considered especially efficacious. It takes place every twelve years at Allahabad
==L==
*'''[[Lai Haraoba]]''': a Manipuri festival, and is associated with Meiteis, celebrated to please traditional deities.
*'''[[Lakshmi puja]]''': a Hindu ritual performed during Diwali, the festival of lights. According to tradition people would put small oil lamps outside their homes on Diwali and hope Lakshmi will come to bless them.
*'''[[Lhabab Duchen]]''': one of the four Buddhist festivals commemorating four events in the life of the Buddha, according to Tibetan traditions.
*'''[[Lohri]]''': an extremely popular festival celebrated by the Punjabis. This agricultural winter festival is celebrated throughout Punjab and in parts of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Jammu.
*'''[[Losar]]''': festival celebrated by Monpas in Nagaland
*'''[[Lui-Ngai-Ni]]''': A Naga seed sowing festival in spring in Manipur.
==M==
*'''[[Magh Bihu]]''': a harvest festival celebrated in Assam, India, which marks the end of harvesting season in the month of Maagha
*'''[[Maha Shivratri]]''': a Hindu festival celebrated every year in reverence of Lord Shiva.
*'''[[Mahavir Jayanti]]''': the most important religious holiday in Jainism. It celebrates the birth of Mahavira, the last Tirthankara.
*'''[[Makar Sankranti]]''': marks the transition of the Sun into Makara rashi (Capricorn) on its celestial path. Traditionally, this has been one of many harvest days in India.
*'''[[Makara Jyothi]]''': worshiped as a part of ritual in Sabarimala Temple on Makara Sankranti every year. Devout Hindus believe that the jyothi is a celestial phenomenon and its sighting is auspicious and brings good luck and blessings.
*'''[[Mattu Pongal]]''': Celebration of the cattle, particularly cows and bulls that play a vital role by working hard to help the farmers to raise crops on their fields on the day following the Pongal festival.
*'''[[Mera Houchongba]]''': A traditional festival celebrating the bond between the hills and the valley people of Manipur. It is held in October.
*'''[[Mimkut]]''': a festival in [[Mizoram]] celebrated by the [[Mizos]] in September
*'''[[Moatsu]]''': a festival in Nagaland celebrated by the [[Ao people|Aos]] in the first week of May.
*'''[[Mongmong]]''': a festival in Nagaland celebrated by the [[Sangtams]] in September
*'''[[Mopin]]''': festival of the Adis, mainly of the [[Galo people|Gallong]] community of the [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. It is a celebration of the harvesting season.
*'''[[Muharram]]''': is the first month of the Islamic calendar. It is one of the four sacred months of the year in which fighting is prohibited.

==N==
*'''[[Nag Panchami]]''': also Nagula Chaviti, is a festival during which religious Hindus in some parts of India worship live Nāgas (cobras) or images of them. It is celebrated on the fifth day after Amavasya of the month of Shraavana.
*'''[[Navratri]]''': means ''nine nights'', a festival dedicated to the worship of a Hindu deity Shakti.
*'''[[Navreh]]''': the lunar new year which is celebrated in [[Kashmir]]. This coincides with the first day of the Chaitra (spring) Navratras. This day finds mention in [[Rajtarangini]] and Nilamat Purana of Kashmir.
*'''[[Ningol Chakouba]]''': a festival in [[Manipur]] which involves the married women going to their parent's house.
*'''Nongkrem dance''': A five-day-long religious festival of Khasis held at Smit village.
*'''[[Nuakhai]]''': An agricultural festival mainly observed by people of western Orissa in India. It is observed to welcome the new rice of the season.
*'''[[Nyokum]]''': a festival celebrated by the Nyishi people of Arunachal Pradesh.
*'''[[Nyaknylum]]''': a festival in Nagaland celebrated by the [[Changs]] in July
==P==
* '''[[Panthoibi Iratpa]]''' : The greatest religious festival dedicated to [[Manipur]]i Goddess [[Panthoibi]], celebrated in [[Manipur]], [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]].
*'''[[Pattachitra]]''': a form of traditional painting in Orissa.
*'''Pawl Kut''': a harvest festival of Mizoram.
*'''[[Raja Parba]]''': also called Mithuna Sankranti is a four-day-long festival in Orissa and the second day signifies beginning of the solar month of Mithuna from, which the season of rains starts.
*'''Reh''': festival celebrated by Idu-Mishmis in Nagaland
*'''[[Paryushana]]''': one of the two most important festivals for the Jains, the other being Diwali.
*'''[[Pitru Paksha]]''': a 16–lunar day period when Hindus pay homage to their ancestors (Pitrs), especially through food offerings.
*'''[[Pola (festival)|Pola]]''': a bull-worshipping festival celebrated by farmers in Maharashtra.
*'''[[Puthandu]]''': also called Chithirai Tiru-naal, is the celebration of the first day of the Tamil new year in mid-April.

==R==
*'''[[Raksha Bandhan]]''': celebrates the relationship between brothers, cousins and sisters. The central ceremony involves the tying of a [[wikt:rakhi|rakhi]] (sacred thread) by a sister on her brother's wrist.
*'''[[Ram Navami]]''': Hindu festival, celebrating the birth of Lord Rama to King Dasharatha and Queen Kausalya of Ayodhya.
*'''[[Ratha Saptami]]''': a Hindu festival that falls on the seventh day (Saptami) in the bright half (Shukla Paksha) of the Hindu month Maagha. It is symbolic of the change of season to spring and the start of the harvesting season.
*'''[[Ratha Yatra]]''': a huge Hindu festival associated with Lord Jagannath held at Puri in the state of Orissa, India.
==S==
*'''[[Sammakka Saralamma Jatara]]''': a tribal festival of honouring the goddesses celebrated in the Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh. The Jatra starts from Medaram.
*'''[[Samvatsari]]''': the last day of [[Paryushana]] —the eight or ten day festival of Jainism. It is the holiest day of the Jain calendar.
*'''[[Sanamahism]]''': The worship of [[Lainingthou Sanamahi|Sanamahi]], the Creator aspect of [[Atingkok Maru Sidaba|Sidaba Mapu]], the trinity God of the [[Meitei people]]. One of the oldest sects of [[South Asia]]. It originated in [[Manipur]], [[India]] and is mainly practiced by the Meitei, [[Kabui]], [[Zeliangrong]] and other communities. [[Atingkok Maru Sidaba|Atiya Shidaba]], [[Pakhangba|Apanba]] and [[Lainingthou Sanamahi|Asheeba]] are the three manifestations or incarnations of [[God]] as the [[Creator deity|creator]], the [[preserver]]{{dn|date=December 2019}} and the annihilator of this [[universe]] respectively.
* '''[[Sangai festival]]''': The festival of [[Manipur]], to promote the [[tourism potential]] and [[cultural heritage]] of the state.
*'''[[Sanjhi]]''': the art of hand cutting (or stencil cutting) designs on paper, is typical art of Mathura in Uttar Pradesh.
*'''[[Sanjhi puja]]''': mainly celebrated by the unmarried girls in rural Punjab and Haryana in the month of October. An image of Mother Goddess is made of mud or dung and worshipped.
*'''[[Sekrenyi]]''': a festival in Nagaland celebrated by the [[Angami Naga|Angamis]] in February.
*'''Shad Sukmynsiem''': festival of [[Khasi people|Khasi]] held in April.
*'''[[Shigmo]]''': a Hindu spring festival celebrated in the Indian state of [[Goa]].
* '''[[Shirui Lily Festival]]''': The festival of [[Manipur]], to promote the beauty of [[Siroy Lily]], in [[Sirohi National Park]].
*'''Si-Donyi''': festival celebrated by Tagins in Arunachal Pradesh
*'''Solung''': festival celebrated by Adi tribals in Arunachal Pradesh

==T==
*'''[[Teej]]''': a fasting festival for Hindu women. It is mainly celebrated in Haryana and Bihar.
*'''[[Tendong Lho Rumfaat]]''': means Prayer of the Tendong Mountain, is a festival of the Lepcha people of north-east India.
*'''[[Thai Pongal]]''': celebrated by Tamilians. Coincides with Makara Sankranthi celebrated throughout India as the winter harvest.
*'''[[Tokhu Emong]]''': a festival in Nagaland celebrated by the [[Lothas]] in November. This festival is associated with the harvesting of crops.
*'''[[Tsukhenyie]]''': a festival in Nagaland celebrated by the [[Chakhesangs]] in January.
*'''[[Tuluni]]''': a festival in Nagaland celebrated by the [[Sumis]] in July.

==U==
*'''[[Ugadi]]''': the New Year's Day for the people of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
* '''[[Lai Haraoba|Umang Lai Haraoba]]''': The Religious dance and music festival dedicated to the forest deities of [[Manipur]], [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]], performed by the followers of [[Sanamahism]].
*'''[[Uposatha]]''': the Buddhist day of observance. The Buddha taught that the Uposatha day is for "the cleansing of the defiled mind," resulting in inner calm and joy.

==V==
*'''[[Vasant Panchami]]''': a Hindu festival worshipping Saraswati, the goddess of knowledge, music and art. It is celebrated every year on the fifth day of Magh.
*'''[[Vesak]]''': a holy day observed traditionally by Buddhists.
==W==
*'''[[Mangala]]''': a harvest festival celebrated by the [[Garo people|Garo]] tribe, who live in [[Meghalaya]] and [[Assam]] in honour of Saljong (Sungod).

==Y==
*'''[[Yaosang]]''': a festival celebrated in spring season starting from the full moon day of lamda (March) for six whole days by the people of [[Manipur]]. [[Thabal chongba]] is performed. People play with colours.
*'''[[Yemshe]]''': a festival in Nagaland celebrated by the [[Pochuris]] in October.
==Z==
*'''[[Zagor]]''': mainly celebrated by Catholics in Siolim, in Bardez taluka of Goa. It is a festival highlighted by dance, drama and music.

==See also==
* [[Public holidays in India]]
* [[List of Indian folk dances]]
* [[Indian literature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian culture|*]]
[[Category:Wikipedia glossaries|Indian Culture]]
[[Category:Indian culture-related lists]]