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East Asian languages

2022-12-11T21:01:03Z

2603:7080:8D02:2974:F1BA:F276:844F:AFEA: /* Distributions */

{{short description|Proposed language famliy}}
{{hatnote|This article is about the proposed language family. For the languages of the East Asian geographical region, see [[languages of East Asia]].}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = East Asian
| acceptance = proposed, under study
| region = [[East Asia]], [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Oceania]], [[Madagascar]]
| familycolor = superfamily
| family = Proposed language family
| child1 = [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
| child2 = [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]]
| child3 = [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai]]
| child4 = [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]
| child5 = [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]
| child6 = [[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]] (sometimes included)
| child7 = [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] (sometimes included)
| child8 = [[Ainu languages|Ainu]] (sometimes included)
| glotto = none
| glottoname =
| glottorefname =
| notes =
| map =
| mapcaption =
}}
The '''East Asian languages''' are a [[language family]] (alternatively ''[[macrofamily]]'' or ''superphylum'') proposed by Stanley Starosta in 2001. The proposal has since been adopted by [[George van Driem]].

==Classifications==
===Early proposals===
Early proposals of similar linguistic macrophyla, in narrower scope:<ref name=GvD2013 />

*''Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Kra-Dai, Tibeto-Burman'': [[August Conrady]] (1916, 1922)<ref>Conrady, August. 1916. Eine merkw rdige Beziehung zwischen den austrischen und den indochinesischen Sprachen. ''Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte vornehmlich des Orients: Ernst Kuhn zum 70. Geburtstage am 7. Februar 1916 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern'', 475-504. München: Verlag von M. & H. Marcus.</ref><ref>Conrady, August. 1922. ''Neue austrisch-indochinesische Parallelen''. Asia Major: Hirth Anniversary Volume, 23-66. London: Robsthan and Company.</ref> and Kurt Wulff (1934, 1942)<ref>Wulff, Kurt. 1934. ''Chinesisch und Tai: Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen''. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.</ref><ref>Wulff, Kurt. 1942 [posthumous]. ''Über das Verhältnis des Malay-Polynesischen zum Indochinesischen''. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.</ref>
*''Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Kra-Dai, Hmong-Mien'': [[Paul K. Benedict]] (1942),<ref>Benedict, Paul King. 1942. Thai, Kadai and Indonesia: A new alignment in southeastern Asia. ''American Anthropologist'' 44:576-601.</ref> [[Robert Blust]] (1996),<ref>Blust, Robert. 1996. Beyond the Austronesian homeland: The Austric hypothesis and its implications for archaeology. ''Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific'', ed. by Ward H. Goodenough, 117-160. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.</ref> [[Ilia Peiros]] (1998)<ref>Peiros, Ilia. 1998. ''Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia''. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.</ref>
*''Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Kra-Dai, Tibeto-Burman, Hmong-Mien'': Stanley Starosta (2001)

Precursors to the East Asian proposal:
*''Austro-Tai'' (Kra-Dai and Austronesian): [[Gustave Schlegel]] (1901, 1902),<ref>Schlegel, Gustave. 1901. Review: ‘Elements of Siamese Grammar by O. Frankfurter, Ph.D., Bangkok: Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press, Leipzig, Karl W. Hiersemann, 1900’. ''T'oung Pao'' (Série II), II:76-87.</ref><ref>Schlegel, Gustave. 1902. Siamese Studies. ''T'oung Pao'', New Series II, Volume II, Supplement. Leiden.</ref> Weera Ostapirat (2005)<ref>Ostapirat, Weera. 2005. Kra-Dai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution. ''The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics'', ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 107-131. London: Routledge Curzon.</ref><ref>Ostapirat, Weera. 2013. ''Austro-Tai revisited''. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 29 May 2013.</ref>
*''Austric'' (Austroasiatic and Austronesian): [[Wilhelm Schmidt (linguist)|Wilhelm Schmidt]] (1906),<ref>Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1906. Die Mon-Khmer Völker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentral-Asiens und Austronesiens. ''Archiv für Anthropologie Neue Folge'' V:59-109.</ref> [[Lawrence Reid]] (1994, 2005)<ref>Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Morphological evidence for Austric. ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 33.2:323-344.</ref><ref>Reid, Lawrence A. 2005. The current status of Austric: a review and evaluation of the lexical and morphosyntactic evidence. ''The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics'', ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 132-160. London: Routledge Curzon, London.</ref>

===Starosta (2005)===
[[File:Peiligang_map.svg|thumb|right|Location of the Peiligang culture]]
Stanley Starosta's (2005)<ref>Since Starosta died on July 18, 2002, his paper, originally written in 2001, was published posthumously.</ref> East Asian proposal includes a "Yangzian" branch, consisting of [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]], to form an '''East Asian''' superphylum. However, Starosta believes his proposed Yangzian to be a direct [[sister group|sister]] of Sino-Tibetan rather than Austronesian, which is more distantly related to Sino-Tibetan as a sister of Sino-Tibetan-Yangzian. He concludes Proto-East Asian was a [[disyllabic]] (CVCVC) language spoken from 6,500 to 6,000 BCE by [[Peiligang culture]] and [[Cishan culture]] [[millet]] farmers on the [[North China Plain]] (specifically the [[Hanshui|Han River]], [[Wei River]], and central [[Yellow River]] areas).<ref name="Origin">{{cite book | given = Stanley | surname = Starosta | chapter = Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific | pages = [https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen/page/n210 182]–197 | title = The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics | url = https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen | url-access = limited | editor-given1 = Laurent | editor-surname1 = Sagart | editor-given2 = Roger | editor-surname2 = Blench | editor-given3 = Alicia | editor-surname3 = Sanchez-Mazas | location = London | publisher = Routledge Curzon | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-415-32242-3 }}</ref>

*'''East Asian'''
**'''[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]'''
***(various [[Formosan languages|Formosan]] branches)
***Extra-Formosan
****'''[[Tai–Kadai languages|Tai–Kadai]]'''
****'''[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]'''
**Sino-Tibetan-Yangzian
***'''[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]'''
***Yangzian
****'''[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]'''
****'''[[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]]'''

Starosta (2005) proposes the following Proto-East Asian morphological affixes, which are found in [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]] and [[Proto-Austronesian]], as well as in some morphologically conservative Austroasiatic branches such as [[Nicobaric languages|Nicobaric]].<ref>{{cite journal | given = Lawrence A. | surname = Reid | url = https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/32987/1/A39.1994.pdf | title = Morphological evidence for Austric | journal = Oceanic Linguistics | year = 1994 | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 323–344 | jstor = i285831 | doi = 10.2307/3623132 | hdl = 10125/32987 | access-date = 2020-08-10 | archive-date = 2017-08-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170815182316/http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/32987/1/A39.1994.pdf | url-status = live | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
* *m(V)- 'agent of V-ing'
* *-Vn 'patient of V-ing'
* *sV- 'instrument of V-ing'
* *n(V)- 'perfective'

===van Driem (2012)===
{{see also|Father Tongue hypothesis}}
The following tree of East Asian superphylum (macrofamily) was proposed by [[George van Driem]] in 2012 at the 18th Himalayan Languages Symposium, held at the [[Benares Hindu University]].<ref name=GvD2013>van Driem, George. 2013. "[http://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2013f.pdf East Asian ethnolinguistic phylogeography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429103442/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2013f.pdf |date=2019-04-29 }}", ''Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics'', 7 (1): 135-188.</ref><ref>van Driem, George. 2016. "[http://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2016g.pdf The Eastern Himalayan corridor in prehistory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009043105/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2016g.pdf |date=2018-10-09 }}", pp. 467-524, Vol. II in Elena Nikolaevna Kolpačkova, ed., Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания — ''Problems in Chinese and General Linguistics''. St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Studija « NP-Print ».</ref>

*'''East Asian'''
**'''[[Austro-Tai languages|Austro-Tai]]'''
***'''[[Kra-Dai languages|Kradai]]'''
***'''[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]'''
**'''[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]'''
**Himalayan-Yangtzean
***'''[[Trans-Himalayan languages|Trans-Himalayan]]'''
****[[Sino-Bodic languages|Sino-Bodic]]
****[[Burmo-Qiangic languages|Burmo-Qiangic]]
****[[Sal languages|Brahmaputran]]
****[[Gongduk language|Gongduk]], etc.
****[[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]], etc.
***Yangtzean
****'''[[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]]'''
[[File:Geographic distributions of Y chromosome haplogroups O in East Asia.png|thumb|Modern distribution of basal O-M175, which expanded from southern China and Mainland Southeast Asia.]]
According to van Driem, the linguistic evidence for the East Asian languages matches the genetic evidence from Y-DNA [[Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)#Languages families and genes|Haplogroup O]].<ref>van Driem, George. 2018. "[http://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2018i.pdf The East Asian linguistic phylum: A reconstruction based on language and genes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110235952/https://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2018i.pdf |date=2021-01-10 }}", ''Journal of the Asiatic Society'', LX (4): 1-38.</ref> (Further information: [[Father Tongue hypothesis]])

=== Larish (2006, 2017) ===
According to Michael D. Larish, the languages of Southeast and East Asia descended from one proto-language (which he calls "Proto-Asian"). [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] is grouped together with [[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]] as one branch of the Proto-Asian family. The other branch consists of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]], [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]], [[Kra-Dai]], [[Hmong-Mien]] and [[Sino-Tibetan languages]].<ref>{{Cite conference|last=Larish|first=Michael D.|date=January 2006|title=Possible Proto-Asian Archaic Residue and the Statigraphy of Diffusional Cumulation in Austro-Asian Languages|url=https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/larish-proto_asian.pdf|conference=Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics|access-date=2019-01-07|archive-date=2019-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108045904/https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/larish-proto_asian.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Larish, Michael. 2017. ''Proto-Asian and its branches: An archeolinguistic approach for the history of Eastern Asia''. Linguistic Society of the Philippines.</ref>

*'''East Asian'''
**'''Japano-Koreanic'''
***'''[[Japonic languages|Japonic]]'''
***'''[[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]]'''
**'''Austro-Asian'''
***'''[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]'''
***'''[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]'''
***'''[[Kra-Dai languages|Kra-Dai]]'''
***'''[[Hmong-Mien languages|Hmong-Mien]]'''
***'''[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]'''

==Vocabulary comparison==
Below is a comparison of basic vocabulary items for proto-languages of all 5 East Asian language families.

;Sources
* [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]]: Matisoff (2015)<ref>Matisoff, James A. 2015. [http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/chapters ''The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023221846/https://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/chapters |date=2020-10-23 }}. Berkeley: University of California. ([http://stedt.berkeley.edu/dissemination/STEDT.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202053131/https://stedt.berkeley.edu/dissemination/STEDT.pdf |date=2020-02-02 }})</ref>
* [[Proto-Hmong-Mien]]: Ratliff (2010)<ref>Ratliff, Martha. 2010. ''Hmong–Mien language history''. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. {{ISBN|0-85883-615-7}}.</ref>
* [[Proto-Austroasiatic]]: Sidwell & Rau (2015)<ref>Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). ''The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages''. Leiden: Brill.</ref>
* [[Proto-Austronesian]]: Blust & Trussel (2020)<ref name="ACD">{{cite web |title=Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition |first1=Robert |last1=Blust |first2=Stephen |last2=Trussel |url=https://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-pl_pan.htm |date=June 21, 2020 |access-date=November 10, 2020 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806165028/https://www.trussel2.com/ACD/acd-pl_pan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Proto-Tai]]: Pittayaporn (2009)<ref>Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. ''The Phonology of Proto-Tai''. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.</ref>
* [[Proto-Hlai]]: Norquest (2007)<ref>Norquest, Peter K. 2007. [http://gradworks.umi.com/32/84/3284367.html ''A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210532/http://gradworks.umi.com/32/84/3284367.html |date=2016-03-03 }}. Ph.D. dissertation. Tucson: Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona.</ref>
* [[Proto-Kra]]: Ostapirat (2000)<ref>Ostapirat, Weera. 2000. "[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/weera2000proto.pdf Proto-Kra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022126/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/weera2000proto.pdf |date=2020-11-12 }}." ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' '''23''' (1): 1-251.</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!
! Sino-Tibetan
! Hmong-Mien
! Austroasiatic
! Austronesian
! colspan = "3" | Kra-Dai
|-
! gloss
! [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]]
! [[Proto-Hmong-Mien]]
! [[Proto-Austroasiatic]]
! [[Proto-Austronesian]]
! [[Proto-Tai]]
! [[Proto-Hlai]]
! [[Proto-Kra]]
|-
| hair
| *(t)sam
| *pljei
| *suk, *sɔːk
| *bukeS
| *prɤmA
| *hnom
| *m-səmA
|-
| eye
| *s-myak
| *mu̯ɛjH
| *mat
| *maCa
| *p.taːA
| *tʃʰaː
| *m-ʈaA
|-
| ear
| *r/g-na
| *mbræu
| *-toːr
| *Caliŋa
| *krwɯːA
| *ljəy
| *k-raA
|-
| nose
| *s-na ~ *s-naːr
| *mbruiH
| *mɔːh, *muːh, *muːs
| *ujuŋ
| *ɗaŋA
| *kʰət
| *hŋətD
|-
| tooth
| *s/p-wa
| *hmjinʔ
| *lmVɲ, *sraŋ, *p(i)əŋ
| *lipen, *n/ŋipen
| *wanA
| *fjən
| *l-pənA
|-
| tongue
| *m/s-lay ~ *s-ley
| *mblet
| *lntaːk
| *Sema, *lidam
| *liːnC
| *hliːnʔ
| *l-maA
|-
| hand
| *lak ~ *C-yak
| *-bɔuʔ
| *tiːʔ
| *kamay
| *mwɯːA
| *C-mɯː
| *mjaA
|-
| bone
| *s/m/g-rus
| *tshuŋʔ
| *cʔaːŋ
| *CuqelaN
| *C̥.dukD
| *Cuɾɯːk
| *dəkD
|-
| blood
| *s-hywəy-t
| *ntshjamʔ
| *saːm, *ɟhaːm, *(b/m)haːm
| *daRaq
| *lɯətD
| *alaːc
| *platD
|-
| liver
| *m-sin
| *-hri̯ən
| *kləːm, *ris
| *qaCay
| *tapD
| *ɗəy
| *təpD
|-
| meat, flesh
| *sya-n
| ''P-Mienic'' *ʔaB
| *sac
| *Sesi
| *n.mɤːC
| *rəmʔ
| *ʔaɯC
|-
| dog
| *d-kʷəy-n
| ''P-Hmongic'' *hmaŋC
| *cɔːʔ
| *asu
| *ʰmaːA
| *hmaː
| *x-maA
|-
| bird
| *s-ŋak
| *m-nɔk
| *ciːm, *ceːm
| *manuk 'chicken'
| *C̬.nokD
| *səc
| *ɳokD
|-
| fish
| *s-ŋya
| *mbrəuʔ
| *kaʔ
| *Sikan
| *plaːA
| *hlaː
| *p-laA
|-
| louse
| *s-r(y)ik
| *ntshjeiʔ
| *ciːʔ
| *kuCux
| *trawA
| *tʃʰwəw
| *C-ʈuA
|-
| leaf
| *lay
| ''P-Hmongic'' *mblɔŋA, ''P-Mienic'' *nɔmA
| *slaʔ
| *waSaw
| *ɓaɰA
| *ɓɯː
| *ɖiŋA
|-
| sun, day
| *s-nəy
| ''P-Mienic'' *hnu̯ɔiA
| *tŋiːʔ
| *waRi, *qajaw
| *ŋwanA
| *hŋwən
| *(l-/h)wənA
|-
| moon
| *s/g-la
| *hlaH
| *khaj
| *bulaN, *qiNaS
| *ɓlɯənA
| *C-ɲaːn
| *(C-)tjanA
|-
| water
| *m-t(w)əy-n ~ *m-ti-s
| *ʔu̯əm
| *ɗaːk; Pal. *ʔoːm
| *daNum
| *C̬.namC
| *C-nəmʔ
| *ʔuŋC
|-
| rain
| *r/s/g-wa
| ''P-Hmongic'' *m-noŋC
| *gmaʔ
| *quzaN
| *C̥.wɯnA
| *fun
| *jəlA
|-
| fire
| *mey
| *douʔ
| *ʔuːs, *ʔɔːs
| *Sapuy
| *wɤjA
| *fiː
| *puiA
|-
| name
| *r-mi(ŋ/n)
| *mpɔuH
| *-məh
| *ŋajan
| *ɟɤːB
| *pʰaːŋ
| *n(ʒ)iA
|-
| eat
| *m-dz(y)a-k/n/t/s
| ''P-Mienic'' *ɲənC
| *caːʔ
| *kaen
| *kɯɲA
| *kʰən
| *kanA
|-
| die
| *səy
| *dəjH
| *kceːt
| *ma-aCay
| *p.taːjA
| *hlaːwɦ
| *pɣonA
|-
| I
| *ŋa-y ~ *ka
| ''P-Hmongic'' *kɛŋB
| *ʔaɲ
| -ku
| *kuːA
| *ɦuː
| *kuA
|-
| you (sg.)
| *na-ŋ
| *mu̯ei
| *miːʔ
| -mu
| *mɯŋA
| *C-mɯː
| *məA/B
|}

==Distributions==
{{gallery
|lines=2
|width=225
|File:Lenguas sino-tibetanas.png|Distribution of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]
|File:Taikadai-en.svg|Distribution of [[Kra–Dai languages]]
|File:Austroasiatic-en.svg|Distribution of [[Austroasiatic languages]]
|File:Hmong-Mien-en.svg|Distribution of [[Hmong–Mien languages]]
|File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific (per Benton et al, 2012, adapted from Bellwood, 2011).png|Dispersal of [[Austronesian languages]]
|File:Koreanic.svg|Distribution of [[Koreanic languages]]
|File:Japanese_dialects-en.png|Distribution of [[Japonic languages]]
|File:Ainu_map.svg|Distribution of [[Ainu languages]]
}}

==See also==
*[[Father Tongue hypothesis]]
*[[Classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages]]
**[[Sino-Austronesian languages]]
**[[Austric languages]]
**[[Austro-Tai languages]]
*[[Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area]]
*[[Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)#Languages families and genes|Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)]]
*[[Languages of East Asia]]
*[[Languages of Southeast Asia]]
*[[Languages of China]]

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://himalayanlanguages.org/team/george_van_driem/publications Papers on the East Asian languages by George van Driem]

{{Sino-Tibetan branches}}
{{Hmong-Mien languages}}
{{Tai-Kadai languages}}
{{Austronesian languages}}
{{Austroasiatic languages}}
{{Language families}}
{{Eurasian languages}}

[[Category:Proposed language families]]

East Asian languages

2022-12-11T20:53:52Z

2603:7080:8D02:2974:F1BA:F276:844F:AFEA:

{{short description|Proposed language famliy}}
{{hatnote|This article is about the proposed language family. For the languages of the East Asian geographical region, see [[languages of East Asia]].}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = East Asian
| acceptance = proposed, under study
| region = [[East Asia]], [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Oceania]], [[Madagascar]]
| familycolor = superfamily
| family = Proposed language family
| child1 = [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
| child2 = [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]]
| child3 = [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai]]
| child4 = [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]
| child5 = [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]
| child6 = [[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]] (sometimes included)
| child7 = [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] (sometimes included)
| child8 = [[Ainu languages|Ainu]] (sometimes included)
| glotto = none
| glottoname =
| glottorefname =
| notes =
| map =
| mapcaption =
}}
The '''East Asian languages''' are a [[language family]] (alternatively ''[[macrofamily]]'' or ''superphylum'') proposed by Stanley Starosta in 2001. The proposal has since been adopted by [[George van Driem]].

==Classifications==
===Early proposals===
Early proposals of similar linguistic macrophyla, in narrower scope:<ref name=GvD2013 />

*''Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Kra-Dai, Tibeto-Burman'': [[August Conrady]] (1916, 1922)<ref>Conrady, August. 1916. Eine merkw rdige Beziehung zwischen den austrischen und den indochinesischen Sprachen. ''Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte vornehmlich des Orients: Ernst Kuhn zum 70. Geburtstage am 7. Februar 1916 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern'', 475-504. München: Verlag von M. & H. Marcus.</ref><ref>Conrady, August. 1922. ''Neue austrisch-indochinesische Parallelen''. Asia Major: Hirth Anniversary Volume, 23-66. London: Robsthan and Company.</ref> and Kurt Wulff (1934, 1942)<ref>Wulff, Kurt. 1934. ''Chinesisch und Tai: Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen''. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.</ref><ref>Wulff, Kurt. 1942 [posthumous]. ''Über das Verhältnis des Malay-Polynesischen zum Indochinesischen''. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.</ref>
*''Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Kra-Dai, Hmong-Mien'': [[Paul K. Benedict]] (1942),<ref>Benedict, Paul King. 1942. Thai, Kadai and Indonesia: A new alignment in southeastern Asia. ''American Anthropologist'' 44:576-601.</ref> [[Robert Blust]] (1996),<ref>Blust, Robert. 1996. Beyond the Austronesian homeland: The Austric hypothesis and its implications for archaeology. ''Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific'', ed. by Ward H. Goodenough, 117-160. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.</ref> [[Ilia Peiros]] (1998)<ref>Peiros, Ilia. 1998. ''Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia''. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.</ref>
*''Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Kra-Dai, Tibeto-Burman, Hmong-Mien'': Stanley Starosta (2001)

Precursors to the East Asian proposal:
*''Austro-Tai'' (Kra-Dai and Austronesian): [[Gustave Schlegel]] (1901, 1902),<ref>Schlegel, Gustave. 1901. Review: ‘Elements of Siamese Grammar by O. Frankfurter, Ph.D., Bangkok: Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press, Leipzig, Karl W. Hiersemann, 1900’. ''T'oung Pao'' (Série II), II:76-87.</ref><ref>Schlegel, Gustave. 1902. Siamese Studies. ''T'oung Pao'', New Series II, Volume II, Supplement. Leiden.</ref> Weera Ostapirat (2005)<ref>Ostapirat, Weera. 2005. Kra-Dai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution. ''The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics'', ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 107-131. London: Routledge Curzon.</ref><ref>Ostapirat, Weera. 2013. ''Austro-Tai revisited''. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 29 May 2013.</ref>
*''Austric'' (Austroasiatic and Austronesian): [[Wilhelm Schmidt (linguist)|Wilhelm Schmidt]] (1906),<ref>Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1906. Die Mon-Khmer Völker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentral-Asiens und Austronesiens. ''Archiv für Anthropologie Neue Folge'' V:59-109.</ref> [[Lawrence Reid]] (1994, 2005)<ref>Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Morphological evidence for Austric. ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 33.2:323-344.</ref><ref>Reid, Lawrence A. 2005. The current status of Austric: a review and evaluation of the lexical and morphosyntactic evidence. ''The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics'', ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 132-160. London: Routledge Curzon, London.</ref>

===Starosta (2005)===
[[File:Peiligang_map.svg|thumb|right|Location of the Peiligang culture]]
Stanley Starosta's (2005)<ref>Since Starosta died on July 18, 2002, his paper, originally written in 2001, was published posthumously.</ref> East Asian proposal includes a "Yangzian" branch, consisting of [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]], to form an '''East Asian''' superphylum. However, Starosta believes his proposed Yangzian to be a direct [[sister group|sister]] of Sino-Tibetan rather than Austronesian, which is more distantly related to Sino-Tibetan as a sister of Sino-Tibetan-Yangzian. He concludes Proto-East Asian was a [[disyllabic]] (CVCVC) language spoken from 6,500 to 6,000 BCE by [[Peiligang culture]] and [[Cishan culture]] [[millet]] farmers on the [[North China Plain]] (specifically the [[Hanshui|Han River]], [[Wei River]], and central [[Yellow River]] areas).<ref name="Origin">{{cite book | given = Stanley | surname = Starosta | chapter = Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific | pages = [https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen/page/n210 182]–197 | title = The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics | url = https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen | url-access = limited | editor-given1 = Laurent | editor-surname1 = Sagart | editor-given2 = Roger | editor-surname2 = Blench | editor-given3 = Alicia | editor-surname3 = Sanchez-Mazas | location = London | publisher = Routledge Curzon | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-415-32242-3 }}</ref>

*'''East Asian'''
**'''[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]'''
***(various [[Formosan languages|Formosan]] branches)
***Extra-Formosan
****'''[[Tai–Kadai languages|Tai–Kadai]]'''
****'''[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]'''
**Sino-Tibetan-Yangzian
***'''[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]'''
***Yangzian
****'''[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]'''
****'''[[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]]'''

Starosta (2005) proposes the following Proto-East Asian morphological affixes, which are found in [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]] and [[Proto-Austronesian]], as well as in some morphologically conservative Austroasiatic branches such as [[Nicobaric languages|Nicobaric]].<ref>{{cite journal | given = Lawrence A. | surname = Reid | url = https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/32987/1/A39.1994.pdf | title = Morphological evidence for Austric | journal = Oceanic Linguistics | year = 1994 | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 323–344 | jstor = i285831 | doi = 10.2307/3623132 | hdl = 10125/32987 | access-date = 2020-08-10 | archive-date = 2017-08-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170815182316/http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/32987/1/A39.1994.pdf | url-status = live | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
* *m(V)- 'agent of V-ing'
* *-Vn 'patient of V-ing'
* *sV- 'instrument of V-ing'
* *n(V)- 'perfective'

===van Driem (2012)===
{{see also|Father Tongue hypothesis}}
The following tree of East Asian superphylum (macrofamily) was proposed by [[George van Driem]] in 2012 at the 18th Himalayan Languages Symposium, held at the [[Benares Hindu University]].<ref name=GvD2013>van Driem, George. 2013. "[http://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2013f.pdf East Asian ethnolinguistic phylogeography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429103442/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2013f.pdf |date=2019-04-29 }}", ''Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics'', 7 (1): 135-188.</ref><ref>van Driem, George. 2016. "[http://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2016g.pdf The Eastern Himalayan corridor in prehistory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009043105/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2016g.pdf |date=2018-10-09 }}", pp. 467-524, Vol. II in Elena Nikolaevna Kolpačkova, ed., Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания — ''Problems in Chinese and General Linguistics''. St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Studija « NP-Print ».</ref>

*'''East Asian'''
**'''[[Austro-Tai languages|Austro-Tai]]'''
***'''[[Kra-Dai languages|Kradai]]'''
***'''[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]'''
**'''[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]'''
**Himalayan-Yangtzean
***'''[[Trans-Himalayan languages|Trans-Himalayan]]'''
****[[Sino-Bodic languages|Sino-Bodic]]
****[[Burmo-Qiangic languages|Burmo-Qiangic]]
****[[Sal languages|Brahmaputran]]
****[[Gongduk language|Gongduk]], etc.
****[[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]], etc.
***Yangtzean
****'''[[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]]'''
[[File:Geographic distributions of Y chromosome haplogroups O in East Asia.png|thumb|Modern distribution of basal O-M175, which expanded from southern China and Mainland Southeast Asia.]]
According to van Driem, the linguistic evidence for the East Asian languages matches the genetic evidence from Y-DNA [[Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)#Languages families and genes|Haplogroup O]].<ref>van Driem, George. 2018. "[http://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2018i.pdf The East Asian linguistic phylum: A reconstruction based on language and genes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110235952/https://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2018i.pdf |date=2021-01-10 }}", ''Journal of the Asiatic Society'', LX (4): 1-38.</ref> (Further information: [[Father Tongue hypothesis]])

=== Larish (2006, 2017) ===
According to Michael D. Larish, the languages of Southeast and East Asia descended from one proto-language (which he calls "Proto-Asian"). [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] is grouped together with [[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]] as one branch of the Proto-Asian family. The other branch consists of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]], [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]], [[Kra-Dai]], [[Hmong-Mien]] and [[Sino-Tibetan languages]].<ref>{{Cite conference|last=Larish|first=Michael D.|date=January 2006|title=Possible Proto-Asian Archaic Residue and the Statigraphy of Diffusional Cumulation in Austro-Asian Languages|url=https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/larish-proto_asian.pdf|conference=Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics|access-date=2019-01-07|archive-date=2019-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108045904/https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/larish-proto_asian.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Larish, Michael. 2017. ''Proto-Asian and its branches: An archeolinguistic approach for the history of Eastern Asia''. Linguistic Society of the Philippines.</ref>

*'''East Asian'''
**'''Japano-Koreanic'''
***'''[[Japonic languages|Japonic]]'''
***'''[[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]]'''
**'''Austro-Asian'''
***'''[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]'''
***'''[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]'''
***'''[[Kra-Dai languages|Kra-Dai]]'''
***'''[[Hmong-Mien languages|Hmong-Mien]]'''
***'''[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]'''

==Vocabulary comparison==
Below is a comparison of basic vocabulary items for proto-languages of all 5 East Asian language families.

;Sources
* [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]]: Matisoff (2015)<ref>Matisoff, James A. 2015. [http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/chapters ''The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023221846/https://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/chapters |date=2020-10-23 }}. Berkeley: University of California. ([http://stedt.berkeley.edu/dissemination/STEDT.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202053131/https://stedt.berkeley.edu/dissemination/STEDT.pdf |date=2020-02-02 }})</ref>
* [[Proto-Hmong-Mien]]: Ratliff (2010)<ref>Ratliff, Martha. 2010. ''Hmong–Mien language history''. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. {{ISBN|0-85883-615-7}}.</ref>
* [[Proto-Austroasiatic]]: Sidwell & Rau (2015)<ref>Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). ''The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages''. Leiden: Brill.</ref>
* [[Proto-Austronesian]]: Blust & Trussel (2020)<ref name="ACD">{{cite web |title=Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition |first1=Robert |last1=Blust |first2=Stephen |last2=Trussel |url=https://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-pl_pan.htm |date=June 21, 2020 |access-date=November 10, 2020 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806165028/https://www.trussel2.com/ACD/acd-pl_pan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Proto-Tai]]: Pittayaporn (2009)<ref>Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. ''The Phonology of Proto-Tai''. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.</ref>
* [[Proto-Hlai]]: Norquest (2007)<ref>Norquest, Peter K. 2007. [http://gradworks.umi.com/32/84/3284367.html ''A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210532/http://gradworks.umi.com/32/84/3284367.html |date=2016-03-03 }}. Ph.D. dissertation. Tucson: Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona.</ref>
* [[Proto-Kra]]: Ostapirat (2000)<ref>Ostapirat, Weera. 2000. "[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/weera2000proto.pdf Proto-Kra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022126/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/weera2000proto.pdf |date=2020-11-12 }}." ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' '''23''' (1): 1-251.</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!
! Sino-Tibetan
! Hmong-Mien
! Austroasiatic
! Austronesian
! colspan = "3" | Kra-Dai
|-
! gloss
! [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]]
! [[Proto-Hmong-Mien]]
! [[Proto-Austroasiatic]]
! [[Proto-Austronesian]]
! [[Proto-Tai]]
! [[Proto-Hlai]]
! [[Proto-Kra]]
|-
| hair
| *(t)sam
| *pljei
| *suk, *sɔːk
| *bukeS
| *prɤmA
| *hnom
| *m-səmA
|-
| eye
| *s-myak
| *mu̯ɛjH
| *mat
| *maCa
| *p.taːA
| *tʃʰaː
| *m-ʈaA
|-
| ear
| *r/g-na
| *mbræu
| *-toːr
| *Caliŋa
| *krwɯːA
| *ljəy
| *k-raA
|-
| nose
| *s-na ~ *s-naːr
| *mbruiH
| *mɔːh, *muːh, *muːs
| *ujuŋ
| *ɗaŋA
| *kʰət
| *hŋətD
|-
| tooth
| *s/p-wa
| *hmjinʔ
| *lmVɲ, *sraŋ, *p(i)əŋ
| *lipen, *n/ŋipen
| *wanA
| *fjən
| *l-pənA
|-
| tongue
| *m/s-lay ~ *s-ley
| *mblet
| *lntaːk
| *Sema, *lidam
| *liːnC
| *hliːnʔ
| *l-maA
|-
| hand
| *lak ~ *C-yak
| *-bɔuʔ
| *tiːʔ
| *kamay
| *mwɯːA
| *C-mɯː
| *mjaA
|-
| bone
| *s/m/g-rus
| *tshuŋʔ
| *cʔaːŋ
| *CuqelaN
| *C̥.dukD
| *Cuɾɯːk
| *dəkD
|-
| blood
| *s-hywəy-t
| *ntshjamʔ
| *saːm, *ɟhaːm, *(b/m)haːm
| *daRaq
| *lɯətD
| *alaːc
| *platD
|-
| liver
| *m-sin
| *-hri̯ən
| *kləːm, *ris
| *qaCay
| *tapD
| *ɗəy
| *təpD
|-
| meat, flesh
| *sya-n
| ''P-Mienic'' *ʔaB
| *sac
| *Sesi
| *n.mɤːC
| *rəmʔ
| *ʔaɯC
|-
| dog
| *d-kʷəy-n
| ''P-Hmongic'' *hmaŋC
| *cɔːʔ
| *asu
| *ʰmaːA
| *hmaː
| *x-maA
|-
| bird
| *s-ŋak
| *m-nɔk
| *ciːm, *ceːm
| *manuk 'chicken'
| *C̬.nokD
| *səc
| *ɳokD
|-
| fish
| *s-ŋya
| *mbrəuʔ
| *kaʔ
| *Sikan
| *plaːA
| *hlaː
| *p-laA
|-
| louse
| *s-r(y)ik
| *ntshjeiʔ
| *ciːʔ
| *kuCux
| *trawA
| *tʃʰwəw
| *C-ʈuA
|-
| leaf
| *lay
| ''P-Hmongic'' *mblɔŋA, ''P-Mienic'' *nɔmA
| *slaʔ
| *waSaw
| *ɓaɰA
| *ɓɯː
| *ɖiŋA
|-
| sun, day
| *s-nəy
| ''P-Mienic'' *hnu̯ɔiA
| *tŋiːʔ
| *waRi, *qajaw
| *ŋwanA
| *hŋwən
| *(l-/h)wənA
|-
| moon
| *s/g-la
| *hlaH
| *khaj
| *bulaN, *qiNaS
| *ɓlɯənA
| *C-ɲaːn
| *(C-)tjanA
|-
| water
| *m-t(w)əy-n ~ *m-ti-s
| *ʔu̯əm
| *ɗaːk; Pal. *ʔoːm
| *daNum
| *C̬.namC
| *C-nəmʔ
| *ʔuŋC
|-
| rain
| *r/s/g-wa
| ''P-Hmongic'' *m-noŋC
| *gmaʔ
| *quzaN
| *C̥.wɯnA
| *fun
| *jəlA
|-
| fire
| *mey
| *douʔ
| *ʔuːs, *ʔɔːs
| *Sapuy
| *wɤjA
| *fiː
| *puiA
|-
| name
| *r-mi(ŋ/n)
| *mpɔuH
| *-məh
| *ŋajan
| *ɟɤːB
| *pʰaːŋ
| *n(ʒ)iA
|-
| eat
| *m-dz(y)a-k/n/t/s
| ''P-Mienic'' *ɲənC
| *caːʔ
| *kaen
| *kɯɲA
| *kʰən
| *kanA
|-
| die
| *səy
| *dəjH
| *kceːt
| *ma-aCay
| *p.taːjA
| *hlaːwɦ
| *pɣonA
|-
| I
| *ŋa-y ~ *ka
| ''P-Hmongic'' *kɛŋB
| *ʔaɲ
| -ku
| *kuːA
| *ɦuː
| *kuA
|-
| you (sg.)
| *na-ŋ
| *mu̯ei
| *miːʔ
| -mu
| *mɯŋA
| *C-mɯː
| *məA/B
|}

==Distributions==
{{gallery
|lines=2
|width=225
|File:Lenguas sino-tibetanas.png|Distribution of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]
|File:Taikadai-en.svg|Distribution of [[Kra–Dai languages]]
|File:Austroasiatic-en.svg|Distribution of [[Austroasiatic languages]]
|File:Hmong-Mien-en.svg|Distribution of [[Hmong–Mien languages]]
|File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific (per Benton et al, 2012, adapted from Bellwood, 2011).png|Dispersal of [[Austronesian languages]]
}}

==See also==
*[[Father Tongue hypothesis]]
*[[Classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages]]
**[[Sino-Austronesian languages]]
**[[Austric languages]]
**[[Austro-Tai languages]]
*[[Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area]]
*[[Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)#Languages families and genes|Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)]]
*[[Languages of East Asia]]
*[[Languages of Southeast Asia]]
*[[Languages of China]]

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://himalayanlanguages.org/team/george_van_driem/publications Papers on the East Asian languages by George van Driem]

{{Sino-Tibetan branches}}
{{Hmong-Mien languages}}
{{Tai-Kadai languages}}
{{Austronesian languages}}
{{Austroasiatic languages}}
{{Language families}}
{{Eurasian languages}}

[[Category:Proposed language families]]

Ghost Ship Games

2022-01-15T15:34:37Z

2603:7080:393E:D474:0:7676:B64A:B1AA:

{{Short description|Danish video game developer}}
{{Notability|Companies|date=December 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Ghost Ship Games ApS
| logo = Ghost Ship Games.svg
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| parent = [[Coffee Stain Studios|Coffee Stain Holding]]
| industry = [[Video game industry|Video games]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2016}}
| founders = {{Unbulleted list|Søren Lundgaard|Mikkel Martin Pedersen|Henrik Edwards|Jonas Møller|Robert Friis|Philip Mygind}}
| hq_location_city = [[Copenhagen]]
| hq_location_country = Denmark
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|Søren Lundgaard ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])|Henrik Edwards ([[Chief technology officer|CTO]])}}
| num_employees = 28
| website = {{URL|https://www.ghostship.dk/|ghostship.dk}}
}}

'''Ghost Ship Games ApS''' is a Danish [[video game developer]] based in [[Copenhagen]]. Founded in 2016, it is best known for developing ''[[Deep Rock Galactic]]''.

== History ==
Ghost Ship Games was founded in the spring of 2016 by a team of five developers, with CEO Søren Lundgaard being invited to join the company shortly after by game director Mikkel Martin Pedersen. Lundgaard and Pedersen had previously been co-workers at the defunct game studio [[Deadline Games]] for over ten years. The newly formed team begin work on a co-op title that they envisioned as "basically combining ''[[Minecraft]]'' and ''[[Left 4 Dead]]''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psu.com/news/rock-and-stone-ghost-ship-games-ceo-soren-lundgaard-talks-deep-rock-galactics-upcoming-playstation-launch/|title=Rock And Stone! Ghost Ship Games CEO Søren Lundgaard Talks Deep Rock Galactic’s Upcoming PlayStation Launch}}</ref> In February 2017, Swedish developer [[Coffee Stain Studios]] acquired a 35%{{failed verification|date=December 2021}} stake in Ghost Ship Games and agreed to publish their first game, ''Deep Rock Galactic''.<ref name="gsg">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2017-02-24-coffee-stain-invests-in-ghost-ship-games |title=Coffee Stain invests in Ghost Ship Games|date=24 February 2017 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115112849/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2017-02-24-coffee-stain-invests-in-ghost-ship-games |archive-date=15 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Coffee Stain Publishing released ''Deep Rock Galactic'' into early access on 28 February 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comicbook.com/gaming/2018/02/14/deep-rock-galactic-early-access-game-preview/|title=Deep Rock Galactic Comes to Early Access, Game Preview This Month| publisher=Comic Book| author=TANNER DEDMON | accessdate=23 June 2018}}</ref> Ghost Ship benefited from the community feedback that an early access model allowed for. Early reviews of the game were very positive and the game amassed 300,000 players by September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-09-18-deep-rock-galactic-and-the-advantages-of-open-development|title=Deep Rock Galactic and the advantages of open development}}</ref> The game officially left early access after more than two years on 13 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/deep-rock-galatic-leaves-early-access-this-may/1100-6476597/|title=Deep Rock Galatic Leaves Early Access This May}}</ref>

In August 2021, Coffee Stain's parent company [[Embracer Group]] acquired the remaining 65%{{failed verification|date=December 2021}} of Ghost Ship Games, which made the studio a subsidiary of Coffee Stain Holding.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/embracer-group-acquires-ghost-ship-042500192.html|title=Embracer Group acquires Ghost Ship Games}}</ref> In November 2021, Ghost Ship announced that ''Deep Rock Galactic'' had sold three million copies and would be ported to [[PlayStation 4]] and [[PlayStation 5]] in January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegamer.com/deep-rock-galactic-sells-3-million-units/|title=Deep Rock Galactic Sells 3 Million Units}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pushsquare.com/news/2021/12/acclaimed-co-op-shooter-deep-rock-galactic-digs-down-to-ps5-ps4-in-january|title=Acclaimed Co-Op Shooter Deep Rock Galactic Digs Down to PS5, PS4 in January}}</ref>

== Games developed ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Platform(s)
! scope="col" | Publisher(s)
|-
! scope="row" | 2018
| ''[[Deep Rock Galactic]]''
| [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 4]], [[PlayStation 5]]
| [[Coffee Stain Studios|Coffee Stain Publishing]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.ghostship.dk/}}

{{Embracer Group}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Companies based in Copenhagen]]
[[Category:Danish companies established in 2016]]
[[Category:Embracer Group]]
[[Category:Video game companies established in 2016]]
[[Category:Video game companies of Denmark]]
[[Category:Video game development companies]]