IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Precipitation (chemistry)

2007-05-20T04:47:18Z

68.220.194.108:

ol (band)|Interpol]] [[Extended play|EP]] see [[Precipitate (EP)]].''

'''Precipitation''' is the formation of a [[solid]] in a [[solution]] during a [[chemical reaction]]. When the chemical reaction occurs the solid formed is called the '''precipitate'''. This can occur when an insoluble substance, the '''precipitate''', is formed in the solution due to a reaction or when the solution has been ''supersaturated'' by a compound. The formation of a precipitate is a sign of a chemical change. In most situations, the solid forms ("falls") out of the solute phase, and sinks to the bottom of the solution (though it will float if it is less dense than the solvent, or form a [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]).

A use for this type of reaction is when making paints.

This effect is useful in many industrial and scientific applications whereby a chemical reaction may produce a solid that can be collected from the solution by various methods (e.g. filtration, decanting, centrifuging). Precipitation from a [[solid solution]] is also a useful way to [[precipitation strengthening|strengthen]] [[alloy]]s, this process is known as [[solid solution strengthening]].

An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of [[nucleation]]. The creation of a hypothetical solid particle includes the formation of an interface, which requires some energy based on the relative [[surface energy]] of the solid and the solution. If this energy is not available, and no suitable nucleation surface is available, [[supersaturation]] occurs.

An example of a precipitation reaction: Aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO3) is added to a solution containing potassium chloride (KCl) and the precipitation of a white solid, silver chloride is observed. (Zumdahl, 2005)

:AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)

The silver chloride(AgCl) has formed a solid, which is observed as a precipitate.

This reaction can be written emphasizing the dissociated ions in a combined solution
:Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + K+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(solid) + K+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

A final way to represent a precipitate reaction is known as a ''net ionic reaction''. In this case, any spectator ions (those which do not contribute to the reaction) are left out of the formula completely. This simplifies the above equations to the following:
:Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s)

After evaporation, condensation occurs and will slowly turn into a cloud

==Cation sensitivity==
Precipitate formation is useful in the detection of the type of [[cation]] in an unknown [[salt]]. To do this, an [[alkali]] first reacts with the unknown salt to produce a precipitate which is the hydroxide of the unknown salt.

To identify the cation, the colour of the precipitate and its solubility in excess are noted.

Similar processes are often used to separate chemically similar elements, such as the [[rare earth]] metals.

==Reference==

Zumdahl, Steven S. ''Chemical Principles.'' 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.

Mark Smith ''Principles of Science'' 1993

==External links==
* http://www.hci.edu.sg/~limth/lessons/2002/qa/cations.htm
* [http://www.hielscher.com/ultrasonics/precipitation_01.htm Continuous Precipitation Using Ultrasonication (e.g. for nano-size magnetite particles)]

==Literature==

Banert, T., Brenner, G., Peuker, U. A. (2006), Operating parameters of a continuous sono-chemical precipitation reactor, Proc. 5. WCPT, Orlando Fl., 23.-27. April 2006.

[[Category:Chemical processes]]

[[da:Fældningsreaktion]]
[[de:Fällungsreaktion]]
[[es:Precipitado]]
[[fr:Précipité]]
[[he:תגובת שיקוע]]
[[nl:Neerslag (scheikunde)]]
[[ja:沈殿]]
[[no:Fellingsreaksjon]]
[[nn:Fellingsreaksjon]]
[[pt:Precipitação (química)]]
[[ru:Преципитат (химия)]]
[[su:Présipitasi]]
[[sv:Utfällning]]
[[zh:沉淀]]

Archive:List of hospitals in Georgia, The United States

2007-04-01T03:28:34Z

68.220.41.132:

'''List of [[hospital]]s in [[Georgia (U.S. state)]]''', sorted by hospital name.

{{listdev}}

*[[Anchor Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Archbold Hospital]] - [[Thomasville, Georgia]]
*[[Athens Regional Medical Center]] - [[Athens, Georgia]]
*[[Atlanta Medical Center]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[Banks-Jackson-Commerce Medical Center]] - [[Commerce, Georgia]]
*[[Cartersville Medical Center]] - [[Cartersville, Georgia]]
*[[Central State Hospital (Georgia)|Central State Hospital]] - [[Milledgeville, Georgia]] ([http://www.centralstatehospital.org Central State Hospital Website])
*[[Children's Healthcare of Atlanta]] - [[Decatur, Georgia]]
*[[Coffee Regional Medical Center]] - [[Douglas, Georgia]]
*[[Columbus Regional Hospital|Columbus Regional Hospital/The Medical Center]] - [[Columbus, GA]]
*[[Crawford Long Hospital]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center]] - [[Fort Gordon, Georgia]]
*[[Emory Cartersville Medical Center]] - Cartersville, Georgia
*[[DeKalb Medical Center]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Doctor's Hospital]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[Doctor's Hospital of Columbus]] - [[Columbus, Georgia]]
*[[Dorminy Medical Center]] - [[Fitzgerald, Georgia]]
*[[Emory-Adventist Hospital]] - [[Smyrna, Georgia]]
*[[Emory Crawford Long Hospital]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[Emory Dunwoody Medical Center]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[Emory Eastside Medical Center]] - [[Snellville, Georgia]]
*[[Emory University Hospital]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[Fairview Park Hospital]] - [[Dublin, Georgia]]
*[[Focus Healthcare]] - [[Saint Simon's Island, Georgia]]
*[[Henry Medical Center]] - [[Stockbridge, Georgia]]
*[[Grady Memorial Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Hughston Sports Medicine Hospital]] - Columbus, Georgia
*[[Hutcheson Medical Center]] - [[Ft. Oglethorpe, Georgia]]
*[[Houston HealthCare Complex]] - [[Warner Robins, Georgia]]
*[[Kennestone Hospital]] - [[Marietta, Georgia]]
*[http://www.mccg.org Medical Center of Central Georgia] (MCCG) - [[Macon, Georgia]]
*[[Memorial Medical Center, Savannah|Memorial Medical Center]] - [[Savannah, Georgia]]
*[[Medical College of Georgia Medical Center]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[Medical College of Georgia Children's Medical Center]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[Newnan Hospital]] - [[Newnan, Georgia]]
*[[Northeast Georgia Medical Center]] - [[Gainesville, Georgia]]
*[[Northside Hospital]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[North Fulton Regional Hospital]] - [[Roswell, Georgia]]
*[[Oconee Regional Medical Center]] - [[Milledgeville, Georgia]]
*[[Palmyra Medical Centers]] - [[Albany, Georgia]]
*[[Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital]] - [[Albany, Georgia]]
*[[Piedmont Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Select Specialty Hospital]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[St. Francis Hosptial]] - [[Columbus, Georgia]]
*[[St. Joseph's/ Candler Hospital]] - [[Savannah, Georgia]]
*[[St. Joseph's Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[St. Joseph Hospital]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[St. Mary's Hospital]] - [[Athens, Georgia]]
*[[Samaritan Hospital]] - [[Dountown, Georgia]]
*[[Shepherd Center]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[South Georgia Medical Center]] - [[Valdosta, Georgia]]
*[[Southern Regional Medical Center]] - [[Riverdale, Georgia]]
*[[Smith Northview Hospital]] - [[Valdosta, Georgia]]
*[[Sumter Regional Medical Center]] - [[Americus, Georgia]]
*[[Sylvan Grove Hospital]] - [[Jackson, Georgia]]
*[[Southeast Georgia Regional Medical Center]] - [[Brunswick, Georgia]]
*[[Southwest Hospital]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[Spalding Regional Hospital]] - [[Griffin, Georgia]]
*[[South Fulton Medical Center]] - [[East Point, Georgia]]
*[[Sumter Regional Hospital]] - [[Americus, Georgia]]
*[[Tanner Medical Center]] - [[Carrollton, Georgia]]
*[[Tanner Medical Center Villa Rica]] - [[Villa Rica, Georgia]]
*[[Tift Regional Medical Center]] - [[Tifton, Georgia]]
*[[Upson Regional Medical Center]] - [[Thomaston, Georgia]]
*[[Union General Hospital]] - [[Blairsville, Georgia]]
*[[University Hospital]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[West Central Georgia Regional Hospital]] - Columbus, Georgia]]
*[[West Georgia Medical Center]] - [[LaGrange, Georgia]]
*[[Walton Medical Center]] - [[Monroe, Georgia]]
*[[Wills Memorial Hospital]] - [[Washington, Georgia]]

{{Hospitals in the United States}}

[[Category:Lists of hospitals in the United States|Georgia]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Georgia (U.S. state)]]

Archive:List of hospitals in Georgia, The United States

2007-02-28T22:02:15Z

68.220.111.227:

'''List of [[hospital]]s in [[Georgia (U.S. state)]]''', sorted by hospital name.

{{listdev}}

*[[Anchor Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Archbold Hospital]] - [[Thomasville, Georgia]]
*[[Athens Regional Medical Center]] - [[Athens, Georgia]]
*[[Atlanta Medical Center]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[Cartersville Medical Center]] - [[Cartersville, Georgia]]
*[[Central State Hospital (Georgia)|Central State Hospital]] - [[Milledgeville, Georgia]] ([http://www.centralstatehospital.org Central State Hospital Website])
*[[Children's Healthcare of Atlanta]] - [[Decatur, Georgia]]
*[[Coffee Regional Medical Center]] - [[Douglas, Georgia]]
*[[Columbus Regional Hospital|Columbus Regional Hospital/The Medical Center]] - [[Columbus, GA]]
*[[Crawford Long Hospital]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center]] - [[Fort Gordon, Georgia]]
*[[Emory Cartersville Medical Center]] - Cartersville, Georgia
*[[DeKalb Medical Center]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Doctor's Hospital]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[Doctor's Hospital of Columbus]] - [[Columbus, Georgia]]
*[[Dorminy Medical Center]] - [[Fitzgerald, Georgia]]
*[[Emory-Adventist Hospital]] - [[Smyrna, Georgia]]
*[[Emory Crawford Long Hospital]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[Emory Dunwoody Medical Center]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[Emory Eastside Medical Center]] - [[Snellville, Georgia]]
*[[Emory University Hospital]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[Fairview Park Hospital]] - [[Dublin, Georgia]]
*[[Focus Healthcare]] - [[Saint Simon's Island, Georgia]]
*[[Henry Medical Center]] - [[Stockbridge, Georgia]]
*[[Grady Memorial Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Hughston Sports Medicine Hospital]] - Columbus, Georgia
*[[Hutcheson Medical Center]] - [[Ft. Oglethorpe, Georgia]]
*[[Houston HealthCare Complex]] - [[Warner Robins, Georgia]]
*[[Kennestone Hospital]] - [[Marietta, Georgia]]
*[http://www.mccg.org Medical Center of Central Georgia] (MCCG) - [[Macon, Georgia]]
*[[Memorial Medical Center, Savannah|Memorial Medical Center]] - [[Savannah, Georgia]]
*[[Medical College of Georgia Medical Center]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[Medical College of Georgia Children's Medical Center]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[Newnan Hospital]] - [[Newnan, Georgia]]
*[[Northeast Georgia Medical Center]] - [[Gainesville, Georgia]]
*[[Northside Hospital]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[North Fulton Regional Hospital]] - [[Roswell, Georgia]]
*[[Oconee Regional Medical Center]] - [[Milledgeville, Georgia]]
*[[Palmyra Medical Centers]] - [[Albany, Georgia]]
*[[Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital]] - [[Albany, Georgia]]
*[[Piedmont Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Select Specialty Hospital]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[St. Francis Hosptial]] - [[Columbus, Georgia]]
*St. Joseph's/ Candler Hospital - [[Savannah, Georgia]]
*[[St. Joseph's Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[St. Joseph Hospital]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[St. Mary's Hospital]] - [[Athens, Georgia]]
*[[Samaritan Hospital]] - [[Dountown, Georgia]]
*[[Shepherd Center]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[South Georgia Medical Center]] - [[Valdosta, Georgia]]
*[[Southern Regional Medical Center]] - [[Riverdale, Georgia]]
*[[Smith Northview Hospital]] - [[Valdosta, Georgia]]
*[[Sumter Regional Medical Center]] - [[Americus, Georgia]]
*[[Sylvan Grove Hospital]] - [[Jackson, Georgia]]
*[[Southeast Georgia Regional Medical Center]] - [[Brunswick, Georgia]]
*[[Southwest Hospital]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[Spalding Regional Hospital]] - [[Griffin, Georgia]]
*[[South Fulton Medical Center]] - [[East Point, Georgia]]
*[[Tanner Medical Center]] - [[Carrollton, Georgia]]
*[[Tanner Medical Center Villa Rica]] - [[Villa Rica, Georgia]]
*[[Tift Regional Medical Center]] - [[Tifton, Georgia]]
*[[Upson Regional Medical Center]] - [[Thomaston, Georgia]]
*[[Union General Hospital]] - [[Blairsville, Georgia]]
*[[University Hospital]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[West Central Georgia Regional Hospital]] - Columbus, Georgia]]
*[[West Georgia Medical Center]] - [[LaGrange, Georgia]]
*[[Walton Medical Center]] - [[Monroe, Georgia]]
*[[Wills Memorial Hospital]] - [[Washington, Georgia]]

{{Hospitals in the United States}}

[[Category:Lists of hospitals in the United States|Georgia]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Georgia (U.S. state)]]

Archive:List of hospitals in Georgia, The United States

2007-02-28T22:00:58Z

68.220.111.227:

'''List of [[hospital]]s in [[Georgia (U.S. state)]]''', sorted by hospital name.

{{listdev}}

*[[Anchor Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Archbold Hospital]] - [[Thomasville, Georgia]]
*[[Athens Regional Medical Center]] - [[Athens, Georgia]]
*[[Atlanta Medical Center]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[Cartersville Medical Center]] - [[Cartersville, Georgia]]
*[[Central State Hospital (Georgia)|Central State Hospital]] - [[Milledgeville, Georgia]] ([http://www.centralstatehospital.org Central State Hospital Website])
*[[Children's Healthcare of Atlanta]] - [[Decatur, Georgia]]
*[[Coffee Regional Medical Center]] - [[Douglas, Georgia]]
*[[Columbus Regional Hospital|Columbus Regional Hospital/The Medical Center]] - [[Columbus, GA]]
*[[Crawford Long Hospital]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center]] - [[Fort Gordon, Georgia]]
*[[Emory Cartersville Medical Center]] - Cartersville, Georgia
*[[DeKalb Medical Center]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Doctor's Hospital]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[Doctor's Hospital of Columbus]] - [[Columbus, Georgia]]
*[[Dorminy Medical Center]] - [[Fitzgerald, Georgia]]
*[[Emory-Adventist Hospital]] - [[Smyrna, Georgia]]
*[[Emory Crawford Long Hospital]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[Emory Dunwoody Medical Center]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[Emory Eastside Medical Center]] - [[Snellville, Georgia]]
*[[Emory University Hospital]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[Fairview Park Hospital]] - [[Dublin,Georgia]]
*[[Focus Healthcare]] - [[Saint Simon's Island, Georgia]]
*[[Henry Medical Center]] - [[Stockbridge, Georgia]]
*[[Grady Memorial Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Hughston Sports Medicine Hospital]] - Columbus, Georgia
*[[Hutcheson Medical Center]] - [[Ft. Oglethorpe, Georgia]]
*[[Houston HealthCare Complex]] - [[Warner Robins, Georgia]]
*[[Kennestone Hospital]] - [[Marietta, Georgia]]
*[http://www.mccg.org Medical Center of Central Georgia] (MCCG) - [[Macon, Georgia]]
*[[Memorial Medical Center, Savannah|Memorial Medical Center]] - [[Savannah, Georgia]]
*[[Medical College of Georgia Medical Center]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[Medical College of Georgia Children's Medical Center]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[Newnan Hospital]] - [[Newnan, Georgia]]
*[[Northeast Georgia Medical Center]] - [[Gainesville, Georgia]]
*[[Northside Hospital]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[North Fulton Regional Hospital]] - [[Roswell, Georgia]]
*[[Oconee Regional Medical Center]] - [[Milledgeville, Georgia]]
*[[Palmyra Medical Centers]] - [[Albany, Georgia]]
*[[Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital]] - [[Albany, Georgia]]
*[[Piedmont Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Select Specialty Hospital]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[St. Francis Hosptial]] - [[Columbus, Georgia]]
*St. Joseph's/ Candler Hospital - [[Savannah, Georgia]]
*[[St. Joseph's Hospital]] - [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[St. Joseph Hospital]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[St. Mary's Hospital]] - [[Athens, Georgia]]
*[[Samaritan Hospital]] - [[Dountown, Georgia]]
*[[Shepherd Center]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[South Georgia Medical Center]] - [[Valdosta, Georgia]]
*[[Southern Regional Medical Center]] - [[Riverdale, Georgia]]
*[[Smith Northview Hospital]] - [[Valdosta, Georgia]]
*[[Sumter Regional Medical Center]] - [[Americus, Georgia]]
*[[Sylvan Grove Hospital]] - [[Jackson, Georgia]]
*[[Southeast Georgia Regional Medical Center]] - [[Brunswick, Georgia]]
*[[Southwest Hospital]] - Atlanta, Georgia
*[[Spalding Regional Hospital]] - [[Griffin, Georgia]]
*[[South Fulton Medical Center]] - [[East Point, Georgia]]
*[[Tanner Medical Center]] - [[Carrollton, Georgia]]
*[[Tanner Medical Center Villa Rica]] - [[Villa Rica, Georgia]]
*[[Tift Regional Medical Center]] - [[Tifton, Georgia]]
*[[Upson Regional Medical Center]] - [[Thomaston, Georgia]]
*[[Union General Hospital]] - [[Blairsville, Georgia]]
*[[University Hospital]] - [[Augusta, Georgia]]
*[[West Central Georgia Regional Hospital]] - Columbus, Georgia]]
*[[West Georgia Medical Center]] - [[LaGrange, Georgia]]
*[[Walton Medical Center]] - [[Monroe, Georgia]]
*[[Wills Memorial Hospital]] - [[Washington, Georgia]]

{{Hospitals in the United States}}

[[Category:Lists of hospitals in the United States|Georgia]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Georgia (U.S. state)]]