IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

About North American history

2009-02-28T04:57:40Z

68.45.97.88:

'''North America''' has a very extensive history, beginning with the Indigenous population's arrival from Siberia some 50,000 years ago and their settlement in the American supercontinent after crossing the Bering land bridge, a bridge which is believed to once have existed across what is today the Bering strait. Events occuring throughout North American history include the fall of the Olmec civilization, the Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Maya, the establishment of the British (and later French) colony of Canada, and the establishment of the United States. Manifest destiny, the term used to describe the expansion of the US further westward, and the conquest of territories "from sea to shining sea" by European settlers, had a large impact on the Native populations and on North American history in general.

For much of modern history, emigration to North America served as a safety valve for European countries. It was a place they could dump excess population, the poor, and minorities.

During World War I and II, North America served as a final reservoir of strength for crumbling European civilizations. In the words of Winston Churchill, "We shall never surrender and even if, which I do not for the moment believe, this island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, will carry on the struggle until in God's good time the New World with all its power and might, sets forth to the liberation and rescue of the Old."

Precipitation (chemistry)

2008-10-11T21:56:24Z

68.45.19.118:

[[Image:Chemical precipitation diagram.png|thumb|right|Chemical Precipitation]]
{{redirect|Precipitate|the album by Interpol|Precipitate EP}}
'''Precipitation''' is the formation of a [[solid]] in a [[solution]] during a [[chemical reaction]]. When the reaction occurs, the solid formed is called the '''precipitate''', and the liquid remaining above the solid is called the '''supernate'''.

==Applications==
[[Image:Tetratolylporphyrin.jpg|thumb|right|Crystals of ''meso''-tetratolylporphyrin from refluxing [[propionic acid]] precipitate on cooling]]
Precipitation reactions can be used for making [[pigments]], removing [[salts]] from water in [[water treatment]], and in [[classical qualitative inorganic analysis]].

Precipitation is also useful to isolate the products of a reaction during [[workup (chemistry)|workup]]. Ideally, the product of the reaction is insoluble in the reaction solvent. Thus, it precipitates as it is formed, preferably [[crystallization|forming pure crystals]]. An example of this would be the synthesis of [[porphyrin]]s in refluxing [[propionic acid]]. By cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature, crystals of the porphyrin precipitate, and are collected by filtration:<ref>{{cite journal | author = A. D. Adler; F. R. Longo; J. D. Finarelli; J. Goldmacher; J. Assour; L. Korsakoff | title = A simplified synthesis for meso-tetraphenylporphine | year = 1967 | journal = [[J. Org. Chem.]] | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 476–476 | doi = 10.1021/jo01288a053 }}</ref>

:[[Image:H2TPPsyn.png|400px]]
Precipitation may also occur when an ''antisolvent'' (a solvent in which the product is insoluble) is added, drastically reducing the solubility of the desired product. Thereafter, the precipitate may easily be separated by [[filtration]], [[decanting]], or [[centrifugation]]). An example would be the synthesis of chromic tetraphenylporphyrin chloride: water is added to the DMF reaction solution, and the product precipitates.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0022-1902(70)80535-8 | title = On the preparation of metalloporphyrins | year = 1970 | author = Alan D. Adler; Frederick R. Longo; Frank Kampas; Jean Kim| journal = Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry | volume = 32 | pages = 2443 }}</ref> Precipitation is also useful in purifying products: crude bmim-Cl is taken up in [[acetonitrile]], and dropped into ethyl acetate, where it precipitates.<ref>{{OrgSynth | author = Dupont, J., Consorti, C., Suarez, P., de Souza, R. | title = Preparation of 1-Butyl-3-methyl imidazolium-based Room Temperature Ionic Liquids | collvol = 10 | collvolpages = 184 | year = 2004 | prep = v79p0236}}</ref>

In [[metallurgy]], precipitation from a [[solid solution]] is also a useful way to [[precipitation strengthening|strengthen alloy]]s; this process is known as [[solid solution strengthening]].

== Mechanism ==
Precipitation can occur when an [[solubility|insoluble]] substance is formed in the [[solution (chemistry)|solution]] due to a [[chemical reaction]] or when the solution has been [[supersaturated]] by a [[compound (chemistry)|compound]]. The formation of a precipitate is a sign of a [[chemical change]]. In most situations, the solid forms ("falls") out of the solute phase, and sinks to the bottom of the solution (though it will float if it is less dense than the solvent, or form a [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]).

The solid may reach the bottom of a container by means of [[settling]], [[sediment]]ation, or [[centrifugation]].

'''FARTS FARTS FARTS'''

A final way to represent a precipitate reaction is known as a ''net ionic reaction''. In this case, any [[spectator ions]] (those which do not contribute to the reaction) are left out of the formula completely. This simplifies the above equations to the following:
:Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) → AgCl (s)

==Cation sensitivity==
Precipitate formation is useful in the detection of the type of [[cation]] in [[salt]]. To do this, an [[alkali]] first reacts with the unknown salt to produce a precipitate which is the [[hydroxide]] of the unknown salt. To identify the cation, the color of the precipitate and its solubility in excess are noted. Similar processes are often used to separate chemically similar elements, such as the [[Alkali earth metals]].

==Digestion==
Digestion, or ''precipitate ageing'', happens when a freshly-formed precipitate is left, usually at a higher [[temperature]], in the solution from which it is precipitated. It results in cleaner and bigger particles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ktf-split.hr/glossary/en_o.php?def=digestion |title=Chemical dictionary definition |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> The physico-chemical process underlying digestion is called [[Ostwald ripening]].

==Coprecipitation==
{{main|coprecipitation}}
Coprecipitation is the carrying down by a precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed. It is an important issue in chemical analysis, where it is often undesirable, but in some cases it can be exploited. In [[gravimetric analysis]], it is a problem because undesired impurities often coprecipitate with the analyte, resulting in excess mass. On the other hand, in the analysis of trace elements, as is often the case in [[radiochemistry]], coprecipitation is often the only way of separating an element.

==References==
*Zumdahl, Steven S. ''Chemical Principles.'' 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.
*Mark Smith ''Principles of Science'' 1993
{{reflist}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2008}}

==Further reading==
*Banert, T., Brenner, G., Peuker, U. A. (2006), Operating parameters of a continuous sono-chemical precipitation reactor, Proc. 5. WCPT, Orlando Fl., 23.-27. April 2006.

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Solid precipitation}}
* [http://www.hielscher.com/ultrasonics/precipitation_01.htm Continuous Precipitation Using Ultrasonication (e.g. for nano-size magnetite particles)]
* http://www.answers.com/supernatant

[[Category:Separation processes]]
[[Category:Chemical processes]]

[[ca:Precipitació (química)]]
[[da:Fældningsreaktion]]
[[de:Fällung]]
[[es:Precipitado]]
[[fr:Précipité]]
[[gl:Precipitación (reacción)]]
[[it:Precipitazione (chimica)]]
[[he:תגובת שיקוע]]
[[nl:Neerslag (scheikunde)]]
[[ja:沈殿]]
[[no:Fellingsreaksjon]]
[[nn:Fellingsreaksjon]]
[[pt:Precipitação (química)]]
[[ru:Преципитат (химия)]]
[[sk:Precipitácia]]
[[su:Présipitasi]]
[[sv:Utfällning]]
[[ur:عمل ترسیب]]
[[zh:沉淀]]

Chemistry

2007-09-12T23:02:16Z

68.45.167.88: /* Miscellaneous */

<center><big>'''Welcome to the School of Chemistry!'''</big></center>

A school is a large organizational structure which can contain various departments and divisions. The departments and divisions should be listed in the departments and divisions section. The school should not contain any learning resources. The school can contain [[Portal:Learning Projects|projects]] for developing [[Portal:Learning Materials|learning resources]].

==Divisions and Departments==
Divisions and Departments of the School exist on pages in "topic" namespace. Start the name of departments with the "Topic:" prefix; departments reside in the [[Wikiversity:Namespaces|Topic: namespace]]. Departments and divisions link to learning materials and learning projects. Divisions can link subdivisions or to departments. For more information on schools, divisions and departments look at the [[Wikiversity:Naming_conventions|Naming Conventions]]. (See also: [[Topic:Chemistry/Import]] and [[Topic:Chemistry/Wikiresources]] <-- material imported from Wikibooks)
* [[Topic:Marine Chemistry|Department of Marine Chemistry]]
* [[Topic:Biochemistry|Department of Biochemistry]]
* [[Topic:Green Chemistry|Green Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Astrochemistry|Astrochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Atmospheric chemistry|Atmospheric chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Chemical Engineering|Chemical Engineering]]
*[[Topic:Chemo-informatics|Chemo-informatics]]
*[[Topic:Electrochemistry|Electrochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Environmental chemistry|Environmental chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Flow chemistry|Flow chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Geochemistry|Geochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Green chemistry|Green chemistry]]
*[[Topic:History of chemistry|History of chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Materials science|Materials science]]
*[[Topic:Medicinal chemistry|Medicinal chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Molecular biology|Molecular biology]]
*[[Topic:Molecular genetics|Molecular genetics]]
*[[Topic:Nanotechnology|Nanotechnology]]
*[[Topic:Organometallic chemistry|Organometallic chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Petrochemistry|Petrochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Pharmacology|Pharmacology]]
*[[Topic:Photochemistry|Photochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Phytochemistry|Phytochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Polymer chemistry|Polymer chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Solid-state chemistry|Solid-state chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Sonochemistry|Sonochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Supramolecular chemistry|Supramolecular chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Surface chemistry|Surface chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Immunochemistry|Immunochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Thermochemistry|Thermochemistry]]

{{MultiCol}}

== History of Chemistry ==
*[[Basics of Chemistry]]
*[[Precursors of Chemistry (-1800)]]
*[[Early Chemistry (1800-1900)]]
*[[Recent Chemistry (1900-)]]
*[[Chemistry for the Hardknocks (1900-)]]

{{ColBreak}}

== Branches of Chemistry ==

*[[Topic:Analytical chemistry|Analytical Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Biochemistry|Biochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Inorganic chemistry|Inorganic Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Organic chemistry|Organic Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Physical chemistry|Physical Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Quantum chemistry|Quantum chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Polymer chemistry|Polymer Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Molecular chemistry|Molecular Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Chemical engineering|Chemical Engineering]]
{{EndMultiCol}}

== Basic Chemistry ==
{{MultiCol}}
* [[Fundamentals of chemistry]]
*:Introduction to nomenclature, stoichiometry, equilibria, acid/bases, oxidation/reduction reaction, kinetics, bonding.
* [[Properties of matter]]
*:Stoichiometry, Ideal gas law, periodicity, electronic structure, chemical reactivity, inorganic and organic compounds.
* [[Chemical Reactions]]
*:Liquids, solutions, principles of chemical equilibria, solubility, electrochemical processes, kinetics.
{{ColBreak}}
*'''Concepts in Chemistry'''
**[[Matter and Measurements]]
**[[Atoms, Molecules, and Ions]]
**[[Formulas, Equations, and Reactions]]
**[[Mass relations in Chemistry and Stoichiometry]]

*'''Chemical Behavior'''
**[[Electronic Structure]]
**[[Ionic Bonding]]
**[[Covalent Bonding]]
**[[Thermochemistry]]
**[[Quantum Theory of the Atom]]

*'''States of Matter'''
**[[Gases and Gas Laws]]
**[[Solids]]
**[[Liquids]]
**[[Plasma]]
{{ColBreak}}
*'''Reactions and Equilibrium'''
**[[Rates of Reaction - Kinetics]]
**[[Chemical Equilibrium]]
**[[Acid-base chemistry|Acids and Bases]]
**[[Acid-Base Equilibrium]]
**[[Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibrium]]
**[[Thermodynamics and Equilibrium]]

*'''Other Essential Concepts in Chemistry'''
**[[Fundamental Electrochemistry]]
**[[Fundamental Nuclear Chemistry]]
**[[Fundamental Organic Chemistry]]
{{EndMultiCol}}

== Miscellaneous ==
{{MultiCol}}
=== General ===
*[[Formulas, Equations, and Reactions]]
*[[Talk:Wikiversity:Chemistry_Help | Wikiversity:Chemistry Help]]
{{ColBreak}}

=== Inorganic chemistry ===
* [[Bonding and chemical structure]]
*:Symmetry elements in atoms, molecules, solids.
* [[Acid-base chemistry]]
* [[Reduction and oxidation reactions]]
*[[Organometallic Chemistry]]
{{ColBreak}}
=== Organic chemistry ===
* [[Naming in organic chemistry]]

=== Physical chemistry ===
* [[Fundamentals of computational chemistry]]
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Learning resources==
===Wikipedia resources===
* [[w:Category:Chemistry_journals|Category:Chemistry journals]]

=== Textbooks ===
* [[b:IB_Chemistry|IB Chemistry]]
* [[b:Mathematics_for_chemistry|Mathematics for Chemistry]]
* [[b:General_Chemistry|General Chemistry]]
* [[b:Biochemistry|Biochemistry]]
* [[b:Inorganic_Chemistry|Inorganic Chemistry]]
* [[b:Organic_Chemistry|Organic Chemistry]]
* [[b:Chemical_synthesis|Chemical Synthesis]]
* [[b:Computational_chemistry|Computational Chemistry]]
* [[b:Crystallography|Crystallography]]
* [[b:Analytical_Forensic_Pharmacology|Analytical Forensic Pharmacology]]

==Active participants==
The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this school, you can list your name here (this can help small schools grow and the participants communicate better; for large schools it is not needed).
* [[User:HappyCamper|HappyCamper]] 15:46, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
* [[User:Physchim62|Physchim62]] 13:42, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
* [[User:Mathboy965|Mathboy965]] 19:26, 23 September 2006 (UTC)
* [[User:MartinY|MartinY]] 17:03, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
* [[User:Blake|Blake]] 22:16, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
* [[User:Bduke|Bduke]] 23:13, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
* ...chuchupa99 - Colombia
* ±→§èßаĐǖψÊ←±
* Ferrous
* DanChemist - United Kingdom
* [[User:YK Times|YK Times]] 02:05, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
* [[User:Wikicollege creator DS07]]

==School news==
* '''25 August 2006''' - School founded!!
* '''September 2006''' - Two journals started on the Academic Publishing Wiki [[http://academia.wikicities.com wiki]] which are relevant to Chemistry: ''Interpretations in the Physical and Computational Sciences'' [[http://academia.wikia.com/wiki/Interpretations_in_the_Physical_and_Computational_Sciences]] and ''Education in the Sciences'' [[http://academia.wikia.com/wiki/Education_in_the_Sciences]].

==Related news==
* '''April 18, 2007''' - [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070418091932.htm Researchers are studying converting carbon dioxide into fuel utilizing solar energy...]

[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]]
[[Category:Wikiversity schools|Chemistry]]

[[de:Fachbereich Chemie]]
[[es:Departamento de Química]]
[[fr:Faculté:Chimie]]

Chemistry

2007-09-12T23:01:28Z

68.45.167.88: /* General */

<center><big>'''Welcome to the School of Chemistry!'''</big></center>

A school is a large organizational structure which can contain various departments and divisions. The departments and divisions should be listed in the departments and divisions section. The school should not contain any learning resources. The school can contain [[Portal:Learning Projects|projects]] for developing [[Portal:Learning Materials|learning resources]].

==Divisions and Departments==
Divisions and Departments of the School exist on pages in "topic" namespace. Start the name of departments with the "Topic:" prefix; departments reside in the [[Wikiversity:Namespaces|Topic: namespace]]. Departments and divisions link to learning materials and learning projects. Divisions can link subdivisions or to departments. For more information on schools, divisions and departments look at the [[Wikiversity:Naming_conventions|Naming Conventions]]. (See also: [[Topic:Chemistry/Import]] and [[Topic:Chemistry/Wikiresources]] <-- material imported from Wikibooks)
* [[Topic:Marine Chemistry|Department of Marine Chemistry]]
* [[Topic:Biochemistry|Department of Biochemistry]]
* [[Topic:Green Chemistry|Green Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Astrochemistry|Astrochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Atmospheric chemistry|Atmospheric chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Chemical Engineering|Chemical Engineering]]
*[[Topic:Chemo-informatics|Chemo-informatics]]
*[[Topic:Electrochemistry|Electrochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Environmental chemistry|Environmental chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Flow chemistry|Flow chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Geochemistry|Geochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Green chemistry|Green chemistry]]
*[[Topic:History of chemistry|History of chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Materials science|Materials science]]
*[[Topic:Medicinal chemistry|Medicinal chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Molecular biology|Molecular biology]]
*[[Topic:Molecular genetics|Molecular genetics]]
*[[Topic:Nanotechnology|Nanotechnology]]
*[[Topic:Organometallic chemistry|Organometallic chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Petrochemistry|Petrochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Pharmacology|Pharmacology]]
*[[Topic:Photochemistry|Photochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Phytochemistry|Phytochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Polymer chemistry|Polymer chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Solid-state chemistry|Solid-state chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Sonochemistry|Sonochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Supramolecular chemistry|Supramolecular chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Surface chemistry|Surface chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Immunochemistry|Immunochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Thermochemistry|Thermochemistry]]

{{MultiCol}}

== History of Chemistry ==
*[[Basics of Chemistry]]
*[[Precursors of Chemistry (-1800)]]
*[[Early Chemistry (1800-1900)]]
*[[Recent Chemistry (1900-)]]
*[[Chemistry for the Hardknocks (1900-)]]

{{ColBreak}}

== Branches of Chemistry ==

*[[Topic:Analytical chemistry|Analytical Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Biochemistry|Biochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Inorganic chemistry|Inorganic Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Organic chemistry|Organic Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Physical chemistry|Physical Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Quantum chemistry|Quantum chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Polymer chemistry|Polymer Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Molecular chemistry|Molecular Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Chemical engineering|Chemical Engineering]]
{{EndMultiCol}}

== Basic Chemistry ==
{{MultiCol}}
* [[Fundamentals of chemistry]]
*:Introduction to nomenclature, stoichiometry, equilibria, acid/bases, oxidation/reduction reaction, kinetics, bonding.
* [[Properties of matter]]
*:Stoichiometry, Ideal gas law, periodicity, electronic structure, chemical reactivity, inorganic and organic compounds.
* [[Chemical Reactions]]
*:Liquids, solutions, principles of chemical equilibria, solubility, electrochemical processes, kinetics.
{{ColBreak}}
*'''Concepts in Chemistry'''
**[[Matter and Measurements]]
**[[Atoms, Molecules, and Ions]]
**[[Formulas, Equations, and Reactions]]
**[[Mass relations in Chemistry and Stoichiometry]]

*'''Chemical Behavior'''
**[[Electronic Structure]]
**[[Ionic Bonding]]
**[[Covalent Bonding]]
**[[Thermochemistry]]
**[[Quantum Theory of the Atom]]

*'''States of Matter'''
**[[Gases and Gas Laws]]
**[[Solids]]
**[[Liquids]]
**[[Plasma]]
{{ColBreak}}
*'''Reactions and Equilibrium'''
**[[Rates of Reaction - Kinetics]]
**[[Chemical Equilibrium]]
**[[Acid-base chemistry|Acids and Bases]]
**[[Acid-Base Equilibrium]]
**[[Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibrium]]
**[[Thermodynamics and Equilibrium]]

*'''Other Essential Concepts in Chemistry'''
**[[Fundamental Electrochemistry]]
**[[Fundamental Nuclear Chemistry]]
**[[Fundamental Organic Chemistry]]
{{EndMultiCol}}

== Miscellaneous ==
{{MultiCol}}
=== General ===
*[[Formulas, Equations, and Reactions]]
*[[Talk:Wikiversity:Chemistry_Help | Wikiversity:Chemistry Help]]
*[[chemistry29.googlepages.com/home]]
{{ColBreak}}

=== Inorganic chemistry ===
* [[Bonding and chemical structure]]
*:Symmetry elements in atoms, molecules, solids.
* [[Acid-base chemistry]]
* [[Reduction and oxidation reactions]]
*[[Organometallic Chemistry]]
{{ColBreak}}
=== Organic chemistry ===
* [[Naming in organic chemistry]]

=== Physical chemistry ===
* [[Fundamentals of computational chemistry]]
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Learning resources==
===Wikipedia resources===
* [[w:Category:Chemistry_journals|Category:Chemistry journals]]

=== Textbooks ===
* [[b:IB_Chemistry|IB Chemistry]]
* [[b:Mathematics_for_chemistry|Mathematics for Chemistry]]
* [[b:General_Chemistry|General Chemistry]]
* [[b:Biochemistry|Biochemistry]]
* [[b:Inorganic_Chemistry|Inorganic Chemistry]]
* [[b:Organic_Chemistry|Organic Chemistry]]
* [[b:Chemical_synthesis|Chemical Synthesis]]
* [[b:Computational_chemistry|Computational Chemistry]]
* [[b:Crystallography|Crystallography]]
* [[b:Analytical_Forensic_Pharmacology|Analytical Forensic Pharmacology]]

==Active participants==
The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this school, you can list your name here (this can help small schools grow and the participants communicate better; for large schools it is not needed).
* [[User:HappyCamper|HappyCamper]] 15:46, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
* [[User:Physchim62|Physchim62]] 13:42, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
* [[User:Mathboy965|Mathboy965]] 19:26, 23 September 2006 (UTC)
* [[User:MartinY|MartinY]] 17:03, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
* [[User:Blake|Blake]] 22:16, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
* [[User:Bduke|Bduke]] 23:13, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
* ...chuchupa99 - Colombia
* ±→§èßаĐǖψÊ←±
* Ferrous
* DanChemist - United Kingdom
* [[User:YK Times|YK Times]] 02:05, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
* [[User:Wikicollege creator DS07]]

==School news==
* '''25 August 2006''' - School founded!!
* '''September 2006''' - Two journals started on the Academic Publishing Wiki [[http://academia.wikicities.com wiki]] which are relevant to Chemistry: ''Interpretations in the Physical and Computational Sciences'' [[http://academia.wikia.com/wiki/Interpretations_in_the_Physical_and_Computational_Sciences]] and ''Education in the Sciences'' [[http://academia.wikia.com/wiki/Education_in_the_Sciences]].

==Related news==
* '''April 18, 2007''' - [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070418091932.htm Researchers are studying converting carbon dioxide into fuel utilizing solar energy...]

[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]]
[[Category:Wikiversity schools|Chemistry]]

[[de:Fachbereich Chemie]]
[[es:Departamento de Química]]
[[fr:Faculté:Chimie]]

Chemistry

2007-09-12T23:01:07Z

68.45.167.88: /* Miscellaneous */

<center><big>'''Welcome to the School of Chemistry!'''</big></center>

A school is a large organizational structure which can contain various departments and divisions. The departments and divisions should be listed in the departments and divisions section. The school should not contain any learning resources. The school can contain [[Portal:Learning Projects|projects]] for developing [[Portal:Learning Materials|learning resources]].

==Divisions and Departments==
Divisions and Departments of the School exist on pages in "topic" namespace. Start the name of departments with the "Topic:" prefix; departments reside in the [[Wikiversity:Namespaces|Topic: namespace]]. Departments and divisions link to learning materials and learning projects. Divisions can link subdivisions or to departments. For more information on schools, divisions and departments look at the [[Wikiversity:Naming_conventions|Naming Conventions]]. (See also: [[Topic:Chemistry/Import]] and [[Topic:Chemistry/Wikiresources]] <-- material imported from Wikibooks)
* [[Topic:Marine Chemistry|Department of Marine Chemistry]]
* [[Topic:Biochemistry|Department of Biochemistry]]
* [[Topic:Green Chemistry|Green Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Astrochemistry|Astrochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Atmospheric chemistry|Atmospheric chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Chemical Engineering|Chemical Engineering]]
*[[Topic:Chemo-informatics|Chemo-informatics]]
*[[Topic:Electrochemistry|Electrochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Environmental chemistry|Environmental chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Flow chemistry|Flow chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Geochemistry|Geochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Green chemistry|Green chemistry]]
*[[Topic:History of chemistry|History of chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Materials science|Materials science]]
*[[Topic:Medicinal chemistry|Medicinal chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Molecular biology|Molecular biology]]
*[[Topic:Molecular genetics|Molecular genetics]]
*[[Topic:Nanotechnology|Nanotechnology]]
*[[Topic:Organometallic chemistry|Organometallic chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Petrochemistry|Petrochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Pharmacology|Pharmacology]]
*[[Topic:Photochemistry|Photochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Phytochemistry|Phytochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Polymer chemistry|Polymer chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Solid-state chemistry|Solid-state chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Sonochemistry|Sonochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Supramolecular chemistry|Supramolecular chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Surface chemistry|Surface chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Immunochemistry|Immunochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Thermochemistry|Thermochemistry]]

{{MultiCol}}

== History of Chemistry ==
*[[Basics of Chemistry]]
*[[Precursors of Chemistry (-1800)]]
*[[Early Chemistry (1800-1900)]]
*[[Recent Chemistry (1900-)]]
*[[Chemistry for the Hardknocks (1900-)]]

{{ColBreak}}

== Branches of Chemistry ==

*[[Topic:Analytical chemistry|Analytical Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Biochemistry|Biochemistry]]
*[[Topic:Inorganic chemistry|Inorganic Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Organic chemistry|Organic Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Physical chemistry|Physical Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Quantum chemistry|Quantum chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Polymer chemistry|Polymer Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Molecular chemistry|Molecular Chemistry]]
*[[Topic:Chemical engineering|Chemical Engineering]]
{{EndMultiCol}}

== Basic Chemistry ==
{{MultiCol}}
* [[Fundamentals of chemistry]]
*:Introduction to nomenclature, stoichiometry, equilibria, acid/bases, oxidation/reduction reaction, kinetics, bonding.
* [[Properties of matter]]
*:Stoichiometry, Ideal gas law, periodicity, electronic structure, chemical reactivity, inorganic and organic compounds.
* [[Chemical Reactions]]
*:Liquids, solutions, principles of chemical equilibria, solubility, electrochemical processes, kinetics.
{{ColBreak}}
*'''Concepts in Chemistry'''
**[[Matter and Measurements]]
**[[Atoms, Molecules, and Ions]]
**[[Formulas, Equations, and Reactions]]
**[[Mass relations in Chemistry and Stoichiometry]]

*'''Chemical Behavior'''
**[[Electronic Structure]]
**[[Ionic Bonding]]
**[[Covalent Bonding]]
**[[Thermochemistry]]
**[[Quantum Theory of the Atom]]

*'''States of Matter'''
**[[Gases and Gas Laws]]
**[[Solids]]
**[[Liquids]]
**[[Plasma]]
{{ColBreak}}
*'''Reactions and Equilibrium'''
**[[Rates of Reaction - Kinetics]]
**[[Chemical Equilibrium]]
**[[Acid-base chemistry|Acids and Bases]]
**[[Acid-Base Equilibrium]]
**[[Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibrium]]
**[[Thermodynamics and Equilibrium]]

*'''Other Essential Concepts in Chemistry'''
**[[Fundamental Electrochemistry]]
**[[Fundamental Nuclear Chemistry]]
**[[Fundamental Organic Chemistry]]
{{EndMultiCol}}

== Miscellaneous ==
{{MultiCol}}
=== General ===
*[[Formulas, Equations, and Reactions]]
*[[Talk:Wikiversity:Chemistry_Help | Wikiversity:Chemistry Help]]
*chemistry29.googlepages.com/home
{{ColBreak}}
=== Inorganic chemistry ===
* [[Bonding and chemical structure]]
*:Symmetry elements in atoms, molecules, solids.
* [[Acid-base chemistry]]
* [[Reduction and oxidation reactions]]
*[[Organometallic Chemistry]]
{{ColBreak}}
=== Organic chemistry ===
* [[Naming in organic chemistry]]

=== Physical chemistry ===
* [[Fundamentals of computational chemistry]]
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Learning resources==
===Wikipedia resources===
* [[w:Category:Chemistry_journals|Category:Chemistry journals]]

=== Textbooks ===
* [[b:IB_Chemistry|IB Chemistry]]
* [[b:Mathematics_for_chemistry|Mathematics for Chemistry]]
* [[b:General_Chemistry|General Chemistry]]
* [[b:Biochemistry|Biochemistry]]
* [[b:Inorganic_Chemistry|Inorganic Chemistry]]
* [[b:Organic_Chemistry|Organic Chemistry]]
* [[b:Chemical_synthesis|Chemical Synthesis]]
* [[b:Computational_chemistry|Computational Chemistry]]
* [[b:Crystallography|Crystallography]]
* [[b:Analytical_Forensic_Pharmacology|Analytical Forensic Pharmacology]]

==Active participants==
The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this school, you can list your name here (this can help small schools grow and the participants communicate better; for large schools it is not needed).
* [[User:HappyCamper|HappyCamper]] 15:46, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
* [[User:Physchim62|Physchim62]] 13:42, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
* [[User:Mathboy965|Mathboy965]] 19:26, 23 September 2006 (UTC)
* [[User:MartinY|MartinY]] 17:03, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
* [[User:Blake|Blake]] 22:16, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
* [[User:Bduke|Bduke]] 23:13, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
* ...chuchupa99 - Colombia
* ±→§èßаĐǖψÊ←±
* Ferrous
* DanChemist - United Kingdom
* [[User:YK Times|YK Times]] 02:05, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
* [[User:Wikicollege creator DS07]]

==School news==
* '''25 August 2006''' - School founded!!
* '''September 2006''' - Two journals started on the Academic Publishing Wiki [[http://academia.wikicities.com wiki]] which are relevant to Chemistry: ''Interpretations in the Physical and Computational Sciences'' [[http://academia.wikia.com/wiki/Interpretations_in_the_Physical_and_Computational_Sciences]] and ''Education in the Sciences'' [[http://academia.wikia.com/wiki/Education_in_the_Sciences]].

==Related news==
* '''April 18, 2007''' - [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070418091932.htm Researchers are studying converting carbon dioxide into fuel utilizing solar energy...]

[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]]
[[Category:Wikiversity schools|Chemistry]]

[[de:Fachbereich Chemie]]
[[es:Departamento de Química]]
[[fr:Faculté:Chimie]]

Archive:Project fork

2005-07-16T17:42:11Z

68.45.58.43: /* Other examples */

:''This article is about "forking" a [[software development]] project. For other uses, see [[fork (disambiguation)]].''

In [[software engineering]], a '''project fork''' or '''branch''' happens when a developer (or a group of them) takes code from a project and starts to develop independently of the rest. The term is also used more loosely to represent a similar branching of any work (for example, there are several forks of the English language [[Wikipedia]]).

The term is particularly used in [[free software|free]] or [[open source]] software, when a [[schism]] occurs because of different goals or personality clashes. Some see forks as a weakness in open source, but others believe that they demonstrate the adaptability of the model. The relationship between the different teams can be cordial or very bitter (see [[xMule]] and its fork [[aMule]]).

In a fork of this type, both parties inherit identical [[intellectual rights]] but typically only the larger group, or that containing the original [[software architecture|architect]], will retain the full original name and its associated [[social capital]]. Thus there is a reputation penalty associated with forking.

This can happen in [[closed source]] software as well, if the rights to the common code are shared; but this is rarer, as usually there are strict rules about ownership of the code. More commonly in closed source software, a developer forks its own code to develop two versions, such as a [[Window (computing)|windowed]] version and a [[command line interface|command line]] version.

Another sort of fork is a standard practice in many projects: to fork a ''stable'' or ''release'' version which will be modified only for bug fixes, while a ''development'' tree continues to get new features added. This is common practice in the [[Linux kernel]], for instance, but has been misrepresented occasionally in the trade press as the more problematic sort of fork described above. [http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20041121124609671]

In some cases, a fork can merge back into the original project or replace it. [[EGCS]] (Experimental/Enhanced GNU Compiler System) was a fork from [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]] which proved more vital than the original project and was eventually "blessed" as the official GCC project.

==Other examples==

*[[Enciclopedia Libre]] is a fork from the [http://es.wikipedia.org Spanish-language Wikipedia] to evade possible advertising.
*[[Pretty Good Privacy]] was forked outside of the United States to free it from the restrictive laws on the exportation of cryptographic software.
*[[XEmacs]] was a fork from [[Emacs]] to support the proprietary Energize environment.
*The split of [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]] from AT&T [[Unix|UNIX]].
*The many varieties of [[proprietary]] [[Unix|UNIX]] — all derived from AT&T UNIX and all called "UNIX", but increasingly mutually incompatible. ''See'' [[UNIX wars]].
*The development of the [[NTFS]] filesystem by Microsoft based upon previous work on [[HPFS]] that was left to [[IBM]]
*The game [[Nethack]] has spawned a number of variants using the original code (it is sometimes thought of as a fork of [[Rogue (computer game)|Rogue]], but its code was written independently).
*[[OpenBSD]] was originally a fork from [[NetBSD]], arising from conflicts of personality between NetBSD developers.
*[[OpenSSH]] was a fork from [[SSH]], which happened because the license for SSH 2.x was "[[non-free]]" (even though the source was available), so an older version of SSH 1.x, which was the last to have been licensed as [[free software]], was forked. Within months, virtually all Linux distributions, BSD versions and even some proprietary Unixes had replaced SSH with OpenSSH.
*The [[X.Org Server|X.Org]] [[X Window System|X11]] server was a fork from [[XFree86]] for a very similar reason as that of SSH and OpenSSH. Development on [[X11]] has since sped up and most distributions have switched.
*[[DragonflyBSD]] forked from [[FreeBSD]] in order to pursue different technical approaches to those used in FreeBSD 5.
* [[Inkscape]] forked from [[Sodipodi]].
* [[aMule]] forked from [[xMule]].
* [[Apple]]'s [[WebCore]] is a fork of [[KDE]]'s [[KHTML]] 3.1, this technology is used in [[Safari]] and [[Konqueror]], both [[webbrowser]]s

Does this thing really change the article?

==See also==
*[[revision control]]

==External links==
*[http://linuxmafia.com/faq/Licensing_and_Law/forking.html Fear of forking]

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[[Category:Software engineering]]

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