IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

RecoveredNS112:Why create a Wikademia account

2009-03-01T00:25:43Z

66.32.20.229: Replaced content with 'LOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOL'

LOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOL

Conservation Entrepreneurship

2009-02-15T21:26:08Z

66.32.77.145: /* Table of Contents */

== '''Conservation Entrepreneurship: Business and Management Practices in International Environmental Conservation''' ==

Conservation Entrepreneurship is a conservation skills course of the ''Tropical Conservation and Development Program'' at the [[w:University of Florida|University of Florida]].

The central theme of this course is: '''“How can we apply private sector approaches to promote the goals of Tropical Conservation and Development?”''' It includes an introduction to both organizational management practices and income generation. A major part of the course is development of a business plan for a student-selected income-generating enterprise linked to conservation.

== Key learning objectives ==
* Understand the requirements for successful operation of an income-generating enterprise
* Appreciate the practical challenges and difficulties of small-scale enterprises in developing countries, and consider how these can be addressed
* Learn personal skills to be a more effective team member and leader
* Become familiar with various aspects of managing conservation programs and non-profit organizations.

This is a “conservation skills” course intended for grad students with little or no business background who envision themselves working in a conservation organization or community enterprise and would like to learn business skills that will be useful in that work. “Conservation skills” courses are offered by the Tropical Conservation and Development Program to provide students with professional abilities that are essential to the effective implementation of Tropical Conservation and Development, but that would not normally be addressed in a natural or social science academic curriculum.

==Course Concepts==
''Concepts we have covered in first 6 weeks''
*What is Entrepreneurship?
**Social entrepreneurs
*Business plans -- examples and ideas
*Understanding business
**Brand value
**Greening business
**Comparison of non-profits and for-profits
*Case studies
**Deja Shoes
**Perez Companc -- a large holding company institutes an Environmental Management system
**Local Gainesville social entrepreneurs: Volta coffee, Indigo green home products, Alternatives crafts from around the world
*Customer orientation / Value proposition
''Upcoming topics''
*Business Planning (Feb 18)
*Community enterprises from developing countries Case Studies (iFeb 25)
*Organizational management
**working as teams
*Personal skills
**Mission
**Leadership
**Time management
*Monitoring and Evaluation
*Marketing

==Student Interests as Expressed in First Class==

{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
|-
!CONTENT
!SKILLS
|-
|
*History of environmental entrepreneurship
*Current context of "natural" products
*Certification/"green" market incentives
*Greenwashing / marketing
*Policy/politics
*Business organization
*Interactions between and among organizations
*Impact on global system
*Market access / socio-economic dynamics
*Case studies
*Who's buying, who's making, who's selling, where
*Challenges (success/failure)
*Rural resource management
|
*Leadership
*Recruiting Involvement
*Teamwork
*Creativity
*Business life -- budget; team
*Stakeholder analysis
*Participatory planning
*Facilitation
*Tact / diplomacy
*Business plan writing
*Marketing
*Monitoring / evaluation
|-
|}

== Table of Contents ==
[[File:Houston Giant Eland.jpg|thumb|[[w:Giand Eland|Giand Eland]], an endangered species classified by [[w:IUCN|IUCN]] endagered. There are ongoing projects based on domestication of this meat and trophy bringing species]]
*Overview
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Definition|Definition]]
***[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Definition/Social Entrepreneur Examples|Definition/Social Entrepreneur Examples]]
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Local Initiatives|Local Initiatives]]
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Resources|Resources]]

*Business Plans
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Business Plans|Business Plans]]
***[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Business Plans/Examples|Business Plans/Examples]]
***[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Business Plans/Ideas|Business Plans/Ideas]]

*Marketing, Branding and Communication
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/branding|Branding]]
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Communication|Communication]]
*Organizational Management
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Differences&Similarities|Differences and Similarities between For-Profit and Non-Profit Enterprises]]

*Personal Skills
*Course Stuff
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Readings and Assignments|Class Outlines and Readings]]**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Assignments|Assignments]]
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Course Policies|Course Policies]]
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Snack List|Snack List]]

[[Category:Conservation_entrepreneurship| ]]

Conservation Entrepreneurship

2009-02-15T21:23:56Z

66.32.77.145: /* Table of Contents */

== '''Conservation Entrepreneurship: Business and Management Practices in International Environmental Conservation''' ==

Conservation Entrepreneurship is a conservation skills course of the ''Tropical Conservation and Development Program'' at the [[w:University of Florida|University of Florida]].

The central theme of this course is: '''“How can we apply private sector approaches to promote the goals of Tropical Conservation and Development?”''' It includes an introduction to both organizational management practices and income generation. A major part of the course is development of a business plan for a student-selected income-generating enterprise linked to conservation.

== Key learning objectives ==
* Understand the requirements for successful operation of an income-generating enterprise
* Appreciate the practical challenges and difficulties of small-scale enterprises in developing countries, and consider how these can be addressed
* Learn personal skills to be a more effective team member and leader
* Become familiar with various aspects of managing conservation programs and non-profit organizations.

This is a “conservation skills” course intended for grad students with little or no business background who envision themselves working in a conservation organization or community enterprise and would like to learn business skills that will be useful in that work. “Conservation skills” courses are offered by the Tropical Conservation and Development Program to provide students with professional abilities that are essential to the effective implementation of Tropical Conservation and Development, but that would not normally be addressed in a natural or social science academic curriculum.

==Course Concepts==
''Concepts we have covered in first 6 weeks''
*What is Entrepreneurship?
**Social entrepreneurs
*Business plans -- examples and ideas
*Understanding business
**Brand value
**Greening business
**Comparison of non-profits and for-profits
*Case studies
**Deja Shoes
**Perez Companc -- a large holding company institutes an Environmental Management system
**Local Gainesville social entrepreneurs: Volta coffee, Indigo green home products, Alternatives crafts from around the world
*Customer orientation / Value proposition
''Upcoming topics''
*Business Planning (Feb 18)
*Community enterprises from developing countries Case Studies (iFeb 25)
*Organizational management
**working as teams
*Personal skills
**Mission
**Leadership
**Time management
*Monitoring and Evaluation
*Marketing

==Student Interests as Expressed in First Class==

{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
|-
!CONTENT
!SKILLS
|-
|
*History of environmental entrepreneurship
*Current context of "natural" products
*Certification/"green" market incentives
*Greenwashing / marketing
*Policy/politics
*Business organization
*Interactions between and among organizations
*Impact on global system
*Market access / socio-economic dynamics
*Case studies
*Who's buying, who's making, who's selling, where
*Challenges (success/failure)
*Rural resource management
|
*Leadership
*Recruiting Involvement
*Teamwork
*Creativity
*Business life -- budget; team
*Stakeholder analysis
*Participatory planning
*Facilitation
*Tact / diplomacy
*Business plan writing
*Marketing
*Monitoring / evaluation
|-
|}

== Table of Contents ==
[[File:Houston Giant Eland.jpg|thumb|[[w:Giand Eland|Giand Eland]], an endangered species classified by [[w:IUCN|IUCN]] endagered. There are ongoing projects based on domestication of this meat and trophy bringing species]]
*Overview
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Definition|Definition]]
***[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Definition/Social Entrepreneur Examples|Definition/Social Entrepreneur Examples]]
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Local Initiatives|Local Initiatives]]
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Resources|Resources]]

*Business Plans
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Business Plans|Business Plans]]
***[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Business Plans/Examples|Business Plans/Examples]]
***[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Business Plans/Ideas|Business Plans/Ideas]]

*Marketing, Branding and Communication
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/branding|Branding]]
*Organizational Management
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Differences&Similarities|Differences and Similarities between For-Profit and Non-Profit Enterprises]]

*Personal Skills
*Course Stuff
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Readings and Assignments|Class Outlines and Readings]]**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Assignments|Assignments]]
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Course Policies|Course Policies]]
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Snack List|Snack List]]

[[Category:Conservation_entrepreneurship| ]]

Conservation Entrepreneurship

2009-02-15T21:17:39Z

66.32.77.145: /* Table of Contents */

== '''Conservation Entrepreneurship: Business and Management Practices in International Environmental Conservation''' ==

Conservation Entrepreneurship is a conservation skills course of the ''Tropical Conservation and Development Program'' at the [[w:University of Florida|University of Florida]].

The central theme of this course is: '''“How can we apply private sector approaches to promote the goals of Tropical Conservation and Development?”''' It includes an introduction to both organizational management practices and income generation. A major part of the course is development of a business plan for a student-selected income-generating enterprise linked to conservation.

== Key learning objectives ==
* Understand the requirements for successful operation of an income-generating enterprise
* Appreciate the practical challenges and difficulties of small-scale enterprises in developing countries, and consider how these can be addressed
* Learn personal skills to be a more effective team member and leader
* Become familiar with various aspects of managing conservation programs and non-profit organizations.

This is a “conservation skills” course intended for grad students with little or no business background who envision themselves working in a conservation organization or community enterprise and would like to learn business skills that will be useful in that work. “Conservation skills” courses are offered by the Tropical Conservation and Development Program to provide students with professional abilities that are essential to the effective implementation of Tropical Conservation and Development, but that would not normally be addressed in a natural or social science academic curriculum.

==Course Concepts==
''Concepts we have covered in first 6 weeks''
*What is Entrepreneurship?
**Social entrepreneurs
*Business plans -- examples and ideas
*Understanding business
**Brand value
**Greening business
**Comparison of non-profits and for-profits
*Case studies
**Deja Shoes
**Perez Companc -- a large holding company institutes an Environmental Management system
**Local Gainesville social entrepreneurs: Volta coffee, Indigo green home products, Alternatives crafts from around the world
*Customer orientation / Value proposition
''Upcoming topics''
*Business Planning (Feb 18)
*Community enterprises from developing countries Case Studies (iFeb 25)
*Organizational management
**working as teams
*Personal skills
**Mission
**Leadership
**Time management
*Monitoring and Evaluation
*Marketing

==Student Interests as Expressed in First Class==

{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
|-
!CONTENT
!SKILLS
|-
|
*History of environmental entrepreneurship
*Current context of "natural" products
*Certification/"green" market incentives
*Greenwashing / marketing
*Policy/politics
*Business organization
*Interactions between and among organizations
*Impact on global system
*Market access / socio-economic dynamics
*Case studies
*Who's buying, who's making, who's selling, where
*Challenges (success/failure)
*Rural resource management
|
*Leadership
*Recruiting Involvement
*Teamwork
*Creativity
*Business life -- budget; team
*Stakeholder analysis
*Participatory planning
*Facilitation
*Tact / diplomacy
*Business plan writing
*Marketing
*Monitoring / evaluation
|-
|}

== Table of Contents ==
[[File:Houston Giant Eland.jpg|thumb|[[w:Giand Eland|Giand Eland]], an endangered species classified by [[w:IUCN|IUCN]] endagered. There are ongoing projects based on domestication of this meat and trophy bringing species]]
*Overview

*Business Plans

*Marketing, Branding and Communication
*[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/branding|Branding]]
*[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Business Plans|Business Plans]]
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Business Plans/Examples|Business Plans/Examples]]
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Business Plans/Ideas|Business Plans/Ideas]]
*[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Definition|Definition]]
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Definition/Social Entrepreneur Examples|Definition/Social Entrepreneur Examples]]
*[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Differences&Similarities|Differences and Similarities between For-Profit and Non-Profit Enterprises]]
*[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Local Initiatives|Local Initiatives]]
*[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Resources|Resources]]
*Course Stuff
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Readings and Assignments|Class Outlines and Readings]]**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Assignments|Assignments]]
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Course Policies|Course Policies]]
**[[Conservation Entrepreneurship/Snack List|Snack List]]

[[Category:Conservation_entrepreneurship| ]]

Precipitation (chemistry)

2008-01-24T00:51:31Z

66.32.170.85: /* Representation using chemical equations */

'''Precipitation''' is the formation of a [[solid]] in a [[solution]] during a [[chemical reaction]]. When the chemical reaction occurs the solid formed is called the '''precipitate'''. This can occur when an insoluble substance, the '''precipitate''', is formed in the solution due to a reaction or when the solution has been ''supersaturated'' by a compound. The formation of a precipitate is a sign of a chemical change. In most situations, the solid forms ("falls") out of the solute phase, and sinks to the bottom of the solution (though it will float if it is less dense than the solvent, or form a [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]).

==Uses==

Precipitation reactions can be used for making pigments, removing salts from water in water treatment, and for qualitative chemical analysis.

This effect is useful in many industrial and scientific applications whereby a chemical reaction may produce a solid that can be collected from the solution by various methods (e.g. filtration, decanting, centrifuging). Precipitation from a [[solid solution]] is also a useful way to [[precipitation strengthening|strengthen]] [[alloy]]s; this process is known as [[solid solution strengthening]].

==Mechanism==

An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of [[nucleation]]. The creation of a hypothetical solid particle includes the formation of an interface, which requires some energy based on the relative [[surface energy]] of the solid and the solution. If this energy is not available, and no suitable nucleation surface is available, [[supersaturation]] occurs.

==Representation using chemical equations==

An example of a precipitation reaction: Aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO3) is added to a solution containing potassium chloride (KCl) and the precipitation of a white solid, silver chloride is observed. (Zumdahl, 2005)

:AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)

The silver chloride(AgCl) has formed a solid, which is observed as a precipitate.

This reaction can be written emphasizing the dissociated ions in a combined solution. This is known as the total ionic equation.
:Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + K+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(solid) + K+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

A final way to represent a precipitate reaction is known as a ''net ionic reaction''. In this case, any spectator ions (those which do not contribute to the reaction) are left out of the formula completely. This simplifies the above equations to the following:
:Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s)

==Cation sensitivity==
Precipitate formation is useful in the detection of the type of [[cation]] in [[salt]]. To do this, an [[alkali]] first reacts with the unknown salt to produce a precipitate which is the hydroxide of the unknown salt.

To identify the cation, the color of the precipitate and its solubility in excess are noted.

Similar processes are often used to separate chemically similar elements, such as the [[Rare earth element|rare earth]] metals.

==Digestion==

Digestion, or ''precipitate ageing'', happens when a freshly-formed precipitate is left, usually at a higher temperature, in the solution from which it is precipitated. It results in cleaner and bigger particles.<ref>[http://www.ktf-split.hr/glossary/en_o.php?def=digestion Chemical dictionary definition.]</ref> The physico-chemical process underlying digestion is called [[Ostwald ripening]].

==Coprecipitation==
{{main|coprecipitation}}

Coprecipitation is the carrying down by a precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed. It is an important issue in chemical analysis, where it is often undesirable, but in some cases it can be exploited. In [[gravimetric analysis]], it is a problem because undesired impurities often coprecipitate with the analyte, resulting in excess mass. On the other hand, in the analysis of trace elements, as is often the case in [[radiochemistry]], coprecipitation is often the only way of separating an element.

==References==
*Zumdahl, Steven S. ''Chemical Principles.'' 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.
*Mark Smith ''Principles of Science'' 1993

<references/>

==Further reading==
*Banert, T., Brenner, G., Peuker, U. A. (2006), Operating parameters of a continuous sono-chemical precipitation reactor, Proc. 5. WCPT, Orlando Fl., 23.-27. April 2006.

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Solid precipitation}}
* [http://www.hielscher.com/ultrasonics/precipitation_01.htm Continuous Precipitation Using Ultrasonication (e.g. for nano-size magnetite particles)]

[[Category:Chemical processes]]

[[ca:Precipitació (química)]]
[[da:Fældningsreaktion]]
[[de:Fällung]]
[[es:Precipitado]]
[[fr:Précipité]]
[[gl:Precipitación (reacción)]]
[[it:Precipitazione (chimica)]]
[[he:תגובת שיקוע]]
[[nl:Neerslag (scheikunde)]]
[[ja:沈殿]]
[[no:Fellingsreaksjon]]
[[nn:Fellingsreaksjon]]
[[pt:Precipitação (química)]]
[[ru:Преципитат (химия)]]
[[su:Présipitasi]]
[[sv:Utfällning]]
[[zh:沉淀]]

Precipitation (chemistry)

2007-09-19T01:27:55Z

66.32.41.63:

''''Precipitation''' is the formation of a [[solid]] in a [[solution]] during a [[chemical reaction]]. When the chemical reaction occurs the solid formed is called the '''precipitate'''. This can occur when an insoluble substance, the '''precipitate''', is formed in the solution due to a reaction or when the solution has been ''supersaturated'' by a compound. The formation of a precipitate is a sign of a chemical change. In most situations, the solid forms ("falls") out of the solute phase, and sinks to the bottom of the solution (though it will float if it is less dense than the solvent, or form a [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]).

Precipitation reactions can be used for making pigments, removing salts from water in water treatment, and for qualitative chemical analysis.

This effect is useful in many industrial and scientific applications whereby a chemical reaction may produce a solid that can be collected from the solution by various methods (e.g. filtration, decanting, centrifuging). Precipitation from a [[solid solution]] is also a useful way to [[precipitation strengthening|strengthen]] [[alloy]]s; this process is known as [[solid solution strengthening]].

An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of [[nucleation]]. The creation of a hypothetical solid particle includes the formation of an interface, which requires some energy based on the relative [[surface energy]] of the solid and the solution. If this energy is not available, and no suitable nucleation surface is available, [[supersaturation]] occurs.

An example of a precipitation reaction: Aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO3) is added to a solution containing potassium chloride (KCl) and the precipitation of a white solid, silver chloride is observed. (Zumdahl, 2005)

:AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)

The silver chloride(AgCl) has formed a solid, which is observed as a precipitate.

This reaction can be written emphasizing the dissociated ions in a combined solution
:Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + K+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(solid) + K+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

A final way to represent a precipitate reaction is known as a ''net ionic reaction''. In this case, any spectator ions (those which do not contribute to the reaction) are left out of the formula completely. This simplifies the above equations to the following:
:Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s)

After evaporation, condensation occurs and will slowly turn into a cloud.

==Cation sensitivity==
Precipitate formation is useful in the detection of the type of [[cation]] in [[salt]]. To do this, an [[alkali]] first reacts with the unknown salt to produce a precipitate which is the hydroxide of the unknown salt.

To identify the cation, the colour of the precipitate and its solubility in excess are noted.

Similar processes are often used to separate chemically similar elements, such as the [[rare earth]] metals.

==Digestion==

Digestion, or ''precipitate ageing'', happens when a freshly-formed precipitate is left, usually at a higher temperature, in the solution from which it is precipitated. It results in cleaner and bigger particles.<ref>[http://www.ktf-split.hr/glossary/en_o.php?def=digestion Chemical dictionary definition.]</ref>

==References==
*Zumdahl, Steven S. ''Chemical Principles.'' 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.
*Mark Smith ''Principles of Science'' 1993

<references/>

==Further reading==
*Banert, T., Brenner, G., Peuker, U. A. (2006), Operating parameters of a continuous sono-chemical precipitation reactor, Proc. 5. WCPT, Orlando Fl., 23.-27. April 2006.

==External links==
* [http://www.hci.edu.sg/~limth/lessons/2002/qa/cations.htm Test for Cations]
* [http://www.hielscher.com/ultrasonics/precipitation_01.htm Continuous Precipitation Using Ultrasonication (e.g. for nano-size magnetite particles)]

[[Category:Chemical processes]]

[[da:Fældningsreaktion]]
[[de:Fällungsreaktion]]
[[es:Precipitado]]
[[fr:Précipité]]
[[he:תגובת שיקוע]]
[[it:Precipitazione (chimica)]]
[[nl:Neerslag (scheikunde)]]
[[ja:沈殿]]
[[no:Fellingsreaksjon]]
[[nn:Fellingsreaksjon]]
[[pt:Precipitação (química)]]
[[ru:Преципитат (химия)]]
[[su:Présipitasi]]
[[sv:Utfällning]]
[[zh:沉淀]]

List of intelligence gathering disciplines

2006-07-08T05:44:11Z

66.32.49.209:

'''Intelligence Gathering Disciplines'''

* [[HUMINT]] - Human Intelligence - gathered from a person on the ground.
* [[GEOINT]] - Geospatial Intelligence - gathered from satellite, aerial photography, mapping/terrain data
** [[IMINT]] - Imagery Intelligence - gathered from satellite and aerial photography
* [[MASINT]] - Measurement and Signature Intelligence
** [[ACINT]] - Acoustic Intelligence - gathered from acoustical sources
** [[CBINT]] - Chemical and Biological Intelligence - gathered from chemical and biological weapons and hazards
** [[DEWINT]] - Directed Energy Weapon Intelligence - gathered from weapon related radio frequency, microwave, electromagnetic pulse, laser, and particle beams
** Effluent/Debris Collection - gathered from atmospheric effluents and debris
** [[EOINT]] - Electro-Optical Intelligence - gathered from optical monitoring of the electromagnetic spectrum
*** [[IRINT]] - Infrared Intelligence - gathered from the infrared spectrum
*** [[LASINT]] - Laser Intelligence - gathered from laser systems
** [[MATINT]] - Materials Intelligence
** [[NUCINT]] - Nuclear Intelligence - gathered from the analysis of radiation
** [[RADINT]] - Radar Intelligence - gathered from radar sources. Note that this is often considered to be part of ELINT (q.v.).
** [[RF/EMPINT]] - Radio Frequency/Electromagnetic Pulse Intelligence - gathered from radio frequency and electromagnetic pulse emissions
** Spectroscopic Intelligence
* [[OSINT]] - Open Source Intelligence - gathered from open sources
* [[SIGINT]] - Signals Intelligence - gathered from interception of signals
**[[COMINT]] - Communications Intelligence
** [[ELINT]] - Electronic Intelligence - gathered from non-communications electronic emissions
* [[TECHINT]] - Technical Intelligence - gathered from analysis of weapons and equipment used by the armed forces of foreign nations
* [[FININT]] - Financial Intelligence - gathered from analysis of monetary transactions
* [[MEDINT]] - Medical Intelligence - gathered from analysis of medical records and/or actual physiological examinations to determine health and/or particular ailments/allergetic conditions for exploitation.
==See also==
* [[cryptanalysis]]
* [[TEMPEST]]
* [[traffic analysis]]
* [[Analysis of competing hypotheses]]
* [[Denial and deception]]
* [[Analytical tradecraft]]

[[Category:Espionage]]
[[Category:OSINT]]

Archive:Brill tagger

2006-05-13T22:11:47Z

66.32.223.45:

The '''Brill Tagger''' is a method for doing [[part-of-speech tagging]]. It was exposed by [[Eric Brill]] in his 1993 PhD thesis [http://www.cs.jhu.edu/~brill/dissertation.ps]. It can be summarised as an "error-driven transformation-based tagger". It is
* error-driven in the sense that it recourses to supervised learning
* transformation-based in the sense that a tag is assigned to each word and changed using a set of predefined rules. Note: If the word is known, it first assigns the most frequent tag, or if the word is unknown, it naively assigns the tag "noun" to it. Applying over and over these rules, changing the incorrect tags, a quite high accuracy is achieved.

== Algorithm ==
The algorithm goes as follow:
* Initialisation:
** Known words (in vocabulary): assigning the most frequent tag associated to a form of the word
** Unknown words (out of vocabulary) :
*** Proper noun if capitalised and simple noun else (1992)
*** Learning or guessing rules on the same basis as [[contextual rules]] (1994)
* Learning Phase
** Iteratively compute the error score of each candidate rule (difference between the number of errors before and after applying the rule)
** Select the best (higher score) rule.
** Add it to the rule set and apply it to the text.
** Repeat until no rule has a score above a given threshold (that is, until applying new rules leaves the text in the same state, which is then supposed to be the final state of the tagging).

== Rules ==
Lexical rules are used for the initialisation, and contextual rules are used to correct the tags.
*Lexical rules: ''word'' → ''tag'' IF ''Condition'' (example: identification of [[suffix]]es like "-tion")
*Contextual rules: ''tag1'' → ''tag2'' IF ''Condition'' (example: "preceding/following tag is ''X''", "preceding/following word is ''w''")

{{compu-stub}}

[[Category:Artificial intelligence]]