IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Gliese 581 d

2007-12-07T20:09:45Z

70.143.27.98: /* Climate and habitability */

{{Planetbox begin
| name = Gliese 581 d
}}
{{Planetbox image
| image = [[Image:Gliese 581 d-v1.jpg|270px]]
| caption = Artistic representation of a panoramic view of <br>Gliese 581 d, showing speculative moons.
}}
{{Planetbox star
| star = [[Gliese 581]]
| constell = [[Libra (constellation)|Libra]]
| RA = {{RA|15|19|26}}
| DEC = {{DEC|−07|43|20}}
| class = M2.5V
}}
{{Planetbox orbit
| period = 84.4
| semimajor = .25
| eccentricity = .2
| ang_dist = 39.936
| t_peri = 2452954.1
| semi-amp = 2.67
}}
{{Planetbox character
| mass_earth = >7.7
}}
{{Planetbox discovery
| discovery_date = [[2007-04-23]]
| discoverers = [[Stéphane Udry|Udry]] et al.
| discovery_method = Radial velocity
| discovery_status = unpublished
}}
{{Planetbox end}}

'''Gliese 581 d''' is an [[extrasolar planet]] orbiting the [[red dwarf]] [[star]] [[Gliese 581]]. Due to its mass it can be categorized as a [[Super-earth]].

Gliese 581 d is near the outer edge of the habitable zone. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0705/0705.3758v1.pdf |title=The Habitability of Super-Earths in Gliese 581 |accessdate=2007-05-29 }}</ref>

== Discovery ==
The planet was discovered by the team of [[Stéphane Udry]] of the Geneva Observatory in [[Switzerland]] using the [[HARPS]] instrument on the [[European Southern Observatory]] 3.6 meter telescope in [[La Silla]], [[Chile]]. Udry's team employed the [[radial velocity]] technique, in which the size and mass of a planet are determined based on the small perturbations it induces in its parent star’s orbit via gravity.

The team is confident that the planet exists but recognizes that unlikely events could mimic its existence. They believe the issue will be settled by upcoming studies.

== Climate and habitability ==
Although Gliese 581 d orbits outside the theoretical [[habitable zone]] of its star, scientists surmise that conditions on the planet may be conducive to supporting life[http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070618_mm_gliese_581d.html]. Scientists originally believed that Gliese 581 d would in fact be too cold for liquid water to exist, and therefore could not support life as we understand it. However, due to a theorized [[greenhouse effect]], research now suggests that atmospheric conditions on the planet create temperatures at which water can exist, and therefore the planet may be capable of supporting life. It is important to note that these conditions are based on models of the planet, and have not been directly observed, other than when SLUH senior David Macke observed trees growing on the surface using nothing more than a magnifying glass and flashlight (because it was night when he observed the trees, and therefore dark). Macke also concluded that human beings could survive on Gliese 581 d, but that "there would be no government, so it would be like the wild west."

==References==
<references />
[http://obswww.unige.ch/~udry/udry_preprint.pdf Udry et al. (2007). "The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets, XI. An habitable super-Earth (5 M⊕) in a 3-planet system". Astronomy and Astrophysics preprint]

== External links ==
*[http://vo.obspm.fr/exoplanetes/encyclo/planet.php?p1=Gl+581&p2=d '''Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia''': Gl 581 d]
*[http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/sim-id.pl?protocol=html&Ident=gl+581&NbIdent=1&Radius=10&Radius.unit=arcmin&CooFrame=FK5&CooEpoch=2000&CooEqui=2000&output.max=all&o.catall=on&output.mesdisp=N&Bibyear1=1983&Bibyear2=2005&Frame1=FK5&Frame2=FK4&Frame3=G&Equi1=200 '''SIMBAD''': V* HO Lib -- Variable Star]

{{Gliese 581}}

[[Category:Extrasolar planets]]
[[Category:Libra constellation]]

[[es:Gliese 581 d]]
[[fr:Gliese 581 d]]
[[it:Gliese 581 d]]
[[nl:Gliese 581 d]]
[[pl:Gliese 581 d]]
[[fi:Gliese 581 d]]
[[sv:Gliese 581 d]]

Gliese 581 d

2007-12-07T20:05:17Z

70.143.27.98: /* Climate and habitability */

{{Planetbox begin
| name = Gliese 581 d
}}
{{Planetbox image
| image = [[Image:Gliese 581 d-v1.jpg|270px]]
| caption = Artistic representation of a panoramic view of <br>Gliese 581 d, showing speculative moons.
}}
{{Planetbox star
| star = [[Gliese 581]]
| constell = [[Libra (constellation)|Libra]]
| RA = {{RA|15|19|26}}
| DEC = {{DEC|−07|43|20}}
| class = M2.5V
}}
{{Planetbox orbit
| period = 84.4
| semimajor = .25
| eccentricity = .2
| ang_dist = 39.936
| t_peri = 2452954.1
| semi-amp = 2.67
}}
{{Planetbox character
| mass_earth = >7.7
}}
{{Planetbox discovery
| discovery_date = [[2007-04-23]]
| discoverers = [[Stéphane Udry|Udry]] et al.
| discovery_method = Radial velocity
| discovery_status = unpublished
}}
{{Planetbox end}}

'''Gliese 581 d''' is an [[extrasolar planet]] orbiting the [[red dwarf]] [[star]] [[Gliese 581]]. Due to its mass it can be categorized as a [[Super-earth]].

Gliese 581 d is near the outer edge of the habitable zone. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0705/0705.3758v1.pdf |title=The Habitability of Super-Earths in Gliese 581 |accessdate=2007-05-29 }}</ref>

== Discovery ==
The planet was discovered by the team of [[Stéphane Udry]] of the Geneva Observatory in [[Switzerland]] using the [[HARPS]] instrument on the [[European Southern Observatory]] 3.6 meter telescope in [[La Silla]], [[Chile]]. Udry's team employed the [[radial velocity]] technique, in which the size and mass of a planet are determined based on the small perturbations it induces in its parent star’s orbit via gravity.

The team is confident that the planet exists but recognizes that unlikely events could mimic its existence. They believe the issue will be settled by upcoming studies.

== Climate and habitability ==
Although Gliese 581 d orbits outside the theoretical [[habitable zone]] of its star, scientists surmise that conditions on the planet may be conducive to supporting life[http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070618_mm_gliese_581d.html]. Scientists originally believed that Gliese 581 d would in fact be too cold for liquid water to exist, and therefore could not support life as we understand it. However, due to a theorized [[greenhouse effect]], research now suggests that atmospheric conditions on the planet create temperatures at which water can exist, and therefore the planet may be capable of supporting life. It is important to note that these conditions are based on models of the planet, and have not been directly observed, other than when SLUH senior David Macke observed trees growing on the surface using nothing more than a magnifying glass and flashlight (because it was night when he observed the trees, and therefore dark).

==References==
<references />
[http://obswww.unige.ch/~udry/udry_preprint.pdf Udry et al. (2007). "The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets, XI. An habitable super-Earth (5 M⊕) in a 3-planet system". Astronomy and Astrophysics preprint]

== External links ==
*[http://vo.obspm.fr/exoplanetes/encyclo/planet.php?p1=Gl+581&p2=d '''Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia''': Gl 581 d]
*[http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/sim-id.pl?protocol=html&Ident=gl+581&NbIdent=1&Radius=10&Radius.unit=arcmin&CooFrame=FK5&CooEpoch=2000&CooEqui=2000&output.max=all&o.catall=on&output.mesdisp=N&Bibyear1=1983&Bibyear2=2005&Frame1=FK5&Frame2=FK4&Frame3=G&Equi1=200 '''SIMBAD''': V* HO Lib -- Variable Star]

{{Gliese 581}}

[[Category:Extrasolar planets]]
[[Category:Libra constellation]]

[[es:Gliese 581 d]]
[[fr:Gliese 581 d]]
[[it:Gliese 581 d]]
[[nl:Gliese 581 d]]
[[pl:Gliese 581 d]]
[[fi:Gliese 581 d]]
[[sv:Gliese 581 d]]

Japanese/Conjugating Godan verbs

2007-09-01T00:59:38Z

70.143.76.195: /* Imperative/Conditional */

=Godan Verbs=
Japanese Verbs are very easy to put together, especially the {{ruby-ja|五段|ごだん}}  (Godan) ones. Remember the order of vowels from the [[Japanese Roman Character Pronunciation Guide]]? Just to refresh your memory, they go あ, い, う, え, お. There are 5 sounds obviously, and it is this number that the conjugation gets its name from. {{ruby-ja|五|ご}} (Go) means 5, and {{ruby-ja|段|だん}}  (dan) means stage.

Japanese verbs have a different style of conjugation completely than our verbs. They conjugate to express not only time, but certain feelings we would express using more words. {{ruby-ja|五段|ごだん}}  (Godan) verbs are ALL verbs that do not end with -いる or -える (-iru or -eru), and are not する and くる (suru or kuru). All verbs ending with the letters -いる and -える (-iru and -eru) are ichidan verbs (one stage), and する and くる (suru and kuru) are the most common irregular verbs in Japanese.

The conjugation follows this pattern:

*あ(a) negative form
*い(I) infinitive form
*う(U) dictionary form
*え(E) conditional form
*お(O) "let's" or "volitional" form

In order to show you how this works, let's select one {{ruby-ja|五段|ごだん}}  (Godan) verb: {{ruby-ja|行く|いく}}  (iku), which means "to go" and follow it through a full five conjugations. Conjugation deals only with changing the vowel at the end of the original dictionary form verb, and sometimes adding a suffix. The Dictionary form is so called because this is the way you will find a verb in the dictionary, it will always end with う(u) in this form without exception.

===Negative===
{{ruby-ja|行く|いく}}  (iku), when changed to negative, must first take the vowel with which this form is associated as its last vowel. Since the negative form is associated with あ(a), {{ruby-ja|行く|いく}}  (iku) drops the う(u) from its dictionary form past and becomes {{ruby-ja|行|い}}か (Ika). In a case where you have a word like Au, (to meet) you will note that this would turn into "aa-nai" in the negative under these rules. For such silliness an escape is provided. the "a" you add on in the end becomes "wa" thus, "Awa-nai". Remebering that the raw verb of Iku begins in the dictionary form (u-form) is tantamount to remembering that you do not add the vowel in conjugation, you replace it. Iku becomes Ika. The next step is to add the negative suffix to the word Ika. This suffix is "nai." The negative form of Iku is Ikanai: "not go."

===Infinitive===
Infinitive form is the form onto which you may add either other verbs, other levels of honour, or both. It is also the base form from which the standard "desu-masu" Japanese is spoken. This is the kind of Japanese this course will teach you.

The ininitive form is almost a stand-alone form. You can speak using only what is provided in this conjugation almost without need for others in very basic Japanese. In order to change the dictionary form to infinitive form, we drop the "u" and add "i", making our "Iku" become "Iki". Onto the new-made "Iki" we affix "-masu" as a suffix, making the complete word Ikimasu: "go".

As I said, this form is pretty stand-alone, and onto the positive for this form, you may add another suffix to make it negative. Change the "-masu" to "-masen" and you have your negative: Ikimasen, meaning "not go".

===Dictionary===
As said previously, dictionary form is the standardized form for finding verbs in dictionaries. This is the form that has all verbs, regardless of conjugation schemes, with a "u" at the end invariably.

===Imperative/Conditional===
The E form is used in giving commands, suggestions, or making hypothetical statements. There is occasionally no suffix to this form. To change Iku to the imperative, drop the "u" and add "e." The imperative form of "Iku" is "Ike." Do not say 'ike' （いけ！） to anyone because it is slightly vulgar and is offensive. When you add the suffix "-ba" to this form, it becomes a true conditional. "Ikeba" could variously be translated to "why don't you go?" or "what if you went?" You might also hear the phrase "ikeba wakaru." Wakaru is dictionary form of the verb to know or understand. This phrase therefore means "IF (you) went, (you'd) understand."

===Volitional===
The O form is the one that is confusing to most English speakers. It is the "let's" form. If I were to change Iku to the volitional form, I drop the "u" and add "ou." The suffix in this case is not easy to notice, as it is a "u." This simply extends the o sound. Iku becomes Ikou: "let's go." The word Ikimasu may also be conjugated in this form, simply converting the "-masu" ending to a "-mashou," making the whole word "Ikimashou."

=Practice=
Conjugate these verbs in all five forms:
* Arau (to wash)
* Au (to meet)
* Gambaru (to do well)
* Iku (to go)
* Iu (to say)
* Kaku (to write/draw/paint)
* Kau (to buy)
* Kiku (to hear)
* Kudaru (to go down/descend)
* Kuu (to eat -> informal)
* Mawaru (to turn)
* Naru (to become)
* Noboru (to climb)
* Nomu (to drink)
* Noru (to board/enter/mount)
* Odoru (to dance)
* Okoru (to get mad)
* Omou (to think)
* Saboru (to skip, ie. class)
* Satoru (to enter 'satori')
* Shinu (to die)
* Tanomu (to request)
* Tatsu (to stand)
* Tobu (to fly)
* Toru (to take)
* Uru (to sell)
* Wakaru (to understand)
* Yaku (to burn/roast)
{{questions}}
{{User:MetaBohemian/2lvlnav|[[Beginner Japanese]]||[[Verb Conjugation - Godan Verbs]]|[[Japanese Verbs]]||Start|[[Verb conjugation - Ichidan Verbs]]}}
[[Category:Japanese]]
[[Category:Language]]
[[Category:Verbs]]

Ekman transport

2006-10-02T17:30:20Z

70.143.80.32:

Ekman transport is a name given to the natural process by which each layer of water in the ocean drags with it the layer beneath. Thus the movement of each layer of water is affected by the movement of the layer above. Each successive layer feels the force of the surface layer a little less, similar to the way sound is transported through air particles. With each wave-length transport the wave becomes weaker and weaker, which is why some one at a distance has more difficulty hearing you than some one close to you.

It is closely related to the [[Ekman spiral]], where winds blowing up and down coastal regions cause a seaward flow of surface water (perpendicular to the flow of wind), which creates the [[upwelling]] of deep nutrient rich sea water. This has the effect of creating good fishing regions along coasts where this phenomenon occurs.

{{ocean-stub}}
[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Oceanography]]
[[Category:Fluid dynamics]]