IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Rope pump

2014-08-21T14:04:02Z

68.63.233.167:

[[Image:demo rope pump in apeldoorn.jpg|thumb|Rigid valve rope pump]]
A '''rope pump''' is a kind of [[pump]] where a loose hanging rope is lowered down into a [[Water well|well]] and drawn up through a long pipe with the bottom immersed in water. On the rope, round disks or knots matching the diameter of the pipe are attached which pull the water to the surface.

==Description==
[[File:Rope Pump.svg|thumb|Rope pump schematic]]
A rope pump is a type of [[pump]] of which the main or most visible component is a continuous piece of rope, in which the rope is integral in raising water from a [[Water well|well]]. Rope pumps are often used in [[Developing country|developing areas]], the most common design of which uses [[Polyvinyl chloride|PVC]] [[Plastic pressure pipe systems|pipe]] and a rope with flexible or rigid valves. Rope pumps are cheap to build and easy to maintain. One design of rope pump using a solar-powered rope pump can pump 3,000 litres to 15 meters per day using an 80 watt [[solar panel]] .<ref name=SolarAid/> Rope pumps can be powered by low speed gasoline/diesel engines, electricity,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daenvis.org/ropepump9.htm|title=Moto Rope pumps|accessdate=2009-04-10}}</ref> human energy,<ref name=thefarm>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefarm.org/charities/i4at/lib2/ropepump.htm|title=Bicycle Rope Pump|accessdate=2009-04-10}}</ref> wind<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamos.demon.co.uk/just%20gamos%20homepage/henkfnl2.htm|title=THE ROPE WIND PUMP|accessdate=2009-04-10}}</ref> and solar energy.<ref name=SolarAid>{{cite web|url=http://www.solar-aid.org/project_water_pump/|title=Solar powered water pump|publisher=Solar Aid|accessdate=2009-04-10}}</ref>

==History==
Chain or washer pumps were used by the [[China|Chinese]] over 1000 years ago.<ref name=Ropepumphistory>{{cite web|url=http://www.ropepump.com/his/his.htm|title=history|publisher=Ropepump.com|accessdate=2009-04-10}} Rope pump history including 16th century image of the Chinese chain pump</ref> In the 1980s Reinder van Tijen an inventor and grass roots activist, with the support of the ''Royal Tropical Institute'' of [[Amsterdam]], created and began instructing various communities around the world how to make a rope pump from simple available parts using PVC pipes and plastic moldings. He began at [[Burkina Faso]] in Africa, continued to [[Tunisia]], [[Thailand]] and [[Gambia]] among others.<ref>[http://crossroadsmag.eu/2008/06/demotech/ The man outside the box] On Van Tijen at Crossroads magazine website. The site includes some clear images of the invention and how it works.</ref> In [[Nicaragua]], the technology was rapidly disseminated over the whole country and 25% of the rural population in Nicaragua now use rope pumps. It is also used in other parts of Central America with over 25,000 pumps installed to date.<ref name=Ropepumphistory/> In Africa the rope pump is now being used with solar energy.<ref name=SolarAid/>
By the end of 2009 more than 4 million people in 20 countries worldwide were using rope pumps for domestic and irrigation water.

== Construction ==
The original rope pumps used knots along the rope length but can be made with flexible or rigid valves on the rope instead of knots. Alternatively they may use only rope, simply relying on the water clinging to the rope as it is quickly pulled to the surface.

=== Flexible valve rope pumps ===
Flexible valves can be made from cut pieces of bicycle wheel tubing. The valves are positioned approximately 20 cm apart on the rope. One disadvantage of flexible valve rope pumps is that they must be appropriately sized and thickness for different types, sizes and length of pipes.<ref>http://www.scn.org/cmp/modules/wat-ro.htm</ref>

=== Rigid valve rope pump ===
Rigid valves using plastic or metal [[Washer (mechanical)|washers]] that fit tightly into the PVC pipe as the rope is dragged through are also used. If the fit is tight, the washers can be spaced up to half a meter apart. The deeper the well, the smaller the pipe inner diameter must be, given the available power constraints. These rope pumps are often worked with a hand crank<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20091026235138/http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/System/7014/rope.html</ref>

Valves can also be made from knots in the rope itself.<ref>[[Appropedia:Rope pump knots]]</ref>

=== Valveless rope pumps ===
Valveless pumps rely on friction with water clinging to the rope, which is moved at high speed, often using a bicycle to produce the required speed. It is a less efficient design but is simpler to construct than the other rope pumps.<ref name="thefarm"/>

== Intellectual Property ==
Rope pump technology is in the public domain and there are no patents pending on it.<ref name=Ropepumphistory/>

==See also==
* [[Chain pump]]
* [[Wind pump]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ropepumps.org rope pump site]
* [[appropedia:Rope pump|Rope pump]]
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1853390224 Robert Lambdon's book]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rope Pump}}
[[Category:Pumps]]

Gliese 581 d

2008-10-18T23:09:34Z

68.63.167.47:

{{Planetbox begin
| name = Gliese 581 d
}}
{{Planetbox image
| image = Gliese 581 d-v1.jpg
| caption = An artist's impression of Gliese 581 d and speculative moons.
}}
{{Planetbox star
| star = [[Gliese 581]]
| constell = [[Libra (constellation)|Libra]]
| RA = {{RA|15|19|26}}
| DEC = {{DEC|−07|43|20}}
| dist_ly = 20.3
| dist_pc = 6.2
| class = M3V
}}
{{Planetbox orbit
| period = 83.22730 ± 0.65845<ref name=udry>{{cite journal|url=http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?2007A%26A...469L..43U&db_key=AST&nosetcookie=1|title=The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XI. Super-Earths (5 and 8 M<sub>⊕</sub>) in a 3-planet system|author=Udry, S.; Bonfils, X.; Delfosse, X.; Forveille, T.; Mayor, M.; Perrier, C.; Bouchy, F.; Lovis, C.; Pepe, F.; Queloz, D.; Bertaux, J.-L.|journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]|volume=469|issue=3|year=2007|pages=L43 – L47|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20077612|accessdate=2008-08-18}}</ref>
| semimajor = 0.2525 ± 0.013<ref name=udry />
| eccentricity = 0.12118 ± 0.12034<ref name=udry />
}}
{{Planetbox character
| mass_earth = >7.804 ± 0.69<ref name=udry />
}}
{{Planetbox discovery
| discovery_date = [[24 April]] [[2007]]
| discoverers = [[Stéphane Udry|Udry]] et al.
| discovery_method = [[Radial velocity]]
| discovery_site = {{flag|Switzerland}}
| discovery_status = Published<ref name=udry />
}}
{{Planetbox end}}

'''Gliese 581 d''' ({{pronEng|ˈgliːzə}}) is an [[extrasolar planet]] approximately 20 [[light-year]]s away in the [[constellation]] of [[Libra (constellation)|Libra]]. Because of its mass, the planet is classified as a [[super-Earth]] planet. Because the planet orbits in the outer edge of its parent star's [[habitable zone]], it is thought that the planet may be similar to [[Earth]].

== Discovery ==

The planet was discovered by the team of [[Stéphane Udry]] of the [[Geneva Observatory]] in [[Switzerland]] using the [[HARPS]] instrument on the [[European Southern Observatory]] 3.6 [[meter]] [[telescope]] in [[La Silla]], [[Chile]] on [[24 April]] [[2007]]. Udry's team employed the [[radial velocity]] technique, in which the size and [[mass]] of a [[planet]] are determined based on the small perturbations it induces in its parent star’s [[orbit]] via [[gravity]].

The team is confident that the planet exists but recognizes that unlikely events could mimic its existence. They believe the issue will be settled by upcoming studies.

Dynamical simulations of the Gliese 581 system assuming that the orbits of the three planets are [[coplanarity|coplanar]] show that the system becomes unstable if its component masses are so high as to correspond to an overall inclination angle of 10° or less.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?2008A%26A...479..277B&db_key=AST&nosetcookie=1|author=Beust, H. et al.|title=Dynamical evolution of the Gliese 581 planetary system|journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]|volume=479|issue=1|year=2008|pages=277–282|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078794|accessdate=2008-08-20}}</ref> For Gliese 581 d, the upper bound of its mass must be half that of 581 b; that is, 581 d's maximum is 45 Earth masses.<ref>Dividing the m sin i by "Sin(10/180 * PI)" on a radian-configured processor.</ref> At this mass it must be held together with a central heavy-element core like [[Saturn]] and maybe even [[HD 149026 b]].

== Climate and habitability ==

Although Gliese 581 d orbits outside the theoretical [[habitable zone]] of its star, scientists surmise that conditions on the planet may be conducive to supporting life.<ref>[http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070618_mm_gliese_581d.html SPACE.com - Hopes Dashed for Life on Distant Planet]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?2007A%26A...476.1365V&db_key=AST&nosetcookie=1|title=The Habitability of Super-Earths in Gliese 581|author=von Bloh, W.; Bounama, C.; Cuntz, M.; Franck, S.|journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]]|volume=476|pages=1365 – 1371|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20077939|accessdate=2008-08-18}}</ref> Scientists originally believed that Gliese 581 d would be too cold for [[liquid]] [[water]] to exist, and therefore could not support [[life]] in forms as existing on Earth. However, since Earth's temperature would be about -18°C<ref>http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html#q1</ref> without any greenhouse gases, and due to a theorized [[greenhouse effect]] of Gliese 581 d, research now suggests that [[atmospheric]] conditions on the planet could create [[temperature]]s at which liquid water can exist, and therefore the planet may be capable of supporting life.<ref>http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0712/0712.3219v4.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=1625</ref><ref>http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2007/06/another_super_e.html</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==

{{commonscat|Gliese 581}}

* {{cite web |url=http://exoplanet.eu/planet.php?p1=Gl+581&p2=d |title=Notes for planet Gl 581 d |accessdate=2008-07-15 |work=The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia |publisher= |date= }}

[[Category:Extrasolar planets]]
[[Category:Libra constellation]]
[[Category:Super-Earths]]
[[Category:Terrestrial planets]]
[[Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2007]]

[[cy:Gliese 581 d]]
[[de:Gliese 581 d]]
[[es:Gliese 581 d]]
[[fr:Gliese 581 d]]
[[ko:글리제 581 d]]
[[it:Gliese 581 d]]
[[lt:Gliese 581 d]]
[[nl:Gliese 581 d]]
[[ja:グリーゼ581d]]
[[pl:Gliese 581 d]]
[[ru:Глизе 581 d]]
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[[sv:Gliese 581 d]]

Gliese 581 d

2008-10-18T23:08:53Z

68.63.167.47:

{{Planetbox begin
| name = Gliese 581 d
}}
{{Planetbox image
| image = Gliese 581 d-v1.jpg
| caption = An artist's impression of Gliese 581 d and speculative moons.
}}
{{Planetbox star
| star = [[Gliese 581]]
| constell = [[Libra (constellation)|Libra]]
| RA = {{RA|15|19|26}}
| DEC = {{DEC|−07|43|20}}
| dist_ly = 20.3
| dist_pc = 6.2
| class = M3V
}}
{{Planetbox orbit
| period = 83.22730 ± 0.65845<ref name=udry>{{cite journal|url=http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?2007A%26A...469L..43U&db_key=AST&nosetcookie=1|title=The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XI. Super-Earths (5 and 8 M<sub>⊕</sub>) in a 3-planet system|author=Udry, S.; Bonfils, X.; Delfosse, X.; Forveille, T.; Mayor, M.; Perrier, C.; Bouchy, F.; Lovis, C.; Pepe, F.; Queloz, D.; Bertaux, J.-L.|journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]|volume=469|issue=3|year=2007|pages=L43 – L47|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20077612|accessdate=2008-08-18}}</ref>
| semimajor = 0.2525 ± 0.013<ref name=udry />
| eccentricity = 0.12118 ± 0.12034<ref name=udry />
}}
{{Planetbox character
| mass_earth = >7.804 ± 0.69<ref name=udry />
}}
{{Planetbox discovery
| discovery_date = [[24 April]] [[2007]]
| discoverers = [[Stéphane Udry|Udry]] et al.
| discovery_method = [[Radial velocity]]
| discovery_site = {{flag|Switzerland}}
| discovery_status = Published<ref name=udry />
}}
{{Planetbox end}}

'''Gliese 581 d''' ({{pronEng|ˈgliːzə}}) is an [[extrasolar planet]] approximately 20 [[light-year]]s away in the [[constellation]] of [[Libra (constellation)|Libra]]. Because of its mass, the planet is classified as a [[super-Earth]] planet. Because the planet orbits in the outer edge of its parent star's [[habitable zone]], it is thought that the planet may be similar to [[Earth]].

== Discovery ==

The planet was discovered by the team of [[Stéphane Udry]] of the [[Geneva Observatory]] in [[Switzerland]] using the [[HARPS]] instrument on the [[European Southern Observatory]] 3.6 [[meter]] [[telescope]] in [[La Silla]], [[Chile]] on [[24 April 2007]]. Udry's team employed the [[radial velocity]] technique, in which the size and [[mass]] of a [[planet]] are determined based on the small perturbations it induces in its parent star’s [[orbit]] via [[gravity]].

The team is confident that the planet exists but recognizes that unlikely events could mimic its existence. They believe the issue will be settled by upcoming studies.

Dynamical simulations of the Gliese 581 system assuming that the orbits of the three planets are [[coplanarity|coplanar]] show that the system becomes unstable if its component masses are so high as to correspond to an overall inclination angle of 10° or less.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?2008A%26A...479..277B&db_key=AST&nosetcookie=1|author=Beust, H. et al.|title=Dynamical evolution of the Gliese 581 planetary system|journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]|volume=479|issue=1|year=2008|pages=277–282|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078794|accessdate=2008-08-20}}</ref> For Gliese 581 d, the upper bound of its mass must be half that of 581 b; that is, 581 d's maximum is 45 Earth masses.<ref>Dividing the m sin i by "Sin(10/180 * PI)" on a radian-configured processor.</ref> At this mass it must be held together with a central heavy-element core like [[Saturn]] and maybe even [[HD 149026 b]].

== Climate and habitability ==

Although Gliese 581 d orbits outside the theoretical [[habitable zone]] of its star, scientists surmise that conditions on the planet may be conducive to supporting life.<ref>[http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070618_mm_gliese_581d.html SPACE.com - Hopes Dashed for Life on Distant Planet]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?2007A%26A...476.1365V&db_key=AST&nosetcookie=1|title=The Habitability of Super-Earths in Gliese 581|author=von Bloh, W.; Bounama, C.; Cuntz, M.; Franck, S.|journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]]|volume=476|pages=1365 – 1371|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20077939|accessdate=2008-08-18}}</ref> Scientists originally believed that Gliese 581 d would be too cold for [[liquid]] [[water]] to exist, and therefore could not support [[life]] in forms as existing on Earth. However, since Earth's temperature would be about -18°C<ref>http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html#q1</ref> without any greenhouse gases, and due to a theorized [[greenhouse effect]] of Gliese 581 d, research now suggests that [[atmospheric]] conditions on the planet could create [[temperature]]s at which liquid water can exist, and therefore the planet may be capable of supporting life.<ref>http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0712/0712.3219v4.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=1625</ref><ref>http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2007/06/another_super_e.html</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==

{{commonscat|Gliese 581}}

* {{cite web |url=http://exoplanet.eu/planet.php?p1=Gl+581&p2=d |title=Notes for planet Gl 581 d |accessdate=2008-07-15 |work=The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia |publisher= |date= }}

[[Category:Extrasolar planets]]
[[Category:Libra constellation]]
[[Category:Super-Earths]]
[[Category:Terrestrial planets]]
[[Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2007]]

[[cy:Gliese 581 d]]
[[de:Gliese 581 d]]
[[es:Gliese 581 d]]
[[fr:Gliese 581 d]]
[[ko:글리제 581 d]]
[[it:Gliese 581 d]]
[[lt:Gliese 581 d]]
[[nl:Gliese 581 d]]
[[ja:グリーゼ581d]]
[[pl:Gliese 581 d]]
[[ru:Глизе 581 d]]
[[fi:Gliese 581 d]]
[[sv:Gliese 581 d]]

Archive:Home insurance

2006-06-21T16:31:10Z

68.63.62.22: /* References */

Archive:Home insurance

2006-06-21T16:30:27Z

68.63.62.22: /* Types of Homeowners Insurance */

Archive:Home insurance

2006-06-21T16:29:55Z

68.63.62.22: /* Types of Homeowners Insurance */

'''Home insurance''', or '''homeowners insurance''', is an [[insurance]] policy that combines various personal insurance protections which can include losses occurring to one's home, its contents, loss of its use (additional living expenses), loss of other personal possessions of the homeowner, as well as [[liability]] insurance for accidents that may happen at the home.

The cost of homeowners insurance often depends on what it would cost to replace the house and which additional riders—additional items to be insured—are attached to the policy. The insurance policy itself is a lengthy contract, and names what will and what will not be paid in the case of various events. Typically, claims due to [[earthquakes]], [[floods]], "[[Act of God|Acts of God]]", or [[war]] (whose definition typically includes a nuclear explosion from any source) are excluded. Special insurance can be purchased for these possibilities, including [[flood insurance]] and [[earthquake insurance]].

The home insurance policy is usually a term contract—a contract that is in effect for a fixed period of time. The payment the insured makes to the insurer is called the premium. The insured must pay the insurer the premium each term. Most insurers charge a lower premium if it appears less likely the home will be damaged or destroyed: for example, if the house is situated next to a [[fire engine|fire station]], or if the house is equipped with fire sprinklers and fire alarms. [[Perpetual_Insurance|Perpetual insurance]], which is type of home insurance without a fixed term, can also be obtained in certain areas.

In the [[United States]], most home buyers borrow money in the form of a [[mortgage]], and the mortgage lender always requires that the buyer purchase homeowners insurance as a condition of the loan, in order to protect the bank if the home were to be destroyed. Anyone with an insurable interest in the property should be listed on the policy.
== Types of Homeowners Insurance ==
===United States===
As described in Wiening et. al. {{ref_harvard|PI|2002: 5.3–5.4|none}}, prior to the [[1950]]'s, there were separate policies for the various perils that could affect a home. A homeowner would have had to purchase separate policies covering fire losses, theft, personal property, and the like. During the [[1950s]], policy forms were developed, allowing the homeowner to purchase all the insurance they needed on one complete policy. However, these policies varied by insurance company, and were difficult to comprehend.
;HO-1:A limited policy that offers varying degrees of coverage but only for items specifically outlined in the policy. These might be used to cover a valuable object found in the home, such as a painting.
;HO-2:Similar to HO-1, HO-2 is a limited policy in that it covers specific portions of a house against damage. The coverage is usually a "named perils" policy, which lists the events that would be covered. As above, these factors must be spelled out in the policy.
;HO-3:This policy is the most common written for a homeowner and is designed to cover all aspects of the home, structure and it contents as well as any liability that may arise from daily use as well as any visitors who may encounter accident or injury on the premises. Covered aspects as well as limits of liability must be clearly spelled out in the policy to insure proper coverage. The coverage is usually called "all risk". Also called an "open perils" policy.
;HO-4:This is commonly referred to as renters insurance or renter's coverage. Similar to HO-6, this policy covers those aspects of the apartment and its contents not specifically covered in the blanket policy written for the complex. This policy can also cover liabilities arising from accidents and intentional injuries for guests as well as passers-by up to 150' of the domicile.
;HO-5:This policy, similar to HO-3, covers a home (not a condo or apartment), the homeowner and its possessions as well as any liability that might arise from visitors or passers-by. This coverage is differentiated in that it covers a wider breadth and depth of incidents and losses than an HO-3.
;HO-6:As a form of supplemental homeowner's insurance, '''HO-6''', also known as a Condominium Coverage, is designed especially for the owners of condos. It includes coverage for the part of the building owned by the insured and for the property housed therein of the insured. Designed to span the gap between what the homeowner's association might cover in a blanket policy written for an entire neighborhood and those items of importance to the insured, typically the HO-6 covers liability for residents and guests of the insured in addition to personal property. The liability coverage, depending on the underwriter, premium paid, and other factors of the policy, can cover incidents up to 150' from the insured property, all valuables within the home from theft, fire or water damage or other forms of loss. It is important to read the Associations By-laws to determine the total amount of insurance needed on your dwelling.
;HO-7: For mobile home owners.
;HO-8: It is usually called "older home" insurance. It lets house owners with higher replacement cost than the market value insure them at the lower market value rate.

==References==
*{{note_label|PI|2002: 5.3–5.4|none}}{{cite book
| last = Wiening
| first = Eric
| authorlink =
| coauthors = George Rejda, Constance Luthardt, Cheryl Ferguson
| editor =
| others =
| title = '''Personal Insurance'''
| origdate =
| origyear =
| origmonth =
| url =
| format =
| accessdate =
| accessyear =
| accessmonth =
| edition = 1st edition
| date =
| year = 2002
| month =
| publisher = American Institute for Chartered Property Casualty Underwriters/Insurance Institue of America
| location = [[Malvern, Pennsylvania]]
| language =
| id = ISBN 0-89463-108-X
| pages =
| chapter =
| chapterurl =
}}

[[Category:Insurance]]