IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Basics of computer architecture

2008-10-15T12:10:05Z

59.92.74.253: /* Instructions for this lesson */

===Instructions for this lesson===
Read the text and try to understand it. If something is not clear, follow the links for explanation.

===Contents===
''see also [[Computer Architecture Lab]]''
[[Image:ALU symbol.svg|thumb|200px|A typical schematic symbol for an ALU: A & B are operands; R is the output; F is the input from the [[w:Control Unit|Control Unit]]; D is an output status]]
At the heart of any computer, modern or early, is a (usually) simple circuit called an ALU, or Arithmetic Logic Unit. Its comprised of a few simple operations which can be done very quickly. This, along with a small amount of memory running at processor speed called registers, make up what is known as the CPU, or Central Processing Unit.

A CPU isn't very useful unless there is some way to communicate to it, and receive information back from it. This is usually known as a Bus. The Bus is the input/output, or I/O gateway for the CPU. The primary area the CPU communicates with is system memory, commonly known as RAM, or Random Access Memory. Depending on the platform, the CPU may communicate with other parts of the system, or it may communicate just through memory.

[[Image:80186 arch.png|thumb|left|350px]]
The "word" size of a platform is the native amount of bits that can be moved over the RAM<->CPU bus. Early computers varied on bit sizes, but most modern computers work in multiples of 8 bits, commonly known as a Byte. The first general purpose CPU on a chip, built by Intel, was the 8080 built in 1974. The 8080 used an 8 bit word, meaning it would communicate over the bus 1 byte at a time. In contrast, the 80386 has a 32 bit (4 byte) word, and the IA64 is a 64 bit (8 byte) word.



===Questions for self-test===
{{ABCD
| Question = What is the job of the ALU?
| Atext = Process information
| Aanswer = No. This answer is far too vague. What is meant by processing information?

| Btext = Check security of the system
| Banswer = No. This though this may be true on a much higher computing level.

| Ctext = Perform simple calculations.
| Canswer = Yes. The job of the ALU is to perform simple calculations.

| Dtext = Powering up the main systems.
| Danswer = No. The ALU is a very simple processor.

}}

*[[Personal computers|Next lesson]]
*[[Introduction to Computer Science|Back to course contents]]

[[Category:Computer science]]
[[Category:Basics]]
[[Category:Computer architecture]]

Basics of computer architecture

2008-10-15T12:09:30Z

59.92.74.253: /* Instructions for this lesson */

===Instructions for this lesson===
Read the text and try to understand it. If something is not clear, follow the links for exp.

===Contents===
''see also [[Computer Architecture Lab]]''
[[Image:ALU symbol.svg|thumb|200px|A typical schematic symbol for an ALU: A & B are operands; R is the output; F is the input from the [[w:Control Unit|Control Unit]]; D is an output status]]
At the heart of any computer, modern or early, is a (usually) simple circuit called an ALU, or Arithmetic Logic Unit. Its comprised of a few simple operations which can be done very quickly. This, along with a small amount of memory running at processor speed called registers, make up what is known as the CPU, or Central Processing Unit.

A CPU isn't very useful unless there is some way to communicate to it, and receive information back from it. This is usually known as a Bus. The Bus is the input/output, or I/O gateway for the CPU. The primary area the CPU communicates with is system memory, commonly known as RAM, or Random Access Memory. Depending on the platform, the CPU may communicate with other parts of the system, or it may communicate just through memory.

[[Image:80186 arch.png|thumb|left|350px]]
The "word" size of a platform is the native amount of bits that can be moved over the RAM<->CPU bus. Early computers varied on bit sizes, but most modern computers work in multiples of 8 bits, commonly known as a Byte. The first general purpose CPU on a chip, built by Intel, was the 8080 built in 1974. The 8080 used an 8 bit word, meaning it would communicate over the bus 1 byte at a time. In contrast, the 80386 has a 32 bit (4 byte) word, and the IA64 is a 64 bit (8 byte) word.



===Questions for self-test===
{{ABCD
| Question = What is the job of the ALU?
| Atext = Process information
| Aanswer = No. This answer is far too vague. What is meant by processing information?

| Btext = Check security of the system
| Banswer = No. This though this may be true on a much higher computing level.

| Ctext = Perform simple calculations.
| Canswer = Yes. The job of the ALU is to perform simple calculations.

| Dtext = Powering up the main systems.
| Danswer = No. The ALU is a very simple processor.

}}

*[[Personal computers|Next lesson]]
*[[Introduction to Computer Science|Back to course contents]]

[[Category:Computer science]]
[[Category:Basics]]
[[Category:Computer architecture]]

Archive:Aquamarine

2008-04-03T15:38:19Z

59.92.153.150: /* Composition */

{{otheruses1|the mineral}}
{{Infobox mineral
| name = Aquamarine
| category = [[beryl]] variety
| boxwidth =
| boxbgcolor =
| image = Aquamarin cut.jpg
| imagesize = 250
| caption = Aquamarine
| formula = Be3Al2Si6O18<ref name="GRG"/>
| molweight =
| color = transparent (or can be translucent if included), greenish blue to blue green, typically light in tone<ref name="GRG">[[Gemological Institute of America]], ''GIA Gem Reference Guide'' 1995, ISBN:0-87311-019-6</ref>
| habit =
| system = [[hexagonal]]<ref name="GRG"/>
| twinning =
| cleavage = very difficult in one direction, almost never seen<ref name="GRG"/>
| fracture = [[conchoidal]]<ref name="GRG"/>
| mohs = 7.5 - 8<ref name="GRG"/>
| luster = [[vitreous]] to resinous<ref name="GRG"/>
| polish = [[vitreous]] <ref name="GRG"/>
| refractive = 1.577 - 1.583 (+/- .017)<ref name="GRG"/>
| opticalprop = Double refractive, uniaxial negative<ref name="GRG"/>
| birefringence = .005 - .009<ref name="GRG"/>
| dispersion = .014<ref name="GRG"/>
| pleochroism = weak to moderate, blue and greenish blue; or different tones of blue with lighter tones associated with the optic axis direction <ref name="GRG"/>
| fluorescence= inert<ref name="GRG"/>
| absorption = indistinct lines at 537 and 456nm. Depending on the depth of color, there is a strong line at 427nm.<ref name="GRG"/>
| streak =
| gravity = 2.72 (+.18, -.05)<ref name="GRG"/>
| density =
| melt =
| fusibility =
| diagnostic =
| solubility =
| diaphaneity =
| other =
}}
'''Aquamarine''' (Lat. ''aqua marinā'', "water of the sea") is a [[gemstone]]-quality transparent variety of [[beryl]], having a delicate blue or [[turquoise]] color, suggestive of the tint of [[seawater]]. It is closely related to the gem [[emerald]]. Colors vary and yellow beryl ([[heliodor]]), rose pink beryl ([[morganite]]), and white beryl ([[goshenite]]) are known.

==Composition==
Aquamarine is a beryl with a [[Hexagonal (crystal system)|hexagonal]] [[crystal structure]] and a [[chemical formula]] of Be3Al2Si6O18, a [[beryllium]] [[aluminium]] [[Silicate minerals|silicate mineral]]. It has a [[specific gravity]] of 2.68 to 2.74 and a [[Mohs hardness]] of from 7.5 to 8. Aquamarine typically is on the low end of the specific gravity range, normally at less than 2.7. The pink variety exhibits a high specific gravity of around 2.8. [[Refractive index|Refractive indices]] range around 1.57 to 1.58.

==Locations of deposits==
It occurs at most localities which yield ordinary beryl, some of the finest coming from [[Russia]]. The gem-gravel [[Placer mining|placer]] deposits of [[Sri Lanka]] contain aquamarine. Clear yellow beryl, such as occurs in [[Brazil]], is sometimes called aquamarine chrysolite. When [[corundum]] presents the bluish tint of typical aquamarine, it is often termed Oriental aquamarine.

In the [[United States]], aquamarines can be found at the summit of [[Mount Antero|Mt. Antero]] in the [[Sawatch Range]] in central [[Colorado]]. In [[Brazil]], there are mines in the states of [[Minas Gerais]], [[Espírito Santo]] and [[Bahia]]. Zambia, Madagascar, Malawi, Tanzania and Kenya also produce aquamarine.

The biggest aquamarine ever mined was found at the city of Marambaia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 1910. It weighed over 110 kg, and its dimensions were 48.5 cm long and 42 cm in diameter.

Aquamarine is the [[List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones|official state gem]] of Colorado and Missouri.

==Culture and historical/mythical usage==
*Aquamarine (along with [[Heliotrope (mineral)|bloodstone]]) is the [[birthstone]] associated with [[March (month)|March]]. It is also the gemstone for the 19th Anniversary.
*People in the [[Middle Ages]] thought that aquamarine could magically overcome the effects of [[poison]].
*Ancient sailors traveled with aquamarine crystals, believing that it would ensure a safe passage, and guarantee a safe return; they often slept with the stones under their pillow to ensure sound sleep. They believed the siren’s ([[mermaid]]) fish-like lower body was made of aquamarine.

== See also ==
[[Image:Beryl09.jpg|thumb|left|Three Beryl Crystals - Aquamarine rough crystal in the center]]
{{commonscat|Aquamarine}}
* [[List of minerals]]

== References ==
<references/>
* Weinstein, Michael, 1958, ''The World of Jewel Stones'' Sheriden House, New York, pp 104-107
* Diamond Bug. [http://diamondbug.blogspot.com/2006/03/flawless-aquamarine-march-birthstone.html "Flawless Aquamarine: March Birthstone"]. Retrieved March 16, 2006.
*http://www.gemstone.org/gem-by-gem/english/aquamarine.html
*http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/gemstone/aquamari/aquamari.htm
*http://www.mindat.org/min-289.html

{{Jewellery Materials}}
{{Gems & Crystals}}
[[Category:Silicate minerals]]
[[Category:Gemstones]]

[[bg:Аквамарин]]
[[cs:Akvamarín]]
[[da:Akvamarin]]
[[de:Aquamarin]]
[[et:Akvamariin]]
[[es:Aguamarina]]
[[fr:Aigue-marine]]
[[gl:Augamariña]]
[[he:תרשיש (אבן חן)]]
[[lv:Akvamarīns]]
[[lt:Akvamarinas]]
[[nl:Aquamarijn]]
[[ja:アクアマリン]]
[[no:Akvamarin]]
[[pl:Akwamaryn]]
[[pt:Água-marinha]]
[[ro:Acvamarin]]
[[ru:Аквамарин]]
[[sl:Akvamarin (kamen)]]
[[sr:Аквамарин]]
[[fi:Akvamariini]]
[[sv:Akvamarin]]
[[vi:Ngọc berin]]
[[tr:Akuamarin]]
[[uk:Аквамарин]]

Archive:Aquamarine

2008-04-03T15:37:12Z

59.92.153.150: /* Composition */

{{otheruses1|the mineral}}
{{Infobox mineral
| name = Aquamarine
| category = [[beryl]] variety
| boxwidth =
| boxbgcolor =
| image = Aquamarin cut.jpg
| imagesize = 250
| caption = Aquamarine
| formula = Be3Al2Si6O18<ref name="GRG"/>
| molweight =
| color = transparent (or can be translucent if included), greenish blue to blue green, typically light in tone<ref name="GRG">[[Gemological Institute of America]], ''GIA Gem Reference Guide'' 1995, ISBN:0-87311-019-6</ref>
| habit =
| system = [[hexagonal]]<ref name="GRG"/>
| twinning =
| cleavage = very difficult in one direction, almost never seen<ref name="GRG"/>
| fracture = [[conchoidal]]<ref name="GRG"/>
| mohs = 7.5 - 8<ref name="GRG"/>
| luster = [[vitreous]] to resinous<ref name="GRG"/>
| polish = [[vitreous]] <ref name="GRG"/>
| refractive = 1.577 - 1.583 (+/- .017)<ref name="GRG"/>
| opticalprop = Double refractive, uniaxial negative<ref name="GRG"/>
| birefringence = .005 - .009<ref name="GRG"/>
| dispersion = .014<ref name="GRG"/>
| pleochroism = weak to moderate, blue and greenish blue; or different tones of blue with lighter tones associated with the optic axis direction <ref name="GRG"/>
| fluorescence= inert<ref name="GRG"/>
| absorption = indistinct lines at 537 and 456nm. Depending on the depth of color, there is a strong line at 427nm.<ref name="GRG"/>
| streak =
| gravity = 2.72 (+.18, -.05)<ref name="GRG"/>
| density =
| melt =
| fusibility =
| diagnostic =
| solubility =
| diaphaneity =
| other =
}}
'''Aquamarine''' (Lat. ''aqua marinā'', "water of the sea") is a [[gemstone]]-quality transparent variety of [[beryl]], having a delicate blue or [[turquoise]] color, suggestive of the tint of [[seawater]]. It is closely related to the gem [[emerald]]. Colors vary and yellow beryl ([[heliodor]]), rose pink beryl ([[morganite]]), and white beryl ([[goshenite]]) are known.

==Composition==
Aquamarine is a beryl with a [[Hexagonal (crystal system)|hexagonal]] [[crystal structure]] and a [[chemical formula]] of Be3Al2Si6O18, a [[beryllium]] [[aluminium]] [[Silicate minerals|silicate mineral]]. It has a [[specific gravity]] of 2.68 to 2.74 and a [[Mohs hardness]] of from 7.5 to 8. Aquamarine typically is on the low end of the specific gravity range, normally at less than 2.7. The pink variety exhibits a high specific gravity of around 2.8. [[Refractive index|Refractive indices]] range around 1.57 to 1.58.aquamarine super model 2008 is elita persis

==Locations of deposits==
It occurs at most localities which yield ordinary beryl, some of the finest coming from [[Russia]]. The gem-gravel [[Placer mining|placer]] deposits of [[Sri Lanka]] contain aquamarine. Clear yellow beryl, such as occurs in [[Brazil]], is sometimes called aquamarine chrysolite. When [[corundum]] presents the bluish tint of typical aquamarine, it is often termed Oriental aquamarine.

In the [[United States]], aquamarines can be found at the summit of [[Mount Antero|Mt. Antero]] in the [[Sawatch Range]] in central [[Colorado]]. In [[Brazil]], there are mines in the states of [[Minas Gerais]], [[Espírito Santo]] and [[Bahia]]. Zambia, Madagascar, Malawi, Tanzania and Kenya also produce aquamarine.

The biggest aquamarine ever mined was found at the city of Marambaia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 1910. It weighed over 110 kg, and its dimensions were 48.5 cm long and 42 cm in diameter.

Aquamarine is the [[List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones|official state gem]] of Colorado and Missouri.

==Culture and historical/mythical usage==
*Aquamarine (along with [[Heliotrope (mineral)|bloodstone]]) is the [[birthstone]] associated with [[March (month)|March]]. It is also the gemstone for the 19th Anniversary.
*People in the [[Middle Ages]] thought that aquamarine could magically overcome the effects of [[poison]].
*Ancient sailors traveled with aquamarine crystals, believing that it would ensure a safe passage, and guarantee a safe return; they often slept with the stones under their pillow to ensure sound sleep. They believed the siren’s ([[mermaid]]) fish-like lower body was made of aquamarine.

== See also ==
[[Image:Beryl09.jpg|thumb|left|Three Beryl Crystals - Aquamarine rough crystal in the center]]
{{commonscat|Aquamarine}}
* [[List of minerals]]

== References ==
<references/>
* Weinstein, Michael, 1958, ''The World of Jewel Stones'' Sheriden House, New York, pp 104-107
* Diamond Bug. [http://diamondbug.blogspot.com/2006/03/flawless-aquamarine-march-birthstone.html "Flawless Aquamarine: March Birthstone"]. Retrieved March 16, 2006.
*http://www.gemstone.org/gem-by-gem/english/aquamarine.html
*http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/gemstone/aquamari/aquamari.htm
*http://www.mindat.org/min-289.html

{{Jewellery Materials}}
{{Gems & Crystals}}
[[Category:Silicate minerals]]
[[Category:Gemstones]]

[[bg:Аквамарин]]
[[cs:Akvamarín]]
[[da:Akvamarin]]
[[de:Aquamarin]]
[[et:Akvamariin]]
[[es:Aguamarina]]
[[fr:Aigue-marine]]
[[gl:Augamariña]]
[[he:תרשיש (אבן חן)]]
[[lv:Akvamarīns]]
[[lt:Akvamarinas]]
[[nl:Aquamarijn]]
[[ja:アクアマリン]]
[[no:Akvamarin]]
[[pl:Akwamaryn]]
[[pt:Água-marinha]]
[[ro:Acvamarin]]
[[ru:Аквамарин]]
[[sl:Akvamarin (kamen)]]
[[sr:Аквамарин]]
[[fi:Akvamariini]]
[[sv:Akvamarin]]
[[vi:Ngọc berin]]
[[tr:Akuamarin]]
[[uk:Аквамарин]]

Template:Infobox lake

2008-01-02T13:35:28Z

59.92.110.217:

{| class="infobox vcard" style="width: 250px; font-size: 90%; {{#if: {{{align|}}}|float: {{{align}}}; clear: {{{align}}};|}}"
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; background-color: #CEDEFF" | {{#if: {{{lake_name|}}}|{{{lake_name}}}}}
|-
{{#if: {{{image_lake|}}}|
{{!}} colspan="2" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #CEDEFF" {{!}} <div style="border: 1px solid #CEDEFF">[[Image:{{{image_lake}}}|240px|{{#if: {{{lake_name|}}}|{{{lake_name}}} -}} {{#if: {{{caption_lake|}}}|{{{caption_lake}}}}}]]</div>{{#if: {{{caption_lake|}}}|<center>{{{caption_lake}}}</center>}}}}
|-
{{#if: {{{image_bathymetry|}}}|
{{!}} colspan="2" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #CEDEFF" {{!}} <div style="border: 1px solid #CEDEFF">[[Image:{{{image_bathymetry}}}|240px|{{#if: {{{lake_name|}}}|{{{lake_name}}} -}} {{#if: {{{caption_bathymetry|}}}|{{{caption_bathymetry}}}}}]]</div> <center>{{{caption_bathymetry}}}</center>}}
|- class="adr"
{{#if: {{{location|}}}|
{{!}} '''பகுதி'''
{{!}} {{{location}}}}}
|-
{{#if: {{{coords|}}}|
{{!}} '''Coordinates'''
{{!}} {{{coords}}}}}
|- class="note"
{{#if: {{{type|}}}|
{{!}} '''ஏரியின் வகை'''
{{!}} {{{type}}}}}
|- class="note"
{{#if: {{{inflow|}}}|
{{!}} '''முதன்மை மூலங்கள்'''
{{!}} {{{inflow}}}}}
|- class="note"
{{#if: {{{outflow|}}}|
{{!}} '''Primary outflows'''
{{!}} {{{outflow}}}}}
|- class="note"
{{#if: {{{catchment|}}}|
{{!}} '''நீர்ப்பிடிப்புப் பகுதி '''
{{!}} {{{catchment}}}}}
|-
{{#if: {{{basin_countries|}}}|
{{!}} '''நீர்ப்படுகை நாடுகள்'''
{{!}} {{{basin_countries}}}}}
|- class="note"
{{#if: {{{length|}}}|
{{!}} '''உச்ச நீளம்'''
{{!}} {{{length}}}}}
|- class="note"
{{#if: {{{width|}}}|
{{!}} '''உச்ச அகலம்'''
{{!}} {{{width}}}}}
|- class="note"
{{#if: {{{area|}}}|
{{!}} '''மேற்பரப்பு'''
{{!}} {{{area}}}}}
|- class="note"
{{#if: {{{depth|}}}|
{{!}} '''சராசரி ஆழம்'''
{{!}} {{{depth}}}}}
|- class="note"
{{#if: {{{max-depth|}}}|
{{!}} '''அதிகபட்ச ஆழம்'''
{{!}} {{{max-depth}}}}}
|- class="note"
{{#if: {{{volume|}}}|
{{!}} '''நீர்க் கொள்ளளவு'''
{{!}} {{{volume}}}}}
|- class="note"
{{#if: {{{residence_time|}}}|
{{!}} '''[[Lake retention time|Residence time]] (of lake water)'''
{{!}} {{{residence_time}}}}}
|- class="note"
{{#if: {{{shore|}}}|
{{!}} '''கரையின் நீளம்1'''
{{!}} {{{shore}}}}}
|- class="note"
{{#if: {{{elevation|}}}|
{{!}} '''Surface elevation'''
{{!}} {{{elevation}}}}}
|- class="note"
{{#if: {{{frozen|}}}|
{{!}} '''Frozen'''
{{!}} {{{frozen}}}}}
|- class="note"
{{#if: {{{islands|}}}|
{{!}} '''[[:Category:Islands in lakes|Islands]]'''
{{!}} {{{islands}}}}}
|- class="note"
{{#if: {{{cities|}}}|
{{!}} '''Settlements'''
{{!}} {{{cities}}}}}
|- class="note"
{{#if: {{{reference|}}}|
{{!}} '''References'''
{{!}} {{{reference}}}}}
|- class="note"
{{#if: {{{shore|}}}|
! colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; font-weight:200; border-bottom: 1px solid #CEDEFF; border-top: 1px solid #CEDEFF" {{!}}1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.}}
{{#if: {{{imJKK _bathymetry|}}}|[[Image:Stock alarm.svg]]}}
|}<noinclude>
{{/Copyandpaste}}

[[Category:Geography infobox templates|Lake]]
[[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:WikiProject Lakes|*Infobox]]

[[az:Şablon:Göl]]
[[br:Patrom:Lenn]]
[[cs:Šablona:Infobox jezero]]
[[da:Skabelon:Sø]]
[[de:Vorlage:Infobox See]]
[[es:Plantilla:Infobox Lago]]
[[eo:Ŝablono:Lago]]
[[fr:Modèle:Infobox Lac]]
[[he:תבנית:ימה]]
[[hsb:Předłoha:Infokašćik jězor]]
[[id:Templat:Infobox lake]]
[[it:Template:Lago]]
[[lv:Veidne:Ezers]]
[[lt:Šablonas:Ežeras]]
[[ml:ഫലകം:Infobox lake]]
[[nl:Sjabloon:Meer]]
[[ja:Template:湖沼infobox]]
[[no:Mal:Infoboks innsjø]]
[[pl:Szablon:Jezioro infobox]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Info/Lago]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Озеро]]
[[sr:Шаблон:Језеро]]
[[fi:Malline:Järvi]]
[[tr:Şablon:Göl]]
[[uk:Шаблон:Картка:Озеро]]
[[zh:Template:Infobox lake]]
</noinclude>

Archive:Designing a Free GPL / VPL

2007-06-25T03:50:30Z

59.92.53.199:

== Whats this project about ? ==

Man when he invented electrical computing machines, started programming with 1's and 0's. Then came the age of using Hexadecimal code for programming, then came mnemonics and assembly language. Now we use textual language. Languages like [http://www.ni.com/labview LabVIEW] have gone further and have put up a graphical programing system. Its similar to draw flow chart. But these are not under GNU. We the free people need to design a graphical programing language that's stunning and free to use for all available under GNU license.

== Resources to be used ==

* Documentation
* People
* [[Knowledge house]]
* Software collection

== GPL High level design ==

Archive:Aquamarine

2007-01-20T13:50:34Z

59.92.205.133: Added Aquamarine physical and chemical property facts.

{{otheruses1|the mineral}}
[[Image:Aquamarin cut.jpg|Aquamarine|thumb|250px]]
'''Aquamarine''' (Lat. ''aqua marina'', "water of the sea") is a [[gemstone]]-quality transparent variety of [[beryl]], having a delicate blue or turquoise color, suggestive of the tint of [[seawater]]. It's closely related to the gem [[emerald]]. Colors vary and yellow beryl, called ''heliodor''; rose pink beryl, ''morganite''; and white beryl, ''goshenite'' are known.

Aquamarine is a beryl with a [[Hexagonal (crystal system)|hexagonal]] [[crystal structure]] and a [[chemical formula]] of Be3Al2Si6O18, a [[beryllium]] [[aluminium]] [[Silicate minerals|silicate mineral]]. It has a [[specific gravity]] of 2.68 to 2.74 and a [[Mohs hardness]] of from 7.5 to 8. Aquamarine typically is on the low end of the specific gravity range, normally at less than 2.7. The pink variety exhibits a high specific gravity of around 2.8. [[Refractive index|Refractive indices]] range around 1.57 to 1.58.

It occurs at most localities which yield ordinary beryl, some of the finest coming from [[Russia]]. The gem-gravel [[Placer mining|placer]] deposits of [[Sri Lanka]] contain aquamarine. Clear yellow beryl, such as occurs in [[Brazil]], is sometimes called aquamarine chrysolite. When [[corundum]] presents the bluish tint of typical aquamarine, it is often termed Oriental aquamarine.

In the [[United States]], aquamarines can be found at the summit of [[Mount Antero|Mt. Antero]] in the [[Sawatch Range]] in central [[Colorado]]. In [[Brazil]], there are mines in the states of [[Minas Gerais]], [[Espírito Santo]] and [[Bahia]]. Zambia also produces nice aquamarine as well as Madagascar, Malawi, Tanzania and Kenya. Much of today's aquamarine is heated to give it a better color blue. The deeper the blue color, the more valuable the gem is considered.

The biggest aquamarine ever mined was found at the city of Marambaia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 1910. It weighed over 110 kg, and its dimensions were 48.5 cm long and 42 cm in diameter.

Aquamarine is the [[List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones|official state gem]] of Colorado.

==Culture and historical/mythical usage==
*Aquamarine is the [[birthstone]] associated with March. It is also the gemstone for the 19th Anniversary.
*People in the [[Middle Ages]] thought that aquamarine could magically overcome the effects of [[poison]].
*Ancient sailors traveled with aquamarine crystals, believing that it would ensure a safe passage, and often slept with the stones under their pillow to ensure sound sleep. They believed the siren’s ([[mermaid]]) fish-like lower body was made of aquamarine.

== See also ==
{{commonscat|Aquamarine}}
* [[List of minerals]]

== References ==
* Weinstein, Michael, 1958, ''The World of Jewel Stones'' Sheriden House, New York, pp 104-107
* Diamond Bug. [http://diamondbug.blogspot.com/2006/03/flawless-aquamarine-march-birthstone.html "Flawless Aquamarine: March Birthstone"]. Retrieved March 16, 2006.

== External links ==
* JewelInfo4u. [http://www.jewelinfo4u.com/Aquamarines_facts.php "Aquamarine Facts"]
[[Category:Silicate minerals]]
[[Category:Gemstones]]

[[bg:Аквамарин]]
[[da:Akvamarin]]
[[de:Aquamarin]]
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Template:Veterinary specialties

2007-01-02T10:53:56Z

59.92.128.89:

{| align="center" class="toccolours" style="margin: 1em 2em 1em 2em;"
|-
!align="center" bgcolor=#ccccff|<big>[[Veterinary specialties|Veterinary Specialties]]</big>
|align="right" width=10 bgcolor=#ccccff |[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:Template:Veterinary Specialties|action=edit}} Edit]
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"| [[Alternative medicine]] | [[Anatomy]] | [[Anesthesiology]] | [[Behavior]] | [[Biotechnology]] | [[Cardiology]] | [[Clinical pathology]] | [[Comparative medicine]] | [[Veterinary dentistry|Dentistry]] | [[Dermatology]] | [[Epidemiology]] | [[BioEthics]] | [[Genetics]] | [[Infectious disease]] | [[Informatics]] | [[Neurology]] | [[Nutrition]] | [[Oncology]] | [[Ophthalmology]] | [[Orthopedics]] | [[Pathology]] | [[Pharmacology]] | [[Practice management]] | [[Radiology]] | [[Sports medicine]] | [[Surgery]] | [[Theriogenology]] | [[Toxicology]]|[[vetrinary Informatics]]
|-
|}

Bangalore Linux User Group

2006-09-09T10:36:54Z

59.92.164.19:

[[Image:Bluglogo7.png|thumb|200px| BLUG logo, created by Harikrishnan C ]]
The '''[http://blug.in Bangalore Linux Users Group]''' is a [[FOSS|Free and Open Source Software]] user group.

Formed in 1998, it jumped into the public eye with its participation at [[Bangalore IT.COM]] '99 - then India's largest and most prominent technology event. The Government of Karnataka gave the BLUG an entire pavilion, where it exhibited Linux-based machines showing various applications, under the motto "Seeing is believing". This participation was a huge success, drawing people's attention to the then-nascent operating system, and earning the pavilion the title of "Crown Jewel of Bangalore IT.COM" from the local media.

Over the years, the BLUG participated in a number of technology events, and in 2001 [[Facilitation|facilitated]] India's [[premiere]] [[FOSS]] event - [[Linux Bangalore]]. [http://linux-bangalore.org/2001 Linux Bangalore/2001] (and its sequels - [http://linux-bangalore.org/2002 Linux Bangalore/2002], [http://linux-bangalore.org/2003 Linux Bangalore/2003] and [http://linux-bangalore.org/2004 Linux Bangalore/2004]), broke ground for the growing Linux and Open Source community in India, seeing participation by thousands of delegates from India and abroad. ''(The current edition of the event is called [[FOSS.IN]])''

In late 2000[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/linux-bangalore/message/1489], the BLUG was registered as a not-for-profit society, under the Karnataka Societies Registration Act 1960[http://web.archive.org/web/20011122053730/linux-bangalore.org/blugmemo.php].

During 2004-2005, recognising that Linux and Open Source had become mainstream technologies and had little need for generic advocacy, members of the group proposed creating smaller groups in Bangalore. The formation of Special Interest Groups ([[Special_Interest_Group|SIG]]) [http://fci.wikicities.com/wiki/SIGs] is a natural outcome of this. Another outcome was regular "Birds of Feather" or [[BOF]] meets organised each fortnight at various locations across the city.

In February 2005, the BLUG was judged to be the [http://linuxasia2005.com/conference/lfy_awards.php "Most Popular Indian Linux User Group"] at the Linux Asia conference in New Delhi. ([http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:PwwRPu7gnvEJ:www.linuxasia2005.com/conference/lfy_awards.php+site:linuxasia2005.com+bangalore+linux+user+group&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2 Alternate Google Cache link])

In mid-2005, the BLUG regrouped and resumed its activities, including meetings, while at the same time adopting the role of a staging platform for multiple FOSS activities, especially amongst students.

From late 2005 onwards, the BLUG began a campaign of talking at various technical colleges. BLUG members speak on technical and non-technical FOSS topics at student-arranged events in colleges, in an attempt to get more students (and faculty) involved in FOSS.

==External links==
*[http://blug.in Bangalore Linux User Group]

[[Category:Bangalore]]
[[Category:Linux User Groups]]

Bangalore Linux User Group

2006-03-17T05:00:44Z

59.92.150.224:

The '''Bangalore Linux User Group''' is probably India's best known [[FOSS|Free and Open Source Software]] user group.

Formed in 1998, it jumped into the public eye with its participation at [[Bangalore IT.COM]] '99 - then India's largest and most prominent technology event. The Government of Karnataka, correctly guessing that [[Linux]] and [[FOSS]] would play a major role in the years to come, gave the BLUG an entire pavilion of its own, where it exhibited Linux-based machines showing various applications, under the motto "Seeing is believing". This participation was a huge success, drawing people's attention to the then-nascent operating system, and earning the pavilion the title of "Crown Jewel of Bangalore IT.COM".

Over the years, the BLUG participated in a number of technology events, and in 2001 facilitated India's largest [[FOSS]] event - [[Linux Bangalore]]. [http://linux-bangalore.org/2001 Linux Bangalore/2001] (and its sequels - [http://linux-bangalore.org/2002 Linux Bangalore/2002], [http://linux-bangalore.org/2003 Linux Bangalore/2003] and [http://linux-bangalore.org/2004 Linux Bangalore/2004]), broke ground for the growing Linux and Open Source community in India, seeing participation by thousands of delegates from India and abroad.

During 2004-2005, recognising that Linux and Open Source had become mainstream technologies and had little need for generic advocacy, members of the group proposed creating smaller groups in Bangalore. The formation of Special Interest Groups ([SIG]) is a natural outcome of this. Another outcome was regular "Birds of Feather" or [[BOF]] meets organised each fortnight at various locations across the city.

In mid-2005, the BLUG regrouped and resumed its activities, including meetings, while at the same time adopting the role of a staging platform for multiple FOSS activities, especially amongst students.

In February 2005, the BLUG was judged to be the [http://linuxasia2005.com/conference/lfy_awards.php "Most Popular Indian Linux User Group"] at the Linux Asia conference in New Delhi.

==External links==
*[http://blug.in Bangalore Linux User Group]

[[Category:Bangalore]]
[[Category:Linux User Groups]]

Bangalore Linux User Group

2006-01-08T11:42:39Z

59.92.134.8:

The Bangalore Linux User Group is probably India's best known [[FOSS|Free and Open Source Software]] user group.

Formed in 1998, it jumped into the public eye with its participation at [[Bangalore IT.COM]] '99 - then India's largest and most prominent technology event. The Government of Karnataka, correctly guessing that [[Linux]] and [[FOSS]] would play a major role in the years to come, gave the BLUG an entire pavilion of its own, where it exhibited Linux-based machines showing various applications, under the motto "Seeing is believing". This participation was a huge success, drawing people's attention to the then-nascent operating system, and earning the pavilion the title of "Crown Jewel of Bangalore IT.COM".

Over the years, the BLUG participated in a number of technology events, and in 2001 facilitated India's largest [[FOSS]] event - [[Linux Bangalore]]. [http://linux-bangalore.org/2001 Linux Bangalore/2001] (and its sequels - [http://linux-bangalore.org/2002 Linux Bangalore/2002], [http://linux-bangalore.org/2003 Linux Bangalore/2003] and [http://linux-bangalore.org/2004 Linux Bangalore/2004]), broke ground for the growing Linux and Open Source community in India, seeing participation by thousands of delegates from India and abroad. ''(The current edition of the event is called [[FOSS.IN]])''

During 2004-2005, recognising that Linux and Open Source had become mainstream technologies and had little need for generic advocacy, members of the group proposed creating smaller groups in Bangalore. The formation of Special Interest Groups ([SIG]) is a natural outcome of this. Another outcome was regular "Birds of Feather" or [[BOF]] meets organised each fortnight at various locations across the city.

In mid-2005, the BLUG regrouped and resumed its activities, including meetings, while at the same time adopting the role of a staging platform for multiple FOSS activities, especially amongst students.

In February 2005, the BLUG was judged to be the [http://linuxasia2005.com/conference/lfy_awards.php "Most Popular Indian Linux User Group"] at the Linux Asia conference in New Delhi.

==External links==
[http://blug.in Bangalore Linux User Group]

[[Category:Bangalore]]
[[Category:Linux User Groups]]

Bangalore Linux User Group

2005-11-05T06:47:19Z

59.92.129.36:

The Bangalore Linux User Group is probably India's best known [[Open Source]] group.

Formed in 1998, it jumped into the public eye with its participation at [[Bangalore IT.COM]] '99 - then India's largest and most prominent technology event. The Government of Karnataka, correctly guessing that [[Linux]] and Open Source would play a major role in the years to come, gave the BLUG an entire pavilion of its own, where it exhibited Linux-based machines showing various applications, under the motto "Seeing is believing". This participation was a huge success, drawing people's attention to the then-nascent operating system, and earning the pavilion the title of "Crown Jewel of Bangalore IT.COM".

Over the years, the BLUG participated in a number of technology events, and in 2001 facilitated India's largest Open Source event - [[Linux Bangalore]]. [http://linux-bangalore.org/2001 Linux Bangalore/2001] (and its sequels - [http://linux-bangalore.org/2002 Linux Bangalore/2002], [http://linux-bangalore.org/2003 Linux Bangalore/2003] and [http://linux-bangalore.org/2004 Linux Bangalore/2004]), broke ground for the growing Linux and Open Source community in India, seeing participation by thousands of delegates from India and abroad. The current edition of the event is called Linux Bangalore's [http://foss.in FOSS.IN/2005]. See external links for the event announcement.

In recent times, recognising that Linux and open Source had become mainstream technologies and had little need for generic advocacy, members of the group proposed creating smaller groups in Bangalore. The formation of Special Interest Groups ([SIG]) is a natural outcome of this. Another outcome was regular "Birds of Feather" or [[BOF]] meets organised each fortnight at various locations across the city.

The BLUG continues to exist - not as an "umbrella organisation" but as a concept, and a model of how techno-social groups can make a difference.

==External links==
[http://linux-bangalore.org/blug/ Bangalore Linux User Group]
[http://blug.in BLUG.IN wiki]
[http://linux-bangalore.org/2005/wiki/index.php/Event_announcement FOSS.IN event announcement]

[[Category:Bangalore]]
[[Category:Linux User Groups]]