IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

List of Khatri Gotras

2009-07-29T13:14:37Z

59.94.242.38: /* R */

The following is a list of last names of the [[Khatri]] community of [[Northern India]] and [[Pakistan]] listed in alphabetical order:

== A ==
*Aatli
*Ahdi
*Ajimal
*Arrii
*Assi
*Attalia
*Attli
*Amrith
*[[Alung]]/[[Alang]]/[[Alagh]]/[[Alg]]/[[Alangh]]
*[[Anand]]
*[[Antal]]
*[[Aulakh]]
*Amba
*[[Atwal]]
*[[Assoun]]

== B ==
*[[Bal]]
*[[Badhan (tribe)]]
*[[Bahl]]
*[[Behl]]
*[[Bandechha]]
*[[Bahri]]
*[[Bassi]]
*[[Bawa]]
*[[Bhinder]]
*[[Bedi clan]]
*[[Bembey]]
*[[Beri]]
*[[Baidwan]]
*[[Bhalla]]
*[[Bhambrah]]/[[Bhamra]]/[[Bhambra]]/[[Bhamrah]]
*[[Bhangu]]
*[[Bagri (clan)]]
*[[Bhandari]]
*[[Bharara]]
*[[Buttar]]
*[[Bhasin]]
*[[Bhati]] ([[Bhatti]] or [[Bhatia]])
*[[Bindra]]
*[[Boparai]]
*[[Bhullar]]
*[[Bains]]
*[[Basur]]
*[[Brar]]
*[[Bhurjee]]
*[[Bajwa]]
*[[Bhurjee]]
*Bhurji
*[[Bhullar]]
*[[Basra]]
*'''Bilkhu'''
*Birmi
*[[Batth]]
*'''Birdee''' (also spelt Birdi/Virdi/Virdy/Virde/Verdi/)
*'''Birdi''' (also spelt Birdi/Virdi/Virdy/Virde/Verdi/)
*Bubbra
*Budhoo
*[[Bhadiar]]
*Burmy
*Bajaraha
*[[Bhind (clan)]]

== C ==
*Chhura ([[pabbi]])
*[[Chaudhary]]
*[[Chhatwal]]
*[[Chandhok]]
*[[Chopra]]
*[[Chahal]]
*[[Chatha]]
*[[Cheema]]
*[[Chadhar]]
*Chadha
*Chodha(also spelt chadha or Chaddha)
*[[Chaana]]
*[[Chhina (clan)]]
*[[Chauhan]]

== D ==
*[[Dhall]]
*Dadyala/Dadiala/Dhadial/Dhadyal
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhand Dhand]
*[[Dhawan]]
*[[Dhir]]
*[[Dhody]]
*[[Dhotar]]
*[[Dhupar]]
*[[Dhariwal]]
*[[Dhaliwal]]
*[[Duggal]]
*[[Diwan]]
*[[Dhillon]]
*[[Devgan]]
*[[Deol]]
*[[Dosanjh]]
*[[Dhaman]]
*[[Dhiman]]
*[[Dumra]]
*[[Dhindsa]]
*[[Deo (clan)]]
*[[Dhanjal]]

== G ==
*[[Gadhiok]]/[[Gandhok]]
*[[Ghai]]/[[Ghei]]/[[Gehi]]
*[[Ghumman]]/[[Ghuman]]
*[[Ghir]]
*[[Gujral]]
*[[Gandotra]]
*[[Gandhar (clan)]]
*[[Grewal]]
*[[Gulla]]
*[[Gill (clan)]]
*[[Goraya (clan)]]

== H ==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handas Handa/Hande]
*[[Hunjan]]
*[[Hanjra]]
*[[Hajra]]
*[[Hundal]]
*[[Hala (clan)]]

== J ==
*[[Jerath]]/[[Jeirath]]/[[Jairath]]
*[[Jaggi]]
*[[Jagga]]
*[[Jagota]]
*[[Jatling]]
*[[Johar]]
*[[Jolly]]
*[[Johal]]
*[[Janjua]]
*[[Jandu]]
*Jhooti
*[[Jawanda]]
*[[Jhangra]]

== K ==
*[[Kakkar]]/Kacker
*[[Kapoor]]
*[[Kalsi]]
*[[Khanna]]
*[[Khattar]]
*[[Kamboj]]
*[[khosla]]
*[[Khullar]]
*[[Khuman]]
*[[Kohli]]
*[[Kahlon]]/[[Kahloon]]
*[[Khokhar]]
*[[Kaler]]
*[[Kalirai]]
*[[Khangura]]
*[[Kang (tribe)]]

== L ==

*[[Lamba]]
*[[Lidhar]]
*[[Lomish]]
*[[Lumba]]

== M ==
*[[Midha]]
*[[Mahil]]
*[[Malhi]]
*[[Makkar]]
*[[Madhok]]
*[[Mahana]]/[[Mahna]]
*[[Mahendru]]/[[Mahendroo]]/[[Mahindru]]/[[Maindru]]
*[[Maini]]
*[[Malhotra]]
*[[Mehta]]
*[[Marwah]]
*[[Matharu]]
*[[Mann]]/[[Maan]]
*[[Mangat (clan)]]
*[[Main]]
*[[Madahar]]
*[[Manes (tribe)]]
Mahoon
*Malhotra
* Marway
*Mandaley
*Mandur
*Mankoo
*Manku
*[[Matharu]] (also spelt Matharoo)
*Matyar
*Meen
*Momrath
*Mion
*Mudarh
*Mudan
*[[Majhail]]
*[[Mathyal]]
*Mudhan
*Mudhar
*Multani
*Mundae
*Munde
*Mundey
*Muttair
*Mahal
* Misan Punjabi
*Maan (also spelt Mann

== N ==

*[[Nair]]/[[Nayer]]/[[Nayyar]]/[[Nayar]]
*[[Nijhawan]]
*[[Nikhanj]]
*[[Nanda]]
*[[Nagi]]
*[[Nagra]]
*[[Nijjar]]
*[[Natt]]

== O ==

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberoi Oberoi]/Oberai/Obhrai/Uberoi
* [[Ohri]]

== P ==
*[[pabbi]] ([[chhura]])
*[[Parwanda]]
*[[Purewal]]
*[[Puri]]
*[[Passi]]
*[[Pandher]]
*[[Pannun]]
*[[Pal (clan)]]
*[[Parmar]]
*[[Pundir]]

== R ==
*[[Rayat]]
*[[Rihal]]
*[[Randhawa]]
*[[Rakkar]]
*[[Ramta]]
*[[Rathore]]
*[[Rana]]
*[[Rana]]
*[[Ranchal/Runchal]]

== S ==
*[[Syal]]/[[Sayal]]/[[Sial]]
*[[Sabharwal]]
*[[Samra]]
*[[Sahotra]]
*[[Sablok]]
*[[Saggar]]
*[[Sanghera]]
*[[Sarna]]
*[[Saggu]]
*[[Sarai]]
*[[Sahi]]/[[Shahi]]
*[[Sahni]]/[[Sahani]]/[[Sawhney]]
*[[Suri]]
*[[Sandhu]]
*[[Semi (tribe)|Sammy]]/[[Semi (tribe)]]/[[Semi (tribe)|Sammi]]/[[Semi (tribe)|Sehmi]]
*[[Samnotra]]
*[[Sareen]]/[[Sarin]]
*[[Sarwal]]
*[[Saggi]]
*[[Sehgal]]/[[Sahgal]]
*[[Sekhri]]
*[[Sethi]]
*[[Sehdev]]
*[[Sibal]]
*[[Sobti]]
*[[Sohal]]
*[[Sodhi]]
*[[Sondhi]]
*[[Sekhon]]
*[[Sidhu]]
*Soodhar/Sooddhar
*[[Shergill]]
*[[Saini]]
*[[Sarao]]
*[[Sipra]]
*[[Sokhi]]/[[Sokhey]]
*[[Sarai (tribe)]]

== T ==
*[[Talwar]]
*[[Thamman]]
*[[Tandan]]/[[Tandon]]
*[[Trehan]]
*[[Tuli]]
*[[Thapar]]
*[[Tiwana]]
*[[Tarar]]
*[[Thathaal]]
*[[Toor]]
*[[Thind]]
*[[Takhar]]
*[[Thadwal]]

== U ==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberoi Uberoi]
*[[Uppal]]
*[[Ubhi (clan)]]

== V ==

*[[Vadehra]]
*[[Vig]]/[[Vij]]
*[[Vohra]]/[[Wouhara]]
*[[Vedi]]
*[[Virdi]]
*[[Virk]]

== W ==
*[[Wadhawan]]
*[[Wahi clan]]
*[[Wahla]]
*[[Wadhera]]
*[[Waraich]]
*[[Warar]]
[[Category:Surname appendices]]
[[Category:English surnames from India| ]]
[[Category:Khatri clans]]

Template:Indian political parties

2008-09-27T23:21:41Z

59.94.141.154: Samajwadi Party is a national party of India, so added in national parties and removed from state parties

{{Navbox
| name = Indian political parties
| title = [[List of political parties in India|Political parties in India]] {{flagicon|India}}
| style = text-align:left; font-size:90%;
| group1 = National coalitions
| list1 = [[Left Front]] - [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] - [[United Progressive Alliance]]
| group2 = Recognized national parties
| list2 = [[Samajwadi Party]] - [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] - [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] - [[Communist Party of India]] - [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] - [[Indian National Congress]] - [[Nationalist Congress Party]] - [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| group3 = Recognized state parties
| list3 = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] - [[All India Forward Bloc]] - [[All India Trinamool Congress]] - [[Arunachal Congress]] - [[Asom Gana Parishad]] - [[Biju Janata Dal]] - [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]] - [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] - [[Federal Party of Manipur]] - [[Indian Federal Democratic Party]] - [[Indian National Lok Dal]] - [[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra]] - [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] - [[Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party]] - [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] - [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] - [[Janata Dal (United)]] - [[Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy]] - [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] - [[Kerala Congress]] - [[Kerala Congress (Mani)]] - [[Lok Jan Shakti Party]] - [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] - [[Manipur People's Party]] - [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] - [[Meghalaya Democratic Party]] - [[Mizo National Front]] - [[Mizoram People's Conference]] - [[Muslim League Kerala State Committee]] - [[Nagaland People's Front]] - [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] - [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] - [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] - [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] - [[Shiv Sena]] - [[Sikkim Democratic Front]] - [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] - [[Telugu Desam Party]] - [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]] - [[United Goans Democratic Party]] - [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]] - [[Zoram Nationalist Party]]
| group4 = Other parties in parliament
| list4 = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] - [[Bharatiya Navshakti Party]] - [[Loktantrik Jan Samta Party]] - [[National Loktantrik Party]] - [[Republican Party of India (Athvale)]] - [[Swatantra Bharat Paksh]]
| group5 = Other unrecognized, new-born or <br />parties with limited presence.
| list5 = [[All India Muslim Forum]]-[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] - [[Socialist Unity Centre of India]]
| state = expanded
| below = [[Portal:Politics]] - [[List of political parties by country|List of political parties]] - [[Politics of India]]}}<noinclude>

[[Category:Asian political parties by country templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

<!--Source for the listing of state and national parties is the one used at the 2007 Gujarat state <!--assembly election. See [http://search.eci.gov.in/eresults/parties/index.htm]

[[bn:Template:ভারতের রাজনৈতিক দল]]
[[ja:Template:インドの政党]]
</noinclude>

Template:Indian political parties

2008-09-27T23:18:57Z

59.94.141.154: SamajWadi Party is a National Party so corrected that

{{Navbox
| name = Indian political parties
| title = [[List of political parties in India|Political parties in India]] {{flagicon|India}}
| style = text-align:left; font-size:90%;
| group1 = National coalitions
| list1 = [[Left Front]] - [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] - [[United Progressive Alliance]]
| group2 = Recognized national parties
| list2 = [[Samajwadi Party]] - [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] - [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] - [[Communist Party of India]] - [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] - [[Indian National Congress]] - [[Nationalist Congress Party]] - [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| group3 = Recognized state parties
| list3 = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] - [[All India Forward Bloc]] - [[All India Trinamool Congress]] - [[Arunachal Congress]] - [[Asom Gana Parishad]] - [[Biju Janata Dal]] - [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]] - [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] - [[Federal Party of Manipur]] - [[Indian Federal Democratic Party]] - [[Indian National Lok Dal]] - [[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra]] - [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] - [[Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party]] - [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] - [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] - [[Janata Dal (United)]] - [[Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy]] - [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] - [[Kerala Congress]] - [[Kerala Congress (Mani)]] - [[Lok Jan Shakti Party]] - [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] - [[Manipur People's Party]] - [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] - [[Meghalaya Democratic Party]] - [[Mizo National Front]] - [[Mizoram People's Conference]] - [[Muslim League Kerala State Committee]] - [[Nagaland People's Front]] - [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] - [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] - [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] - [[Samajwadi Party]] - [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] - [[Shiv Sena]] - [[Sikkim Democratic Front]] - [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] - [[Telugu Desam Party]] - [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]] - [[United Goans Democratic Party]] - [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]] - [[Zoram Nationalist Party]]
| group4 = Other parties in parliament
| list4 = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] - [[Bharatiya Navshakti Party]] - [[Loktantrik Jan Samta Party]] - [[National Loktantrik Party]] - [[Republican Party of India (Athvale)]] - [[Swatantra Bharat Paksh]]
| group5 = Other unrecognized, new-born or <br />parties with limited presence.
| list5 = [[All India Muslim Forum]]-[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] - [[Socialist Unity Centre of India]]
| state = expanded
| below = [[Portal:Politics]] - [[List of political parties by country|List of political parties]] - [[Politics of India]]}}<noinclude>

[[Category:Asian political parties by country templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

<!--Source for the listing of state and national parties is the one used at the 2007 Gujarat state <!--assembly election. See [http://search.eci.gov.in/eresults/parties/index.htm]

[[bn:Template:ভারতের রাজনৈতিক দল]]
[[ja:Template:インドの政党]]
</noinclude>

Software industry

2007-12-21T07:21:23Z

59.94.167.121:

{| class="wikitable"
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{{Expand|date=January 2007}}
[[Image:Packagedsoftwareatretail.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Starting in the 1980s, application software has been sold in mass-produced packages through retailers]]

The '''software industry''' comprises businesses involved in the [[software development|development]], maintenance and [[software publisher|publication]] of [[computer software]]. The software industry started in the mid-1970s at the time of the personal computer revolution. The industry also includes software [[Service (economics)|service]]s, such as training and consultancy. The largest and most profitable of software companies are located in the [[United States]]. As of 2006, the client software industry is dominated by [[Microsoft]]. [[Software Magazine]]'s 500 list in 2005 shows the total amount of revenue brought in by software companies per locale, with the highest being [[California]] due to [[Silicon Valley]] and the amount of [[Fortune 500]] software companies residing in that area. <ref>[http://www.softwaremag.com/SW500/index.cfm?StartRow=1&RowsPer=50&BusCat_Search=&PrimBus_Search=&PrimBusCat_Search=&RankSort=ASC&CompSort=&trk=n&id=5 Software Magazine 500] (2005)</ref>

== Overview ==
There are mainly two types of businesses in the software industry; those developing [[proprietary]] software such as [[Microsoft]], and those developing [[open source]] software. Developing proprietary software is costly and involves software licensing and the need to protect the software from [[cracking]] and [[piracy]].

The main financial return on open source comes from selling services, such as training and support, rather than the software itself. Many contributors to open source software (especially those developing software tools) also feel that there is a significant long-term return in the form of improved resources and capabilities within the software industry. Despite doing much business in properietary software, some companies like [[Sun Microsystems]] and [[IBM]] participate in developing free and open source software to deter from [[monopoly|monopolies]] and take a portion of their [[market share]]. [[Netscape]]'s actions are an example of this, and thus [[Firefox]] has become more popular.

== Sectors ==
=== Freeware ===
[[Freeware]] is [[copyright]]ed computer [[software]] which is made available for use free of charge, for an unlimited time, as opposed to [[shareware]] where the user is required to pay (e.g. after some trial period or for additional functionality). Authors of freeware often want to "give something to the community", but also want credit for their software and to retain control of its future development. Sometimes when programmers decide to stop developing a freeware product, they will give the source code to another programmer or release the product's source code to the public as [[free software]].

=== Shareware===
[[Shareware]] is a [[marketing]] method for [[computer software]]. Shareware software is typically obtained free of charge, either by downloading from the Internet or on magazine cover-disks. A user tries out the program, and thus shareware has also been known as "try before you buy". A shareware program is accompanied by a request for payment, and the software's distribution license often requires such a payment.

=== Open source ===
[[Open source]] describes the principles and methodologies to promote open access to the '''production''' and '''design''' process for various goods, products, resources and technical [[conclusions]] or advice. The term is most commonly applied to the [[source code]] of software that is made available to the general public with either relaxed or non-existent [[intellectual property]] restrictions. This allows users to create [[user generated content|user-generated software content]] through either incremental individual effort, or [[collaboration]].

=== Commercial ===
Commercial software is [[computer software]] sold for [[commerce|commercial]] purposes or that serves commercial purposes. Commercial software is most often [[proprietary software]], but [[free software]] is also used as commercial software.<ref>[[Free Software Foundation]]. ''Categories of Free and Non-Free Software''.[http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html]</ref> All or parts of software packages and services that support commerce are increasingly made available as free software, including products from [[Red Hat]], [[Apple Computer]], [[Sun Microsystems]], and [[Google]]. The [[Microsoft Corporation]] uses "commercial software", rather than "proprietary software", to describe their [[business model]].<ref>http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/craig/05-03sharedsource.mspx</ref>

== Size of the Industry ==

[[Software Magazine]]s' ''Software 500 survey'' can be used to gauge the value of the commercial software industry. The ''Software 500 survey'' consists of data of the top 500 software companies, as ranked by [[Software Magazine]]. Total worldwide revenues in 2006 for companies in the ''Software 500'' list were $394 billion, representing a growth of 3.5% from 2005, when total Software 500 revenue was $381 billion.<ref>http://www.softwaremag.com/L.cfm?Doc=984-10/2006</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Professional open-source| Professional Open Source Business Model]]
* [[Software]]
* [[Software development]]
* [[Software publisher]]
* [[Software engineering]]
* [[Software engineering economics]]
* [[World's_largest_software_companies]]

== References ==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

== External links ==
* [http://www.sao.org/ Software Association of Oregon website]
* [http://www.siprofessionals.org/ Software Industry Professionals website]
* [http://www.siia.net/ Software and Information Industry Association website]
* [http://www.softwaremag.com/ Software Magazine website]

[[Category:Industries]]
[[Category:Software industry]]

[[es:Industria del software]]

Archive:Diabetic history

2007-12-08T17:16:26Z

59.94.118.9: /* Glucose Control */

==Type and Duration==
*Type1DM or Type2DM?
*AGE of onset
*MANNER of diagnosis (symptoms, routine labs)

==Glucose Control==
*FREQUENCY of monitoring
*VALUES - usual numbers at AM and PM, taken AC or PC, range, HbA1c

*HYPOGLYCEMIC episodes
**frequency
**severity
**sympathetic prodrome
**unheralded neuroglycopenic symptoms
***hunger, dizziness, tingling, blurred vision, difficulty thinking, and faintness
Please give time interval between last meal and fasting blood sugar test and values in all tests.It will help people.

==Diet and Exercise (CDA)==
*quantity (calories)
*quality

==Medications==
*oral hypoglycemics
*insulin (type, units, timing)
*antagonistic drugs (thiazides, corticosteroids)

==Modifiable Risk Factors==
*Hypertension
*Hypercholesterolemia
*Smoking
*Alcohol

==PMHx==
*Stroke
*MI

==FMHx==

==ROS==
===Neuropathy===
*Autonomic:
**Erectile dysfunction
**orthostatic hypotension
**gastroparesis
**constipation

*Peripheral:
**anesthesia
**paresthesia
**hyperesthesia

===Retinopathy===
*date of last eye exam with an OPHTHALMOLOGIST (MD)

===Nephropathy===
*renal disease
*proteinuria or microalbuminuria
*last URINE ANALYSIS
*last serum creatine

===Vascular===
====Cardiac====
*angina
*dyspnea
*orthopnea
*CHF
*MI
====Peripheral Vascular Disease====
*claudication
*foot care

==Hospitalization==
*Hypoglycemia
*DKA
*HONKS (hyperosmolar nonketotic state)

==Other OSCE Modules==
{{OSCE2}}
[[Category:Medicine]][[Category:OSCE]]

St. John's College, Agra

2007-05-30T05:02:56Z

59.94.143.123: /* Alumni */

{{Wikify|date=December 2006}}


==History==
'''St John's College''', [[Agra]] was established in 1850 by the Church of Missionary Society of England along with Agra C.M.S. association. During 1862 to 1888, the college was affiliated with Calcutta University and till 1927, with Allahabad University. In 1927, when Agra University came into existence, it got affiliated with Agra University (now known as Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University).

Since 1893, this college is offering post-graduate courses and it is one of the oldest and the most beautiful college in India to do so.
The current Principal of the college is Professor (Dr) F.M.Prasad, an eminent Scientist and Educationist.

==Courses==
'''Under Graduate Courses'''
* Bachelor of Arts (English, History, Political Science, Economics, Psychology, Geography, Hindi, Sanskrit & Urdu)
* Bachelor of Science (Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Zoology, Botany & industrial chemistry)
* Bachelor of Commerce (Business Administration, Accounts & Law and Business Economics)

'''Post Graduate Courses'''
* Faculty of Arts – English, Hindi, Political Science, History, Geography, Economics and Psychology
* Faculty of Science – Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Zoology and Botany.
* Faculty of Commerce – Applied Business Economics, Accounts and Law and Business Administration.

'''Doctorate(Ph.D.) Courses'''
* Faculty of Arts, Science and Commerce.

'''Vocational Courses'''
* Foreign Trade, Advertising and Sales Promotion, Insurance, B.Com. Special Scheme, Computer Science and B.Sc. Industrial Chemistry.
* Post Graduate Diploma in Clinical Psychology.
* Demography, Yoga Psychology & Mental Health and Communicative English.

Addition to above, the college also runs a study centre of Indira Gandhi National Open University.

== Alumni==

[[Category:Agra]]

Software industry

2006-06-12T05:57:17Z

59.94.133.86: /* External links */

{{globalize}}
{{expand}}

'''Software industry''' is the collective name given to businesses related to the production and maintenance of [[computer software]], with its roots in the [[Information Technology|IT]] phenomenon. The industry also includes [[service]]s regarding software, such as training, consulting, and maintenance.

This table, derived from the Software Magazine 500 for 2005 [http://www.softwaremag.com/SW500/index.cfm?StartRow=1&RowsPer=50&BusCat_Search=&PrimBus_Search=&PrimBusCat_Search=&RankSort=ASC&CompSort=&trk=n&id=5] shows the total amount of revenue brought by software and software services companies, per locale.

{| class="wikitable"
!Location
!Total Revenue<BR>Millions of [[United States dollar|US$]]
<TR><TD>CA</TD><TD>111836.8</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>NY</TD><TD>101485.1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>TX</TD><TD>40606.1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>WA</TD><TD>34744.5</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>MA</TD><TD>19524.9</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>PA</TD><TD>18470.0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>NJ</TD><TD>9141.3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>MD</TD><TD>8564.9</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>MO</TD><TD>5486.0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>WI</TD><TD>3729.7</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>VA</TD><TD>3553.3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>NC</TD><TD>3497.9</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>IL</TD><TD>3490.2</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>OH</TD><TD>3404.1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>FL</TD><TD>3350.4</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>GA</TD><TD>2835.0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>CO</TD><TD>2522.9</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>MN</TD><TD>1483.3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>MI</TD><TD>1305.7</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>AR</TD><TD>1225.9</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>OR</TD><TD>716.8</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>Japan</TD><TD>603.7</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>AL</TD><TD>573.3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>England</TD><TD>550.3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>VT</TD><TD>520.7</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>Canada</TD><TD>498.7</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>AZ</TD><TD>388.6</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>NH</TD><TD>296.6</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>NE</TD><TD>292.8</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>UT</TD><TD>247.6</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>SC</TD><TD>201.5</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>CT</TD><TD>102.4</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>MT</TD><TD>61.8</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>IN</TD><TD>55.1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>IA</TD><TD>51.1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>ID</TD><TD>47.3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>KY</TD><TD>43.7</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>NV</TD><TD>23.1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>BC</TD><TD>15.8</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>OK</TD><TD>10.4</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>NB</TD><TD>7.8</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>KS</TD><TD>7.6</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>Germany</TD><TD>4.4</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>ND</TD><TD>2.1</TD></TR>
|}

==See also==
*[[Personal Computer]]
*[[Software]]

==External links==
*[http://www.profmax.com Profmax Business Solutions Pvt. Ltd., A leading provider of IT, BPO and business consulting services to organizations all across the world]
* [http://www.siia.net/ Software and Information Industry Association website]
* [http://www.softwaremag.com/ Software Magazine website]

{{software-stub}}
{{business-stub}}

[[Category:Industries]]
[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:Information technology]]

Software industry

2006-06-10T11:28:03Z

59.94.134.144: /* External links */

{{globalize}}
{{expand}}

'''Software industry''' is the collective name given to businesses related to the production and maintenance of [[computer software]], with its roots in the [[Information Technology|IT]] phenomenon. The industry also includes [[service]]s regarding software, such as training, consulting, and maintenance.

This table, derived from the Software Magazine 500 for 2005 [http://www.softwaremag.com/SW500/index.cfm?StartRow=1&RowsPer=50&BusCat_Search=&PrimBus_Search=&PrimBusCat_Search=&RankSort=ASC&CompSort=&trk=n&id=5] shows the total amount of revenue brought by software and software services companies, per locale.

{| class="wikitable"
!Location
!Total Revenue<BR>Millions of [[United States dollar|US$]]
<TR><TD>CA</TD><TD>111836.8</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>NY</TD><TD>101485.1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>TX</TD><TD>40606.1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>WA</TD><TD>34744.5</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>MA</TD><TD>19524.9</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>PA</TD><TD>18470.0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>NJ</TD><TD>9141.3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>MD</TD><TD>8564.9</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>MO</TD><TD>5486.0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>WI</TD><TD>3729.7</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>VA</TD><TD>3553.3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>NC</TD><TD>3497.9</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>IL</TD><TD>3490.2</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>OH</TD><TD>3404.1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>FL</TD><TD>3350.4</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>GA</TD><TD>2835.0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>CO</TD><TD>2522.9</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>MN</TD><TD>1483.3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>MI</TD><TD>1305.7</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>AR</TD><TD>1225.9</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>OR</TD><TD>716.8</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>Japan</TD><TD>603.7</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>AL</TD><TD>573.3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>England</TD><TD>550.3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>VT</TD><TD>520.7</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>Canada</TD><TD>498.7</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>AZ</TD><TD>388.6</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>NH</TD><TD>296.6</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>NE</TD><TD>292.8</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>UT</TD><TD>247.6</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>SC</TD><TD>201.5</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>CT</TD><TD>102.4</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>MT</TD><TD>61.8</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>IN</TD><TD>55.1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>IA</TD><TD>51.1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>ID</TD><TD>47.3</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>KY</TD><TD>43.7</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>NV</TD><TD>23.1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>BC</TD><TD>15.8</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>OK</TD><TD>10.4</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>NB</TD><TD>7.8</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>KS</TD><TD>7.6</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>Germany</TD><TD>4.4</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>ND</TD><TD>2.1</TD></TR>
|}

==See also==
*[[Personal Computer]]
*[[Software]]

==External links==
*[http://www.profmax.com Profmax Business Solutions Pvt. Ltd., A leading provider of IT, BPO and business consulting services to organizations across the world]
* [http://www.siia.net/ Software and Information Industry Association website]
* [http://www.softwaremag.com/ Software Magazine website]

{{software-stub}}
{{business-stub}}

[[Category:Industries]]
[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:Information technology]]

Immunology basics

2005-09-17T09:31:18Z

59.94.130.151:

'''Immunology''' is a broad branch of [[biomedical science|biomedical]] [[science]] that covers study of all aspects of the [[immune system]] in all [[organism]]s. It deals with, among other things, the [[physiology|physiological]] functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders ([[autoimmune diseases]], [[hypersensitivity|hypersensitivities]], [[immune deficiency]], [[transplant|allograft]] rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system [[in vitro]], [[in situ]], and [[in vivo]]. Immunology has various applications in several disciplines of science, and as such is further divided.

==Histological examination of the immune system==
Before even the concept of [[immunity]] was developed numerous early physicians characterised organs that would later prove to be part of the immune system. The key organs of the immune system are [[thymus]], [[spleen]], [[bone marrow]], [[lymphatic system|lymph vessels]], [[lymph node]]s and secondary lymphatic tissues such as [[tonsil]]s and [[adenoid]]s) and [[skin]]. The major organs, the thymus and spleen, are examined [[histology|histologically]] only post-mortem during [[autopsy]]. However some lymph nodes, and secondary lymphatic tissues can be [[surgery|surgically]] excised for examination while patients are still alive.

Many components of the immune system are actually [[cell (biology)|cell]]ular in nature and not associated with any specific organ, but imbedded or circulating in various [[tissue (anatomy)|tissues]] located about the body.

==Classical immunology==
Classical immunology ties in with the fields of [[epidemiology]] and [[medicine]]. It studies the relationship between the body systems, [[pathogen]]s and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the [[plague]] of [[Athens]] in [[430 BC]]. [[Thucydides]] noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could [[nurse]] the sick without coming down with the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the [[19th century|19th]] and [[20th century|20th centuries]] before the concept developed into scientific theory.

The study of molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into [[innate immunity|innate immune system]], and [[adaptive immunity|acquired or adaptive immune system]], the latter of which is further divided into [[humoral immunity|humoral]] and [[cell-mediated immunity|cellular components]].

The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between [[antibody|antibodies]] and [[antigen]]s. Without an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities, much of immunology would be non-existent. However, equally important is the cellular response which can not only kill infected cells in its own right, but is also crucial in controlling the antibody response. Put simply, both systems are highly interdependant.

In the [[21st century]] though, immunology has broadened its horizons with much research being performed in the more specialised niches of immunology. This includes the immunological function of cells, organs and systems not normally associated with the immune system, as well as the function of the immune system outside classical models of immunity.

==Clinical immunology==
[[Clinical immunology]] is the study of [[disease]]s caused by the immune system and diseases of the immune system from a medical perspective.

Many diseases caused by the immune system fall into two broad categories: [[immunodeficiency]], in which parts of the immune system fail to provide an adequate response (examples include [[chronic granulomatous disease]]), and [[autoimmunity]], in which the immune system attacks its own antigens (examples include [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Hashimoto's disease]] and [[myasthenia gravis]]). Other immune system disorders include different [[hypersensitivity|hypersensitivities]], in which the system responds inappropriately to harmless compounds ([[asthma]] and [[allergy|allergies]]) or responds too intensively.

The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is [[Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome|AIDS]], caused by the [[HIV virus]]. AIDS is an immunodeficiency characterized by the lack of CD4+ ("helper") [[T cells]] and [[macrphages]], which are destroyed by the HIV virus.

Clinical immunologists also study ways to prevent [[transplant rejection]], in which the immune system attempts to destroy [[allograft]]s or [[xenograft]]s.

==Immunotherapy==
''See main article [[Immunotherapy]]''

The use of immune system components to treat a disease or disorder is known as immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is most commonly used in the context of the treatment of [[cancer]]s together with [[chemotherapy]] ([[drug]]s) and [[radiotherapy]] ([[electromagnetic radiation|radiation]]). However, immunotherapy is also often used in the immunosuppressed (such as [[HIV]] patients) and people suffering from other immune deficiencies or autoimmune diseases.

==Diagnostic immunology==
The specificity of the bond between antibody and antigen has made it an excellent tool in the detection of substances in a variety of diagnostic techniques. Antibodies specific for a desired [[antigen]] can be conjugated with a radiolabel, fluorescent label, or color-forming enzyme and are used as a "probe" to detect it.

Well known applications of this include [[immunoblot]]ting, [[ELISA]] and immunohistochemical staining of microscope slides. The speed, accuracy and simplicity of such tests has led to the development of rapid techniques for the diagnosis of disease, microbes and even illegal drugs ''[[in vivo]]'' (of course tests conducted in a closed environment have a higher degree of accuracy). Such testing is also used to distinguish compatible [[blood type]]s.

==Evolutionary immunology==
Study of the immune system in extant and [[extinction|extinct]] species is capable of giving us a key understanding of the [[evolution]] of species and the immune system.

A development of complexity of the immune system can be seen from simple phagocytotic protection of single celled organisms, to circulating antimicrobial peptides in insects to lymphoid organs in vertebrates. Of course, like much of evolution, this is often seen from the [[anthropocentric]] aspect, but it must be recognised, that every organism's immune system is absolutely capable of protecting it from most forms of harm.

[[Insect]]s and other [[arthropod]]s, while not possessing true adaptive immunity, show highly evolved systems of innate immunity, and are additionally protected from external injury (and exposure to pathogens) by their [[chitin]]ous shells.

==See Also==
*[[Immune system]]
*[[autoimmunity]]
*[[List of immunologists]]

==References==
* Goldsby RA, Kindt TK, Osborne BA and Kuby J (2003) '''Immunology''', 5th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, New York, ISBN 0-7167-4947-5

[[Category:Immunology| ]]

[[cs:Imunologie]]
[[da:Immunologi]]
[[de:Immunologie]]
[[es:Inmunología]]
[[fr:Immunologie]]
[[ko:면역학]]
[[he:אימונולוגיה]]
[[lb:Immunologie]]
[[hu:Immunológia]]
[[nl:Immunologie]]
[[ja:免疫学]]
[[pl:Immunologia]]
[[pt:Alergia e imunologia]]
[[ro:Imunologie]]
[[ru:Иммунология]]
[[simple:Immunology]]
[[fi:Immunologia]]
[[sv:Immunologi]]
[[th:ภูมิคุ้มกันวิทยา]]
[[zh:免疫学]]