IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Archive:List of countries by size of police forces

2009-03-26T02:16:54Z

60.50.90.161:

List of countries by the size of [[police]] force, sorted by name.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#ececec"
! Country !! Size !! Year !! Officers per Capita
|-
|{{flag|Austria}} || {{nts|27000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 308:1
|-
|{{flag|Belgium}} || {{nts|39000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 274:1
|-
|{{flag|Croatia}} || {{nts|20000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 220:1
|-
|{{flag|Cyprus}}{{smallsup|1}} || {{nts|5100}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 157:1
|-
|{{flag|Czech Republic}} || {{nts|46000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 227:1
|-
|{{flag|Hong Kong}} || {{nts|34000}} || 2008 || 202:1
|-
|{{flag|Denmark}} || {{nts|11000}} || 2006{{ref|1}} || 501:1
|-
|{{flag|Finland}} || {{nts|8300}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 633:1
|-
|{{flag|France}} || {{nts|242000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 258:1
|-
|{{flag|Estonia}} || {{nts|3200}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 419:1
|-
|{{flag|Germany}} || {{nts|250000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 328:1
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}} || {{nts|29000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 348:1
|-
|{{flag|Iceland}} || {{nts|690}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 463:1
|-
|{{flag|Ireland}} || {{nts|13000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 326:1
|-
|{{flag|Israel}} || {{nts|28000}} (30.000 Volunteers) || 2008 || 250:1 (120:1)
|-
|{{flag|Italy}} || {{nts|324000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 181:1
|-
|{{flag|Latvia}} || {{nts|9600}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 238:1
|-
|{{flag|Liechtenstein}} || {{nts|96}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 368:1
|-
|{{flag|Lithuania}} || {{nts|11000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 305:1
|-
|{{flag|Luxembourg}} || {{nts|1450}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 310:1
|-
|{{flag|Macedonia}} || {{nts|10000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 202:1
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}} || {{nts|90000}} || 2009 || 300:1
|-
|{{flag|Malta}} || {{nts|1750}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 234:1
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands}} || {{nts|35000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 470:1
|-
|{{flag|Nigeria}} || {{nts|360000}} || 2007 || 417:1
|-
|{{flag|Norway}} || {{nts|8200}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 573:1
|-
|{{flag|Poland}} || {{nts|99000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 385:1
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}} || {{nts|48000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 219:1
|-
|{{flag|Romania}} || {{nts|45000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 480:1
|-
|{{flag|Slovakia}} || {{nts|14000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 386:1
|-
|{{flag|Slovenia}} || {{nts|7900}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 253:1
|-
|{{flag|Spain}} || {{nts|210000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 220:1
|-
|{{flag|Sweden}} || {{nts|17000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 541:1
|-
|{{flag|Switzerland}} || {{nts|17000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 453:1
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}} || {{nts|326000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 219:1
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{nts|166000}}{{ref|1}} || 2006 || 361:1
|-
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}} || {{nts|50000}}{{ref|2}} || 2007 || 267:1
|}
* {{smallsup|1}}: excluding zones not under the control of the Republic of Cyprus

<div class="boilerplate" id="stub">[[Image:Nuvola apps agent.svg|30px]] ''This [[List of basic law enforcement topics|law enforcement]]-related article is a [[Wikipedia:Stub|stub]]. You can help Wikipedia by [{{SERVER}}/w/index.php?stub&title={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}&action=edit expanding it]''.</div>

==References==
# {{note|1}} {{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1073,46587259&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_product_code=KS-SF-08-019 |title=Crime and Criminal Justice - Issue number 19/2008 |accessdate=2009-03-09 |work= |publisher=Eurostat |date=2008-03-12 }}
# {{note|2}} {{cite web |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-05/2007-05-28-voa32.cfm?CFID=156918452&CFTOKEN=38222885 |title=Zimbabwe Nearly Doubling Size of Police Force Ahead of Elections |accessdate=2009-03-09 |work= |publisher=Voice of America |date=2007-05-28 }}

{{Lists of countries}}

[[Category:Law enforcement by country| ]]
[[Category:Law lists]]

Archive:Fanboy

2007-12-15T15:27:31Z

60.50.180.130:

{{Refimprove|date=October 2007}}

'''Fanboy''' (sometimes spelt '''fanboi''') is a [[pejorative]] term used to describe an individual who is utterly devoted to a single fannish subject, or to a single point of view within that subject, often to the point where it is considered an [[obsession]]. Fanboys remain loyal to their particular obsession, disregarding any factors (often including logic) that differ from their point of view.

== Background ==
Stereotypical fanboys are attributed with a sycophantic devotion to the creators and principles behind a work with which they are currently enthralled. Fanboys are noted for a very emotional attachment to their chosen subject, often taking negative remarks about it as a personal attack. They will readily engage in debates, but will fall back on emotional responses when challenged on facts. For example, a fanboy may go out of his way to point out negative and often untrue statements about their obsession's rivals. Fanboys are often hostile towards critical review of their chosen subject. The stereotypical image of the fanboy is as an unkempt, socially awkward young man who may be perceived as a loud mouthed [[pseudo-intellectual]]. Fanboys are also typically [[aggressive]] and hateful towards the opposing brand or competition of their obsession regardless of its merits or achievements.

As electronic entertainment gained popularity, the term became increasingly applied to [[video game]] and [[television]] addicts. As a result, a subculture emerged which readily labeled itself as "fanboys." Within this group, more effort is taken to fit in with a perceived standard, resulting in a more outgoing attitude, even among those with insecurities. This outgoing stance is often felt to be abrasive by those not involved in the culture as deeply. The term originated in [[comic book]] circles, to describe someone who immersed himself in the fictional worlds of comics and the culture of comics fandom. The term is often used in a derogatory manner by other less obsessed fans. The term is most commonly associated with adolescent and teen males but can be applicable to any age or sex.

The term fangirl, while similar, often carries slightly different connotations. The term fangirl is often applied to any enthusiastic female fan, regardless of obsessive qualities or not, and is often used with overtones of "[[teenybopper]]".

==History of fanboys and the term==
The term "fanboy" is most commonly associated with adolescent and teen males but can be applicable to any age or sex. It is often used in a derogatory manner by other, less obsessed fans. The term originated in [[comic book]] circles to describe someone immersed in the fictional worlds of comics and the culture of comics fandom. Common subjects of reverence by fanboys are specific: [[TV show]]s; [[film|movie]]s; [[music]]; [[anime]]; [[comic book]]s; [[car]]s; [[video game console]]s, [[video games]] and [[MMORPG]]s; and [[computer]] [[operating system]]s, [[computer Hardware|hardware]] and [[software]].

Popular depictions of Fanboy stereotypes include the [[Comic Book Guy]] on ''[[The Simpsons]]'' and columnist [[Larry Groznic]] from the satirical newspaper ''[[The Onion]]''. In the songs of the fannish [[parody]] [[musician]] [[Luke Ski]], many characters proudly consider themselves ''fanboys.''

The earliest published uses of the word "fanboy" have been dated to 1982. One reference is to the cover of the "Official Underground and Newave Comix Price Guide". On this cover page are sketched overweight, overzealous comic book collectors wearing T-shirts that state "Fanboys of America," who are describing the extreme measures they would go to, including moving to San Francisco, to preserve their comics.

Also published in 1982, a comic strip appeared in Jim Engel and Chuck Fiala's "Fandom Confidential" comic. In the strip, Jim and Chuck met comic artist/writer [[John Byrne]] and collapsed into "mindless paroxysms of adoration." The John Byrne character responded that they were "a couple of fanboys in bondage" (a play on words referring to a [[List of Monty Python’s Flying Circus episodes#10. E. Henry Thripshaw.27s Disease|Monty Python sketch]] in which an Elizabethan era character reads what she claims to be a new Shakespeare work called "Gay Boys in Bondage". <ref>http://www.byrnerobotics.com/FAQ/listing.asp?ID=7&T1=Miscellaneous+Questions#154</ref> Another early use is in a smart-alec editorial reply by "[[Ambush Bug]]" to a letter in his comic in [[1985]].

==Media==
===Comic Book===
*[[Sergio Aragonés]]' ''Fanboy''
*[[Galactic Storm]]'s ''Fanboy''

===Television===
*''[[The Simpsons]]''' [[Comic Book Guy]] refers to himself as a fanboy.
*''[[Freakazoid!|Freakazoid]]'''s [[freakazoid!#Other characters|Fan Boy]]

===Radio/Podcasts===
*[[Fanboy Radio]] - [http://fanboyradio.com]

==See also==
* [[Addiction]]
* [[Cyberstalking]]
* [[Editor war]]
* [[Anorak (slang)|Anorak]]
* [[Astroturfing]]
* [[Otaku]]
* [[Obsession]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=fanboy Urban dictionary: fanboy]
* [http://www.netjak.com/review.php/1013 Dissecting the Fanboy Mind] - A discussion of the fanboy behavior in regard to video games.
* [http://palgn.com.au/article.php?id=6463 The trial of the Fanboy] - A criticism of the fanboy concept and overusage of the term.

[[Category:Fandom]]
[[Category:Anime and manga terminology]]

[[de:Fanboy]]

Archive:Home insurance

2007-05-08T02:59:50Z

60.50.207.238: /* United States */

'''Home insurance''', also commonly called '''hazard insurance''' or '''homeowners insurance''' (often abbreviated in the real estate industry as '''HOI'''), is the type of [[property insurance]] that covers private homes. It is an [[insurance]] policy that combines various personal insurance protections, which can include losses occurring to one's home, its contents, loss of its use (additional living expenses), or loss of other personal possessions of the homeowner, as well as [[liability]] insurance for accidents that may happen at the home.

The cost of homeowners insurance often depends on what it would cost to replace the house and which additional riders—additional items to be insured—are attached to the policy. The insurance policy itself is a lengthy contract, and names what will and what will not be paid in the case of various events. Typically, claims due to [[earthquakes]], [[floods]], "[[Act of God|Acts of God]]", or war (whose definition typically includes a nuclear explosion from any source) are excluded. Special insurance can be purchased for these possibilities, including [[flood insurance]] and [[earthquake insurance]].

The home insurance policy is usually a term contract—a contract that is in effect for a fixed period of time. The payment the insured makes to the insurer is called the premium. The insured must pay the insurer the premium each term. Most insurers charge a lower premium if it appears less likely the home will be damaged or destroyed: for example, if the house is situated next to a [[fire apparatus|fire station]], or if the house is equipped with fire sprinklers and fire alarms. [[Perpetual Insurance|Perpetual insurance]], which is a type of home insurance without a fixed term, can also be obtained in certain areas.

In the [[United States]], most home buyers borrow money in the form of a [[mortgage loan]], and the mortgage lender always requires that the buyer purchase homeowners insurance as a condition of the loan, in order to protect the bank if the home were to be destroyed. Anyone with an insurable interest in the property should be listed on the policy. In some cases the mortagagee will waive the need for the mortgagor to carry homeowner's insurance if the value of the land exceeds the amount of the mortgage balance. In a case like this even the total destruction of any buildings would not affect the ability of the lender to be able to foreclose and recover the full amount of the loan. The insurance crisis in Florida has meant that some waterfront property owners in that state have had to make that decision due to the high cost of premiums. See [[Citizens insurance]].
== Types of Homeowners Insurance ==
===United States===
As described in Wiening et. al.<ref>{{note_label|PI|2002: 5.3–5.4|none}}{{cite book
| last = Wiening
| first = Eric
| authorlink =
| coauthors = George Rejda, Constance Luthardt, Cheryl Ferguson
| editor =
| others =
| title = '''Personal Insurance'''
| origdate =
| origyear =
| origmonth =
| url =
| format =
| accessdate =
| accessyear =
| accessmonth =
| edition = 1st edition
| date =
| year = 2002
| month =
| publisher = American Institute for Chartered Property Casualty Underwriters/Insurance Institute of America
| location = [[Malvern, Pennsylvania]]
| language =
| id = ISBN 0-89463-108-X
| pages =
| chapter =
| chapterurl =
}}
</ref>, prior to the 1950s, there were separate policies for the various perils that could affect a home. A homeowner would have had to purchase separate policies covering fire losses, theft, personal property, and the like. During the 1950s, policy forms were developed, allowing the homeowner to purchase all the insurance they needed on one complete policy. However, these policies varied by insurance company, and were difficult to comprehend.
The need for standardization grew so great that a private company based in [[Jersey City]], [[New Jersey]], [[Insurance Services Office]], also known as the [http://www.iso.com/ ISO], was formed in 1971 to provide risk information and issued a simplified homeowners policy for resell to insurance companies. These policies have been amended over the years until currently, the ISO has seven standardized homeowners insurance forms in general and consistent use . Of these HO-3 is the most common policy followed by HO-4 and HO-6. Others that are less used, though still significant, are HO-1, HO-2, HO-5, and HO-8. Each is summarized below:

;HO-1:A limited policy that offers varying degrees of coverage but only for items specifically outlined in the policy. These might be used to cover a valuable object found in the home, such as a painting.
;HO-2:Similar to HO-1, HO-2 is a limited policy in that it covers specific portions of a house against damage. The coverage is usually a "named perils" policy, which lists the events that would be covered. As above, these factors must be spelled out in the policy.
;HO-3:This policy is the most commonly written policy for a homeowner and is designed to cover all aspects of the home, structure and its contents as well as any liability that may arise from daily use, as well as any visitors who may encounter accident or injury on the premises. Covered aspects as well as limits of liability must be clearly spelled out in the policy to insure proper coverage. The coverage is usually called "all risk". Also called an "open perils" policy.
;HO-4:This is commonly referred to as renters insurance or renter's coverage. Similar to HO-6, this policy covers those aspects of the apartment and its contents not specifically covered in the blanket policy written for the complex. This policy can also cover liabilities arising from accidents and intentional injuries for guests as well as passers-by up to 150' of the domicile. Common coverage areas are events such as lightning, riot, aircraft, explosion, vandalism, smoke, theft, windstorm or hail, falling objects, volcanic eruption, snow, sleet, and weight of ice.
;HO-5:This policy, similar to HO-3, covers a home (not a condo or apartment), the homeowner and its possessions as well as any liability that might arise from visitors or passers-by. This coverage is differentiated in that it covers a wider breadth and depth of incidents and losses than an HO-3.
;HO-6:As a form of supplemental homeowner's insurance, '''HO-6''', also known as a Condominium Coverage, is designed especially for the owners of condos. It includes coverage for the part of the building owned by the insured and for the property housed therein of the insured. Designed to span the gap between what the homeowner's association might cover in a blanket policy written for an entire neighborhood and those items of importance to the insured, typically the HO-6 covers liability for residents and guests of the insured in addition to personal property. The liability coverage, depending on the underwriter, premium paid, and other factors of the policy, can cover incidents up to 150' from the insured property, all valuables within the home from theft, fire or water damage or other forms of loss. It is important to read the Associations By-laws to determine the total amount of insurance needed on your dwelling.
;HO-8: It is usually called "older home" insurance. It lets house owners with higher replacement cost than the market value insure them at the lower market value rate.

In addition, a '''Dwelling Fire''' policy is generally available for non-commercial owners of rented houses, covering property damage to the structure, and sometimes to the owner's personal property (such as appliances and furnishings). The owner's liability is generally extended from their own primary home insurance, and does not comprise part of the Dwelling Fire policy. It is a counterpart to the HO-4 '''renter's''' policy. In 2005, the National Directory of Homeowner's Insurance Agents or [http://www.insuremyhouse.com/ InsureMyHouse.com] was founded to simplify the insurance process.

For Online Quote please visit [http://www.einsuran.com Home Insurance Quotes]

==References==
<div class="references-small"><references /></div>

[[Category:Types of insurance]]

Archive:Home insurance

2007-05-08T02:57:30Z

60.50.207.238: /* References */

'''Home insurance''', also commonly called '''hazard insurance''' or '''homeowners insurance''' (often abbreviated in the real estate industry as '''HOI'''), is the type of [[property insurance]] that covers private homes. It is an [[insurance]] policy that combines various personal insurance protections, which can include losses occurring to one's home, its contents, loss of its use (additional living expenses), or loss of other personal possessions of the homeowner, as well as [[liability]] insurance for accidents that may happen at the home.

The cost of homeowners insurance often depends on what it would cost to replace the house and which additional riders—additional items to be insured—are attached to the policy. The insurance policy itself is a lengthy contract, and names what will and what will not be paid in the case of various events. Typically, claims due to [[earthquakes]], [[floods]], "[[Act of God|Acts of God]]", or war (whose definition typically includes a nuclear explosion from any source) are excluded. Special insurance can be purchased for these possibilities, including [[flood insurance]] and [[earthquake insurance]].

The home insurance policy is usually a term contract—a contract that is in effect for a fixed period of time. The payment the insured makes to the insurer is called the premium. The insured must pay the insurer the premium each term. Most insurers charge a lower premium if it appears less likely the home will be damaged or destroyed: for example, if the house is situated next to a [[fire apparatus|fire station]], or if the house is equipped with fire sprinklers and fire alarms. [[Perpetual Insurance|Perpetual insurance]], which is a type of home insurance without a fixed term, can also be obtained in certain areas.

In the [[United States]], most home buyers borrow money in the form of a [[mortgage loan]], and the mortgage lender always requires that the buyer purchase homeowners insurance as a condition of the loan, in order to protect the bank if the home were to be destroyed. Anyone with an insurable interest in the property should be listed on the policy. In some cases the mortagagee will waive the need for the mortgagor to carry homeowner's insurance if the value of the land exceeds the amount of the mortgage balance. In a case like this even the total destruction of any buildings would not affect the ability of the lender to be able to foreclose and recover the full amount of the loan. The insurance crisis in Florida has meant that some waterfront property owners in that state have had to make that decision due to the high cost of premiums. See [[Citizens insurance]].
== Types of Homeowners Insurance ==
===United States===
As described in Wiening et. al.<ref>{{note_label|PI|2002: 5.3–5.4|none}}{{cite book
| last = Wiening
| first = Eric
| authorlink =
| coauthors = George Rejda, Constance Luthardt, Cheryl Ferguson
| editor =
| others =
| title = '''Personal Insurance'''
| origdate =
| origyear =
| origmonth =
| url =
| format =
| accessdate =
| accessyear =
| accessmonth =
| edition = 1st edition
| date =
| year = 2002
| month =
| publisher = American Institute for Chartered Property Casualty Underwriters/Insurance Institute of America
| location = [[Malvern, Pennsylvania]]
| language =
| id = ISBN 0-89463-108-X
| pages =
| chapter =
| chapterurl =
}}
</ref>, prior to the 1950s, there were separate policies for the various perils that could affect a home. A homeowner would have had to purchase separate policies covering fire losses, theft, personal property, and the like. During the 1950s, policy forms were developed, allowing the homeowner to purchase all the insurance they needed on one complete policy. However, these policies varied by insurance company, and were difficult to comprehend.
The need for standardization grew so great that a private company based in [[Jersey City]], [[New Jersey]], [[Insurance Services Office]], also known as the [http://www.iso.com/ ISO], was formed in 1971 to provide risk information and issued a simplified homeowners policy for resell to insurance companies. These policies have been amended over the years until currently, the ISO has seven standardized homeowners insurance forms in general and consistent use . Of these HO-3 is the most common policy followed by HO-4 and HO-6. Others that are less used, though still significant, are HO-1, HO-2, HO-5, and HO-8. Each is summarized below:

;HO-1:A limited policy that offers varying degrees of coverage but only for items specifically outlined in the policy. These might be used to cover a valuable object found in the home, such as a painting.
;HO-2:Similar to HO-1, HO-2 is a limited policy in that it covers specific portions of a house against damage. The coverage is usually a "named perils" policy, which lists the events that would be covered. As above, these factors must be spelled out in the policy.
;HO-3:This policy is the most commonly written policy for a homeowner and is designed to cover all aspects of the home, structure and its contents as well as any liability that may arise from daily use, as well as any visitors who may encounter accident or injury on the premises. Covered aspects as well as limits of liability must be clearly spelled out in the policy to insure proper coverage. The coverage is usually called "all risk". Also called an "open perils" policy.
;HO-4:This is commonly referred to as renters insurance or renter's coverage. Similar to HO-6, this policy covers those aspects of the apartment and its contents not specifically covered in the blanket policy written for the complex. This policy can also cover liabilities arising from accidents and intentional injuries for guests as well as passers-by up to 150' of the domicile. Common coverage areas are events such as lightning, riot, aircraft, explosion, vandalism, smoke, theft, windstorm or hail, falling objects, volcanic eruption, snow, sleet, and weight of ice.
;HO-5:This policy, similar to HO-3, covers a home (not a condo or apartment), the homeowner and its possessions as well as any liability that might arise from visitors or passers-by. This coverage is differentiated in that it covers a wider breadth and depth of incidents and losses than an HO-3.
;HO-6:As a form of supplemental homeowner's insurance, '''HO-6''', also known as a Condominium Coverage, is designed especially for the owners of condos. It includes coverage for the part of the building owned by the insured and for the property housed therein of the insured. Designed to span the gap between what the homeowner's association might cover in a blanket policy written for an entire neighborhood and those items of importance to the insured, typically the HO-6 covers liability for residents and guests of the insured in addition to personal property. The liability coverage, depending on the underwriter, premium paid, and other factors of the policy, can cover incidents up to 150' from the insured property, all valuables within the home from theft, fire or water damage or other forms of loss. It is important to read the Associations By-laws to determine the total amount of insurance needed on your dwelling.
;HO-8: It is usually called "older home" insurance. It lets house owners with higher replacement cost than the market value insure them at the lower market value rate.

In addition, a '''Dwelling Fire''' policy is generally available for non-commercial owners of rented houses, covering property damage to the structure, and sometimes to the owner's personal property (such as appliances and furnishings). The owner's liability is generally extended from their own primary home insurance, and does not comprise part of the Dwelling Fire policy. It is a counterpart to the HO-4 '''renter's''' policy. In 2005, the National Directory of Homeowner's Insurance Agents or [http://www.insuremyhouse.com/ InsureMyHouse.com] was founded to simplify the insurance process.

==References==
<div class="references-small"><references /></div>

[[Category:Types of insurance]]

Archive:Home insurance

2007-05-08T02:53:32Z

60.50.207.238: /* References */

'''Home insurance''', also commonly called '''hazard insurance''' or '''homeowners insurance''' (often abbreviated in the real estate industry as '''HOI'''), is the type of [[property insurance]] that covers private homes. It is an [[insurance]] policy that combines various personal insurance protections, which can include losses occurring to one's home, its contents, loss of its use (additional living expenses), or loss of other personal possessions of the homeowner, as well as [[liability]] insurance for accidents that may happen at the home.

The cost of homeowners insurance often depends on what it would cost to replace the house and which additional riders—additional items to be insured—are attached to the policy. The insurance policy itself is a lengthy contract, and names what will and what will not be paid in the case of various events. Typically, claims due to [[earthquakes]], [[floods]], "[[Act of God|Acts of God]]", or war (whose definition typically includes a nuclear explosion from any source) are excluded. Special insurance can be purchased for these possibilities, including [[flood insurance]] and [[earthquake insurance]].

The home insurance policy is usually a term contract—a contract that is in effect for a fixed period of time. The payment the insured makes to the insurer is called the premium. The insured must pay the insurer the premium each term. Most insurers charge a lower premium if it appears less likely the home will be damaged or destroyed: for example, if the house is situated next to a [[fire apparatus|fire station]], or if the house is equipped with fire sprinklers and fire alarms. [[Perpetual Insurance|Perpetual insurance]], which is a type of home insurance without a fixed term, can also be obtained in certain areas.

In the [[United States]], most home buyers borrow money in the form of a [[mortgage loan]], and the mortgage lender always requires that the buyer purchase homeowners insurance as a condition of the loan, in order to protect the bank if the home were to be destroyed. Anyone with an insurable interest in the property should be listed on the policy. In some cases the mortagagee will waive the need for the mortgagor to carry homeowner's insurance if the value of the land exceeds the amount of the mortgage balance. In a case like this even the total destruction of any buildings would not affect the ability of the lender to be able to foreclose and recover the full amount of the loan. The insurance crisis in Florida has meant that some waterfront property owners in that state have had to make that decision due to the high cost of premiums. See [[Citizens insurance]].
== Types of Homeowners Insurance ==
===United States===
As described in Wiening et. al.<ref>{{note_label|PI|2002: 5.3–5.4|none}}{{cite book
| last = Wiening
| first = Eric
| authorlink =
| coauthors = George Rejda, Constance Luthardt, Cheryl Ferguson
| editor =
| others =
| title = '''Personal Insurance'''
| origdate =
| origyear =
| origmonth =
| url =
| format =
| accessdate =
| accessyear =
| accessmonth =
| edition = 1st edition
| date =
| year = 2002
| month =
| publisher = American Institute for Chartered Property Casualty Underwriters/Insurance Institute of America
| location = [[Malvern, Pennsylvania]]
| language =
| id = ISBN 0-89463-108-X
| pages =
| chapter =
| chapterurl =
}}
</ref>, prior to the 1950s, there were separate policies for the various perils that could affect a home. A homeowner would have had to purchase separate policies covering fire losses, theft, personal property, and the like. During the 1950s, policy forms were developed, allowing the homeowner to purchase all the insurance they needed on one complete policy. However, these policies varied by insurance company, and were difficult to comprehend.
The need for standardization grew so great that a private company based in [[Jersey City]], [[New Jersey]], [[Insurance Services Office]], also known as the [http://www.iso.com/ ISO], was formed in 1971 to provide risk information and issued a simplified homeowners policy for resell to insurance companies. These policies have been amended over the years until currently, the ISO has seven standardized homeowners insurance forms in general and consistent use . Of these HO-3 is the most common policy followed by HO-4 and HO-6. Others that are less used, though still significant, are HO-1, HO-2, HO-5, and HO-8. Each is summarized below:

;HO-1:A limited policy that offers varying degrees of coverage but only for items specifically outlined in the policy. These might be used to cover a valuable object found in the home, such as a painting.
;HO-2:Similar to HO-1, HO-2 is a limited policy in that it covers specific portions of a house against damage. The coverage is usually a "named perils" policy, which lists the events that would be covered. As above, these factors must be spelled out in the policy.
;HO-3:This policy is the most commonly written policy for a homeowner and is designed to cover all aspects of the home, structure and its contents as well as any liability that may arise from daily use, as well as any visitors who may encounter accident or injury on the premises. Covered aspects as well as limits of liability must be clearly spelled out in the policy to insure proper coverage. The coverage is usually called "all risk". Also called an "open perils" policy.
;HO-4:This is commonly referred to as renters insurance or renter's coverage. Similar to HO-6, this policy covers those aspects of the apartment and its contents not specifically covered in the blanket policy written for the complex. This policy can also cover liabilities arising from accidents and intentional injuries for guests as well as passers-by up to 150' of the domicile. Common coverage areas are events such as lightning, riot, aircraft, explosion, vandalism, smoke, theft, windstorm or hail, falling objects, volcanic eruption, snow, sleet, and weight of ice.
;HO-5:This policy, similar to HO-3, covers a home (not a condo or apartment), the homeowner and its possessions as well as any liability that might arise from visitors or passers-by. This coverage is differentiated in that it covers a wider breadth and depth of incidents and losses than an HO-3.
;HO-6:As a form of supplemental homeowner's insurance, '''HO-6''', also known as a Condominium Coverage, is designed especially for the owners of condos. It includes coverage for the part of the building owned by the insured and for the property housed therein of the insured. Designed to span the gap between what the homeowner's association might cover in a blanket policy written for an entire neighborhood and those items of importance to the insured, typically the HO-6 covers liability for residents and guests of the insured in addition to personal property. The liability coverage, depending on the underwriter, premium paid, and other factors of the policy, can cover incidents up to 150' from the insured property, all valuables within the home from theft, fire or water damage or other forms of loss. It is important to read the Associations By-laws to determine the total amount of insurance needed on your dwelling.
;HO-8: It is usually called "older home" insurance. It lets house owners with higher replacement cost than the market value insure them at the lower market value rate.

In addition, a '''Dwelling Fire''' policy is generally available for non-commercial owners of rented houses, covering property damage to the structure, and sometimes to the owner's personal property (such as appliances and furnishings). The owner's liability is generally extended from their own primary home insurance, and does not comprise part of the Dwelling Fire policy. It is a counterpart to the HO-4 '''renter's''' policy. In 2005, the National Directory of Homeowner's Insurance Agents or [http://www.insuremyhouse.com/ InsureMyHouse.com] was founded to simplify the insurance process.

==References==
<div class="references-small"><references /></div>
for Online Quote visit [http://www.einsuran.com Home Insurance Quotes]
[[Category:Types of insurance]]

Master of Business Administration

2006-09-24T08:10:14Z

60.50.133.122: /* Introduction */

==Introduction==
This document will try to link and organize the information found here on WikiMedia and elsewhere on the internet to provide a comprehensive business education such as one provided by the top business schools in the world.

A Master in Business Administration (MBA) is unlike many other academic programs. While most Master programs provide a further specialization within a particular school or discipline (such as law), an MBA is typically interdisciplinary, drawing from the fields of psychology, sociology, economics, accounting and finance.

Most of the material found within an MBA program is not unique to business. Rather, an MBA provides exposure to the diverse ideas which are most useful to a person who is interested in succeeding in business within an-easy-to learn two-year bundle. Despite all the drinking and socializing, an MBA can be a lot of work. If you work through all the concepts referenced, it should take you awhile (probably 2,000+ hours). You're also going to have to get good at Excel.

Let's get started.

==Core Course Overview==

Some MBA programs have core course requirements in the fields listed below. For examples, please refer to the core requirements of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INSEAD INSEAD],
[http://mba.sciences-po.fr/us/deroulement.htm Sciences-Po],
[http://www.hbs.edu/mba/academics/required.html Harvard Business School], [http://mba.wharton.upenn.edu/mba/academics/curriculum/core.php Wharton Business School], and [http://www2.gsb.columbia.edu/students/affairs/courseinfo/core.HTML Columbia Business School].

Many MBA programs also have coursework on advanced topics based on these core subjects. In addition, there are diverse subjects that make-up an MBA curriculum.

==Coursework==
===Basic Probability and Statistics===

The grounding for many futher concepts in business, as in other applied disciplines, is a thorough understanding of [[Wikibooks:statistics|statistics]]. A good free source for understanding probability is [http://www.dartmouth.edu/%7Echance/teaching_aids/books_articles/probability_book/amsbook.mac.pdf Introduction to Probability]. In particular [[Wikipedia:Regression_analysis|regression analysis]] is going to be useful. Regression is fundamental to the concept of Beta in Finance and conjoint analysis in Marketing. In addition, the statistical concepts of standard deviation and variance are the fundamental concepts which underly the concept of pooling risk in operations management.

The directions on how to perform a regression analysis in Excel can be found online at [http://www2.hpu.edu/mlane/FIN640/Regression_in_Excel.htm Regression Analysis Using Microsoft Excel]. Once you have completed a few regressions in Excel, you have performed the highest level of statistical analysis which most MBA's become familiar with. Congratulations! You are ready to move on.

===Financial Accounting===

A good place to start is [[Wikibooks:Accounting|Accounting]]. While most MBA's are not a big fan of double entry book keeping, finance starts with accounting. Understanding what [[Wikibooks:depreciation|depreciation]] (the spreading of the cost of an <em>tangible</em> asset over time) and [[Wikibooks:Accounting/Amortization|amortization]] (the spreading of the cost of an <em>intangible</em> asset over time) are is going to be essential to understanding corporate finance (if only because you are going to need to reverse out the effects from GAAP Income Statements to get cash flows).

===Managerial Accounting===

[[Wikipedia:Management_accounting|Managerial Accounting]] refers to the broad application of accounting concepts to financial data to create reports to be interpreted by management. Such financial data, in contrast to [[#Financial Accounting|Financial Accounting]], does not have to comply with GAAP, the FASB, or the filing requirements of the SEC, since it is meant only for internal consumption within an organization.

The major subjects to learn include:

*[[Wikipedia:cost accounting|cost accounting]]
*[[Wikipedia:activity based costing|activity based costing]]
*[[wikipedia:project costing|project costing]]
*[[Wikipedia:budgeting|budgeting]]

===Microeconomics===
A good place to start is the Wikibooks course on [[Wikibooks:Microeconomics|Microeconomics]]. Particularly, the concept that in an industry where there is high competition between firms that those firms will theoretically make zero economic profit should be thoroughly understood; that fact of life is the foundation of much of cooperate strategy, and the root to how to make excess profits (that is, profits greater than your [[Wikipedia:Cost of Capital|Cost of Capital]]).

===Macroeconomics===
Read the Wikibook on [[Wikibooks:Macroeconomics|Macroeconomics]]. In particular, the working of currencys, current account deficits, and the relationship between economic performance, monetary policy, and interest rates will be useful for finance and (ultimately) [[#Capital Markets|Capital Markets]].

===Decision Models===

Decision models are part of the core curriculum of many business schools. The reason why is probably because "average" performance of a firm is distinct from the implied performance of the averages, if the components which combine to create that average performance have differing distributions or deviations.

Decision models will typically cover the following concepts and software packages:
*[[Wikipedia:decision tree|decision trees]]
*[[Wikipedia:linear programming|linear programming]]
*[http://www.decisioneering.com/crystal_ball/index.html Crystal Ball] or [http://www.palisade.com/risk/ @Risk] simulation software. Download yourself a free trial, play with it for a month, working through the tutorials. You'll do alright.

===Corporate Finance===

[[Wikibooks:Finance|Finance]] is among the most stereotypically MBA things an MBA will learn.

If you want to understand corporate finance, learn thoroughly:
*what the implications of the [[Wikipedia:Modigliani-Miller_theorem|Modigliani-Miller theorem]]
*the [[Wikipedia:time value of money|time value of money]]
*how to calculate the [[Wikipedia:Net Present Value|NPV]] of a project
*how to calculate the [[Wikipedia:WACC|WACC]] of a project or company
*how to do a decent [[Wikipedia:Discounted Cash Flow|DCF]]

Putting it all together, you'd get something called a model. That model will tell you how much any asset that generates cash flows (such as a stock) is worth. People in business think that this might be useful to know.

===Marketing Strategy===

Key concepts to learn in [[Wikipedia:Marketing|Marketing]]:

* [[Wikipedia:Marketing Mix|Marketing Mix]]
** the 4 C's (Company, Context, Customers, Competition)
** the 4 P's (Product, Place, Price, Promotion)

===Marketing Implementation===

Key concepts to learn:
* [[Wikipedia:Customer lifetime value|Customer lifetime value]]
* [[Wikipedia:conjoint analysis|conjoint analysis]]

===Corporate Strategy===

Key concepts to learn:

* [[Wikipedia:Porter%27s_five_forces|Porters Five Forces]]
* [http://amadeus.management.mcgill.ca/~mark.mortensen/orgweb/summaries/mse/content/Porter.html Positioning]
* [[Wikipedia:Game Theory|Game Theory]]
* [http://globecareers.workopolis.com/servlet/Content/fasttrack/20051012/CABOOKS12?section=ManagingBooks Sustainable Competitive Advantage]
* [[Wikipedia:Strategy maps|Strategy Maps]]

Good thing to read when the summaries of the concepts won't do:

* [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&ct=res&cd=9&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fcastlej%2FENTRE475%2FArticles%2520of%2520interest%2FWhat%2520is%2520Strategy-Porter.pdf&ei=ZFdmRMWYCMHqaMvUzd4J&sig2=Cd8RuCoZbnd4QDmLvILozA Porter, What is Strategy?]

===Organizational Behavior and Structure===
Organizational behavior classes cover concepts such as:
*[[Wikipedia:Taylorism|Taylorism]]
*[[Wikipedia:Hawthorne Effect|The Hawthorne Effect]]
*[[Wikipedia:Social network|Social Networks]]
*[[Wikipedia:Organizational Behavior|Organizational Behavior]]

===Leadership===
Leadership classes might cover:
*the ideas of [[Wikipedia:Robert Cialdini|Robert Cialdini]]
*the results of your [[Wikipedia:MBTI|Myers-Briggs test]]

Generally, understanding yourself and influencing other people is the focus of a leadership class. A fair bit of [[#Negotiations|Negotiations]] content might be thrown in as well.

===Operations Management===

Operations classes typically cover:

* [[Wikipedia:Supply Chain management|Supply chain management]], in particular the [[Wikipedia:Newsvendor|Newsvendor]] model
* [[Wikipedia:Six Sigma|Six Sigma]] and other quality management concepts
* Risk pooling-that is, the managerial signifance of the fact that when you combine two processes the deviation increases by the square of the summation (because variances are additive, standard deviations are not). Risk pooling is often the root cause of [[Wikipedia:economies of scale|economies of scale]].
* [[Wikipedia:Queueing theory|Queueing theory]] which is helpful if you want to optimize business processes.
* [[Wikipedia:Management information system|Management Information Systems]]

===Negotiations===

[[Wikipedia:Negotiations|Negotiating]] is important for business at many levels. [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0140157352/sr=8-1/qid=1147551981/ref=pd_bbs_1/103-9077880-7298216?%5Fencoding=UTF8 Getting to Yes] seems to be the core text to understand how to sucessfully achieve good outcomes from negotiations. A good summary of Getting to Yes can be found many places online (such as: [http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/example/fish7513.htm Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In]). Read that and you're all set.

===Ethics===

Probably read up on [[Wikipedia:Sarbanes Oxley|Sarbanes Oxley]]. Also, reading [http://www.peace.ca/kindergarten.htm these important tips] would probably be useful.

==Additional Coursework==

===Capital Markets===
The two central concepts in capital markets are:
*[[Wikipedia:Arbitrage|Arbitrage]]
*[[Wikipedia:Risk Premium|Risk Premium]]

With those concepts, (and the ideas learned in [[#Corporate Finance|finance]]), you can price:
*[[Wikipedia:Fixed Income|Fixed Income]]
*[[Wikipedia:Swap|Swaps]]
*[[Wikipedia:Forward price|Forward Rates]]

==Further Reading==

[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1591840570/qid=1147720345/sr=2-3/ref=pd_bbs_b_2_3/102-2363331-7851323?s=books&v=glance&n=283155 Competition Demystified] by Bruce Greenwald

[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0425098478/qid=1147720399/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_2_1/102-2363331-7851323?s=books&v=glance&n=283155 The One Minute Manager] by Kenneth Blanchard and Spencer Johnson

[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0142000280/qid=1147720483/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_2_1/102-2363331-7851323?s=books&v=glance&n=283155 Getting Things Done] by David Allen

[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0471733067/qid=1147720524/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_2_1/102-2363331-7851323?s=books&v=glance&n=283155 The Little Book that Beats the Street] by Joel Greenblatt

==About the Contributors==

One of the first contributors to this curriculum overview was John O'Brien. John received his MBA from Columbia Business School in 2006. He can be contacted online at [http://www.pulplit.net/contact-us/ pulplit.net].