IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

List of intelligence gathering disciplines

2008-05-03T17:45:31Z

66.108.191.45: /* See also */

'''Intelligence Gathering Disciplines'''

==[[HUMINT]]==
Human Intelligence - gathered from a person on the ground.
*[[HUMINT#Patrolling (Military police, patrols, etc)| Patrolling (Military police, patrols, etc)]];
*[[HUMINT#Strategic reconnaissance | strategic reconnaissance, as by Special Forces]]
*[[HUMINT#Military attaches | military attaches]]
*[[HUMINT#Diplomatic reporting | Friendly accredited diplomats]]
*[[HUMINT#Prisoners of war (POW's) or detainees | Prisoners of war (POW's) or detainees]];
*[[HUMINT#Refugees|Refugees]];
*[[HUMINT#Traveler debriefing | Traveler debriefing(e.g., CIA Domestic Contact Service)]];
*[[HUMINT#Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)|Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)]];
*[[HUMINT#Espionage|Espionage]];

==[[GEOINT]]==
Geospatial Intelligence - gathered from satellite, aerial photography, mapping/terrain data
* [[IMINT]] - Imagery Intelligence - gathered from satellite and aerial photography

==[[MASINT]]==
Measurement and Signature Intelligence
*[[Electro-optical MASINT]]
**[[Electro-optical MASINT#Airborne Electro-Optical Missile Tracking MASINT | Airborne Electro-Optical Missile Tracking MASINT]]
**[[Electro-optical MASINT#Tactical Countermortar Sensors | Tactical Countermortar Sensors]]
**[[Electro-optical MASINT#Infrared MASINT| Infrared MASINT]]
**[[Electro-optical MASINT#Airborne Electro-Optical Missile Tracking MASINT | Airborne Electro-Optical Missile Tracking MASINT]]
**[[Electro-optical MASINT#Optical Measurement of Nuclear Explosions| Optical Measurement of Nuclear Explosions]]
**[[Electro-optical MASINT#LASER MASINT | LASER MASINT]]
**[[Electro-optical MASINT#Spectroscopic MASINT | Spectroscopic MASINT]]
**[[Electro-optical MASINT#Hyperspectral Imagery MASINT | Hyperspectral Imagery MASINT]]
**[[Electro-optical MASINT#Space-based Staring Infrared Sensors | Space-based Staring Infrared Sensors]]
*[[Nuclear MASINT]]
**[[Nuclear MASINT#Radiation survey and dosimetry | Radiation survey and dosimetry]]
**[[Nuclear MASINT#Space-based Nuclear Energy Detection | Space-based Nuclear Energy Detection]]
**[[Nuclear MASINT#Effects of Ionizing Radiation on materials | Effects of Ionizing Radiation on materials]]
*[[Geophysical MASINT]]
**[[Geophysical MASINT#Weather and Sea Intelligence MASINT | Weather and Sea Intelligence MASINT]]
**[[Geophysical MASINT#Acoustic Intelligence MASINT | Acoustic MASINT]] (also known as [[ACOUSTINT]]- Acoustic phenomena)
**[[Geophysical MASINT#Seismic MASINT | Seismic MASINT]]
**[[Geophysical MASINT#Magnetic MASINT | Magnetic MASINT]]
**[[Geophysical MASINT#Gravitimetric MASINT | Gravitimetric MASINT]]
*[[Radar MASINT]]
**[[Radar MASINT#Line-of-Sight Radar MASINT | Line-of-Sight Radar MASINT]]
**[[Radar MASINT#Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) MASINT | Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) MASINT]]
**[[Radar MASINT#Non-Cooperative Target Recognition | Non-Cooperative Target Recognition]]
**[[Radar MASINT#Multistatic Radar MASINT | Multistatic Radar MASINT]]
**[[Radar MASINT#Passive Covert Radar | Passive Covert Radar]]
*[[Materials MASINT]]
**[[Materials MASINT#Chemical Materials MASINT|Chemical Materials MASINT]]
**[[Materials MASINT#Biological Materials MASINT|Biological Materials MASINT]]
**[[Materials MASINT#Nuclear test analysis|Nuclear test analysis]]
*[[Radiofrequency MASINT]]
**[[Radiofrequency MASINT#Frequency Domain MASINT | Frequency Domain MASINT]]
**[[Radiofrequency MASINT#Electromagnetic Pulse MASINT | Electromagnetic Pulse MASINT]]
**[[Radiofrequency MASINT#Unintentional Radiation MASINT | Unintentional Radiation MASINT]]

==[[OSINT]]==
Open Source Intelligence - gathered from open sources

==[[SIGINT]]==
Signals Intelligence - gathered from interception of signals
*[[COMINT]] - Communications Intelligence
*[[ELINT]] - Electronic Intelligence - gathered from non-communications electronic emissions
** [[FISINT]] - Foreign Instrumentation Signals Intelligence
***[[TELINT]] - Telemetry Intelligence - the collection and analysis of telemetry data from the target's missile or sometimes from aircraft tests.

==[[TECHINT]]==
Technical Intelligence - gathered from analysis of weapons and equipment used by the armed forces of foreign nations, or environmental conditions.
*[[MEDINT]] Medical Intelligence - gathered from analysis of medical records and/or actual physiological examinations to determine health and/or particular ailments/allergetic conditions for exploitation.

==[[FININT]]==
Financial Intelligence - gathered from analysis of monetary transactions

==See also==
* [[Cryptanalysis]]
* [[Spy satellite]]
* [[TEMPEST]]
* [[Traffic analysis]]

{{intelligence cycle management}}
[[Category:Intelligence gathering disciplines| ]]
[[Category:Open source intelligence]]

Archive:Data acquisition system

2007-10-02T20:30:15Z

66.108.191.45: /* Data logging systems */

{{clarify|December 2006}}

A '''data acquisition system''' is a device designed to measure and log some parameters. The purpose of the data acquisition system is generally the analysis of the logged data and the improvement of the object of measurements. The data acquisition system is normally electronics based, and it is made of hardware and software.
The hardware part is made of sensors, cables and electronics components (among which memory is where imformation are stored). The software part is made of the data acquisition logic and the analysis software (and some other utilities that can be used to configure the logic or to move data from data acquisition memory to a laptop or to a mainframe computer).
An example: [[Data logging]], carried out by a '''data acquisition system''' (DAS), can be used to measure parameters such as [[temperature]] and [[humidity]] in storage facilities with perishable products; the measurement data is then stored for analysis to improve quality assurance.
Another example: a '''data acquisition system''' can be placed on a race car to measure RPM and vehicle speed to analyze car's behaviour once it's back to pits and improve the car setup.

==Data logging systems==
Data logging systems consist of four elements:

#Measuring output ([[sensor]]s around the vehicle)
#Recording output signals (logger unit)
#Uploading/accessing recorded data ([[telemetry]])
#Analysis of recorded data. (DAS [[software]])

The 4 elements above have specific requirements which need to physically present and included in the design process. Sensors to measure selected parameters must meet certain specifications, and the routing of the sensor [[cable]]s ensures they will not suffer from [[electromagnetic]] interference from other electronic systems. The DAS unit (including [[memory]]) and the link from the DAS unit to the operating platform to upload the acquired data via a [[hardwire]] cable or telemetry also must conform to requirements.

Most [[race car]]s use two types of telemetry. The first is sent to the [[engineer]]s in the pits every time the vehicle acquires more than 50[[megabyte|Mb]] of data, containing an insight into the state of the vehicle. The second is transferred each time the vehicle is in the [[pit stop|pit lane]], providing information on every part of the vehicle. With the most advanced telemetry, the data is sent constantly for analysis through a [[transmitter]] as long as a good connection is present usually thru a hovering [[helicopter]] (not always possible in parts of certain [[raceways]] due to an [[overpass]] obstruction).

The [[operating platform]] is required to include specialist analysis software to view the data, usually in the form of various [[graph]]s to improve and develop the performance of the key areas and operation parameters of the vehicles running conditions. The most advanced software in [[Formula 1]] has been developed by McLaren Electronics known as Advanced Telemetry Linked Acquisition System, which displays graphs of each of the vehicle's systems on the exact section of track, in a [[real time]] format. The benefits of using such a system include the fact that the parameters which can be recorded for analysis cover the whole set-up of the race vehicle (up to 127 [[channel]]s).

The parameters which are measured and recorded by a data acquisition system are broken into three generic categories, which are also interlinked due to system requirements and the complexity of major components (for example, a wheel [[speed]] sensor not only monitors the wheel speed but also the speed of the vehicle, location on the track and an input to [[traction]] and [[launch control (automotive)|launch control]] systems):

#'''[[Engine]]:''' [[Rev]]s per minute, fuel and [[oil]] pressure, water and oil temperature, [[turbo charger]] boost pressure, [[exhaust]] gas temperature, [[battery (electricity)|battery]] voltage, inlet air temperature and [[throttle]] position sensor.
#'''[[Chassis]]:''' Wheel speed, steering angle, [[lateral]] and [[longitudinal]] [[G-force]] (applied from braking and cornering), Brake line pressure, damper movement and gear position.
#*'''Advanced Chassis DAS''': Ride height, [[drive shaft]] or [[prop shaft]] [[torque]], [[Suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] loads, tyre pressure and compound temperature, and brake disk temperature. ''Optional'': [[aerodynamic]] parameters, including air speed and local air pressures.
#'''Driver:''' Both engine and chassis-related factors which are controlled by the driver, such as throttle position, gear position, steering angle and brake line pressure or directly controlled parameters such as engine revs per minute, speed and G-force.

The accurate information provided by telemetry sent by DAS in a practice run takes significant fine tuning, such as ensuring the correct [[gear ratio]]s are present according to track layout, or that the engine acceleration speed according to throttle position and sensitivity is set to the required conditions of a race. The engine control system will be programmed with suitable engine maps giving the driver more control of the throttle input. On a track with a large number of corners, the first part of pedal movement would be made very sensitive in order to effectively negotiate the course. On other courses, however, the vehicle might be required to come out of the [[chicanes]] and directly to peak power levels, thus less sensitivity required on the pedal.

The DAS during race time is monitored by engineers in the pit and [[garage]] area, who diagnose any faults which may occur. In this case, the DAS is used as an early warning system of potential mechanical failure, allowing the designers and material analysis team to easily distinguish the cause of the fault. This can result in a significant decrease of the danger to a driver.

A good example of this can be taken from the [[2003 British Grand Prix]], when engineers in the pits observed the loss of pressure from one of Coulthards tyres. The DAS allowed the team to recall him from his practice, resolving the fault before a dangerous situation occurred.

“Formula 1 telemetry is the technological lifeblood of the sport, helping the drivers and engineers to better understand how a car functions and how they can optimise its set-up.”{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

Archive:Data acquisition system

2007-10-02T20:28:35Z

66.108.191.45: /* Data logging systems */

{{clarify|December 2006}}

A '''data acquisition system''' is a device designed to measure and log some parameters. The purpose of the data acquisition system is generally the analysis of the logged data and the improvement of the object of measurements. The data acquisition system is normally electronics based, and it is made of hardware and software.
The hardware part is made of sensors, cables and electronics components (among which memory is where imformation are stored). The software part is made of the data acquisition logic and the analysis software (and some other utilities that can be used to configure the logic or to move data from data acquisition memory to a laptop or to a mainframe computer).
An example: [[Data logging]], carried out by a '''data acquisition system''' (DAS), can be used to measure parameters such as [[temperature]] and [[humidity]] in storage facilities with perishable products; the measurement data is then stored for analysis to improve quality assurance.
Another example: a '''data acquisition system''' can be placed on a race car to measure RPM and vehicle speed to analyze car's behaviour once it's back to pits and improve the car setup.

==Data logging systems==
Data logging systems consist of four elements:

#Measuring output ([[sensor]]s around the vehicle)
#Recording output signals (logger unit)
#Uploading/accessing recorded data ([[telemetry]])
#Analysis of recorded data. (DAS [[software]])

The 4 elements above have specific requirements which need to physically present and included in the design process. Sensors to measure selected parameters must meet certain specifications, and the routing of the sensor [[cable]]s ensures they will not suffer from [[electromagnetic]] interference from other electronic systems. The DAS unit (including [[memory]]) and the link from the DAS unit to the operating platform to upload the acquired data via a [[hardwire]] cable or telemetry also must conform to requirements.

Most [[race car]]s use two types of telemetry. The first is sent to the [[engineer]]s in the pits every time the vehicle acquires more than 50[[megabyte|Mb]] of data, containing an insight into the state of the vehicle. The second is transferred each time the vehicle is in the [[pit stop|pit lane]], providing information on every part of the vehicle. With the most advanced telemetry, the data is sent constantly for analysis through a [[transmitter]] as long as a good connection is present usually thru a hovering [[helicopter]] (not always possible in parts of certain [[raceways]] due to obstruction).

The [[operating platform]] is required to include specialist analysis software to view the data, usually in the form of various [[graph]]s to improve and develop the performance of the key areas and operation parameters of the vehicles running conditions. The most advanced software in [[Formula 1]] has been developed by McLaren Electronics known as Advanced Telemetry Linked Acquisition System, which displays graphs of each of the vehicle's systems on the exact section of track, in a [[real time]] format. The benefits of using such a system include the fact that the parameters which can be recorded for analysis cover the whole set-up of the race vehicle (up to 127 [[channel]]s).

The parameters which are measured and recorded by a data acquisition system are broken into three generic categories, which are also interlinked due to system requirements and the complexity of major components (for example, a wheel [[speed]] sensor not only monitors the wheel speed but also the speed of the vehicle, location on the track and an input to [[traction]] and [[launch control (automotive)|launch control]] systems):

#'''[[Engine]]:''' [[Rev]]s per minute, fuel and [[oil]] pressure, water and oil temperature, [[turbo charger]] boost pressure, [[exhaust]] gas temperature, [[battery (electricity)|battery]] voltage, inlet air temperature and [[throttle]] position sensor.
#'''[[Chassis]]:''' Wheel speed, steering angle, [[lateral]] and [[longitudinal]] [[G-force]] (applied from braking and cornering), Brake line pressure, damper movement and gear position.
#*'''Advanced Chassis DAS''': Ride height, [[drive shaft]] or [[prop shaft]] [[torque]], [[Suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] loads, tyre pressure and compound temperature, and brake disk temperature. ''Optional'': [[aerodynamic]] parameters, including air speed and local air pressures.
#'''Driver:''' Both engine and chassis-related factors which are controlled by the driver, such as throttle position, gear position, steering angle and brake line pressure or directly controlled parameters such as engine revs per minute, speed and G-force.

The accurate information provided by telemetry sent by DAS in a practice run takes significant fine tuning, such as ensuring the correct [[gear ratio]]s are present according to track layout, or that the engine acceleration speed according to throttle position and sensitivity is set to the required conditions of a race. The engine control system will be programmed with suitable engine maps giving the driver more control of the throttle input. On a track with a large number of corners, the first part of pedal movement would be made very sensitive in order to effectively negotiate the course. On other courses, however, the vehicle might be required to come out of the [[chicanes]] and directly to peak power levels, thus less sensitivity required on the pedal.

The DAS during race time is monitored by engineers in the pit and [[garage]] area, who diagnose any faults which may occur. In this case, the DAS is used as an early warning system of potential mechanical failure, allowing the designers and material analysis team to easily distinguish the cause of the fault. This can result in a significant decrease of the danger to a driver.

A good example of this can be taken from the [[2003 British Grand Prix]], when engineers in the pits observed the loss of pressure from one of Coulthards tyres. The DAS allowed the team to recall him from his practice, resolving the fault before a dangerous situation occurred.

“Formula 1 telemetry is the technological lifeblood of the sport, helping the drivers and engineers to better understand how a car functions and how they can optimise its set-up.”{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

Archive:Data acquisition system

2007-10-02T20:17:32Z

66.108.191.45: /* Data logging systems */

{{clarify|December 2006}}

A '''data acquisition system''' is a device designed to measure and log some parameters. The purpose of the data acquisition system is generally the analysis of the logged data and the improvement of the object of measurements. The data acquisition system is normally electronics based, and it is made of hardware and software.
The hardware part is made of sensors, cables and electronics components (among which memory is where imformation are stored). The software part is made of the data acquisition logic and the analysis software (and some other utilities that can be used to configure the logic or to move data from data acquisition memory to a laptop or to a mainframe computer).
An example: [[Data logging]], carried out by a '''data acquisition system''' (DAS), can be used to measure parameters such as [[temperature]] and [[humidity]] in storage facilities with perishable products; the measurement data is then stored for analysis to improve quality assurance.
Another example: a '''data acquisition system''' can be placed on a race car to measure RPM and vehicle speed to analyze car's behaviour once it's back to pits and improve the car setup.

==Data logging systems==
Data logging systems consist of four elements:

#Measuring output ([[sensor]]s around the vehicle)
#Recording output signals (logger unit)
#Uploading/accessing recorded data ([[telemetry]])
#Analysis of recorded data. (DAS [[software]])

The 4 elements above have specific requirements which need to physically present and included in the design process. Sensors to measure selected parameters must meet certain specifications, and the routing of the sensor [[cable]]s ensures they will not suffer from [[electromagnetic]] interference from other electronic systems. The DAS unit (including [[memory]]) and the link from the DAS unit to the operating platform to upload the acquired data via a [[hardwire]] cable or telemetry also must conform to requirements.

Most [[race car]]s use two types of telemetry. The first is sent to the [[engineer]]s in the pits every time the vehicle acquires more than 50[[megabyte|Mb]] of data, containing an insight into the state of the vehicle. The second is transferred each time the vehicle is in the [[pit stop|pit lane]], providing information on every part of the vehicle. With the most advanced telemetry, the data is sent constantly for analysis through a [[transmitter]] as long as a good connection is present (not always possible in parts of certain [[raceways]] due to obstruction).

The [[operating platform]] is required to include specialist analysis software to view the data, usually in the form of various [[graph]]s to improve and develop the performance of the key areas and operation parameters of the vehicles running conditions. The most advanced software in [[Formula 1]] has been developed by McLaren Electronics known as Advanced Telemetry Linked Acquisition System, which displays graphs of each of the vehicle's systems on the exact section of track, in a [[real time]] format. The benefits of using such a system include the fact that the parameters which can be recorded for analysis cover the whole set-up of the race vehicle (up to 127 [[channel]]s).

The parameters which are measured and recorded by a data acquisition system are broken into three generic categories, which are also interlinked due to system requirements and the complexity of major components (for example, a wheel [[speed]] sensor not only monitors the wheel speed but also the speed of the vehicle, location on the track and an input to [[traction]] and [[launch control (automotive)|launch control]] systems):

#'''[[Engine]]:''' [[Rev]]s per minute, fuel and [[oil]] pressure, water and oil temperature, [[turbo charger]] boost pressure, [[exhaust]] gas temperature, [[battery (electricity)|battery]] voltage, inlet air temperature and [[throttle]] position sensor.
#'''[[Chassis]]:''' Wheel speed, steering angle, [[lateral]] and [[longitudinal]] [[G-force]] (applied from braking and cornering), Brake line pressure, damper movement and gear position.
#*'''Advanced Chassis DAS''': Ride height, [[drive shaft]] or [[prop shaft]] [[torque]], [[Suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] loads, tyre pressure and compound temperature, and brake disk temperature. ''Optional'': [[aerodynamic]] parameters, including air speed and local air pressures.
#'''Driver:''' Both engine and chassis-related factors which are controlled by the driver, such as throttle position, gear position, steering angle and brake line pressure or directly controlled parameters such as engine revs per minute, speed and G-force.

The accurate information provided by telemetry sent by DAS in a practice run takes significant fine tuning, such as ensuring the correct [[gear ratio]]s are present according to track layout, or that the engine acceleration speed according to throttle position and sensitivity is set to the required conditions of a race. The engine control system will be programmed with suitable engine maps giving the driver more control of the throttle input. On a track with a large number of corners, the first part of pedal movement would be made very sensitive in order to effectively negotiate the course. On other courses, however, the vehicle might be required to come out of the [[chicanes]] and directly to peak power levels, thus less sensitivity required on the pedal.

The DAS during race time is monitored by engineers in the pit and [[garage]] area, who diagnose any faults which may occur. In this case, the DAS is used as an early warning system of potential mechanical failure, allowing the designers and material analysis team to easily distinguish the cause of the fault. This can result in a significant decrease of the danger to a driver.

A good example of this can be taken from the [[2003 British Grand Prix]], when engineers in the pits observed the loss of pressure from one of Coulthards tyres. The DAS allowed the team to recall him from his practice, resolving the fault before a dangerous situation occurred.

“Formula 1 telemetry is the technological lifeblood of the sport, helping the drivers and engineers to better understand how a car functions and how they can optimise its set-up.”{{Fact|date=February 2007}}