Archive:Law enforcement in Malta

2007-06-06T04:45:19Z

68.3.53.1:

'''Law enforcement in [[Malta]]''' is the responsibility of The Police Force of Malta, an unarmed 106 strong police force with 1,732 other civilian employees,<ref>[http://www.ydt.gr/main/Article.jsp?ArticleID=78090&LanguageID=2 The Police Force of Malta main site] retrieved on [[May 10]] [[2007]]</ref> whose mission is defined by the Penal Code of Malta and Maltese Law on the Police Force. Founded on [[July 12]] [[1814]], by [[Sir Thomas Maitland]], then governor of the island, the Maltese Police Force is responsible for the main island of Malta, as well as neighbouring islands of [[Gozo]] and [[Camino]] which also come under Malta's jurisdiction, the total population being around 400,000.<ref>2005 [http://www.nso.gov.mt/statdoc/document_file.aspx?id=1653 Census] of Malta. Retrieved on [[May 9]] [[2007]]</ref>

==Organisation==

Despite its small size, the Maltese Police Force is organised into a number of departments, with human resources matters being held by the Strategy and Programming Office, and fiscal issues being dealt with by the Finance Office. An office for the Territorial Police Force Units administers Malta's 12 police districts, with three sub-deptartments of the Crime Investigation Office assisting with serious crimes, drug related crimes and financial crimes. These mainstream departments are also suppored by a Criminal Laboratory a Vice and Financial Crime Persecution Department and a Protection Services department for VIP escorting and security as functions and [[protest]]s.<ref>[http://www.ydt.gr/main/Article.jsp?ArticleID=78090&LanguageID=2 The Police Force of Malta main site] retrieved on [[May 10]] [[2007]]</ref>

Furthermore, a department known as The Special Unit, which coordinates activities with [[EUROPOL]], [[INTERPOL]] (since [[1971]]) and [[SIRENE]], is tasked with controlling immigration into Malta. More than 500 illegal immigrants alone were arrested in [[2003]] by the Maltese police, many coming from [[Liberia]], [[Egypt]], [[Pakistan]], [[Somalia]] and [[Ethiopia]].<ref>[http://www.ydt.gr/main/Article.jsp?ArticleID=78090&LanguageID=2 The Police Force of Malta main site] retrieved on [[May 10]] [[2007]]</ref>
==Notes==

{{reflist}}

{{LawinEurope}}
[[Category:Maltese law]]
[[Category:Government of Malta]]
[[Category:Law enforcement by country]]

Archive:Total parenteral nutrition

2006-06-05T00:08:06Z

68.3.251.140:

'''Total parenteral nutrition''' (TPN), is the practice of feeding a person without using the [[gut]], i.e. intravenously. It is normally used following surgery, when feeding by mouth or using the gut is not possible, or when a person's digestive system cannot absorb nutrients due to [[chronic (medicine)|chronic disease]], or, alternatively, if a person's nutrient requirement cannot be met by [[enteral feeding]] (tube feeding) and supplementation. It has been used for [[Coma|comatose]] patients, although enteral feeding is usually preferable, and less prone to complications. Long-term TPN is occasionally used to treat people suffering the extended consequences of an accident or surgery. Most controversially, TPN has extended the life of a small number of children born with nonexistent or severely birth-deformed guts. The oldest were eight years old in [[2003]].

The preferred method of delivering TPN is with a medical [[infusion pump]]. A [[sterile]] bag of nutrient solution, between 500 mL and 4 L is provided. The pump infuses a small amount (0.1 to 10 mL/hr) continuously in order to keep the vein open. Feeding schedules vary, but one common regimen ramps up the nutrition over a few hours, levels off the rate for a few hours, and then ramps it down over a few more hours, in order to simulate a normal set of meal times.

The nutrient solution consists of [[water]], [[glucose]], [[salt]]s, [[amino acid]]s, [[vitamin]]s and (more controversially) sometimes emulsified [[fat]]s. Long term TPN patients sometimes suffer from lack of trace nutrients or [[electrolyte]] imbalances. Because increased [[blood sugar]] commonly occurs with TPN, [[insulin]] may also be added to the infusion. Occasionally, other drugs are added as well.

Chronic TPN is performed through a [[Hickman line]] or a [[Port-a-Cath]] (venous access systems). In infants, sometimes the umbilical artery is used.

Battery-powered ambulatory infusion pumps are used with chronic TPN patients, and usually the pump and a small (100 ml) bag of nutrient to keep the vein open are carried in a fanny pack. Outpatient TPN practices are still being refined.

Aside from their dependence on a pump, chronic TPN patients live quite normal lives.

==Complications==

The most common complication of TPN use is bacterial infection, usually due to the increased infection risk from having an indwelling [[central venous catheter]]. Rarely, [[liver]] failure may occur. The cause is unknown, but may be insufficient nutrition - the liver normally processes the [[blood]] returning from the gut.

==See also==
* [[Intravenous drip]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.heinrick.com/ryan/tpn.cfm TPN/PPN Calculator]

[[Category:nutrition]]
[[Category:intensive care medicine]]

[[de:Parenterale Ernährung]]
[[ja:高カロリー輸液]]
[[pt:Nutrição parenteral]]

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Archive:Law enforcement in Malta

Archive:Total parenteral nutrition