Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host

2022-07-29T11:00:50Z

2A00:23C5:ED8F:5701:CCA7:843D:9830:94A4:

{{Short description|Head of state of the Cossack Hetmanate}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Hetman
| body = [[Cossack Hetmanate]]
| insignia = Flag of the Cossack Hetmanat.svg
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption = State flag
| image = File:BChmielnicki.jpg
| imagesize =
| imagecaption = Most renowned and first official hetman of the Zaporizhian Host, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]]
| style =
| residence = [[Chyhyryn]] (originally) Hetman Residence, [[Baturyn]]
| appointer = [[Cossack Rada|General Military Council]]
| appointer_qualified =
| precursor =
| formation = 26 January 1648
| first = [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]]
| last = [[Kirill Razumovski]]
| abolished = 17 November 1764
| succession =
| salary =
| incumbent =
}}

The '''Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host''' ({{lang-uk|Гетьман Війська Запорозького}}, {{lang-ru|Гетман Войска Запорожского}}, {{lang-la|Cosaccorum Zaporoviesium Supremus Belli [[Dux]]}}, {{lang-pl|Hetman wojsk kozackich}}) was the [[head of state]] of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]], a [[nation]] in what is now modern central [[Ukraine]]. The office was disestablished by the [[Russian Empire]] in 1764.

==Brief history==
[[File:Alex K Bohdan Chmelnickyi prapor.svg|thumb|left|150px|Flag of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Bohdan (Б) Khmelnytsky (Х), hetman (Г) of Host (В) of Zaporozhia (З) and of his (Е) king's (К) majesty (МЛС) of Rzecz Pospolita.]]
The position was established by [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] during the [[Cossack Hetmanate]] in the mid 17th century. During that period the office was electoral. All elections, except for the first one, took place in the Senior Council in [[Chyhyryn]] which, until 1669, served as the capital of the Hetmanate.

After the council in Pereyaslav of 1654, several senior cossacks sided with the [[Tsardom of Russia]] and, in 1663, they staged the "Black Council" (''Chorna Rada'') in [[Nizhyn]] which elected Ivan Briukhovetsky as an alternative hetman. Since the defeat of [[Petro Doroshenko]] in 1669, the title hetman was adapted by pro-Russian elected hetmans who resided in [[Baturyn]]. In the course of the [[Great Northern War]] one of them, [[Ivan Mazepa]], decided to revolt against Russian rule in 1708, which later drew terrible consequences for the Cossack Hetmanate as well as the [[Zaporizhian Host]]. The administration was moved to [[Hlukhiv]] where Mazepa was publicly executed in effigy and declared [[anathema]] by the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].

By an edict of the Russian [[Governing Senate]] of 17 November 1764,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150425040421/http://leksika.com.ua/10340605/legal/rozumovskiy Kyrylo Rozumovsky] at the Jurist Encyclopedia</ref> the office was disestablished in the course of the expansion of Russian territory towards the Black Sea coast.

==List of hetmans==
The list includes only hetmans who belonged to the Cossack Hetmanate. For a full list of all Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks, see [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks]].
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align:center;"
! #
! colspan=2 | Hetman
! Elected (event)
! Took office
! Left office
!
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 1
| width="50px" | [[File:BChmielnicki.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]]''' (1596–1657) Зиновій-Богдан Хмельницький
| [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|1648]] (Sich)
| 26 January 1648
| 6 August 1657
| [[Pereyaslav Council|Council of Pereyaslav]], Moscow's military union with Hetmanate
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 2
| width="50px"| [[File:Yurii Khmelnytsky.png|100px]]
| '''[[Yurii Khmelnytsky]]''' (1641–1685) Юрій Хмельницький
| death of his father
| 6 August 1657
| 27 August 1657
|
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 3
| width="50px"| [[File:Iwan Wyhowski.PNG|100px]]
| '''[[Ivan Vyhovsky]]''' (????–1664) Іван Виговський
| [[Cossack Council, 1657|1657]] (Korsun)
| 27 August 1657 (confirmed: 21 October 1657)
| 11 September 1659
| Attempt for reconciliation with Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth{{efn|Following the Muscovite-Polish [[Truce of Vilna]], which withdrew Moscow's military support for the [[Cossack Hetmanate]], Vyhovsky signed the [[Treaty of Hadiach]] seeking a federative status as a [[Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth]].}}
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 4
| width="50px"| [[File:Yurii Khmelnytsky.png|100px]]
| '''[[Yurii Khmelnytsky]]''' (1641–1685) Юрій Хмельницький
| [[Cossack Council, 1659|1659]] (Hermanivka)
| 11 September 1659 (confirmed: 11 September 1659)
| October 1662
| First vassalage to Muscovy,{{efn|Khmelnytsky was forced to sign the revised 1659 [[Pereyaslav Articles]] subjugating both state and church to Muscovy. It was not approved by the General Cossack Council.}} later agreed to autonomy within Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth{{efn|In 1660, Khmelnytsky signed the [[Treaty of Chudnov|Slobodyshche Pact]] with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth which sought to get rid of Moscow's control over the Hetmanate. The treaty was approved by the General Cossack Council in Korsun.}}
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 5
| width="50px" | [[File:Pavlo Teterya.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Pavlo Teteria]]''' (1620?–1670) Павло "Тетеря" Моржковський
| [[Cossack Council, 1662|1662]] (Chyhyryn)
| October 1662
| July 1665
|
|- bgcolor=silver
|colspan=7 align=center | [[The Ruin (Ukrainian history)|The period of ruin and civil war]]
|-bgcolor=lightblue
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| (1)
| width="50px" | [[File:Ivan Briukhovetsky.png|100px]]
| '''[[Ivan Briukhovetsky]]''' (1623–1668) Іван Брюховецький
| [[Chorna rada of 1663|1663]] (Nizhyn)
| 27 June 1663 (confirmed: 27 June 1663)
| 17 June 1668
| pro-Muscovite faction, changed sides due to [[Truce of Andrusovo]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 6
| width="50px" | [[File:Petro Doroshenko 19.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Petro Doroshenko]]''' (1627–1698) Петро Дорошенко
| [[Cossack Council, 1666|1666]] (Chyhyryn)
| 10 October 1665 (confirmed: January 1666)
| 19 September 1676
| Union treaty with [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]]{{efn|In 1669, Doroshenko signed the Korsun treaty which provided the Hetmanate with military support and protection for the Ukrainian Exarch.}}
|-bgcolor=lightblue
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| (2)
| width="50px"| [[File:Demian Mnohohrishny.png|100px]]
| '''[[Demian Mnohohrishny]]''' (1631–1703) Дем'ян Многогрішний
| 1669 (Hlukhiv)
| 17 December 1668 (confirmed: 3 March 1669)
| April 1672
| pro-Muscovite faction
|-bgcolor=lightblue
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 7 (3)
| width="50px" | [[File:Ivan Samoylovych.png|100px]]
| '''[[Ivan Samoylovych]]''' (1630s–1690) Іван Самойлович
| [[Officer Council, 1672|1672]] ([[Kozatske, Konotop Raion|Cossack Grove]])
| 17 June 1672
| August 1687
| pro-Muscovite faction
|- bgcolor=silver
|colspan=7 align=center | [[The Ruin (Ukrainian history)|The period of ruin and civil war ended]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 8
| width="50px" | [[File:Portret Mazepa.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Ivan Mazepa]]''' (1639–1708) Іван Мазепа
| [[Cossack Council, 1687|1687]] (Kolomak)
| 4 August 1687
| 6 November 1708
| "stripped" of a title, discredited
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 9
| width="50px" | [[File:I.Skoropadsky.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Ivan Skoropadsky]]''' (1646–1722) Іван Скоропадський
| 1708 (Hlukhiv)
| 6 November 1708
| 14 July 1722
| died
|-bgcolor=silver
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| X
| width="50px" | [[File:Pavlo Polubotok1.JPG|100px]]
| '''[[Pavlo Polubotok]]''' (1660–1724) Павло Полуботок
| appointed hetman
| 1722
| 1724
| died in prison
|- bgcolor=grey
| colspan="7"|[[Collegium of Little Russia (1722-27)|Collegium of Little Russia]] ([[Stepan Velyaminov]]) 1722–1727
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 10
| width="50px" | [[File:Danylo Apostol.png|100px]]
| '''[[Danylo Apostol]]''' (1654–1734) Данило Апостол
| 1727 (Hlukhiv)
| 12 October 1727
| 29 March 1734
| died
|-bgcolor=silver
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| X
| width="50px" | 
| '''[[Yakiv Lyzohub]]''' (1675–1749) Яків Лизогуб
| appointed hetman
| 1733
| 1749
| died
|- bgcolor=grey
| colspan="7"|[[Governing Council of the Hetman Office]] ([[Aleksei Shakhovskoy]]) 1734–1745
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"| 11
| width="50px" | [[File:Kirill Razumovsky Tokke.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Kyrylo Rozumovsky]]''' (1728–1803) Кирило Розумовський
| 1750 (Hlukhiv)
| 22 February 1750
| 17 November 1764
| resigned
|- bgcolor=grey
| colspan="7"|Collegium of Little Russia 1764–1786 ([[Pyotr Rumyantsev]])
|}

=== Notes ===
{{more|The Ruin (Ukrainian history)}}

Some historians, including [[Mykola Arkas]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140707192952/http://pidruchniki.ws/20080215/istoriya/pavlo_teterya_getman_pravoberezhnoyi_ukrayini Pavlo Teteria, Hetman of the Right-bank Ukraine]. Cossack leaders of Ukraine (textbook).</ref> question the legitimacy of the Teteria's elections, accusing him of corruption.<ref>Lohvyn, Yu. ''[http://abetka.ukrlife.org/logvin/l_teteria.htm Pavlo Teteria. Hetmans of Ukraine]''. "Merry Alphabet".</ref> Some sources claim that the election of Teteria took place in January 1663.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140601013025/http://litopys.com.ua/encyclopedia/vidatn-storichn-postat-dobi-ru-ni/pavlo-teterya/ Pavlo Teteria]. History of the Great Nation.</ref> The election of Teteria led to the Povoloch Regiment Uprising in 1663, followed by greater unrest in the modern region of [[Kirovohrad Oblast]], as well as [[Polesie]] (all in the [[Right-bank Ukraine]]).<ref name=civil_war/> Moreover, the political crisis that followed the Pushkar–Barabash Uprising divided the Cossack Hetmanate completely on both banks of the [[Dnieper River]].<ref name=civil_war>Horobets, V. ''[http://history.org.ua/index.php?termin=Gromad_vijny_v_Ukr Civil wars in Ukraine of 1650s–1660s]''. Encyclopedia of history of Ukraine. Vol.2. Kiev: "[[Naukova Dumka]]", 2004.</ref> Coincidentally, on 10 January 1663 the [[Tsardom of Muscovy]] created the new [[Little Russian Office]] ([[Prikaz]]) within its Ambassadorial Office.

Vouched for by [[Charles Marie François Olier, marquis de Nointel]], [[Yuriy Khmelnytsky]] was freed from Ottoman captivity and, along with Pasha Ibragim, was sent to Ukraine to fight the Moscow forces of Samoilovych and Romadanovsky. In 1681, [[Mehmed IV]] appointed [[George Ducas]] hetman of Ukraine, replacing Khmelnytsky.

Following the [[anathema on Mazepa]] and the election of [[Ivan Skoropadsky]], the Cossack Hetmanate was included in the Russian [[Kiev Governorate|Government of Kiev]] in December 1708. Upon the death of Skoropadsky, the elections oh hetmans were discontinued and were awarded as a gift and a type of princely title, first to Moldavian noblemen and, later, to the Russian Empress's favorites.

On 5 April 1710, the council of cossacks, veterans of the battle at Poltava, elected [[Pylyp Orlyk]] as the Hetman of Ukraine in exile. Orlyk waged a [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]] at the southern borders of the [[Russian Empire]] with support from the Ottoman and Swedish empires.

==See also==
* [[List of leaders of Ukraine]]
* [[Hetmans of Zaporizhian Cossacks]]
* [[Hetman of Ukraine]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Dyadychenko, V. ''Sketches of a social and political system of the [[Left-bank Ukraine]] at the end of 17th and the start of 18th centuries''. Kiev 1959
* Smoliy, V. ''Hetmanate Ukraine''. Kiev 1999

==External links==
* [http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Getmanatu_instytut Shcherbak, V. ''Institution of Hetmans'']. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. "Naukova dumka". Kiev 2004
* [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\H\E\Hetman.htm ''Hetman'']. [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]].

{{Hetmans of Ukraine}}
{{Government institutions of the Cossack Hetmanate}}
{{Presidency of Ukraine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hetman Of Zaporizhian Host}}
[[Category:Heads of state of Ukraine]]
[[Category:17th-century establishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Presidency of Ukraine]]
[[Category:1764 disestablishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Hetmans of Zaporizhian Host| ]]
[[Category:Government of the Cossack Hetmanate]]
[[Category:1648 establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]

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Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host