IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Template:Web 2.0

2008-06-17T02:16:32Z

58.174.34.87:

{| class="toccolours" width=90% style="clear:both; margin:1.5em auto; text-align:center;" summary="Use nav code to make a quiz question."
|-
! colspan=2 style="background:#ccf" |Tools for creating internet content
|- valign="top"
|
<div class="NavFrame">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#e6e6fa; ">Tools for image creation and manipulation</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;">

{| width=100% style="text-align:center;"
|-
| colspan=2 | See '''[[:Category:Graphics]]'''
|-
| width=50% | [[GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP)]] - [[Review:Inkscape]] - [[Adobe Photoshop]]
| Images for use in animation: [[2D Animation process]]
|-
|}

</div>
</div>

<div class="NavFrame">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#e6e6fa; ">Tools for video creation and editing.</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;">

{| width=100% style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background:#efefef" | [[Wikiversity:Content development|content development project]] - [[Topic:Internet audio and video|Internet audio and video]]
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Landscape rendering]] - computer-generated landscape scenes
|-
! colspan=2 style="background:#efefef" | [[Rendering models of living organisms]] - computer-generated characters
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Lesson:3D Storyboard]] - at [[Filmmaking|Narrative film production, Wikiversity Film School]]
|-
| width=50% | [[Course:Digital Puppet Animation]] - 3D computer-generated animation
| See also: [[:Category:Video]]
|}

</div>
</div><div class="NavFrame">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#e6e6fa; ">Tools for digital audio file creation and editing.</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align: left;">

{| width=100% style="text-align:center;"
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Audacity]] - Free sound editor for recording and editing
|-
| colspan=2 | [[:Category:Apple GarageBand|Apple GarageBand]] - Macintosh software for manipulating digital audio
|-
! colspan=2 style="background:#efefef" | [[Wiki Campus Radio]] - Live internet chat and podcasts
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Podcasting]] - how to make a podcast
|-
| colspan=2 | See also: [[:Category:Audio]]
|}

</div>
</div><div class="NavFrame">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#e6e6fa; ">Text files</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;">

{| width=100% style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background:#efefef" | [[ICAU1129A - Operate a word processing application]]
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Word processing challenges]] - develop your word processing skills
|-
! colspan=2 style="background:#efefef" | '''HTML''' - [[Wikiversity:Content development|content development]] at [[Topic:HTML]].
|-
| colspan=2 | [[:Category:Blogs|blogs]] - create a web log at Wikiversity or at another website
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Wiki]] and [[Introduction to Wikiversity]] - wiki websites and Wikiversity in particular
|-
| colspan=2 | See also: [[:Category:Writing]]
|}

</div>
</div>
|-
| colspan=2 style="background:#efefef; font-size:smaller;" | See also: [[Digital media workshop]] - Related discussion: [[Free content]]
|}
<noinclude>
[[Category:Free culture]][[Category:Information technology]]
</noinclude>

Japanese/Conjugating Godan verbs

2008-01-30T02:44:36Z

58.174.177.151:

=Goddamn Verbs=
Japanese Verbs are very easy to put together, especially the {{ruby-ja|五段|ごだん}}  (Godan) ones. Remember the order of vowels from the [[Japanese Roman Character Pronunciation Guide]]? Just to refresh your memory, they go あ, い, う, え, お. There are 5 sounds obviously, and it is this number that the conjugation gets its name from. {{ruby-ja|五|ご}} (Go) means 5, and {{ruby-ja|段|だん}}  (dan) means stage.

Japanese verbs have a different style of conjugation completely than our verbs. They conjugate to express not only time, but certain feelings we would express using more words. {{ruby-ja|五段|ごだん}}  (Godan) verbs are ALL verbs that do not end with -いる or -える (-iru or -eru), and are not する and くる (suru or kuru). All verbs ending with the letters -いる and -える (-iru and -eru) are ichidan verbs (one stage), and する and くる (suru and kuru) are the most common irregular verbs in Japanese.

The conjugation follows this pattern:

*あ(a) negative form
*い(I) infinitive form
*う(U) dictionary form
*え(E) conditional form
*お(O) "let's" or "volitional" form

In order to show you how this works, let's select one {{ruby-ja|五段|ごだん}}  (Godan) verb: {{ruby-ja|行く|いく}}  (iku), which means "to go" and follow it through a full five conjugations. Conjugation deals only with changing the vowel at the end of the original dictionary form verb, and sometimes adding a suffix. The Dictionary form is so called because this is the way you will find a verb in the dictionary, it will always end with う(u) in this form without exception.

===Negative===
{{ruby-ja|行く|いく}}  (iku), when changed to negative, must first take the vowel with which this form is associated as its last vowel. Since the negative form is associated with あ(a), {{ruby-ja|行く|いく}}  (iku) drops the う(u) from its dictionary form past and becomes {{ruby-ja|行|い}}か (Ika). In a case where you have a word like Au, (to meet) you will note that this would turn into "aa-nai" in the negative under these rules. For such silliness an escape is provided. the "a" you add on in the end becomes "wa" thus, "Awa-nai". Remebering that the raw verb of Iku begins in the dictionary form (u-form) is tantamount to remembering that you do not add the vowel in conjugation, you replace it. Iku becomes Ika. The next step is to add the negative suffix to the word Ika. This suffix is "nai." The negative form of Iku is Ikanai: "not go."

===Infinitive===
Infinitive form is the form onto which you may add either other verbs, other levels of honour, or both. It is also the base form from which the standard "desu-masu" Japanese is spoken. This is the kind of Japanese this course will teach you.

The ininitive form is almost a stand-alone form. You can speak using only what is provided in this conjugation almost without need for others in very basic Japanese. In order to change the dictionary form to infinitive form, we drop the "u" and add "i", making our "Iku" become "Iki". Onto the new-made "Iki" we affix "-masu" as a suffix, making the complete word Ikimasu: "go".

As I said, this form is pretty stand-alone, and onto the positive for this form, you may add another suffix to make it negative. Change the "-masu" to "-masen" and you have your negative: Ikimasen, meaning "not go". I WANT TO NUT ON YOUR FACE

===Dictionary===
As said previously, dictionary form is the standardized form for finding verbs in dictionaries. This is the form that has all verbs, regardless of conjugation schemes, with a "u" at the end invariably.

===Imperative/Conditional===
The E form is used in giving commands, suggestions, or making hypothetical statements. There is occasionally no suffix to this form. To change Iku to the imperative, drop the "u" and add "e." The imperative form of "Iku" is "Ike." Do not say 'ike' （いけ！） to anyone because it is slightly vulgar and is offensive. When you add the suffix "-ba" to this form, it becomes a true conditional. "Ikeba" could variously be translated to "why don't you go?" or "what if you went?" You might also hear the phrase "ikeba wakaru." Wakaru is dictionary form of the verb to know or understand. This phrase therefore means "IF (you) went, (you'd) understand."

===Volitional===
The O form is the one that is confusing to most English speakers. It is the "let's" form. If I were to change Iku to the volitional form, I drop the "u" and add "ou." The suffix in this case is not easy to notice, as it is a "u." This simply extends the o sound. Iku becomes Ikou: "let's go." The word Ikimasu may also be conjugated in this form, simply converting the "-masu" ending to a "-mashou," making the whole word "Ikimashou."

=Practice=
Conjugate these verbs in all five forms:
* Arau (to wash)
* Au (to meet)
* Gambaru (to do well)
* Iku (to go)
* Iu (to say)
* Kaku (to write/draw/paint)
* Kau (to buy)
* Kiku (to hear)
* Kudaru (to go down/descend)
* Kuu (to eat -> informal)
* Mawaru (to turn)
* Naru (to become)
* Noboru (to climb)
* Nomu (to drink sake from someone's crotch)
* Noru (to board/enter/mount)
* Odoru (to dance)
* Okoru (to get mad)
* Omou (to think)
* Saboru (to skip, ie. class)
* Satoru (to enter 'satori')
* Shinu (to die)
* Tanomu (to request)
* Tatsu (to stand)
* Tobu (to fly)
* Toru (to take)
* Uru (to sell)
* Wakaru (to understand)
* Yaku (to burn/roast)
{{questions}}
{{User:MetaBohemian/2lvlnav|[[Beginner Japanese]]||[[Verb Conjugation - Godan Verbs]]|[[Japanese Verbs]]||Start|[[Verb conjugation - Ichidan Verbs]]}}
[[Category:Japanese]]
[[Category:Language]]
[[Category:Verbs]]

Basics of computer architecture

2007-11-15T12:43:28Z

58.174.105.189: /* Contents */ typo

===Instructions for this lesson===
Read the text and try to understand it. If something is not clear, follow the links for explanations.

===Contents===
''see also [[Computer Architecture Lab]]''
[[Image:ALU symbol.svg|thumb|200px|A typical schematic symbol for an ALU: A & B are operands; R is the output; F is the input from the [[Control Unit]]; D is an output status]]
At the heart of any computer, modern or early, is a (usually) simple circuit called an ALU, or Arithmetic Logic Unit. Its comprised of a few simple operations which can be done very quickly. This, along with a small amount of memory running at processor speed called registers, make up what is known as the CPU, or Central Processing Unit.

A CPU isn't very useful unless there is some way to communicate to it, and receive information back from it. This is usually known as a Bus. The Bus is the input/output, or I/O gateway for the CPU. The primary area the CPU communicates with is system memory, commonly known as RAM, or Random Access Memory. Depending on the platform, the CPU may communicate with other parts of the system, or it may communicate just through memory.

[[Image:80186 arch.png|thumb|left|350px]]
The "word" size of a platform is the native amount of bits that can be moved over the RAM<->CPU bus. Early computers varied on bit sizes, but most modern computers work in multiples of 8 bits, commonly known as a Byte. The first general purpose CPU on a chip, built by Intel, was the 8080 built in 1974. The 8080 used an 8 bit word, meaning it would communicate over the bus 1 byte at a time. In contrast, the 80386 has a 32 bit (4 byte) word, and the IA64 is a 64 bit (8 byte) word.



===Questions for self-test===
{{ABCD
| Question = What is the job of the ALU?
| Atext = Process information
| Aanswer = No. This answer is far too vague. What is meant by processing information?

| Btext = Check security of the system
| Banswer = No. This though this may be true on a much higher computing level.

| Ctext = Perform simple calculations.
| Canswer = Yes. The job of the ALU is to perform simple calculations.

| Dtext = Powering up the main systems.
| Danswer = No. The ALU is a very simple processor.

}}

*[[Personal computers|Next lesson]]
*[[Introduction to Computer Science|Back to course contents]]

[[Category:Computer science]]
[[Category:Basics]]