IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Top 100 Global Universities

2009-04-07T04:48:52Z

66.81.75.23: /* Top 100 Global Universities 2006 */

The '''Top 100 Global Universities''' is a ranking of the best College and University programs in the world as indicated by a survey conducted by [[Newsweek]]. The schools were evaluated on some of the measures used in well-known rankings published by [[Shanghai Jiaotong University]] and the [[Times Higher Education Supplement]] survey. Fifty percent of the score came from equal parts of three measures used by Shanghai Jiatong: the number of highly-cited researchers in various academic fields, the number of articles published in Nature and Science, and the number of articles listed in the ISI Social Sciences and Arts & Humanities indices. Another 40 percent of the score came from equal parts of four measures used by the Times: the percentage of international faculty, the percentage of international students, citations per faculty member (using ISI data), and the ratio of faculty to students. The final 10 percent came from library holdings (number of volumes).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14321230/print/1/displaymode/1098/|title= The Top 100 Global Universities |accessdate=2009-02-25 |work= |publisher= [[Newsweek International]]|date= Aug. 13, 2006}}</ref>

==Top 100 Global Universities 2009 ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|1. George Washington high School you mother fuckin bitches
|-
|2. Obama is a bithc
|-
|3. and never go to myspace
|-
|4. California Institute of Technology
|-
|5. University of California at Berkeley
|-
|6. University of Cambridge
|-
|7. Massachusetts Institute Technology
|-
|8. Oxford University
|-
|9. University of California at San Francisco
|-
|10. Columbia University
|-
|11. University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
|-
|12. University of California at Los Angeles
|-
|13. University of Pennsylvania
|-
|14. Duke University
|-
|15. Princeton University
|-
|16. Tokyo University
|-
|17. Imperial College London
|-
|18. University of Toronto
|-
|19. Cornell University
|-
|20. University of Chicago
|-
|21. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich
|-
|22. University of Washington at Seattle
|-
|23. University of California at San Diego
|-
|24. Johns Hopkins University
|-
|25. University College London
|-
|26. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne
|-
|27. University Texas at Austin
|-
|28. University of Wisconsin at Madison
|-
|29. Kyoto University
|-
|30. University of Minnesota Twin Cities
|-
|31. University of British Columbia
|-
|32. University of Geneva
|-
|33. Washington University in St. Louis
|-
|34. London School of Economics
|-
|35. Northwestern University
|-
|36. National University of Singapore
|-
|37. University of Pittsburgh
|-
|38. Australian National University
|-
|39. New York University
|-
|40. Pennsylvania State University
|-
|41. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
|-
|42. McGill University
|-
|43. Ecole Polytechnique
|-
|44. University of Basel
|-
|45. University of Maryland
|-
|46. University of Zurich
|-
|47. University of Edinburgh
|-
|48. University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
|-
|49. University of Bristol
|-
|50. University of Sydney
|-
|51. University of Colorado at Boulder
|-
|52. Utrecht University
|-
|53. University of Melbourne
|-
|54. University of Southern California
|-
|55. University of Alberta
|-
|56. Brown University
|-
|57. Osaka University
|-
|58. University of Manchester
|-
|59. University of California at Santa Barbara
|-
|60. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
|-
|61. Wageningen University
|-
|62. Michigan State University
|-
|63. University of Munich
|-
|64. University of New South Wales
|-
|65. Boston University
|-
|66. Vanderbilt University
|-
|67. University of Rochester
|-
|68. Tohoku University
|-
|69. University of Hong Kong
|-
|70. University of Sheffield
|-
|71. Nanyang Technological University
|-
|72. University of Vienna
|-
|73. Monash University
|-
|74. University of Nottingham
|-
|75. Carnegie Mellon University
|-
|76. Lund University
|-
|77. Texas A&M University
|-
|78. University of Western Australia
|-
|79. Ecole Normale Super Paris
|-
|80. University of Virginia
|-
|81. Technical University of Munich
|-
|82. Hebrew University of Jerusalem
|-
|83. Leiden University
|-
|84. University of Waterloo
|-
|85. King's College London
|-
|86. Purdue University
|-
|87. University of Birmingham
|-
|88. Uppsala University
|-
|89. University of Amsterdam
|-
|90. University of Heidelberg
|-
|91. University of Queensland
|-
|92. University of Leuven
|-
|93. Emory University
|-
|94. Nagoya University
|-
|95. Case Western Reserve University
|-
|96. Chinese University of Hong Kong
|-
|97. University of Newcastle
|-
|98. Innsbruck University
|-
|99. University of Massachusetts at Amherst
|-
|100. Sussex University
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[vi:Top 100 trường đại học trên thế giới]]

[[Category:Newsweek]]

Archive:Caribou Wilderness

2009-03-05T19:25:01Z

66.81.64.196: /* See also */ fix link

{{Infobox_protected_area
| name = Caribou Wilderness <br>[[Image:Caribourockgarden.jpg|thumb|288px|right|Caribou rock garden]]
| iucn_category = Ib
| image = US_Locator_Blank.svg
| caption = Map of the [[United States]]
| locator_x = 16
| locator_y = 61
| location = Cascade Range, east of Lassen Peak
| nearest_city = [[Susanville, California]]
| lat_degrees = 40
| lat_minutes = 30
| lat_seconds = 03
| lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 121
| long_minutes = 12
| long_seconds = 05
| long_direction = W
| area = {{convert|20546|acre|km2}}
| established = 1964
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[US Forest Service]] / [[US Department of Agriculture]]
}}
The '''Caribou Wilderness''' is a federally designated [[wilderness area]] created by the [[Wilderness Act]] of 1964 and is part of the [[National Wilderness Preservation System]]. It is located {{convert|60|mi|km}} east of [[Redding, California|Redding]] in the state of [[California]], USA. The Caribou Wilderness comprises {{convert|20546|acre|km2}}<ref>[http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=acreage&WID=98 Wilderness.net's Caribou Wilderness acreage page.]accessed Dec.6, 2008</ref> and is adjacent to the east side of [[Lassen Volcanic National Park]]. Both the park and the wilderness are within the [[Lassen National Forest]]. The U.S. Forest Service manages the wilderness.

Elevations range from {{convert|6400|ft|m}} to {{convert|8374|ft|m}}.

The terrain is a [[volcanic]] [[plateau]] with 75% covered by water and conifer forests and the remainder being barren rock such as cliff faces, [[talus]] slopes and cinder cones. Most of this area has been preserved since 1932 which makes the Caribou Wilderness one of the few remaining pristine forests of the California Cascade region. There are 23 named lakes, innumerable unnamed ponds and tarns, cinder cones and volcanic buttes within the wilderness. Although there are no year round surface streams, the area provides high quality water for the [[headwaters]] of the [[Susan River]], and Bailey Creek, a tributary of the [[Feather River]]. The high point is Red Cinder (8,363 ft<ref>[http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:273238 United States Geological Surve (USGS) Feature Detail Report]</ref>) located near the boundary between the wilderness and the park. Other peaks are North Caribou (7,785 ft<ref>[http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:229620 USGS Feature Detail Report]</ref>), South Caribou ( 7,753 ft<ref>[http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:234949 USGS Feature Detail Report]</ref>) and Black Butte in the northeast at 7,989 ft<ref>[http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:257102 USGS Feature Detail Report]</ref>.

Recreational activities include day [[hiking]], backpacking, fishing, [[horseback riding]], cross-country skiing, [[nature photography]] and [[rock climbing]]. The Forest Service encourages the practice of [[Leave No Trace]] principles of outdoor travel to minimize human impact on the environment.

== Flora, fauna and fungi ==
[[Image:Shasta lily.jpg|left|thumb| A Shasta Tiger lily.( Lilium pardalinum ssp. shastense)]]
The forest is [[lodgepole pine]], [[Jeffrey pine]], white and red [[fir]], [[western white pine]], and [[Tsuga|hemlock]].

21 of Caribou's lakes are stocked by air with rainbow [[trout]]. [[Black-tailed Deer|Black-tailed deer]] and [[American Black Bear|black bear]]s along with squirrels, chipmunks, and the protected (from hunting) [[American Marten|pine marten]] live here. There are [[bald eagles]] and [[osprey]]s overhead, [[merganser]]s and [[grebe]]s on the ponds and lakes.

Much smaller in size, but critically important to the forest ecosystem are the [[fungi]].
The [[cup fungus]], for instance, can be found in the Caribou. As the sanitary agents of the forest that consume dead organic matter, fungi spread on the floor of a conifer area. Fungal spores blow in on the winds and take up residence at the foot of trees. One type, called the [[Boletus edulis|king bolete]], is the edible mushroom most sought. Not all fungi have a symbiotic relationship with the trees, some fungi are parasitic, causing heartwood rot.
Along some trails in the Caribou, hikers will see a timber-destroying (causes brown rot) <ref> Brown rot and white rot are the two general types of wood decay caused by fungi. Brown rot results from the action of fungi which destroy the cellulose and leave a dry, brown, crumbly mass of lignin constituents of wood. Wood containing brown rot, even in the earliest visible stages of decay, is so weakened that it will fail in use and must be discarded. Since the cellulose fibers are affected, the value of wood for pulp is lost when brown rot occurs. [http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/nr/fid/fidls/fidl52.htm Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet USDA/USFS] accessed 6 Aug 2008</ref> pore fungi called the [[Fomitopsis pinicola|red-belt fomes]]. It is a white and yellow fungi on the bark of both white fir and red fir trees. An interesting aspect of red-belt fomes is that it has a laquared feel if touched.

== Area history ==
[[Image:Red fir.jpg|thumb|right|Old growth red fir.]]
Before this area became a federally protected wilderness in 1964, it had been previously protected as a primitive area since 1932. When the National Park Service was created in 1916, most of the first National Parks were carved out of National Forest Lands.

Beginning in 1929, The United States Forest Service set some areas aside as primitive areas to keep the Park Service from continuing to acquire forest lands. At least that is the conclusion of economist David Gerard,<ref>David Gerard Ph.D, of the Carnegie Mellon University and is also associated with the [[Hoover Institution]], a conservative think tank.</ref> who wrote about the competing interests between the two federal agencies: The Park Service under the federal [[Department of Interior]] and the Forest Service, managed by the federal [[Department of Agriculture]].

The forest service already managed {{convert|151|e6acre|km2}} of forest reserves before the National Park Service was even in existence. And each new national park had to be approved by the U.S. Congress. <ref>[http://www.foresthistory.org/Publications/FHT/FHTSpring2002/BehindTheWheel.pdf
Havlick, David G. " Behind The Wheel, A Look Back at Public Land Roads". ''Forest History Today'', Sprin''g 2002 edition, p. 3]</ref>

{{quote|Stephen T. Mather, Director of the National Park Service had made his ideas of park expansion at the expense of the national forest system increasingly apparent to the Forest Service. He had generated such support for the park system that there was at least a fair chance of many large areas in the forests being transferred to the Park Service. |(Gilligan 1953, 92)}}

These political maneuverings by the US Forest Service in the years 1929 - 1964 helped in the development of the wilderness preservation system of today.<ref>[http://www.perc.org/pdf/pltcenv6.pdf Gerard, David ''The Origins of the Federal Wilderness System'' p.4, Ch.6] accessed 23 July 2008.</ref>

== Recreation ==
Wilderness areas are managed to preserve the natural, undeveloped conditions as much as possible so there are limitations in the use for recreation. No motorized equipment, vehicles or bicycles can be brought into a wilderness. There are no man-made structures or conveniences, although occasionally evidence of prior land use before the wilderness designation, such as old fences and tree blazes are found.
The Caribou is one of the areas protected by the first major legislation for setting aside lands from development and resource extraction. The 1964 Wilderness Act created the Caribou Wilderness out of what was a primitive area since 1932. As a result, an almost pristine, old-growth forest describes the Caribou.
[[Image:Long Lake.jpg|300px|left|Long Lake]]
Three trailheads give access to the wilderness; Hay Meadows in the south, Cone Lake in the north and Silver Lake on the east which is also the most popular entry point. Travel by foot or horseback is easy because the landscape has only moderate hills and valleys. No wilderness permits are required, only a California [[campfire permit]] for open fires.
There are many other trails connecting to other lakes such as Evelyn Lakes as well as trails to the national park's backcountry wilderness area on the west. Backpacking and day hikes are possible with a variety of one-way or loop trips of any length. There are lakes within two miles (3 km) of any trailhead as well as volcanic cinder cones and rocky cliffs for the more adventurous visitors. Off-trail travel is possible but challenging due
to many large fallen trees and brush between wet meadows which is the nature of a wilderness area.

A wilderness addition was proposed for areas just outside the present boundaries including Indian Meadow (near Hay Meadow) and the lake for which the wilderness is named. These {{convert|2000|acre|km2}} have been identified by the forest service for having ancient forests of white fir, western white pine, sugar pine, lodgepole pine, red fir, incense cedar and Jeffrey pine. These areas provide habitat for the exceedingly rare [[wolverine]]. Officials of the adjacent national park have had a difficult time protecting the wolverine, Sierra Nevada red fox, great gray owl, and other rare species because of logging and road construction on the edge of the park. This proposed addition did not make it into the 2006 [[Northern California Coastal Wild Heritage Wilderness Act]]. <ref>[http://www.calwild.org/campaigns/cwhc_act/caribou.php information page on proposed addition to Caribou Wilderness] accessed 29 July 2008</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Lassen National Forest]]
*[[Lassen Volcanic National Park]]
*[[Wilderness Act]]
*[[List of U.S. Wilderness Areas]]
*[[List of old-growth forests]]

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
Adkinson, Ron '' Wild Northern California'' The Globe Piquet Press, 2001

[http://www.sherpaguides.com/california/mountains/northern_sierra/lassen_nat_forest.html Sherpaguide webpage on the Caribou Wilderness] accessed July 18, 2008

Laessoe, Thomas ''The Mushroom Book'', DK Publishing 1996

== External links ==
* [http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=wildView&WID=98 Wilderness.net's page on the Caribou Wilderness]. accessed 18 July 2008

{{Protected Areas of California}}

[[Category:Wilderness Areas of California]]
[[Category:IUCN Category Ib]]
[[Category:Old growth forests]]

Lunar Boom Town/Boomtown Ice Skating Rink

2007-04-11T21:11:31Z

66.81.37.16: /* Revenue Sources */

==Revenue Sources==
* Skaters Fees
* Water Storage
* Emergency Cooling Reserve
* Bar & Grill
* Vending machines
* Arcade

==Construction Costs==
: Estimate per cubic meter cost excavation cavern then price and estimate schedule for tiny, medium, large, maximum (roof limited)

*Construction Design, Specification, and Details

==Operationing Costs==

[[Category:Lunar Boom Town]]