IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Top 100 Global Universities

2009-04-26T22:54:31Z

67.169.243.152: /* Top 100 Global Universities 2006 */

The '''Top 100 Global Universities''' is a ranking of the best College and University programs in the world as indicated by a survey conducted by [[Newsweek]]. The schools were evaluated on some of the measures used in well-known rankings published by [[Shanghai Jiaotong University]] and the [[Times Higher Education Supplement]] survey. Fifty percent of the score came from equal parts of three measures used by Shanghai Jiatong: the number of highly-cited researchers in various academic fields, the number of articles published in Nature and Science, and the number of articles listed in the ISI Social Sciences and Arts & Humanities indices. Another 40 percent of the score came from equal parts of four measures used by the Times: the percentage of international faculty, the percentage of international students, citations per faculty member (using ISI data), and the ratio of faculty to students. The final 10 percent came from library holdings (number of volumes).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14321230/print/1/displaymode/1098/|title= The Top 100 Global Universities |accessdate=2009-02-25 |work= |publisher= [[Newsweek International]]|date= Aug. 13, 2006}}</ref>

==Top 100 Global Universities 2006 ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|1. Harvard University
|-
|2. Stanford University
|-
|3. Yale University
|-
|4. California Institute of Technology
|-
|5. University of California at Berkeley
|-
|6. University of Cambridge
|-
|7. Massachusetts Institute Technology
|-
|8. Oxford University
|-
|9. University of California at San Francisco
|-
|10. Columbia University
|-
|11. University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
|-
|12. University of California at Los Angeles
|-
|13. University of Pennsylvania
|-
|14. Duke University
|-
|15. Princeton University
|-
|16. Tokyo University
|-
|17. Imperial College London
|-
|18. University of Toronto
|-
|19. Cornell University
|-
|20. University of Chicago
|-
|21. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich
|-
|22. University of Washington at Seattle
|-
|23. University of California at San Diego
|-
|24. Johns Hopkins University
|-
|25. University College London
|-
|26. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne
|-
|27. University of Texas at Austin
|-
|28. University of Wisconsin at Madison
|-
|29. Kyoto University
|-
|30. University of Minnesota Twin Cities
|-
|31. University of British Columbia
|-
|32. University of Geneva
|-
|33. Washington University in St. Louis
|-
|34. London School of Economics
|-
|35. Northwestern University
|-
|36. National University of Singapore
|-
|37. University of Pittsburgh
|-
|38. Australian National University
|-
|39. New York University
|-
|40. Pennsylvania State University
|-
|41. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
|-
|42. McGill University
|-
|43. Ecole Polytechnique
|-
|44. University of Basel
|-
|45. University of Maryland
|-
|46. University of Zurich
|-
|47. University of Edinburgh
|-
|48. University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
|-
|49. University of Bristol
|-
|50. University of Sydney
|-
|51. University of Colorado at Boulder
|-
|52. Utrecht University
|-
|53. University of Melbourne
|-
|54. University of Southern California
|-
|55. University of Alberta
|-
|56. Brown University
|-
|57. Osaka University
|-
|58. University of Manchester
|-
|59. University of California at Santa Barbara
|-
|60. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
|-
|61. Wageningen University
|-
|62. Michigan State University
|-
|63. University of Munich
|-
|64. University of New South Wales
|-
|65. Boston University
|-
|66. Vanderbilt University
|-
|67. University of Rochester
|-
|68. Tohoku University
|-
|69. University of Hong Kong
|-
|70. University of Sheffield
|-
|71. Nanyang Technological University
|-
|72. University of Vienna
|-
|73. Monash University
|-
|74. University of Nottingham
|-
|75. Carnegie Mellon University
|-
|76. Lund University
|-
|77. Texas A&M University
|-
|78. University of Western Australia
|-
|79. Ecole Normale Super Paris
|-
|80. University of Virginia
|-
|81. Technical University of Munich
|-
|82. Hebrew University of Jerusalem
|-
|83. Leiden University
|-
|84. University of Waterloo
|-
|85. King's College London
|-
|86. Purdue University
|-
|87. University of Birmingham
|-
|88. Uppsala University
|-
|89. University of Amsterdam
|-
|90. University of Heidelberg
|-
|91. University of Queensland
|-
|92. University of Leuven
|-
|93. Emory University
|-
|94. Nagoya University
|-
|95. Case Western Reserve University
|-
|96. Chinese University of Hong Kong
|-
|97. University of Newcastle
|-
|98. Innsbruck University
|-
|99. University of Massachusetts at Amherst
|-
|100. Sussex University
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[vi:Top 100 trường đại học trên thế giới]]

[[Category:Newsweek]]

Arbitrary Hour

2008-07-10T07:15:32Z

67.169.181.146:

{{TOCright}}

Arbitrary Hour is a Fall 2008 seminar series is a [[Olin_College_Student_Courses|Student Designed Course at Olin College]] in Boston, MA. The course is essentially an educational collective in which each student in the course (there are no "teachers" or "professors") gives an hour long seminar on a topic that interests them. The seminar can be about anything, from a hands on baking experience to a discourse on international politics.

== Course Background, Description, and Expectations ==

Arbitrary Hour is a one-credit student organized seminar series during Fall 2008. The course is essentially an educational collective in which each student in the course (there are no "teachers" or "professors") gives an hour long seminar on a topic that interests them. The seminar can be about anything, from a hands on baking experience to a discourse on international politics.

All students enrolled in the course will be required to plan and deliver at least one seminar during the course. All students are required to give written feedback about each seminar to the seminar leader. The leader must then write a written reflection about their seminar that will be posted to the Arbitrary Hour blog for others to read. This will enable us as a group to figure out what makes an effective experience. Students are encouraged to casually post about the seminar experiences (with photos and video!) to the Arbitrary Hour blog.

As a one-credit course, each week includes three hours of expected work time. This translates into a one-hour seminar, and a one-hour feedback requirement. During the week in which a participant is delivering a seminar, they are expected to spend an additional two hours planning their seminar, and two hours reviewing feedback and reflecting on their presentation.

=== Seminars ===

A thirty? minute lecturing time limit might be important. It is difficult to give an engaging one hour lecture, and a discussion or hands-on experience is likely more effective for learning.

=== Feedback and Reflection ===

=== Recording and Archiving ===

All talks will be recorded and uploaded to YouTube for posterity.

== Competencies ==

Olin College employs a competency system. The following competencies will be addressed by the Arbitrary Hour course:

* Life Long Learning
* Communication

== What is a Good Seminar? ==

== How to Join ==

Sign up for the Arbitrary Hour mailing list at [http://lists.olin.edu]!

Olin College (and other BBOW schools) students wishing to take this "course" should contact Greg Marra, preferably before the first week of September, which is the due date for Independent Study paperwork. You must also create a Wikiversity account and add yourself to our participant list below.

External learners who would like to participate in the course are welcome. While geography may be a problem, we will attempt to be accommodating, and would love drop-in lecturers or participants! To let us know your interest, please add yourself to our participant list below!

== Participants ==

* [[user:greg_marra|Greg Marra]] (Olin College)
* [[User:Mchua|Mel Chua]] (Olin alum) - if I'm in the area, I'd love to drop in and watch a lecture or two, and (on a separate occasion) give one.
* [[user:EllenChisa|Ellen Chisa]] Olin College Student on Leave of Absence
* [[user:nick17|Nick Hays]] (Olin alum) - Same as Mel. If it were at night I would try to stop by whenever I could.
* [[user:oneirist|Nikolaus Wittenstein]] (Olin College)
* [[User:Nlee|Nikki Lee]] (Olin College)
* [[User:SarahAllen| Sarah Allen]] (Olin College) - if i drop by in the fall, I'd love to drop in or even give a lecture. Keep me updated!
* [[User:Andreatl| Andrea Lai]] (Olin College)
* [[User:Lvansche| Lauren Van Schepen]] (Wellesley College)
* [[User:Ealtman|Elana Altman]] (Wellesley College)

== What Do You Want to Learn About? ==

Fill this space with topics you would like to learn about. Maybe someone knows a lot about it.

It's kind of like [http://www.imdb.com/media/rm2275186944/tt0384793 that wall from the movie Accepted].

* Car Maintenance
* Cooking

[[Category:Olin college]]

Concept design

2008-05-23T07:50:06Z

67.169.95.117: /* Links */

{{Cleanup|date=April 2007}}

{{distinguish|conceptual art}}



'''Concept design''' is a product of work (or task) of a concept designer.

A concept designer (also known as "visual futurist" or "concept artist") is a designer who designs products that are not intended for immediate realization. In fact, most of them never come to a realization. If they are realized, it often happens many (even decades or hundreds of) years after the author's death and they often differ from the original concept design, especially when it comes to details. Some good examples of concept design (and of concept architecture as well - architecture is just another design field) are part of the [http://www.thevenusproject.com Venus project], founded and led by [[Jacque Fresco]].

Another good example is the Star Trek project. Impressive work of various concept designers (amongst others, of course) over decades has been resulting not only in extremely popular films and the palette of television serials but in a complete "alternative future world". Some, if not most of the concepts, developed for the project, including spaceship drives etc. will probably see the light of day in the future, since the authors and designers, besides using their pure imagination, borrowed ideas from serious science (mostly physics) - and were very careful to avoid situations that would be against the known laws of physics (as the true science fiction should be).
Besides that. the task of a concept designer might also include designing of completely fictional characters or objects - especially for a [[fantasy]] film or a [[computer game]] project.

Other great, though significantly older examples of concept design include numerous projects by the legendary [[Leonardo Da Vinci]] (the Aerial Screw flying machine, the Paddle Boat, Scythed Chariots...)

To be a successful concept designer one must be broadly versed in science and technology on one side plus one needs an impressive artistic talent in order to produce quality and aesthetically pleasing sketches, quality photo-realistic illustrations and even animations, on the other. Many of today's concept designers use a [[3D computer graphics software]] as a powerful creative tool in addition to their natural talent to draw and paint, in order to achieve the extreme photorealism.
The ideal educational background to become a concept designer would be a degree in architecture or industrial design. Other educational programs tend to be either too artistic/humanistic or too technical for the purpose. A more than average talent not only for realistic drawing and painting but also to invent new, original spacial forms, can be crucial and the right ability to constrain the own imagination inside the limits of the possible, without becoming conservative, is a must.

Concept designers work mainly for the entertainment industry (films, comics, games...), mostly on the subjects of [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]]. They design everything, from hand held weapons to costumes to furniture to spaceships to architecture (even whole cities) to impressive background environments. They often cooperate with scientists and engineers, specializing in diverse fields. When participating in a serious science fiction project, it is often crucial not only to take care of the visual aspect of a product but also on its inner workings and principles. For example, a scene, taking place on a planet with four moons and without atmosphere, thousands of [[light-year]]s away, is different from our everyday experiences, and the job of a concept designer is to join his/her own imagination and the scientific + technical knowledge and try to predict, what it would be like. You can not just put the moons randomly all over the sky, you have to know a little bit of astronomy to place them correctly. You can not travel faster than light, so you have to find a possible way to get around that technical problem (for example by creating a sub-space bubble...). How would you steer a futuristic car, running at over 500 km/h and levitating on an air mattress, a few centimetres over a steel road surface? You obviously can not do it by a conventional steering mechanism, so you have to think of something that would be convincing. It would be still a sort of a close guess, but it must be at least physically possible. Science fiction should not contain elements that are contrary to known scientific laws, so a person is needed with lot of imagination but also with broad technical and scientific, basic (i.e. not necessarily expert) knowledge. That's where the profession of concept designer fits in perfectly.

Besides the entertainment industry there are concept designers working for various, serious scientific and research institutions, (like [[NASA]] etc.), in other industries (automotive, aircraft, military) and in architectural and design studios.

Concept designer, specialized in architecture and urban development is also known as a concept architect (again, it is very important not to confuse it with conceptual architect(ure), because the two expressions are not only different but also contradictory!)

Concept design is mostly resulting in [[visual arts]] (images, animations, special FX, virtual CG...). The 19th century writer [[Jules Verne]] and his various concepts (submarine, rocket etc.) might be considered a good exception that proves the rule. They firstly emerged in their literary form, but had been so seriously detailed, imagined and described by the author, that some basic principles were used when building first real submarine and sending the first man to the Moon.

It is a common misconception, by common people as well as "ordinary" designers and architect, to treat concept design and concept architecture products as less valuable or serious, because they are sort of "fantasy" and are not "realized" as final products. A good architecture is a good architecture, regardless of whether it is standing in the centre of London and is made out of steel and concrete or exists only in the form of a detailed project and a 3D computer model. It is obvious that the process of "realization" can not make it any better in architectural sense (it only gets worse, once the masons take it into their hands). The same is with any other design field.

Important thing to remember is also, that a serious concept project (as a result of work of a concept designer) is sufficient to protect the concept (idea) and generate the [[authors' rights]] (at least it should be...).

Some good examples of concept design (in these cases really of concept architecture), that were realized in "their" time:

"[http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/eden-project The '''Eden Project''']" (the [http://www.creative-science.org.uk/galgeo.html structure]).
A large-scale environmental complex near St Austell, Cornwall, UK. The project was conceived by Tim Smit and designed by architect '''[[Nicholas Grimshaw]]'''. Although relatively new, it has quickly become one of the most popular visitor attractions in the United Kingdom. The complex includes two giant, transparent domes, each emulating a natural biome, that house plant species from around the world. The first emulates a tropical environment, the other a warm temperate, Mediterranean-type environment. The project took two and a half years to construct and opened to the public in March 2001. The project is ongoing, and part of its purpose is to see how the different biomes develop over time.

"[http://www.answers.com/topic/federation-square '''Federation Square''']" - a public square in the city of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is located at the south-east corner of the intersection of Flinders and Swanston Streets and opposite Flinders Street Station and St Paul's Cathedral. It helps to connect the historical central district of the city, the mile-by-half-a-mile Hoddle Grid, with the Southbank district, which has been redeveloped as a key part of central Melbourne since the late 20th century. It was built on the former site of the Gas and Fuel Buildings and the Princess Bridge railway station. Since its opening on October 26, 2002, it has been been both loved and despised by Melburnians, causing controversy not only for its unusual architecture, but also for the budget blow-out and delays in construction. Zhiyu Yan, who graduated at Edinburgh College of Art, considered this project to design a club . At the existing site is a bridge called Jeffrey Street

[http://www.answers.com/topic/olympiapark-munich '''Olympiapark Munich''']
The Olympiapark in Munich, Germany, EU, is an Olympic Park which was constructed for the 1972 Summer Olympics. The Park consists of:
Olympic Stadium
Olympic Hall
Olympic Swim Hall
Olympic Event Hall
Olympic Tower
Olympic Village
The Park is served by the U3 line of the Munich U-Bahn

==See also==
* [[Concept car]]

==Links==
*[http://www.conceptart.org ConceptArt.org web community]
*[http://www.conceptarthouse.com/ Concept Art House]
*[http://idealist.blinkr.net IdeaList > dreamed objects - design concepts sharing community]
*[http://www.cgsociety.org CGSociety.org - Society of CG artists - the world's largest Web meeting place of concept artists and other CG illustrators]
*[http://www.highend3d.com Highend 3D - a web community of CG arists, mostly into 3D concept art/design]
*[http://www.x3dx.com X3DX - a young web community of CG arists, in English, with some subsections in the Slovene, Serbian/Croat & Macedonian]
**[http://www.3dtotal.com 3D Total - a web community of CG arists, mostly into 3D concept art/design]
*[http://www.imaginefx.com/ ImagineFX - A printed magazine and web community of 2D and 3D concept illustrators]
*[http://conceptdesignworkshop.blogspot.com/ Concept Design Workshop]

[[Category:Illustration]]
[[Category:Industrial design]]

[[it:Concept design]]
[[nl:Conceptontwikkeling]]

Concept design

2008-05-23T07:48:51Z

67.169.95.117: /* Links */

{{Cleanup|date=April 2007}}

{{distinguish|conceptual art}}



'''Concept design''' is a product of work (or task) of a concept designer.

A concept designer (also known as "visual futurist" or "concept artist") is a designer who designs products that are not intended for immediate realization. In fact, most of them never come to a realization. If they are realized, it often happens many (even decades or hundreds of) years after the author's death and they often differ from the original concept design, especially when it comes to details. Some good examples of concept design (and of concept architecture as well - architecture is just another design field) are part of the [http://www.thevenusproject.com Venus project], founded and led by [[Jacque Fresco]].

Another good example is the Star Trek project. Impressive work of various concept designers (amongst others, of course) over decades has been resulting not only in extremely popular films and the palette of television serials but in a complete "alternative future world". Some, if not most of the concepts, developed for the project, including spaceship drives etc. will probably see the light of day in the future, since the authors and designers, besides using their pure imagination, borrowed ideas from serious science (mostly physics) - and were very careful to avoid situations that would be against the known laws of physics (as the true science fiction should be).
Besides that. the task of a concept designer might also include designing of completely fictional characters or objects - especially for a [[fantasy]] film or a [[computer game]] project.

Other great, though significantly older examples of concept design include numerous projects by the legendary [[Leonardo Da Vinci]] (the Aerial Screw flying machine, the Paddle Boat, Scythed Chariots...)

To be a successful concept designer one must be broadly versed in science and technology on one side plus one needs an impressive artistic talent in order to produce quality and aesthetically pleasing sketches, quality photo-realistic illustrations and even animations, on the other. Many of today's concept designers use a [[3D computer graphics software]] as a powerful creative tool in addition to their natural talent to draw and paint, in order to achieve the extreme photorealism.
The ideal educational background to become a concept designer would be a degree in architecture or industrial design. Other educational programs tend to be either too artistic/humanistic or too technical for the purpose. A more than average talent not only for realistic drawing and painting but also to invent new, original spacial forms, can be crucial and the right ability to constrain the own imagination inside the limits of the possible, without becoming conservative, is a must.

Concept designers work mainly for the entertainment industry (films, comics, games...), mostly on the subjects of [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]]. They design everything, from hand held weapons to costumes to furniture to spaceships to architecture (even whole cities) to impressive background environments. They often cooperate with scientists and engineers, specializing in diverse fields. When participating in a serious science fiction project, it is often crucial not only to take care of the visual aspect of a product but also on its inner workings and principles. For example, a scene, taking place on a planet with four moons and without atmosphere, thousands of [[light-year]]s away, is different from our everyday experiences, and the job of a concept designer is to join his/her own imagination and the scientific + technical knowledge and try to predict, what it would be like. You can not just put the moons randomly all over the sky, you have to know a little bit of astronomy to place them correctly. You can not travel faster than light, so you have to find a possible way to get around that technical problem (for example by creating a sub-space bubble...). How would you steer a futuristic car, running at over 500 km/h and levitating on an air mattress, a few centimetres over a steel road surface? You obviously can not do it by a conventional steering mechanism, so you have to think of something that would be convincing. It would be still a sort of a close guess, but it must be at least physically possible. Science fiction should not contain elements that are contrary to known scientific laws, so a person is needed with lot of imagination but also with broad technical and scientific, basic (i.e. not necessarily expert) knowledge. That's where the profession of concept designer fits in perfectly.

Besides the entertainment industry there are concept designers working for various, serious scientific and research institutions, (like [[NASA]] etc.), in other industries (automotive, aircraft, military) and in architectural and design studios.

Concept designer, specialized in architecture and urban development is also known as a concept architect (again, it is very important not to confuse it with conceptual architect(ure), because the two expressions are not only different but also contradictory!)

Concept design is mostly resulting in [[visual arts]] (images, animations, special FX, virtual CG...). The 19th century writer [[Jules Verne]] and his various concepts (submarine, rocket etc.) might be considered a good exception that proves the rule. They firstly emerged in their literary form, but had been so seriously detailed, imagined and described by the author, that some basic principles were used when building first real submarine and sending the first man to the Moon.

It is a common misconception, by common people as well as "ordinary" designers and architect, to treat concept design and concept architecture products as less valuable or serious, because they are sort of "fantasy" and are not "realized" as final products. A good architecture is a good architecture, regardless of whether it is standing in the centre of London and is made out of steel and concrete or exists only in the form of a detailed project and a 3D computer model. It is obvious that the process of "realization" can not make it any better in architectural sense (it only gets worse, once the masons take it into their hands). The same is with any other design field.

Important thing to remember is also, that a serious concept project (as a result of work of a concept designer) is sufficient to protect the concept (idea) and generate the [[authors' rights]] (at least it should be...).

Some good examples of concept design (in these cases really of concept architecture), that were realized in "their" time:

"[http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/eden-project The '''Eden Project''']" (the [http://www.creative-science.org.uk/galgeo.html structure]).
A large-scale environmental complex near St Austell, Cornwall, UK. The project was conceived by Tim Smit and designed by architect '''[[Nicholas Grimshaw]]'''. Although relatively new, it has quickly become one of the most popular visitor attractions in the United Kingdom. The complex includes two giant, transparent domes, each emulating a natural biome, that house plant species from around the world. The first emulates a tropical environment, the other a warm temperate, Mediterranean-type environment. The project took two and a half years to construct and opened to the public in March 2001. The project is ongoing, and part of its purpose is to see how the different biomes develop over time.

"[http://www.answers.com/topic/federation-square '''Federation Square''']" - a public square in the city of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is located at the south-east corner of the intersection of Flinders and Swanston Streets and opposite Flinders Street Station and St Paul's Cathedral. It helps to connect the historical central district of the city, the mile-by-half-a-mile Hoddle Grid, with the Southbank district, which has been redeveloped as a key part of central Melbourne since the late 20th century. It was built on the former site of the Gas and Fuel Buildings and the Princess Bridge railway station. Since its opening on October 26, 2002, it has been been both loved and despised by Melburnians, causing controversy not only for its unusual architecture, but also for the budget blow-out and delays in construction. Zhiyu Yan, who graduated at Edinburgh College of Art, considered this project to design a club . At the existing site is a bridge called Jeffrey Street

[http://www.answers.com/topic/olympiapark-munich '''Olympiapark Munich''']
The Olympiapark in Munich, Germany, EU, is an Olympic Park which was constructed for the 1972 Summer Olympics. The Park consists of:
Olympic Stadium
Olympic Hall
Olympic Swim Hall
Olympic Event Hall
Olympic Tower
Olympic Village
The Park is served by the U3 line of the Munich U-Bahn

==See also==
* [[Concept car]]

==Links==
*[http://www.conceptart.org ConceptArt.org web community]
*[http://www.conceptarthouse.com/ ConceptArtHouse.com]
*[http://idealist.blinkr.net IdeaList > dreamed objects - design concepts sharing community]
*[http://www.cgsociety.org CGSociety.org - Society of CG artists - the world's largest Web meeting place of concept artists and other CG illustrators]
*[http://www.highend3d.com Highend 3D - a web community of CG arists, mostly into 3D concept art/design]
*[http://www.x3dx.com X3DX - a young web community of CG arists, in English, with some subsections in the Slovene, Serbian/Croat & Macedonian]
**[http://www.3dtotal.com 3D Total - a web community of CG arists, mostly into 3D concept art/design]
*[http://www.imaginefx.com/ ImagineFX - A printed magazine and web community of 2D and 3D concept illustrators]
*[http://conceptdesignworkshop.blogspot.com/ Concept Design Workshop]

[[Category:Illustration]]
[[Category:Industrial design]]

[[it:Concept design]]
[[nl:Conceptontwikkeling]]

Archive:PHP and MySQL Programming/File Handling

2006-06-23T00:03:25Z

67.169.127.249: /* Opening and Closing Files */

[[Programming:PHP and MySQL|TOC]]

== Introduction ==

As with most programming languages, filehandling is very important for storing and retrieving a wide variety of data.

== Opening and Closing Files ==

To open a file, we use the fopen() function. This function takes in two parameters. Firstly, a String containing the name of the file, and secondly, the mode with which to open the file with. It returns a filehandler. e.g. :

<?
$filename = "text.txt";
$f = fopen($filename, 'r');
?>

The above code assigns the file name of "text.txt" to a variable called $filename. Then it uses the fopen function to open up "text.txt" with 'r' mode (meaning "read mode") and returns a filehandler to $f.

To close a file, we simply call the fclose() function, and pass it the filehandler. e.g. :

<?
fclose($f);
?>

== Including a File ==

It is very easy, in PHP, to include code (be it PHP or HTML) from one file into another. This is achieved by means of the include() function.

<?
include ("objects.php");
?>

In the above example, the PHP code will look within the current directory of the PHP file calling the include function, it will then open the objects.php file, and include its contentat of that file at the position of the include() function.

== Writing to a File ==

The procedure for writing to a file is:
1. Create a file handler.
2. Use the file handler to open up an input stream from a file.
3. Write Data to the file handler.
4. Close the file handler.

Here is an example of writing two lines of text to a file:

<?
$filename = "file.txt";
$f = fopen($filename, 'w');
fputs($f, "Bonjour Madam.\n");
fputs($f, "Bonjour Monseur.\n");
fclose($f);
?>

fputs() is used to write data to the file. It takes 2 variables, firstly, the file handler, and secondly, a String to write to the file handler.

== Reading from a File ==

Reading from a file goes along much the same format as writing to one. The function used to read from a file is fgets() function. Which takes in two variables. Firstly, the filehandler from which to read, and secondly, the amount of data to retrieve.

<?
$filename = "text.txt";
$f = fopen($filename, 'r');
$line = fgets($f, 1024);
print $line;
print $total_contents;
fclose($f);
?>

The above code opens up a file, reads the first line of the file, and then displays it. If we wanted to rather read the entire contents of the file into a variable, we could replace the $line=fgets() line with :

$total_contents = fread($f, filesize($filename));

[[Programming:PHP and MySQL:PHP Syntax|<< 2. PHP Syntax Summary]] | [[Programming:PHP and MySQL|TOC]] | [[Programming:PHP and MySQL:Database Connectivity|>> 4. Database Connectivity]]

Archive:PHP and MySQL Programming/File Handling

2006-06-23T00:02:39Z

67.169.127.249: /* Including a File */

[[Programming:PHP and MySQL|TOC]]

== Introduction ==

As with most programming languages, filehandling is very important for storing and retrieving a wide variety of data.

== Opening and Closing Files ==

To open a file, we use the fopen() function. This function takes in two parameters. Firstly, a String containing the name of the file, and secondly, the mode with which to open the file with. It returns a filehandler. e.g. :

<?
$filename = "text.txt";
$f = fopen($filename, 'r');
?>

The above code assigns the file name of "text.txt" to a variable called $filename. Then it uses the fopen function to open up "text.txt" with 'r' mode (meaning "read mode") and returns a filehandler to $f.

To close a file, we simply call the fclose() function, and pass it the filehandler. e.g. :

<?
fclose($f);
?>

#REDIRECT [[Insert text]]== Including a File ==

It is very easy, in PHP, to include code (be it PHP or HTML) from one file into another. This is achieved by means of the include() function.

<?
include ("objects.php");
?>

In the above example, the PHP code will look within the current directory of the PHP file calling the include function, it will then open the objects.php file, and include its contentat of that file at the position of the include() function.

== Writing to a File ==

The procedure for writing to a file is:
1. Create a file handler.
2. Use the file handler to open up an input stream from a file.
3. Write Data to the file handler.
4. Close the file handler.

Here is an example of writing two lines of text to a file:

<?
$filename = "file.txt";
$f = fopen($filename, 'w');
fputs($f, "Bonjour Madam.\n");
fputs($f, "Bonjour Monseur.\n");
fclose($f);
?>

fputs() is used to write data to the file. It takes 2 variables, firstly, the file handler, and secondly, a String to write to the file handler.

== Reading from a File ==

Reading from a file goes along much the same format as writing to one. The function used to read from a file is fgets() function. Which takes in two variables. Firstly, the filehandler from which to read, and secondly, the amount of data to retrieve.

<?
$filename = "text.txt";
$f = fopen($filename, 'r');
$line = fgets($f, 1024);
print $line;
print $total_contents;
fclose($f);
?>

The above code opens up a file, reads the first line of the file, and then displays it. If we wanted to rather read the entire contents of the file into a variable, we could replace the $line=fgets() line with :

$total_contents = fread($f, filesize($filename));

[[Programming:PHP and MySQL:PHP Syntax|<< 2. PHP Syntax Summary]] | [[Programming:PHP and MySQL|TOC]] | [[Programming:PHP and MySQL:Database Connectivity|>> 4. Database Connectivity]]

Archive:Total parenteral nutrition

2006-01-04T04:43:00Z

67.169.142.168:

'''Total parenteral nutrition''' (TPN), also called '''hyperalimentation''', is the practice of feeding a person without using the [[gut]], i.e. intravenously. It is normally used following surgery, when feeding by mouth or using the gut is not possible. It has been used for patients in [[coma]], although [[enteric]] (tube) feeding is usually preferable, and less prone to complications. [[Chronic]] TPN is occasionally used to treat people suffering the extended consequences of an accident or surgery. Most controversially, TPN has extended the life of a small number of children born with nonexistent or severely birth-deformed guts. The oldest were eight years old in [[2003]].

The preferred method of delivering TPN is with a medical [[infusion pump]]. A [[sterile]] bag of nutrient solution, between 500 mL and 4 L is provided. The pump infuses a small amount (0.1 to 10 mL/hr) continuously in order to keep the vein open. Feeding schedules vary, but one common regimen ramps up the nutrition over a few hours, levels off the rate for a few hours, and then ramps it down over a few more hours, in order to simulate a normal set of meal times.

The nutrient solution consists of [[water]], [[glucose]], [[salt]]s, [[amino acid]]s, [[vitamin]]s and (more controversially) sometimes emulsified [[fat]]s. Long term TPN patients sometimes suffer from lack of trace nutrients or [[electrolyte]] imbalances. Because increased [[blood sugar]] commonly occurs with TPN, [[insulin]] may also be added to the infusion. Occasionally, other drugs are added as well.

Chronic TPN is performed through a [[Hickman line]] or a [[Port-a-Cath]] (venous access systems). In infants, sometimes the umbilical artery is used.

Battery-powered ambulatory infusion pumps are used with chronic TPN patients, and usually the pump and a small (100 ml) bag of nutrient to keep the vein open are carried in a fanny pack. Outpatient TPN practices are still being refined.

Aside from their dependence on a pump, chronic TPN patients live quite normal lives.

==Complications==

The most common complication of TPN use is bacterial infection, usually due to the increased infection risk from having an indwelling [[central venous catheter]]. Rarely, [[liver]] failure may occur. The cause is unknown, but may be insufficient nutrition - the liver normally processes the [[blood]] returning from the gut.

==See also==
* [[Intravenous drip]]

[[Category:nutrition]]
[[Category:intensive care medicine]]

[[de:Parenterale Ernährung]]
[[pt:Nutrição parenteral]]