IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Precipitation (chemistry)

2009-03-12T20:38:57Z

68.154.37.140:

[[Image:Chemical precipitation diagram.png|thumb|right|Chemical Precipitation]]
{{redirect|Precipitate|the album by Interpol|Precipitate EP}}
'''Precipitation''' is the formation of a [[solid]] in a [[solution]] during a [[chemical reaction]]. When the reaction occurs, the solid formed is called the '''precipitate''', and the liquid remaining above the solid is called the '''supernate'''.

==Applications==
[[Image:Tetratolylporphyrin.jpg|thumb|right|Crystals of ''meso''-tetratolylporphyrin from refluxing [[propionic acid]] precipitate on cooling]]
Precipitation reactions can be used for making [[pigments]], removing [[salts]] from water in [[water treatment]], and in [[classical qualitative inorganic analysis]].

Precipitation is also useful to isolate the products of a reaction during [[workup (chemistry)|workup]]. Ideally, the product of the reaction is insoluble in the reaction solvent. Thus, it precipitates as it is formed, preferably [[crystallization|forming pure crystals]]. An example of this would be the synthesis of [[porphyrin]]s in refluxing [[propionic acid]]. By cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature, crystals of the porphyrin precipitate, and are collected by filtration:<ref>{{cite journal | author = A. D. Adler; F. R. Longo; J. D. Finarelli; J. Goldmacher; J. Assour; L. Korsakoff | title = A simplified synthesis for meso-tetraphenylporphine | year = 1967 | journal = [[J. Org. Chem.]] | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 476–476 | doi = 10.1021/jo01288a053 }}</ref>

:[[Image:H2TPPsyn.png|400px]]
Precipitation may also occur when an ''antisolvent'' (a solvent in which the product is insoluble) is added, drastically reducing the solubility of the desired product. Thereafter, the precipitate may easily be separated by [[filtration]], [[decanting]], or [[centrifugation]]). An example would be the synthesis of chromic tetraphenylporphyrin chloride: water is added to the DMF reaction solution, and the product precipitates.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0022-1902(70)80535-8 | title = On the preparation of metalloporphyrins | year = 1970 | author = Alan D. Adler; Frederick R. Longo; Frank Kampas; Jean Kim| journal = Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry | volume = 32 | pages = 2443 }}</ref> Precipitation is also useful in purifying products: crude bmim-Cl is taken up in [[acetonitrile]], and dropped into ethyl acetate, where it precipitates.<ref>{{OrgSynth | author = Dupont, J., Consorti, C., Suarez, P., de Souza, R. | title = Preparation of 1-Butyl-3-methyl imidazolium-based Room Temperature Ionic Liquids | collvol = 10 | collvolpages = 184 | year = 2004 | prep = v79p0236}}</ref>

In [[metallurgy]], precipitation from a [[solid solution]] is also a useful way to [[precipitation strengthening|strengthen alloy]]s; this process is known as [[solid solution strengthening]].

== Mechanism ==
Precipitation can occur when an [[solubility|insoluble]] substance is formed in the [[solution (chemistry)|solution]] due to a [[chemical reaction]] or when the solution has been [[supersaturated]] by a [[compound (chemistry)|compound]]. The formation of a precipitate is a sign of a [[chemical change]]. In most situations, the solid forms ("falls") out of the solute phase, and sinks to the bottom of the solution (though it will float if it is less dense than the solvent, or form a [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]).

The solid may reach the bottom of a container by means of [[settling]], [[sediment]]ation, or [[centrifugation]].

An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of [[nucleation]]. The creation of a hypothetical solid [[wiktionary:Particle|particle]] includes the formation of an [[interface (chemistry)|interface]], which requires some [[energy (chemistry)|energy]] based on the relative [[surface energy]] of the solid and the solution. If this energy is not available, and no suitable nucleation surface is available, [[supersaturation]] occurs.

== Representation using chemical equations ==
An example of a precipitation reaction: Aqueous [[silver nitrate]] (AgNO3) is added to a solution containing [[potassium chloride]] (KCl) and the precipitation of a white solid, [[silver chloride]] is observed. (Zumdahl, 2005)

:AgNO3 (aq) + KCl (aq) → AgCl (s) + KNO3 (aq)

The silver chloride(AgCl) has formed a solid, which is observed as a precipitate.

This reaction can be written emphasizing the [[dissociation|dissociated]] [[ions]] in a combined solution. This is known as the [[ionic equation]].
:Ag+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) + K+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) → AgCl (s) + K+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)

A final way to represent a precipitate reaction is known as a ''net ionic reaction''. In this case, any [[spectator ions]] (those which do not contribute to the reaction) are left out of the formula completely. This simplifies the above equations to the following:
:Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) → AgCl (s)

==Cation sensitivity==
Precipitate formation is useful in the detection of the type of [[cation]] in [[salt]]. To do this, an [[alkali]] first reacts with the unknown salt to produce a precipitate which is the [[hydroxide]] of the unknown salt. To identify the cation, the color of the precipitate and its solubility in excess are noted. Similar processes are often used to separate chemically similar elements, such as the [[Alkali earth metals]].

==Digestion==
Digestion, or ''precipitate ageing'', happens when a freshly-formed precipitate is left, usually at a higher [[temperature]], in the solution from which it is precipitated. It results in cleaner and bigger particles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ktf-split.hr/glossary/en_o.php?def=digestion |title=Chemical dictionary definition |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> The physico-chemical process underlying digestion is called [[Ostwald ripening]].

==Coprecipitation==
{{main|coprecipitation}}
Coprecipitation is the carrying down by a precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed. It is an important issue in chemical analysis, where it is often undesirable, but in some cases it can be exploited. In [[gravimetric analysis]], it is a problem because undesired impurities often coprecipitate with the analyte, resulting in excess mass. On the other hand, in the analysis of trace elements, as is often the case in [[radiochemistry]], coprecipitation is often the only way of separating an element.

==References==
*Zumdahl, Steven S. ''Chemical Principles.'' 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.
*Mark Smith ''Principles of Science'' 1993
{{reflist}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2008}}

==Further reading==
*Banert, T., Brenner, G., Peuker, U. A. (2006), Operating parameters of a continuous sono-chemical precipitation reactor, Proc. 5. WCPT, Orlando Fl., 23.-27. April 2006.

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Solid precipitation}}

* http://www.answers.com/supernatant

[[Category:Separation processes]]
[[Category:Chemical processes]]

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[[he:תגובת שיקוע]]
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[[ru:Преципитат (химия)]]
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[[ur:عمل ترسیب]]
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Also precipitate: To understand something. example: I can't even precipitate this level of gayness!!!! etymology: Two abu's was on the way back from a Cradle of Filth, Septic Flesh, and Satyricon concert and dis one abu says, "I can't even precipitate how good that show was!" The other abu responded, "That's not what that means, but it should be."

Archive:List of films aired on Nickelodeon

2008-12-23T14:41:37Z

68.154.99.45: /* 2007 */

This is a list of [[television movie|television film]]s produced for the [[cable network]] [[Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]].

==2000s==
===2000===
# ''[[Kenan and Kel]] - [[Two Heads Are Better Than None]]'' ([[July 22]], [[2000]])
# ''[[CatDog: The Great Parent Mystery]]'' ([[August 26]], [[2000]])
# ''Cry Baby Lane'' ([[October 28]], [[2000]])

===2001===
# ''As Told By Ginger: [[Summer of Camp Caprice]]'' ([[July 7]], [[2001]])
# ''[[List of The Wild Thornberrys episodes|Origin of Donnie]]'' ([[August 18]], [[2001]])

===2002===
# ''[[Rocket Power: Race Across New Zealand]]'' ([[February 16]], [[2002]])

===2003===

# ''[[Maniac Magee]]'' ([[February 23]], [[2003]])
# ''Jimmy Neutron: [[List of The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius episodes|The Eggpire Strikes Back]]'' ([[April 25]], [[2003]])
# ''The Fairly Oddparents: [[Abra-Catastrophe]]!'' ([[July 12]], [[2003]])
# ''As Told By Ginger: [[List of As Told by Ginger episodes|Far From Home]]'' ([[August 9]], [[2003]])
# ''Jimmy Neutron: [[List of The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius episodes|Rescue Jet Fusion]]'' ([[October 13]], [[2003]])

===2004===
# ''[[The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour]]'' ([[May 7]], [[2004]])
# ''As Told By Ginger: [[Butterflies Are Free]]'' ([[June 11]], [[2004]])
# ''All Grown Up!: [[Interview With A Campfire]]'' ([[June 25]], [[2004]])
# ''Jimmy Neutron: [[List of The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius episodes|Win, Lose, and Kaboom]]'' ([[July 9]], [[2004]])
# ''[[Rocket Power: Island of the Menehune]]'' ([[July 16]] [[2004]])
# ''The Fairly Oddparents: [[Channel Chasers]]'' ([[July 23]], [[2004]])
# ''[[Rocket Power: The Big Day]]'' ([[July 30]], [[2004]])
# ''As Told By Ginger: [[The Wedding Frame]]'' ([[2004]], Direct-to-video)

===2005===
# ''The Fairly Oddparents: [[School's Out! The Musical]]'' ([[June 10]], [[2005]])
# ''Jimmy Neutron: [[The League of Villains]]'' ([[June 18]], [[2005]])
# ''All Grown Up!: [[Dude, Where's My Horse?]]'' ([[July 16]], [[2005]])
# ''Danny Phantom: [[Reign Storm]]'' ([[July 29]], [[2005]])
# ''My Life as a Teenage Robot: [[Escape from Cluster Prime]]'' ([[August 12]], [[2005]])
# ''Danny Phantom: [[The Ultimate Enemy]]'' ([[September 16]], [[2005]])
# ''All Grown Up! [[R.V. Having Fun Yet?]]'' ([[October 10]], [[2005]])

===2006===
# ''[[Drake and Josh Go Hollywood]]'' ([[January 6]], [[2006]])
# ''[[The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 2: When Nerds Collide]]'' ([[January 16]], [[2006]])
# ''[[Zoey 101: Spring Break-Up]]'' ([[March 10]], [[2006]])
# ''Fairly Oddparents: [[Fairy Idol]]'' ([[May 19]], [[2006]])
# ''Danny Phantom: [[Reality Trip]]'' ([[June 9]], [[2006]])
# ''The X's: [[List of The X's Episodes|Truman X: Super Villain]]'' ([[June 16]], [[2006]])
# ''Avatar: The Fury of Aang: [[The Library]] and [[The Desert]]'' ([[July 14]], [[2006]])
# ''[[The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 3: The Jerkinators]]'' ([[July 21]], [[2006]])
# ''Romeo!: [[List of Romeo! episodes|Ro' Trip]]'' ([[July 23]], [[2006]])
# ''Avatar: Secret of The Fire Nation: [[The Serpent's Pass]] and [[The Drill]]'' ([[September 15]], [[2006]])
# ''[[Unfabulous: The Perfect Moment]]'' ([[October 7]], [[2006]])

===2007===
# ''[[The Naked Brothers Band (film)]]'' ([[January 27]], [[2007]])
# ''[[Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide]]: Field Trip'' ([[June 9]], [[2007]])
# ''[[Shredderman Rules]]'' ([[June 10]], [[2007]])
# ''[[The Last Day of Summer (film)|The Last Day of Summer]]'' ([[July 20]], [[2007]])
# ''[[Drake & Josh: Really Big Shrimp]]'' ([[August 3]], [[2007]])
# ''[[Go, Diego, Go!]]: The Great Dinosaur Rescue'' ([[August 17]], [[2007]])
# ''Danny Phantom: [[List of Danny Phantom episodes|Phantom Planet]]'' ([[August 24]], [[2007]])
# ''[[The Naked Brothers Band: Battle of the Bands]]'' ([[October 7]], [[2007]])
# ''[[Zoey 101: The Curse of PCA]]'' ([[October 13]], [[2007]])
# ''[[Roxy Hunter and the Mystery of the Moody Ghost]]'' ([[October 30]], [[2007]])
# ''SpongeBob SquarePants: [[SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis]]'' ([[November 12]], [[2007]])
# ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]: [[List of Avatar: The Last Airbender episodes|The Day of Black Sun]]'' ([[November 30]], [[2007]])
# '' [[Unfabulous]] The Best Trip Ever ([[December 16]], [[2007]])

===2008===
# ''[[Zoey 101: Goodbye Zoey?]]'' ([[January 4]], [[2008]])
# ''[[The Naked Brothers Band: Sidekicks]]'' ([[January 21]], [[2008]])
# ''[[Roxy Hunter and the Secret of the Shaman]]'' ([[February 1]], [[2008]])
# ''[[The Fairly OddParents]]: [[Fairly OddBaby]]'' ([[February 18]], [[2008]])
# ''[[Zoey 101: Chasing Zoey]]'' ([[May 2]], [[2008]])
# ''[[The Naked Brothers Band: Polar Bears]]'' ([[June 6]], [[2008]])
# ''[[H2O: Just Add Water|H2O]] Movie Exposed: Dr Danger & A Twist in the Tail'' ([[June 20]], [[2008]])
# ''[[Roxy Hunter and the Myth of the Mermaid]]'' ([[July 13]], [[2008]])
# ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]: The Boling Rock- Parts 1 & 2'' ([[July 16]] - [[July 17|17]], [[2008]])
# ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]: [[Sozin's Comet: The Final Battle]]'' ([[July 19]], [[2008]])
# ''[[Gym Teacher: The Movie]]'' ([[September 12]], [[2008]])
# ''[[Naked Brothers Band: Mystery Girl]]'' ([[October 18]], [[2008]])
# ''[[Roxy Hunter and the Horrific Halloween]]'' ([[October 31]], [[2008]]) (''[[The N]]'')
# ''[[iCarly: iGo to Japan]]'' ([[November 8]], [[2008]])
# ''[[Tak and the Power of Juju (TV series)|Tak and the Power of Juju]]'': Destiny Schmestiny ([[November 15]], [[2008]])
# ''[[The Naked Brothers Band: Operation Mojo]]'' ([[November 22]],[[2008]])
# ''[[Back at the Barnyard]]: Cowman: The Uddered Avenger'' ([[November 29]],[[2008]])
# ''[[Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh]]'' ([[December 5]], [[2008]])

===2009===
# ''[[Spectacular!]] (TBA, 2009)

== Non-Nickelodeon TV Movies ==
# ''Virtual Mom''
# ''[[Sabrina Goes to Rome]]''

== Broadcasted Movies ==
===Nickelodeon Movies===
# ''[[Good Burger]]''
# ''[[The Rugrats Movie]]''
# ''[[Rugrats in Paris: The Movie]]''
# ''[[Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius]]''
# ''[[Hey Arnold!: The Movie]]''
# ''[[The Wild Thornberrys Movie]]''
# ''[[Rugrats Go Wild]]''
# ''[[The Spongebob Squarepants Movie]]''

=== Non-Nickelodeon Movies ===
# ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]''
# ''My Brother the Pig''
# ''[[Scooby Doo]]''
# ''[[Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed]]''
# ''[[Kangaroo Jack]]''
# ''[[Ferris Bueller's Day Off]]
# ''[[What a Girl Wants (film)|What a Girl Wants]]''
# ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]

== See also ==
* [[Nickelodeon Movies]]

[[Category:Nickelodeon]]
[[Category:American television films]]
[[Category:Nickelodeon original films]]
[[Category:Nickelodeon films]]

Archive:List of films aired on Nickelodeon

2008-12-23T14:41:25Z

68.154.99.45: /* 2007 */

This is a list of [[television movie|television film]]s produced for the [[cable network]] [[Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]].

==2000s==
===2000===
# ''[[Kenan and Kel]] - [[Two Heads Are Better Than None]]'' ([[July 22]], [[2000]])
# ''[[CatDog: The Great Parent Mystery]]'' ([[August 26]], [[2000]])
# ''Cry Baby Lane'' ([[October 28]], [[2000]])

===2001===
# ''As Told By Ginger: [[Summer of Camp Caprice]]'' ([[July 7]], [[2001]])
# ''[[List of The Wild Thornberrys episodes|Origin of Donnie]]'' ([[August 18]], [[2001]])

===2002===
# ''[[Rocket Power: Race Across New Zealand]]'' ([[February 16]], [[2002]])

===2003===

# ''[[Maniac Magee]]'' ([[February 23]], [[2003]])
# ''Jimmy Neutron: [[List of The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius episodes|The Eggpire Strikes Back]]'' ([[April 25]], [[2003]])
# ''The Fairly Oddparents: [[Abra-Catastrophe]]!'' ([[July 12]], [[2003]])
# ''As Told By Ginger: [[List of As Told by Ginger episodes|Far From Home]]'' ([[August 9]], [[2003]])
# ''Jimmy Neutron: [[List of The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius episodes|Rescue Jet Fusion]]'' ([[October 13]], [[2003]])

===2004===
# ''[[The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour]]'' ([[May 7]], [[2004]])
# ''As Told By Ginger: [[Butterflies Are Free]]'' ([[June 11]], [[2004]])
# ''All Grown Up!: [[Interview With A Campfire]]'' ([[June 25]], [[2004]])
# ''Jimmy Neutron: [[List of The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius episodes|Win, Lose, and Kaboom]]'' ([[July 9]], [[2004]])
# ''[[Rocket Power: Island of the Menehune]]'' ([[July 16]] [[2004]])
# ''The Fairly Oddparents: [[Channel Chasers]]'' ([[July 23]], [[2004]])
# ''[[Rocket Power: The Big Day]]'' ([[July 30]], [[2004]])
# ''As Told By Ginger: [[The Wedding Frame]]'' ([[2004]], Direct-to-video)

===2005===
# ''The Fairly Oddparents: [[School's Out! The Musical]]'' ([[June 10]], [[2005]])
# ''Jimmy Neutron: [[The League of Villains]]'' ([[June 18]], [[2005]])
# ''All Grown Up!: [[Dude, Where's My Horse?]]'' ([[July 16]], [[2005]])
# ''Danny Phantom: [[Reign Storm]]'' ([[July 29]], [[2005]])
# ''My Life as a Teenage Robot: [[Escape from Cluster Prime]]'' ([[August 12]], [[2005]])
# ''Danny Phantom: [[The Ultimate Enemy]]'' ([[September 16]], [[2005]])
# ''All Grown Up! [[R.V. Having Fun Yet?]]'' ([[October 10]], [[2005]])

===2006===
# ''[[Drake and Josh Go Hollywood]]'' ([[January 6]], [[2006]])
# ''[[The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 2: When Nerds Collide]]'' ([[January 16]], [[2006]])
# ''[[Zoey 101: Spring Break-Up]]'' ([[March 10]], [[2006]])
# ''Fairly Oddparents: [[Fairy Idol]]'' ([[May 19]], [[2006]])
# ''Danny Phantom: [[Reality Trip]]'' ([[June 9]], [[2006]])
# ''The X's: [[List of The X's Episodes|Truman X: Super Villain]]'' ([[June 16]], [[2006]])
# ''Avatar: The Fury of Aang: [[The Library]] and [[The Desert]]'' ([[July 14]], [[2006]])
# ''[[The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 3: The Jerkinators]]'' ([[July 21]], [[2006]])
# ''Romeo!: [[List of Romeo! episodes|Ro' Trip]]'' ([[July 23]], [[2006]])
# ''Avatar: Secret of The Fire Nation: [[The Serpent's Pass]] and [[The Drill]]'' ([[September 15]], [[2006]])
# ''[[Unfabulous: The Perfect Moment]]'' ([[October 7]], [[2006]])

===2007===
# ''[[The Naked Brothers Band (film)]]'' ([[January 27]], [[2007]])
# ''[[Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide]]: Field Trip'' ([[June 9]], [[2007]])
# ''[[Shredderman Rules!]]'' ([[June 10]], [[2007]])
# ''[[The Last Day of Summer (film)|The Last Day of Summer]]'' ([[July 20]], [[2007]])
# ''[[Drake & Josh: Really Big Shrimp]]'' ([[August 3]], [[2007]])
# ''[[Go, Diego, Go!]]: The Great Dinosaur Rescue'' ([[August 17]], [[2007]])
# ''Danny Phantom: [[List of Danny Phantom episodes|Phantom Planet]]'' ([[August 24]], [[2007]])
# ''[[The Naked Brothers Band: Battle of the Bands]]'' ([[October 7]], [[2007]])
# ''[[Zoey 101: The Curse of PCA]]'' ([[October 13]], [[2007]])
# ''[[Roxy Hunter and the Mystery of the Moody Ghost]]'' ([[October 30]], [[2007]])
# ''SpongeBob SquarePants: [[SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis]]'' ([[November 12]], [[2007]])
# ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]: [[List of Avatar: The Last Airbender episodes|The Day of Black Sun]]'' ([[November 30]], [[2007]])
# '' [[Unfabulous]] The Best Trip Ever ([[December 16]], [[2007]])

===2008===
# ''[[Zoey 101: Goodbye Zoey?]]'' ([[January 4]], [[2008]])
# ''[[The Naked Brothers Band: Sidekicks]]'' ([[January 21]], [[2008]])
# ''[[Roxy Hunter and the Secret of the Shaman]]'' ([[February 1]], [[2008]])
# ''[[The Fairly OddParents]]: [[Fairly OddBaby]]'' ([[February 18]], [[2008]])
# ''[[Zoey 101: Chasing Zoey]]'' ([[May 2]], [[2008]])
# ''[[The Naked Brothers Band: Polar Bears]]'' ([[June 6]], [[2008]])
# ''[[H2O: Just Add Water|H2O]] Movie Exposed: Dr Danger & A Twist in the Tail'' ([[June 20]], [[2008]])
# ''[[Roxy Hunter and the Myth of the Mermaid]]'' ([[July 13]], [[2008]])
# ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]: The Boling Rock- Parts 1 & 2'' ([[July 16]] - [[July 17|17]], [[2008]])
# ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]: [[Sozin's Comet: The Final Battle]]'' ([[July 19]], [[2008]])
# ''[[Gym Teacher: The Movie]]'' ([[September 12]], [[2008]])
# ''[[Naked Brothers Band: Mystery Girl]]'' ([[October 18]], [[2008]])
# ''[[Roxy Hunter and the Horrific Halloween]]'' ([[October 31]], [[2008]]) (''[[The N]]'')
# ''[[iCarly: iGo to Japan]]'' ([[November 8]], [[2008]])
# ''[[Tak and the Power of Juju (TV series)|Tak and the Power of Juju]]'': Destiny Schmestiny ([[November 15]], [[2008]])
# ''[[The Naked Brothers Band: Operation Mojo]]'' ([[November 22]],[[2008]])
# ''[[Back at the Barnyard]]: Cowman: The Uddered Avenger'' ([[November 29]],[[2008]])
# ''[[Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh]]'' ([[December 5]], [[2008]])

===2009===
# ''[[Spectacular!]] (TBA, 2009)

== Non-Nickelodeon TV Movies ==
# ''Virtual Mom''
# ''[[Sabrina Goes to Rome]]''

== Broadcasted Movies ==
===Nickelodeon Movies===
# ''[[Good Burger]]''
# ''[[The Rugrats Movie]]''
# ''[[Rugrats in Paris: The Movie]]''
# ''[[Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius]]''
# ''[[Hey Arnold!: The Movie]]''
# ''[[The Wild Thornberrys Movie]]''
# ''[[Rugrats Go Wild]]''
# ''[[The Spongebob Squarepants Movie]]''

=== Non-Nickelodeon Movies ===
# ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]''
# ''My Brother the Pig''
# ''[[Scooby Doo]]''
# ''[[Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed]]''
# ''[[Kangaroo Jack]]''
# ''[[Ferris Bueller's Day Off]]
# ''[[What a Girl Wants (film)|What a Girl Wants]]''
# ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]

== See also ==
* [[Nickelodeon Movies]]

[[Category:Nickelodeon]]
[[Category:American television films]]
[[Category:Nickelodeon original films]]
[[Category:Nickelodeon films]]

Archive:Fanboy

2007-05-13T23:59:07Z

68.154.241.167: /* History of fanboys and the term */

{{Otheruses3|Fanboys}}

{{Mergeto|Fan (person)|date=March 2007}}

'''Fanboy''' or '''Fanboi''' is a term used to describe an individual (usually male, though the feminine version '''''fangirl''''' may be used for females) who is utterly devoted to a single fannish subject, or to a single point of view within that subject, often to the point where it is considered an [[obsession]]. ''Fanboys'' remain loyal to their particular obsession, disregarding any factors that differ from their point of view. Fanboys are also stereotypically aggressive and hateful towards the opposing brand or competition of their obsession regardless of its merits or achievements.

==History of fanboys and the term of the REALLL English term for fanboys==
The term originated in [[comic book]] circles, to describe someone who immersed himself in the fictional worlds of comics and the culture of comics fandom. The term is often used in a derogatory manner by other less obsessed fans. In the songs of the fannish [[parody]] [[musician]] [[Luke Ski]], many characters proudly consider themselves ''fanboys''. The term is most commonly associated with adolescent and teen males but can be applicable to any age or sex. Common subjects of reverence by fanboys are [[TV show]]s, [[film|movie]]s, [[music]], [[anime]], [[comic books]], [[car]]s, [[video game console]]s, [[video games]], [[operating system]]s, [[MMORPG]]s, [[Computer Hardware|hardware]], [[software]] and [[professional wrestling]] companies.

The stereotypical image of the fanboy is as an unkempt, socially awkward, young man who may be perceived as a loud mouthed [[pseudo-intellectual]]. Popular depictions of this stereotype include the [[Comic Book Guy]] on ''[[The Simpsons]]'' and columnist [[Larry Groznic]] from the satirical newspaper ''[[The Onion]]''.

Fanboys:
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So

The earliest published uses of the word "fanboy" have been dated to 1982. One reference is on the cover of the "Official Underground and Newave Comix Price Guide". On this cover page are sketched overweight, overzealous comic book collectors wearing T-shirts that state "Fanboys of America," and are describing the extreme measures they would go to, including moving to San Francisco, to preserve their comics. Also published in 1982, a comic strip appeared in Jim Engel and Chuck Fiala's "Fandom Confidential" comic. In the strip, Jim and Chuck met comic artist/writer [[John Byrne]] and collapsed into "mindless paroxysms of adoration." The John Byrne character responded that they were "a couple of fanboys in bondage" which was a play on words referring to a [[List of Monty Python's Flying Circus episodes#8. Archaeology Today|Monty Python skit]] in which an Elizabethan era character reads what she claims to be "'Gayboys in Bondage' by William Shakespeare".[http://www.byrnerobotics.com/FAQ/listing.asp?ID=7&T1=Miscellaneous+Questions#154] Another early use is in a smart-alec editorial reply by "[[Ambush Bug]]" to a letter in his comic in [[1985]].

==Media==
===Comic Book===
*[[Sergio Aragonés]]' ''Fanboy''

===Television===
*''[[The Simpsons]]'''s [[Comic Book Guy]] refers to himself as a fanboy.
*''[[Freakazoid!|Freakazoid]]'''s [[freakazoid!#Other characters|Fan Boy]]
[http://www.fanboy.tv/] [Fanboy.TV] Weekly IPTV show

===Radio/Podcasts===
*[[Fanboy Radio]] - [http://fanboyradio.com]
*Drooling FanBoy - [http://droolingfanboy.com]
*ifanboy - [http://www.ifanboy.com]
*[[The Fanboy Smackdown Podcast]] - [http://www.fanboysmackdown.com]

===Webcomics===
*Fanboy Almanac (webcomic) - [http://fanboyalmanac.com Fanboy Almanac]
*[http://www.ngeb.net/fanboys Fanboys web comic]
*[http://www.fogclub.net Fanboy Otaku Gamers Club web comic]
*[http://www.fanboysonline.com Fanboys!! Beyond Geekdom!!! (webcomic)]
*[http://www.fanboys-online.com Fanboys-Online]
*[http://home.earthlink.net/~fanboyprime/ Fanboy Productions]

==See also==
* [[Addiction]]
* [[Computer zealotry]]
* [[Editor war]]
* [[Anorak (slang)|Anorak]]
* [[Astroturfing]]
* [[Otaku]]

==External links==
* [http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=fanboy Urban dictionary: fanboy]
* [http://www.netjak.com/review.php/1013 Dissecting the Fanboy Mind] - A discussion of the fanboy behavior in regards to video games.
* [http://palgn.com.au/article.php?id=6463 The trial of the Fanboy] - A criticism of the fanboy concept and overusage of the term.

[[Category:Fandom]]
[[Category:Anime and manga terminology]]

[[de:Fanboy]]

Hypercane

2006-05-24T12:06:43Z

68.154.33.66:

The word '''hypercane''' was coined by Kerry Emanuel at [[MIT]] to describe a regime when the simple thermodynamic model to estimate hurricane intensity fails to converge.

Solving the equations by numerical methods indicates that in that regime phenomenal [[storm]]s are formed that reach 20 miles high, with winds approaching 500 miles an hour.

It has been theorized that hypercanes are formed by extreme circumstances, such as over the sea warmed by an [[asteroid]] impact.

==Examples==
*In the [[anime]] series ''[[Tactical Roar]]'', a hypercane plays a major part in the setting of the series.

==See also==
{{tcportal}}
*[[Tropical cyclone]]

== External links ==

* [http://wind.mit.edu/~emanuel/holem/holem.html Limits on Hurricane Intensity]
* [http://www.newscientist.com/hottopics/dinosaurs/storms.jsp Did storms land the dinosaurs in hot water?]
 
{{hurricane-stub}}
[[Category:Tropical cyclone meteorology]]</ref>

Hypercane

2006-05-24T12:06:07Z

68.154.33.66:

{{featured article}}
{{Infobox hurricane | name=Hypercane
| category=cat5
| AUScategory=cat5
| type=Hypercane
| image location=
| image name=
| formed=?
| dissipated=?
| highest gusts=806 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]]<ref name="winds"></ref> (500 [[miles per hour|mph]])
| lowest pressure=About 750 [[hPa]] ([[mbar]])<ref name="pressure">
| total damages=?
| total fatalities=1/4 All Dinousours
| areas affected=The Whole World
| hurricane season=Dinosour Age
}}

The word '''hypercane''' was coined by Kerry Emanuel at [[MIT]] to describe a regime when the simple thermodynamic model to estimate hurricane intensity fails to converge.

Solving the equations by numerical methods indicates that in that regime phenomenal [[storm]]s are formed that reach 20 miles high, with winds approaching 500 miles an hour.

It has been theorized that hypercanes are formed by extreme circumstances, such as over the sea warmed by an [[asteroid]] impact.

==Examples==
*In the [[anime]] series ''[[Tactical Roar]]'', a hypercane plays a major part in the setting of the series.

==See also==
{{tcportal}}
*[[Tropical cyclone]]

== External links ==

* [http://wind.mit.edu/~emanuel/holem/holem.html Limits on Hurricane Intensity]
* [http://www.newscientist.com/hottopics/dinosaurs/storms.jsp Did storms land the dinosaurs in hot water?]
 
{{hurricane-stub}}
[[Category:Tropical cyclone meteorology]]</ref>