IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Upper vs. lower motor neuron lesions

2009-02-08T00:13:27Z

67.142.235.68: /* Inspection */

==Inspection==
MOSTLY SEEN IN SPINAL CORD INJURY
===Muscle Bulk===
*loss of muscle bulk in LMN and late in UMN
*symmetry
Muscle grith

===Fasciculations===
*present in LMN, none in UMN

==Muscle Tone==
*flexion/extension, pronation/supination of joint through its ROM
===Hypotonia===
**flaccidity
**LMN lesions, spinal shock, cerebellar lesions
===Hypertonia===
*'''Spasticity''' - UMN lesion. Pyramidal tract involved
*limb moves, then catches, and then goes past catch ('''clasp-knife''')
**test by rapidly supinating forearm
*'''Rigidity'''
**UMN lesions, extrapyrimidal tract lesion
**increased tone throughout ROM (cog-wheeling, lead-pipe)
**circumducting the wrist

==Power==
*UMN
**flexors > extensors in upper limbs
**extensors > flexors in lower limbs
*LMN
**reduced power in specific motor neuron distribution
***deltoids - arm abduction - C5 C6 (axillary)
***biceps - elbow flexion - C5 C6 (musculocutaneous)
***triceps - elbow extension - C6 C7 C8 (radial)
***thumb flexion - C6 C7 (median)
***wrist extensors - C7 C8 (radial)
***interossei of hand - finger abduction/adduction - C8 T1 (ulnar)
***hip flexion - L1 L2 L3 (femoral)
***hip adduction - L2 L3 L4 (obturator)
***hip abduction - L4 L5 S1 (superior gluteal)
***knee extension - L2 L3 L4 (femoral)
***knee flexion - L5 S1 S2 (sciatic)
***ankle dorsiflexion - L4 L5 (deep peroneal)
***ankle plantar flexion - S1 S2 (tibial)
***foot inversion - L4 L5 (posterior tibial)
***foot eversion - L5 S1 (superficial peroneal)
* compare between L and R

* GRADE
**0 nil
**1 flicker of movement
**2 movement cannot overcome gravity
**3 movement cannot overcome any resistance
**4 movement is weaker than normal
**5 normal

==Special Tests==
===Pronator Drift===
*have the patient stand with eyes closed and arms held straight out and hands supinated
* + → patient cannot maintain this position
**muscle weakness (pronation and outward drift)
**UMN lesion (pronation and downward drift)

===Fine Finger Movements===
*ask patient to touch each finger to crease of thumb (show patient how) and speed it up
*look for right and left differences, slow if UMN lesion

===Clonus===
*Ankle or Patellaer clonus in UMN Lesion

==Reflexes==
===Dorsal Tendon Reflexes===
*biceps tendon (C5-6)
*brachioradialis tendon (C5-6)
*triceps tendon (C6-8)
*knee jerk (L2-4)
*Achilles tendon (S1-2)

*hyperactive ankle jerk → examine for clonus at knee and ankle
*absent → use reinforcements (teeth clenching for UL, Jendrassik’s maneuver for LL)

*UMN → hyperreflexia, but may be flaccid
*LMN → diminished reflexes

===Grading===
*0 nil
*1 low normal
*2 normal
*3 high normal
*4 clonus (sustained > 3 beats)

* note if reinforcements used (teeth clenching, hand grips)

===Babinski’s reflex (L5-S1)===
* + → dorsiflexion of the big toe with/without fanning of the other toes (UMN lesion)
GROSS MOTOR

==Other OSCE Modules==
{{OSCE2}}
[[Category: Neurology]][[Category:OSCE]]

Upper vs. lower motor neuron lesions

2009-02-08T00:12:28Z

67.142.235.68: /* Babinski’s reflex (L5-S1) */

==Inspection==

===Muscle Bulk===
*loss of muscle bulk in LMN and late in UMN
*symmetry
Muscle grith

===Fasciculations===
*present in LMN, none in UMN

==Muscle Tone==
*flexion/extension, pronation/supination of joint through its ROM
===Hypotonia===
**flaccidity
**LMN lesions, spinal shock, cerebellar lesions
===Hypertonia===
*'''Spasticity''' - UMN lesion. Pyramidal tract involved
*limb moves, then catches, and then goes past catch ('''clasp-knife''')
**test by rapidly supinating forearm
*'''Rigidity'''
**UMN lesions, extrapyrimidal tract lesion
**increased tone throughout ROM (cog-wheeling, lead-pipe)
**circumducting the wrist

==Power==
*UMN
**flexors > extensors in upper limbs
**extensors > flexors in lower limbs
*LMN
**reduced power in specific motor neuron distribution
***deltoids - arm abduction - C5 C6 (axillary)
***biceps - elbow flexion - C5 C6 (musculocutaneous)
***triceps - elbow extension - C6 C7 C8 (radial)
***thumb flexion - C6 C7 (median)
***wrist extensors - C7 C8 (radial)
***interossei of hand - finger abduction/adduction - C8 T1 (ulnar)
***hip flexion - L1 L2 L3 (femoral)
***hip adduction - L2 L3 L4 (obturator)
***hip abduction - L4 L5 S1 (superior gluteal)
***knee extension - L2 L3 L4 (femoral)
***knee flexion - L5 S1 S2 (sciatic)
***ankle dorsiflexion - L4 L5 (deep peroneal)
***ankle plantar flexion - S1 S2 (tibial)
***foot inversion - L4 L5 (posterior tibial)
***foot eversion - L5 S1 (superficial peroneal)
* compare between L and R

* GRADE
**0 nil
**1 flicker of movement
**2 movement cannot overcome gravity
**3 movement cannot overcome any resistance
**4 movement is weaker than normal
**5 normal

==Special Tests==
===Pronator Drift===
*have the patient stand with eyes closed and arms held straight out and hands supinated
* + → patient cannot maintain this position
**muscle weakness (pronation and outward drift)
**UMN lesion (pronation and downward drift)

===Fine Finger Movements===
*ask patient to touch each finger to crease of thumb (show patient how) and speed it up
*look for right and left differences, slow if UMN lesion

===Clonus===
*Ankle or Patellaer clonus in UMN Lesion

==Reflexes==
===Dorsal Tendon Reflexes===
*biceps tendon (C5-6)
*brachioradialis tendon (C5-6)
*triceps tendon (C6-8)
*knee jerk (L2-4)
*Achilles tendon (S1-2)

*hyperactive ankle jerk → examine for clonus at knee and ankle
*absent → use reinforcements (teeth clenching for UL, Jendrassik’s maneuver for LL)

*UMN → hyperreflexia, but may be flaccid
*LMN → diminished reflexes

===Grading===
*0 nil
*1 low normal
*2 normal
*3 high normal
*4 clonus (sustained > 3 beats)

* note if reinforcements used (teeth clenching, hand grips)

===Babinski’s reflex (L5-S1)===
* + → dorsiflexion of the big toe with/without fanning of the other toes (UMN lesion)
GROSS MOTOR

==Other OSCE Modules==
{{OSCE2}}
[[Category: Neurology]][[Category:OSCE]]

Introduction to Robotics

2008-11-01T22:34:10Z

67.142.130.44: fixed 404`d link

{{Introduction to Robotics/Nav}}

== Preface ==
{{TOCright}}
This course is going to be broken up into logical instructional units that will generally correspond to a university-based course of study. No ridged time line will be enforced, although the ordering of the material should be maintained. Each block of material will roughly correspond to 1 or two weeks of combined lecture and lab. Teachers may feel free to break this material up as needed to maintain the pace of the class.

This course will require that students have access to a [http://www.parallax.com/tabid/411/Default.aspx BoeBot], or similar device. BoeBot's can cost approximately 150$ for a complete startup kit. Because of the expense it will be tempting to have multiple students in a group. However if the groups are too large, there will be a tendency for some students not to participate as much as others. Groups should be kept to 2-3 students each.

*[[/About This Course/]]
{{-}}
== Teaching Materials ==

*[[/Example Syllabus/]]
*[[/Example Grade Sheet/]]
*[[/Project Ideas/]]

== Learning Aides ==

*[[/Printouts/]]
*[[/Visuals/]]

== Syllabus ==

=== Block 1 ===

*{{Introduction to Robotics/Block|Robotics and BoeBots|
stage=50%}}

=== Block 2 ===

{{Introduction to Robotics/Block|Control Flow|
extra1=Test|
stage=25%}}

=== Block 3 ===

{{Introduction to Robotics/Block|Electrical Components|
extra1=Term Project|
stage=25%}}

=== Block 4 ===

{{Introduction to Robotics/Block|Interfacing|
extra1=Test|
extra2=Cumulative Test|
stage=25%}}

=== Block 5 ===

{{Introduction to Robotics/Block|Sensors|
extra1=Test|
extra2=Term Project|
stage=00%}}

=== Block 6 ===

{{Introduction to Robotics/Block|Digital Circuits|
stage=00%}}

=== Block 7 ===

{{Introduction to Robotics/Block|Memory and Learning|
stage=00%}}

=== Block 8 ===

== Resources ==

*Beer, Randall D.; Chiel, Hillel J.; Drushel, Richard F. "Using Autonomous Robotics to Teach Science and Engineering", Communications of the ACM, June 1999, Vol 42, Number 6.
*Parallax, Inc. "Basic Stamp Manual Version 2.0", 2000. ISBN 192898200X
*Lindsay, Andy, "Robotics with the Boe-Bot", Version 2.2, Parallax Inc, 2003. ISBN 1928982034
*http://www.parallax.com
*http://www.stampsinclass.com
*[[Wikibooks:PBASIC Programming]]
*[[Wikibooks:Robotics]]

==External links==
* [http://www.molecubes.org/ Molecubes wiki]
* [http://wiki.roboteducation.org/Main_Page A robots wiki]

[[Category:Courses]]
[[Category:Introduction to robotics]]
[[Category:Engineering]]
[[Category:Mechanical engineering]]
[[Category:Civil engineering]]

Archive:Home insurance

2008-10-06T02:48:35Z

67.142.130.28: /* Types of Homeowners Insurance */

{{expert-portal|Finance}}
'''Home insurance''', also commonly called '''hazard insurance''' or '''homeowners insurance''' (often abbreviated in the real estate industry as '''HOI'''), is the type of [[property insurance]] that covers private homes. It is an [[insurance]] policy that combines various personal insurance protections, which can include losses occurring to one's home, its contents, loss of its use (additional living expenses), or loss of other personal possessions of the homeowner, as well as [[liability]] insurance for accidents that may happen at the home.

The cost of homeowners insurance often depends on what it would cost to replace the house and which additional riders—additional items to be insured—are attached to the policy. The insurance policy itself is a lengthy contract, and names what will and what will not be paid in the case of various events. Typically, claims due to [[earthquakes]], [[floods]], "[[Act of God|Acts of God]]", or war (whose definition typically includes a [[Nuclear exclusion clause|nuclear explosion]] from any source) are excluded. Special insurance can be purchased for these possibilities, including [[flood insurance]] and [[earthquake insurance]]. Insurance must be updated to the present and existing value at whatever inflation up or down, and an appraisal paid by the insurance company will be added on to the policy premium. Fire insurance will require a special premium charge, plus the addition of smoke detectors and on site fire suppression systems to qualify.

The home insurance policy is usually a term contract—a contract that is in effect for a fixed period of time. The payment the insured makes to the insurer is called the premium. The insured must pay the insurer the premium each term. Most insurers charge a lower premium if it appears less likely the home will be damaged or destroyed: for example, if the house is situated next to a [[fire apparatus|fire station]], or if the house is equipped with fire sprinklers and fire alarms. [[Perpetual Insurance|Perpetual insurance]], which is a type of home insurance without a fixed term, can also be obtained in certain areas.

In the [[United States]], most home buyers borrow money in the form of a [[mortgage loan]], and the mortgage lender always requires that the buyer purchase homeowners insurance as a condition of the loan, in order to protect the bank if the home were to be destroyed. Anyone with an insurable interest in the property should be listed on the policy. In some cases the mortgagee will waive the need for the mortgagor to carry homeowner's insurance if the value of the land exceeds the amount of the mortgage balance. In a case like this even the total destruction of any buildings would not affect the ability of the lender to be able to foreclose and recover the full amount of the loan.

The insurance crisis in Florida has meant that some waterfront property owners in that state have had to make that decision due to the high cost of premiums. See [[Citizens insurance]].

== Types of Homeowners Insurance ==
===United States===
As described in Wiening et al.<ref>{{note_label|PI|2002: 5.3–5.4|none}}{{cite book
| last = Wiening
| first = Eric
| authorlink =
| coauthors = George Rejda, Constance Luthardt, Cheryl Ferguson
| editor =
| others =
| title = '''Personal Insurance'''
| origdate =
| origyear =
| origmonth =
| url =
| format =
| accessdate =
| accessyear =
| accessmonth =
| edition = 1st edition
| date =
| year = 2002
| month =
| publisher = American Institute for Chartered Property Casualty Underwriters/Insurance Institute of America
| location = [[Malvern, Pennsylvania]]
| language =
| id = ISBN 0-89463-108-X
| pages =
| chapter =
| chapterurl =
}}
</ref>, prior to the 1950s, there were separate policies for the various perils that could affect a home. A homeowner would have had to purchase separate policies covering fire losses, theft, personal property, and the like. During the 1950s, policy forms were developed, allowing the people, and were difficult not to comprehend.
The need for standardization grew so great that a private company based in [[Jersey City]], [[New Jersey]], [[Insurance Services Office]], also known as the [http://www.iso.com/ ISO], was formed in 1971 to provide risk information and issued a simplified homeowners policy for resell to insurance companies. These policies have been kept the same over the years and currently, the ISO has seven standardized homeowners insurance forms in general and consistent use . Of these HO-3 is the most common policy followed by HO-4 and HO-6. Others that are less used, though still significant, are HO-1, HO-2, HO-5, and HO-8. Each is summarized below:

;HO-1:A limited policy that offers varying people of help but only for help that doesn't help you at all. These might be used to cover a valuable object found in the home, such as a painting.
;HO-2:Similar to HO-1; HO-2 is a limited policy in that it covers specific portions of a house against damage. The coverage is usually a "named perils" policy, which lists the events that would be covered. As above, these factors must be spelled out in the policy.
;HO-3:This policy is the most commonly written policy for a homeowner and is designed to cover all aspects of the home, structure and its contents as well as any liability that may arise from daily use, as well as any visitors who may encounter accident or injury on the premises. Covered aspects as well as limits of liability must be clearly spelled out in the policy to insure proper coverage. The coverage is usually called "all risk". Also called an "open perils" policy.
;HO-4:This is commonly referred to as renters insurance or renter's coverage. Similar to HO-6, this policy covers those aspects of the apartment and its contents not specifically covered in the [[blanket policy]] written for the complex. This policy can also cover liabilities arising from accidents and intentional injuries for guests as well as passers-by up to 150' of the domicile. Common coverage areas are events such as lightning, riot, aircraft, explosion, vandalism, smoke, theft, windstorm or hail, falling objects, volcanic eruption, snow, sleet, and weight of ice.
;HO-5:This policy, similar to HO-3, covers a home (not a condo or apartment), the homeowner and its possessions as well as any liability that might arise from visitors or passers-by. This coverage is differentiated in that it covers a wider breadth and depth of incidents and losses than an HO-3.
;HO-6:As a form of supplemental homeowner's insurance, '''HO-6''', also known as a Condominium Coverage, is designed especially for the owners of condos. It includes coverage for the part of the building owned by the insured and for the property housed therein of the insured. Designed to span the gap between what the homeowner's association might cover in a blanket policy written for an entire neighborhood and those items of importance to the insured, typically the HO-6 covers liability for residents and guests of the insured in addition to personal property. The liability coverage, depending on the underwriter, premium paid, and other factors of the policy, can cover incidents up to 150' from the insured property, all valuables within the home from theft, fire or water damage or other forms of loss. It is important to read the Associations By-laws to determine the total amount of insurance needed on your dwelling.
;HO-8: It is usually called "older home" insurance. It lets house owners who have large and unneeded homes do whatever they would like.

In addition, a '''Dwelling Fire''' policy is generally available for non-commercial owners of rented houses, which covers property damage to the structure, and sometimes to the owner's personal property (such as appliances and furnishings). The owner's liability is generally extended from their own primary home insurance, and does not comprise part of the Dwelling Fire policy. It is a counterpart to the HO-4 '''renter's''' policy.

==References==
<div class="references-small"><references /></div>

[[Category:Types of insurance]]

{{cite news |first=Joseph |last= 2. Connelly |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Homeowner's Insurance & the Claims Process - Radio Interview March 3, 2008|url=http://www.lisamacci.com/thejusticehour/archives.html|work=WPBR - The Justice Hour with Lisa Macci |publisher= |date= March 3, 2008|accessdate=2008-06-27 }}

[[Category:Public adjusters]]

[[de:Wohngebäudeversicherung]]
[[es:Seguro multirriesgo del hogar]]
[[nl:Opstalverzekering (Nederland)]]
[[ja:火災保険]]

Archive:Mountain Warfare Training Center

2008-08-17T03:17:27Z

67.142.130.49: /* History */

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name= Mountain Warfare Training Center, MWTC
|location= [[Bridgeport, California]]
|image= [[Image:Mountain_Warfare_Training_Center_insignia.png|200px]]
|caption= MWTC Insignia
|type= Military base
|built= 1951
|materials=
|used= 1951–present
|controlledby=
|garrison=
|commanders=
|battles=
}}

The '''Mountain Warfare Training Center''' (MWTC) is a [[United States Marine Corps]] installation located in [[Bridgeport, California]]. The training center exists to train units in complex compartmented terrain.

==Mission==

The Marine Corps' Mountain Warfare Training Center, as a major subordinate element of Marine Air-Ground Task Force Training Command, and with support from [[Marine Corps Installations West|Marine Corps Installations - West]], conducts unit and individual training courses to prepare USMC, Joint, and Allied Forces for operations in mountainous, high altitude, and cold weather environments in support of the Regional Combatant Commanders. Additionally, MWTC provides support to [[Marine Corps Combat Development Command]] (MCCDC); [[Marine Corps Training and Education Command|Training and Education Command]]; [[Marine Corps Systems Command]]; and other USMC and [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] (DOD) agencies engaged in the development of warfighting doctrine and specialized equipment for use in mountain and cold weather operations.

==History==

The Mountain Warfare Training Center (MWTC) is one of the Corps most remote and isolated posts. The Center was established in 1951 as the Cold Weather Battalion with a mission of providing cold weather training for replacement personnel bound for [[Korea]]. After the [[Korean War]], in 1963, the school was renamed the "Mountain Warfare Training Center" due to its expanded role. During the 1980's the Training Centers focus was on training and preparing Marines and operational units for deployments on [[NATO]]'s Northern flank, particularly [[Norway]]. Recently, with the Global [[War on Terrorism]], the MWTC provides pre-deployment training in support of [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]—the [[war in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]].

==Operating Areas==

MWTC is located in what's known as [[Pickel Meadows]] of the Sierra Nevada mountains south of Lake Tahoe on 46,000 acres of mountainous terrain with elevations from 6,700 ft – 11,000 ft. Other areas utilized by MWTC: Sweetwater Airstrip 6,835ft, [[Mt Shasta]] 14,179ft, the eastern slopes of the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)]] and Hawthorne Weapons and Ammo Depot HWAD for live fire exercises. {{Coord|38|21|24|N|119|30|59|W}}{{GR|1}}

==MWTC Installation Capabilities==

*Billeting facilities to support 1200+ training personnel
*Chowhall to support permanent and training personnel
*Naval Hospital Branch Clinic
*Fire Department/EMS ambulances
*Base Security Forces / PMO
*Classrooms and base theater
*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Osprey_landing_at_EAF.jpg/ 1200’ VSTOL-capable Expeditionary Airfield EAF]
*Fleet of BV 206 restricted terrain vehicles
*Stables and pack animals
*Specialized technical mountaineering and ski equipment
*Small arms ranges
*Modern Range Operations Center
*Unit/Combat Operations Center
*[http://www.mccsmwtc.com/ MCCS, Post Exchange, SMP, Fitness Center and Rock Training/Climbing wall]

==MWTC School of Mountain Warfare==
[[Image:Snow MARPAT.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Marines train at the MWTC]]
===Formal Courses / Training Programs Offered===

*Mountain Operations Staff Planning Course
*[[Mountain Leader]]s Courses
*Mountain Sniper Course
*Mountain and Cold Weather Medical Courses
*Mountain Survival Course
*Satellite Courses for Specialized elements of the MAGTF
**Tactical Rope Suspension Techniques (TRST) Course
**Assault Climber Course
**Scout Skier Course
**Animal Packing Course
**Communications package
**Engineer packages
**OSV / rough terrain driver training
**Custom tailored packages for Aviation units
*Mountain Warfare Instructor (MWI) Qualification Courses

===Pre-Deployment Training Programs (PTP)===

*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Rough_Terrain_driving_at_altitude.jpg Mountain Viper]
**Training USMC Embedded Training Teams (ETTs) for OEF

*Mountain Warrior (revamped summer/winter package customized per METL)
**Training for all USMC MAGTF elements/units for OEF

===Mountain Warfare Instructor (MWI) Training===

====MWI Level 1====

*IQC Graduate
*Basic Instructor Skills Course (BISC)
*SAT and ORM
*Wilderness First Responder (CPR)

====MWI Level 2====

*225 PFT unadjusted for age or altitude
*FSIC Graduate
*Assault Climber Certification or Military Skier Certification
*Completed [[AIARE]] Level 2 Avalanche Course
*Completed 20 hours of platform Instruction
*Recommendation from Course Chief Instructor/Team Leader.

====MWI Level 3====

*Completed [[AIARE]] Avalanche Level 3 Or Level 1 Instructor Course
*Qualify as either an Assault Climber Instructor (ACI) Pack Master or a Military Ski Instructor (MSI).
*Mentored two Level 1 MWIs to Level 2
*Led an ATC, WTC, or Expedition
*Completed 40 hours of platform Instruction
*Recommendation from Course Chief Instructor/Team Leader.

==See also==
{{portal|United States Marine Corps|USMC_logo.svg}}
* [[List of United States Marine Corps bases]]
* [[Army Mountain Warfare School]]
* [[Northern Warfare Training Center]]
{{clear}}

==References==
* [http://www.mwtc.usmc.mil/ MWTC's official website]
* [https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/sites/selectInstallation.do?installation_id=11541 Info on the installation]

[[Category:United States Marine Corps bases|MWTC]]

Archive:Mountain Warfare Training Center

2008-08-17T03:16:13Z

67.142.130.49: /* History */

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name= Mountain Warfare Training Center, MWTC
|location= [[Bridgeport, California]]
|image= [[Image:Mountain_Warfare_Training_Center_insignia.png|200px]]
|caption= MWTC Insignia
|type= Military base
|built= 1951
|materials=
|used= 1951–present
|controlledby=
|garrison=
|commanders=
|battles=
}}

The '''Mountain Warfare Training Center''' (MWTC) is a [[United States Marine Corps]] installation located in [[Bridgeport, California]]. The training center exists to train units in complex compartmented terrain.

==Mission==

The Marine Corps' Mountain Warfare Training Center, as a major subordinate element of Marine Air-Ground Task Force Training Command, and with support from [[Marine Corps Installations West|Marine Corps Installations - West]], conducts unit and individual training courses to prepare USMC, Joint, and Allied Forces for operations in mountainous, high altitude, and cold weather environments in support of the Regional Combatant Commanders. Additionally, MWTC provides support to [[Marine Corps Combat Development Command]] (MCCDC); [[Marine Corps Training and Education Command|Training and Education Command]]; [[Marine Corps Systems Command]]; and other USMC and [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] (DOD) agencies engaged in the development of warfighting doctrine and specialized equipment for use in mountain and cold weather operations.

==History==

The Mountain Warfare Training Center (MWTC) is one of the Corps most remote and isolated posts. The Center was established in 1951 as the Cold Weather Battalion with a mission of providing cold weather training for replacement personnel bound for [[Korea]]. After the [[Korean War]], in 1963, the school was renamed the "Mountain Warfare Training Center" due to its expanded role. During the 1980's the Training Centers focus was on training and preparing Marines and operational units for deployments on [[NATO]]'s Northern flank, particularly [[Norway]]. Recently, with the Global [[War on Terrorism]], the MWTC provides pre-deployment training in support of [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]—the [[war in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]].

<gallery>
Image:<img src="http://fc08.deviantart.com/fs11/i/2006/192/8/9/MWTC_by_MWTC.jpg" alt="description of the photo"></img>
|Caption1
Image:Example.jpg|Caption2
</gallery>

==Operating Areas==

MWTC is located in what's known as [[Pickel Meadows]] of the Sierra Nevada mountains south of Lake Tahoe on 46,000 acres of mountainous terrain with elevations from 6,700 ft – 11,000 ft. Other areas utilized by MWTC: Sweetwater Airstrip 6,835ft, [[Mt Shasta]] 14,179ft, the eastern slopes of the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)]] and Hawthorne Weapons and Ammo Depot HWAD for live fire exercises. {{Coord|38|21|24|N|119|30|59|W}}{{GR|1}}

==MWTC Installation Capabilities==

*Billeting facilities to support 1200+ training personnel
*Chowhall to support permanent and training personnel
*Naval Hospital Branch Clinic
*Fire Department/EMS ambulances
*Base Security Forces / PMO
*Classrooms and base theater
*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Osprey_landing_at_EAF.jpg/ 1200’ VSTOL-capable Expeditionary Airfield EAF]
*Fleet of BV 206 restricted terrain vehicles
*Stables and pack animals
*Specialized technical mountaineering and ski equipment
*Small arms ranges
*Modern Range Operations Center
*Unit/Combat Operations Center
*[http://www.mccsmwtc.com/ MCCS, Post Exchange, SMP, Fitness Center and Rock Training/Climbing wall]

==MWTC School of Mountain Warfare==
[[Image:Snow MARPAT.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Marines train at the MWTC]]
===Formal Courses / Training Programs Offered===

*Mountain Operations Staff Planning Course
*[[Mountain Leader]]s Courses
*Mountain Sniper Course
*Mountain and Cold Weather Medical Courses
*Mountain Survival Course
*Satellite Courses for Specialized elements of the MAGTF
**Tactical Rope Suspension Techniques (TRST) Course
**Assault Climber Course
**Scout Skier Course
**Animal Packing Course
**Communications package
**Engineer packages
**OSV / rough terrain driver training
**Custom tailored packages for Aviation units
*Mountain Warfare Instructor (MWI) Qualification Courses

===Pre-Deployment Training Programs (PTP)===

*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Rough_Terrain_driving_at_altitude.jpg Mountain Viper]
**Training USMC Embedded Training Teams (ETTs) for OEF

*Mountain Warrior (revamped summer/winter package customized per METL)
**Training for all USMC MAGTF elements/units for OEF

===Mountain Warfare Instructor (MWI) Training===

====MWI Level 1====

*IQC Graduate
*Basic Instructor Skills Course (BISC)
*SAT and ORM
*Wilderness First Responder (CPR)

====MWI Level 2====

*225 PFT unadjusted for age or altitude
*FSIC Graduate
*Assault Climber Certification or Military Skier Certification
*Completed [[AIARE]] Level 2 Avalanche Course
*Completed 20 hours of platform Instruction
*Recommendation from Course Chief Instructor/Team Leader.

====MWI Level 3====

*Completed [[AIARE]] Avalanche Level 3 Or Level 1 Instructor Course
*Qualify as either an Assault Climber Instructor (ACI) Pack Master or a Military Ski Instructor (MSI).
*Mentored two Level 1 MWIs to Level 2
*Led an ATC, WTC, or Expedition
*Completed 40 hours of platform Instruction
*Recommendation from Course Chief Instructor/Team Leader.

==See also==
{{portal|United States Marine Corps|USMC_logo.svg}}
* [[List of United States Marine Corps bases]]
* [[Army Mountain Warfare School]]
* [[Northern Warfare Training Center]]
{{clear}}

==References==
* [http://www.mwtc.usmc.mil/ MWTC's official website]
* [https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/sites/selectInstallation.do?installation_id=11541 Info on the installation]

[[Category:United States Marine Corps bases|MWTC]]

Archive:Mountain Warfare Training Center

2008-08-17T03:04:00Z

67.142.130.49: /* History */

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name= Mountain Warfare Training Center, MWTC
|location= [[Bridgeport, California]]
|image= [[Image:Mountain_Warfare_Training_Center_insignia.png|200px]]
|caption= MWTC Insignia
|type= Military base
|built= 1951
|materials=
|used= 1951–present
|controlledby=
|garrison=
|commanders=
|battles=
}}

The '''Mountain Warfare Training Center''' (MWTC) is a [[United States Marine Corps]] installation located in [[Bridgeport, California]]. The training center exists to train units in complex compartmented terrain.

==Mission==

The Marine Corps' Mountain Warfare Training Center, as a major subordinate element of Marine Air-Ground Task Force Training Command, and with support from [[Marine Corps Installations West|Marine Corps Installations - West]], conducts unit and individual training courses to prepare USMC, Joint, and Allied Forces for operations in mountainous, high altitude, and cold weather environments in support of the Regional Combatant Commanders. Additionally, MWTC provides support to [[Marine Corps Combat Development Command]] (MCCDC); [[Marine Corps Training and Education Command|Training and Education Command]]; [[Marine Corps Systems Command]]; and other USMC and [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] (DOD) agencies engaged in the development of warfighting doctrine and specialized equipment for use in mountain and cold weather operations.

==History==

The Mountain Warfare Training Center (MWTC) is one of the Corps most remote and isolated posts. The Center was established in 1951 as the Cold Weather Battalion with a mission of providing cold weather training for replacement personnel bound for [[Korea]]. After the [[Korean War]], in 1963, the school was renamed the "Mountain Warfare Training Center" due to its expanded role. During the 1980's the Training Centers focus was on training and preparing Marines and operational units for deployments on [[NATO]]'s Northern flank, particularly [[Norway]]. Recently, with the Global [[War on Terrorism]], the MWTC provides pre-deployment training in support of [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]—the [[war in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]].

<img src="http://fc08.deviantart.com/fs11/i/2006/192/8/9/MWTC_by_MWTC.jpg"></img src>

==Operating Areas==

MWTC is located in what's known as [[Pickel Meadows]] of the Sierra Nevada mountains south of Lake Tahoe on 46,000 acres of mountainous terrain with elevations from 6,700 ft – 11,000 ft. Other areas utilized by MWTC: Sweetwater Airstrip 6,835ft, [[Mt Shasta]] 14,179ft, the eastern slopes of the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)]] and Hawthorne Weapons and Ammo Depot HWAD for live fire exercises. {{Coord|38|21|24|N|119|30|59|W}}{{GR|1}}

==MWTC Installation Capabilities==

*Billeting facilities to support 1200+ training personnel
*Chowhall to support permanent and training personnel
*Naval Hospital Branch Clinic
*Fire Department/EMS ambulances
*Base Security Forces / PMO
*Classrooms and base theater
*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Osprey_landing_at_EAF.jpg/ 1200’ VSTOL-capable Expeditionary Airfield EAF]
*Fleet of BV 206 restricted terrain vehicles
*Stables and pack animals
*Specialized technical mountaineering and ski equipment
*Small arms ranges
*Modern Range Operations Center
*Unit/Combat Operations Center
*[http://www.mccsmwtc.com/ MCCS, Post Exchange, SMP, Fitness Center and Rock Training/Climbing wall]

==MWTC School of Mountain Warfare==
[[Image:Snow MARPAT.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Marines train at the MWTC]]
===Formal Courses / Training Programs Offered===

*Mountain Operations Staff Planning Course
*[[Mountain Leader]]s Courses
*Mountain Sniper Course
*Mountain and Cold Weather Medical Courses
*Mountain Survival Course
*Satellite Courses for Specialized elements of the MAGTF
**Tactical Rope Suspension Techniques (TRST) Course
**Assault Climber Course
**Scout Skier Course
**Animal Packing Course
**Communications package
**Engineer packages
**OSV / rough terrain driver training
**Custom tailored packages for Aviation units
*Mountain Warfare Instructor (MWI) Qualification Courses

===Pre-Deployment Training Programs (PTP)===

*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Rough_Terrain_driving_at_altitude.jpg Mountain Viper]
**Training USMC Embedded Training Teams (ETTs) for OEF

*Mountain Warrior (revamped summer/winter package customized per METL)
**Training for all USMC MAGTF elements/units for OEF

===Mountain Warfare Instructor (MWI) Training===

====MWI Level 1====

*IQC Graduate
*Basic Instructor Skills Course (BISC)
*SAT and ORM
*Wilderness First Responder (CPR)

====MWI Level 2====

*225 PFT unadjusted for age or altitude
*FSIC Graduate
*Assault Climber Certification or Military Skier Certification
*Completed [[AIARE]] Level 2 Avalanche Course
*Completed 20 hours of platform Instruction
*Recommendation from Course Chief Instructor/Team Leader.

====MWI Level 3====

*Completed [[AIARE]] Avalanche Level 3 Or Level 1 Instructor Course
*Qualify as either an Assault Climber Instructor (ACI) Pack Master or a Military Ski Instructor (MSI).
*Mentored two Level 1 MWIs to Level 2
*Led an ATC, WTC, or Expedition
*Completed 40 hours of platform Instruction
*Recommendation from Course Chief Instructor/Team Leader.

==See also==
{{portal|United States Marine Corps|USMC_logo.svg}}
* [[List of United States Marine Corps bases]]
* [[Army Mountain Warfare School]]
* [[Northern Warfare Training Center]]
{{clear}}

==References==
* [http://www.mwtc.usmc.mil/ MWTC's official website]
* [https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/sites/selectInstallation.do?installation_id=11541 Info on the installation]

[[Category:United States Marine Corps bases|MWTC]]

Archive:Mountain Warfare Training Center

2008-08-17T02:58:07Z

67.142.130.49: /* History */

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name= Mountain Warfare Training Center, MWTC
|location= [[Bridgeport, California]]
|image= [[Image:Mountain_Warfare_Training_Center_insignia.png|200px]]
|caption= MWTC Insignia
|type= Military base
|built= 1951
|materials=
|used= 1951–present
|controlledby=
|garrison=
|commanders=
|battles=
}}

The '''Mountain Warfare Training Center''' (MWTC) is a [[United States Marine Corps]] installation located in [[Bridgeport, California]]. The training center exists to train units in complex compartmented terrain.

==Mission==

The Marine Corps' Mountain Warfare Training Center, as a major subordinate element of Marine Air-Ground Task Force Training Command, and with support from [[Marine Corps Installations West|Marine Corps Installations - West]], conducts unit and individual training courses to prepare USMC, Joint, and Allied Forces for operations in mountainous, high altitude, and cold weather environments in support of the Regional Combatant Commanders. Additionally, MWTC provides support to [[Marine Corps Combat Development Command]] (MCCDC); [[Marine Corps Training and Education Command|Training and Education Command]]; [[Marine Corps Systems Command]]; and other USMC and [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] (DOD) agencies engaged in the development of warfighting doctrine and specialized equipment for use in mountain and cold weather operations.

==History==

The Mountain Warfare Training Center (MWTC) is one of the Corps most remote and isolated posts. The Center was established in 1951 as the Cold Weather Battalion with a mission of providing cold weather training for replacement personnel bound for [[Korea]]. After the [[Korean War]], in 1963, the school was renamed the "Mountain Warfare Training Center" due to its expanded role. During the 1980's the Training Centers focus was on training and preparing Marines and operational units for deployments on [[NATO]]'s Northern flank, particularly [[Norway]]. Recently, with the Global [[War on Terrorism]], the MWTC provides pre-deployment training in support of [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]—the [[war in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]].

<a href="http://fc08.deviantart.com/fs11/i/2006/192/8/9/MWTC_by_MWTC.jpg"></a>

==Operating Areas==

MWTC is located in what's known as [[Pickel Meadows]] of the Sierra Nevada mountains south of Lake Tahoe on 46,000 acres of mountainous terrain with elevations from 6,700 ft – 11,000 ft. Other areas utilized by MWTC: Sweetwater Airstrip 6,835ft, [[Mt Shasta]] 14,179ft, the eastern slopes of the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)]] and Hawthorne Weapons and Ammo Depot HWAD for live fire exercises. {{Coord|38|21|24|N|119|30|59|W}}{{GR|1}}

==MWTC Installation Capabilities==

*Billeting facilities to support 1200+ training personnel
*Chowhall to support permanent and training personnel
*Naval Hospital Branch Clinic
*Fire Department/EMS ambulances
*Base Security Forces / PMO
*Classrooms and base theater
*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Osprey_landing_at_EAF.jpg/ 1200’ VSTOL-capable Expeditionary Airfield EAF]
*Fleet of BV 206 restricted terrain vehicles
*Stables and pack animals
*Specialized technical mountaineering and ski equipment
*Small arms ranges
*Modern Range Operations Center
*Unit/Combat Operations Center
*[http://www.mccsmwtc.com/ MCCS, Post Exchange, SMP, Fitness Center and Rock Training/Climbing wall]

==MWTC School of Mountain Warfare==
[[Image:Snow MARPAT.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Marines train at the MWTC]]
===Formal Courses / Training Programs Offered===

*Mountain Operations Staff Planning Course
*[[Mountain Leader]]s Courses
*Mountain Sniper Course
*Mountain and Cold Weather Medical Courses
*Mountain Survival Course
*Satellite Courses for Specialized elements of the MAGTF
**Tactical Rope Suspension Techniques (TRST) Course
**Assault Climber Course
**Scout Skier Course
**Animal Packing Course
**Communications package
**Engineer packages
**OSV / rough terrain driver training
**Custom tailored packages for Aviation units
*Mountain Warfare Instructor (MWI) Qualification Courses

===Pre-Deployment Training Programs (PTP)===

*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Rough_Terrain_driving_at_altitude.jpg Mountain Viper]
**Training USMC Embedded Training Teams (ETTs) for OEF

*Mountain Warrior (revamped summer/winter package customized per METL)
**Training for all USMC MAGTF elements/units for OEF

===Mountain Warfare Instructor (MWI) Training===

====MWI Level 1====

*IQC Graduate
*Basic Instructor Skills Course (BISC)
*SAT and ORM
*Wilderness First Responder (CPR)

====MWI Level 2====

*225 PFT unadjusted for age or altitude
*FSIC Graduate
*Assault Climber Certification or Military Skier Certification
*Completed [[AIARE]] Level 2 Avalanche Course
*Completed 20 hours of platform Instruction
*Recommendation from Course Chief Instructor/Team Leader.

====MWI Level 3====

*Completed [[AIARE]] Avalanche Level 3 Or Level 1 Instructor Course
*Qualify as either an Assault Climber Instructor (ACI) Pack Master or a Military Ski Instructor (MSI).
*Mentored two Level 1 MWIs to Level 2
*Led an ATC, WTC, or Expedition
*Completed 40 hours of platform Instruction
*Recommendation from Course Chief Instructor/Team Leader.

==See also==
{{portal|United States Marine Corps|USMC_logo.svg}}
* [[List of United States Marine Corps bases]]
* [[Army Mountain Warfare School]]
* [[Northern Warfare Training Center]]
{{clear}}

==References==
* [http://www.mwtc.usmc.mil/ MWTC's official website]
* [https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/sites/selectInstallation.do?installation_id=11541 Info on the installation]

[[Category:United States Marine Corps bases|MWTC]]

Archive:Mountain Warfare Training Center

2008-08-17T02:00:57Z

67.142.130.12:

Archive:Mountain Warfare Training Center

2008-08-17T02:00:23Z

67.142.130.12:

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name= Mountain Warfare Training Center, MWTC
|location= [[Bridgeport, California]]
|image= [[Image:Mountain_Warfare_Training_Center_insignia.png|200px]]
|caption= MWTC Insignia
|type= Military base
|built= 1951
|materials=
|used= 1951–present
|controlledby=
|garrison=
|commanders=
|battles=
}}

The '''Mountain Warfare Training Center''' (MWTC) is a [[United States Marine Corps]] installation located in [[Bridgeport, California]]. The training center exists to train units in complex compartment ed terrain.

==Mission==

The Marine Corps' Mountain Warfare Training Center, as a major subordinate element of Marine Air-Ground Task Force Training Command, and with support from [[Marine Corps Installations West|Marine Corps Installations - West]], conducts unit and individual training courses to prepare USMC, Joint, and Allied Forces for operations in mountainous, high altitude, and cold weather environments in support of the Regional Combatant Commanders. Additionally, MWTC provides support to [[Marine Corps Combat Development Command]] (MCCDC); [[Marine Corps Training and Education Command|Training and Education Command]]; [[Marine Corps Systems Command]]; and other USMC and [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] (DOD) agencies engaged in the development of warfighting doctrine and specialized equipment for use in mountain and cold weather operations.

==History==

The Mountain Warfare Training Center (MWTC) is one of the Corps most remote and isolated posts. The Center was established in 1951 as the Cold Weather Battalion with a mission of providing cold weather training for replacement personnel bound for [[Korea]]. After the [[Korean War]], in 1963, the school was renamed the "Mountain Warfare Training Center" due to its expanded role. During the 1980's the Training Centers focus was on training and preparing Marines and operational units for deployments on [[NATO]]'s Northern flank, particularly [[Norway]]. Recently, with the Global [[War on Terrorism]], the MWTC provides pre-deployment training in support of [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]—the [[war in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]].

==Operating Areas==

MWTC is located in what's known as [[Pickel Meadows]] of the Sierra Nevada mountains south of Lake Tahoe on 46,000 acres of mountainous terrain with elevations from 6,700 ft – 11,000 ft. Other areas utilized by MWTC: Sweetwater Airstrip 6,835ft, [[Mt Shasta]] 14,179ft, the eastern slopes of the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)]] and Hawthorne Weapons and Ammo Depot HWAD for live fire exercises. {{Coord|38|21|24|N|119|30|59|W}}{{GR|1}}

==MWTC Installation Capabilities==

*Billeting facilities to support 1200+ training personnel
*Chowhall to support permanent and training personnel
*Naval Hospital Branch Clinic
*Fire Department/EMS ambulances
*Base Security Forces / PMO
*Classrooms and base theater
*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Osprey_landing_at_EAF.jpg/ 1200’ VSTOL-capable Expeditionary Airfield EAF]
*Fleet of BV 206 restricted terrain vehicles
*Stables and pack animals
*Specialized technical mountaineering and ski equipment
*Small arms ranges
*Modern Range Operations Center
*Unit/Combat Operations Center
*[http://www.mccsmwtc.com/ MCCS, Post Exchange, SMP, Fitness Center and Rock Training/Climbing wall]

==MWTC School of Mountain Warfare==
[[Image:Snow MARPAT.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Marines train at the MWTC]]
===Formal Courses / Training Programs Offered===

*Mountain Operations Staff Planning Course
*[[Mountain Leader]]s Courses
*Mountain Sniper Course
*Mountain and Cold Weather Medical Courses
*Mountain Survival Course
*Satellite Courses for Specialized elements of the MAGTF
**Tactical Rope Suspension Techniques (TRST) Course
**Assault Climber Course
**Scout Skier Course
**Animal Packing Course
**Communications package
**Engineer packages
**OSV / rough terrain driver training
**Custom tailored packages for Aviation units
*Mountain Warfare Instructor (MWI) Qualification Courses

===Pre-Deployment Training Programs (PTP)===

*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Rough_Terrain_driving_at_altitude.jpg Mountain Viper]
**Training USMC Embedded Training Teams (ETTs) for OEF

*Mountain Warrior (revamped summer/winter package customized per METL)
**Training for all USMC MAGTF elements/units for OEF

===Mountain Warfare Instructor (MWI) Training===

====MWI Level 1====

*IQC Graduate
*Basic Instructor Skills Course (BISC)
*SAT and ORM
*Wilderness First Responder (CPR)

====MWI Level 2====

*225 PFT unadjusted for age or altitude
*FSIC Graduate
*Assault Climber Certification or Military Skier Certification
*Completed [[AIARE]] Level 2 Avalanche Course
*Completed 20 hours of platform Instruction
*Recommendation from Course Chief Instructor/Team Leader.

====MWI Level 3====

*Completed [[AIARE]] Avalanche Level 3 Or Level 1 Instructor Course
*Qualify as either an Assault Climber Instructor (ACI) Pack Master or a Military Ski Instructor (MSI).
*Mentored two Level 1 MWIs to Level 2
*Led an ATC, WTC, or Expedition
*Completed 40 hours of platform Instruction
*Recommendation from Course Chief Instructor/Team Leader.

==See also==
{{portal|United States Marine Corps|USMC_logo.svg}}
* [[List of United States Marine Corps bases]]
* [[Army Mountain Warfare School]]
* [[Northern Warfare Training Center]]
{{clear}}

==References==
* [http://www.mwtc.usmc.mil/ MWTC's official website]
* [https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/sites/selectInstallation.do?installation_id=11541 Info on the installation]

[[Category:United States Marine Corps bases|MWTC]]

Journalism

2006-06-12T11:02:52Z

67.142.130.21: /* Style Guides */

'''School of Journalism'''

Although there are many possible definitions of [[w:journalism]], a '''journalist''' is generally understood to be someone who tries to communicate the objective truth about a current topic to an interested but critical audience. A ''good'' journalist is somebody who realizes that the objective truth is unabtainable.

A journalist must understand the medium he works in. For instance, a newspaper reporter will write correct English.

Qualities that most news stories must possess:
* Topicality (is the subject interesting?; is it current?)
* Completeness (document the who, what, where, when, how; and if possible, why)
* Accuracy (use at least two distinct sources for each fact you report)
* Impartiality (interview all sides)
* Verifiability (name sources where possible)

Skills
* research
** interviews
** going under cover
** documentation
** short-hand
* composition/recording
* publishing

== Style Guides ==
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/styleguide/ The Guardian] (newspaper)
* [http://www.economist.com/research/StyleGuide/ The Economist] (weekly)
* [http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/journalism/journalists.html Other resources] (from the University of Iowa)