IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Archive:Spanish/At the mall

2008-08-06T04:35:56Z

76.205.215.94: /* Country Focus (Perú) */

==Chapter 15 (At the Mall)==
===Types of stores===
*'''almacén''' - department store
*'''en la Red''' - online
*'''joyería''' - jewelry store
*'''librería''' - bookstore
*'''tienda de descuentos''' - discount store
*'''tienda de electrodomésticos''' - household appliance store
*'''zapatería''' - shoe store

===Accessories===
*'''anillo''' - ring
*'''anteojos de sol''' - sunglasses
*'''aretes''' - earrings
*'''bolso''' - purse
*'''cadena''' - collar
*'''cartera''' - wallet
*'''collar''' - necklace
*'''corbata''' - tie
*'''guantes''' - gloves
*'''llavero''' - key chain
*'''perfume''' - perfume
*'''pulsera''' - bracelet
*'''reloj pulsera''' - watch
*'''software''' - software

*'''Note''': In Argentina, ''billetera'' is used side-by-side with ''cartera'', althogh this is falling out of usage rapidly among youth.

===Relationships===
*'''novio''' - boyfriend
*'''novia''' - girlfriend

===Words at the mall===
*'''barato(a)''' - cheap
*'''caro(a)''' - expensive
*'''mirar''' - to look
*'''pagar''' - to pay
*'''vender''' - to sell

===To talk about the past===
*'''anoche''' - last night
*'''año pasado''' - last year
*'''ayer''' - yesterday
*'''hace (+ time expression)''' - ago
*'''semana pasada''' - last week

===Other words===
*'''¡Uf!''' - Ugh!, Yuck!

===Preterite of -ar verbs===
Preterite verbs talk about past actions. In Spanish, preterite verbs are conjugated in the same manner as their endings. Below is the list of conjugation of preterite verbs of -ar verbs:

yo: -é

tú: -aste

Ud./él/ella: -ó

nosotros/nosotras: -amos

vosotros/vosotras: -asteis

Uds./ellos/ellas: -aron

Note that the ''nosotros(as)'' conjugate the same as the present.

Example conjugation, ''comprar'':
*'''compré''' - I bought
*'''compraste''' - you bought (singular)
*'''compró''' - he/she brought
*'''compramos''' - we bought
*'''comprasteis''' - you bought (plural)
*'''compraron''' - they bought

'''Note''': Usted and ustedes continue to be conjugated in 3rd person form when in preterite form.

===Preterite of -car and -gar verbs===
Verbs ending in -car and -gar have there own conjugations in the ''yo'' form. The conjugation is the same even if the verb has a stem change, such as ''jugar''.

*'''busqué''' - I looked for
*'''pagué''' - I payed
*'''jugué''' - I played

===Direct object pronouns===
Direct object pronouns in English are "it" and "them." In Spanish, there are two ways to say these words.

*'''lo''' - it (masculine)
*'''la''' - it (feminine)
*'''los''' - them (masculine)
*'''las''' - them (feminine)

'''Note''': Direct object pronouns are always placed before the verb it involves in a sentence.

===Country Focus (Perú)===
[[Image:Flag of Peru.svg|150px|right]]
[[Image:LocationPeru.png|noframe|150px|right]]
'''Peru''' (Spanish: Perú) is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.

Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a medium Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 40%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.

The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.

[[Image:Peru Machu Picchu Sunrise 2.jpg|150px|left|thumb|Machu Picchu is considered the "Lost City of the Incas."]]

The earliest evidence of human presence in Peruvian territory has been dated to approximately 11,000 years BCE. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3000 and 1800 BCE. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures such as Chavin, Paracas, Mochica, Nazca, Wari, and Chimu. In the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; camelid husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money.

[[Image:San isidro-lima.PNG|130px|thumb|Lima skyline at sunset.]]

Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions, though it has also been influenced by various African, Asian, and European ethnic groups.

'''Factbox''':

-Official Languages: Spanish, Quechua

-Other Languages: Aymara, Native American language, European languages, Asian languages

-Capital: Lima

-Government: Democracy

-Area: 1,285,216 sq km (496,222 sq mi) (20th)

-Population: 28,750,770 (40th)

[[Image:Alpamayo.jpg|150px|thumb|left|The Andes Mountains cut the Peruvian coast from the Amazon Basin.]]

Religion: Christianity (Catholic 79%, other Christian 4.1%) 83.1%, Buddhism 2.3%, Traditional beliefs 1.2%, other (Non-religious, Judaism, Islam) 13.6%

-Human Development: 0.773 (87th, MEDIUM)

-Independence: July 28, 1821

-Currency: Nuevo Sol

{{sp1}}

Archive:Spanish/At the mall

2008-08-06T04:33:49Z

76.205.215.94:

==Chapter 15 (At the Mall)==
===Types of stores===
*'''almacén''' - department store
*'''en la Red''' - online
*'''joyería''' - jewelry store
*'''librería''' - bookstore
*'''tienda de descuentos''' - discount store
*'''tienda de electrodomésticos''' - household appliance store
*'''zapatería''' - shoe store

===Accessories===
*'''anillo''' - ring
*'''anteojos de sol''' - sunglasses
*'''aretes''' - earrings
*'''bolso''' - purse
*'''cadena''' - collar
*'''cartera''' - wallet
*'''collar''' - necklace
*'''corbata''' - tie
*'''guantes''' - gloves
*'''llavero''' - key chain
*'''perfume''' - perfume
*'''pulsera''' - bracelet
*'''reloj pulsera''' - watch
*'''software''' - software

*'''Note''': In Argentina, ''billetera'' is used side-by-side with ''cartera'', althogh this is falling out of usage rapidly among youth.

===Relationships===
*'''novio''' - boyfriend
*'''novia''' - girlfriend

===Words at the mall===
*'''barato(a)''' - cheap
*'''caro(a)''' - expensive
*'''mirar''' - to look
*'''pagar''' - to pay
*'''vender''' - to sell

===To talk about the past===
*'''anoche''' - last night
*'''año pasado''' - last year
*'''ayer''' - yesterday
*'''hace (+ time expression)''' - ago
*'''semana pasada''' - last week

===Other words===
*'''¡Uf!''' - Ugh!, Yuck!

===Preterite of -ar verbs===
Preterite verbs talk about past actions. In Spanish, preterite verbs are conjugated in the same manner as their endings. Below is the list of conjugation of preterite verbs of -ar verbs:

yo: -é

tú: -aste

Ud./él/ella: -ó

nosotros/nosotras: -amos

vosotros/vosotras: -asteis

Uds./ellos/ellas: -aron

Note that the ''nosotros(as)'' conjugate the same as the present.

Example conjugation, ''comprar'':
*'''compré''' - I bought
*'''compraste''' - you bought (singular)
*'''compró''' - he/she brought
*'''compramos''' - we bought
*'''comprasteis''' - you bought (plural)
*'''compraron''' - they bought

'''Note''': Usted and ustedes continue to be conjugated in 3rd person form when in preterite form.

===Preterite of -car and -gar verbs===
Verbs ending in -car and -gar have there own conjugations in the ''yo'' form. The conjugation is the same even if the verb has a stem change, such as ''jugar''.

*'''busqué''' - I looked for
*'''pagué''' - I payed
*'''jugué''' - I played

===Direct object pronouns===
Direct object pronouns in English are "it" and "them." In Spanish, there are two ways to say these words.

*'''lo''' - it (masculine)
*'''la''' - it (feminine)
*'''los''' - them (masculine)
*'''las''' - them (feminine)

'''Note''': Direct object pronouns are always placed before the verb it involves in a sentence.

===Country Focus (Perú)===
[[Image:Flag of Peru.svg|150px|right]]
[[Image:LocationPeru.png|noframe|150px|right]]
'''Peru''' (Spanish: Perú) is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.

Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a medium Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 40%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.

The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.

[[Image:Peru Machu Picchu Sunrise 2.jpg|150px|left|thumb|Machu Picchu is considered the "Lost City of the Incas."]]

The earliest evidence of human presence in Peruvian territory has been dated to approximately 11,000 years BCE. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3000 and 1800 BCE. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures such as Chavin, Paracas, Mochica, Nazca, Wari, and Chimu. In the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; camelid husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money.

[[Image:San isidro-lima.PNG|130px|thumb|Lima skyline at sunset.]]

Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions, though it has also been influenced by various African, Asian, and European ethnic groups.

'''Factbox''':

-Official Languages: Spanish, Quechua

-Other Languages: Aymara, Native American language, European languages, Asian languages

-Capital: Lima

-Government: Democracy

-Area: 1,285,216 sq km (496,222 sq mi) (20th)

-Population: 28,750,770 (40th)

Religion: Christianity (Catholic 79%, other Christian 4.1%) 83.1%, Buddhism 2.3%, Traditional beliefs 1.2%, other (Non-religious, Judaism, Islam) 13.6%

-Human Development: 0.773 (87th, MEDIUM)

-Independence: July 28, 1821

-Currency: Nuevo Sol

{{sp1}}

Archive:Spanish/At the mall

2008-08-06T04:31:40Z

76.205.215.94:

==Chapter 15 (At the Mall)==
===Types of stores===
*'''almacén''' - department store
*'''en la Red''' - online
*'''joyería''' - jewelry store
*'''librería''' - bookstore
*'''tienda de descuentos''' - discount store
*'''tienda de electrodomésticos''' - household appliance store
*'''zapatería''' - shoe store

===Accessories===
*'''anillo''' - ring
*'''anteojos de sol''' - sunglasses
*'''aretes''' - earrings
*'''bolso''' - purse
*'''cadena''' - collar
*'''cartera''' - wallet
*'''collar''' - necklace
*'''corbata''' - tie
*'''guantes''' - gloves
*'''llavero''' - key chain
*'''perfume''' - perfume
*'''pulsera''' - bracelet
*'''reloj pulsera''' - watch
*'''software''' - software

*'''Note''': In Argentina, ''billetera'' is used side-by-side with ''cartera'', althogh this is falling out of usage rapidly among youth.

===Relationships===
*'''novio''' - boyfriend
*'''novia''' - girlfriend

===Words at the mall===
*'''barato(a)''' - cheap
*'''caro(a)''' - expensive
*'''mirar''' - to look
*'''pagar''' - to pay
*'''vender''' - to sell

===To talk about the past===
*'''anoche''' - last night
*'''año pasado''' - last year
*'''ayer''' - yesterday
*'''hace (+ time expression)''' - ago
*'''semana pasada''' - last week

===Other words===
*'''¡Uf!''' - Ugh!, Yuck!

===Preterite of -ar verbs===
Preterite verbs talk about past actions. In Spanish, preterite verbs are conjugated in the same manner as their endings. Below is the list of conjugation of preterite verbs of -ar verbs:

yo: -é

tú: -aste

Ud./él/ella: -ó

nosotros/nosotras: -amos

vosotros/vosotras: -asteis

Uds./ellos/ellas: -aron

Note that the ''nosotros(as)'' conjugate the same as the present.

Example conjugation, ''comprar'':
*'''compré''' - I bought
*'''compraste''' - you bought (singular)
*'''compró''' - he/she brought
*'''compramos''' - we bought
*'''comprasteis''' - you bought (plural)
*'''compraron''' - they bought

'''Note''': Usted and ustedes continue to be conjugated in 3rd person form when in preterite form.

===Preterite of -car and -gar verbs===
Verbs ending in -car and -gar have there own conjugations in the ''yo'' form. The conjugation is the same even if the verb has a stem change, such as ''jugar''.

*'''busqué''' - I looked for
*'''pagué''' - I payed
*'''jugué''' - I played

===Direct object pronouns===
Direct object pronouns in English are "it" and "them." In Spanish, there are two ways to say these words.

*'''lo''' - it (masculine)
*'''la''' - it (feminine)
*'''los''' - them (masculine)
*'''las''' - them (feminine)

'''Note''': Direct object pronouns are always placed before the verb it involves in a sentence.

===Country Focus (Perú)===
[[Image:Flag of Peru.svg|150px|right]]
[[Image:LocationPeru.png|noframe|150px|right]]
'''Peru''' (Spanish: Perú) is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.

Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a medium Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 40%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.

The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.

[[Image:Peru Machu Picchu Sunrise 2.jpg|150px|left|thumb|Machu Picchu is considered the "Lost City of the Incas."]]

The earliest evidence of human presence in Peruvian territory has been dated to approximately 11,000 years BCE. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3000 and 1800 BCE. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures such as Chavin, Paracas, Mochica, Nazca, Wari, and Chimu. In the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; camelid husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money.

Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions, though it has also been influenced by various African, Asian, and European ethnic groups.

'''Factbox''':

-Official Languages: Spanish, Quechua

-Other Languages: Aymara, Native American language, European languages, Asian languages

-Capital: Lima

-Government: Democracy

-Area: 1,285,216 sq km (496,222 sq mi) (20th)

-Population: 28,750,770 (40th)

Religion: Christianity (Catholic 79%, other Christian 4.1%) 83.1%, Buddhism 2.3%, Traditional beliefs 1.2%, other (Non-religious, Judaism, Islam) 13.6%

-Human Development: 0.773 (87th, MEDIUM)

-Independence: July 28, 1821

-Currency: Nuevo Sol

{{sp1}}

Archive:Spanish/At the mall

2008-08-06T04:29:19Z

76.205.215.94:

==Chapter 15 (At the Mall)==
===Types of stores===
*'''almacén''' - department store
*'''en la Red''' - online
*'''joyería''' - jewelry store
*'''librería''' - bookstore
*'''tienda de descuentos''' - discount store
*'''tienda de electrodomésticos''' - household appliance store
*'''zapatería''' - shoe store

===Accessories===
*'''anillo''' - ring
*'''anteojos de sol''' - sunglasses
*'''aretes''' - earrings
*'''bolso''' - purse
*'''cadena''' - collar
*'''cartera''' - wallet
*'''collar''' - necklace
*'''corbata''' - tie
*'''guantes''' - gloves
*'''llavero''' - key chain
*'''perfume''' - perfume
*'''pulsera''' - bracelet
*'''reloj pulsera''' - watch
*'''software''' - software

*'''Note''': In Argentina, ''billetera'' is used side-by-side with ''cartera'', althogh this is falling out of usage rapidly among youth.

===Relationships===
*'''novio''' - boyfriend
*'''novia''' - girlfriend

===Words at the mall===
*'''barato(a)''' - cheap
*'''caro(a)''' - expensive
*'''mirar''' - to look
*'''pagar''' - to pay
*'''vender''' - to sell

===To talk about the past===
*'''anoche''' - last night
*'''año pasado''' - last year
*'''ayer''' - yesterday
*'''hace (+ time expression)''' - ago
*'''semana pasada''' - last week

===Other words===
*'''¡Uf!''' - Ugh!, Yuck!

===Preterite of -ar verbs===
Preterite verbs talk about past actions. In Spanish, preterite verbs are conjugated in the same manner as their endings. Below is the list of conjugation of preterite verbs of -ar verbs:

yo: -é

tú: -aste

Ud./él/ella: -ó

nosotros/nosotras: -amos

vosotros/vosotras: -asteis

Uds./ellos/ellas: -aron

Note that the ''nosotros(as)'' conjugate the same as the present.

Example conjugation, ''comprar'':
*'''compré''' - I bought
*'''compraste''' - you bought (singular)
*'''compró''' - he/she brought
*'''compramos''' - we bought
*'''comprasteis''' - you bought (plural)
*'''compraron''' - they bought

'''Note''': Usted and ustedes continue to be conjugated in 3rd person form when in preterite form.

===Preterite of -car and -gar verbs===
Verbs ending in -car and -gar have there own conjugations in the ''yo'' form. The conjugation is the same even if the verb has a stem change, such as ''jugar''.

*'''busqué''' - I looked for
*'''pagué''' - I payed
*'''jugué''' - I played

===Direct object pronouns===
Direct object pronouns in English are "it" and "them." In Spanish, there are two ways to say these words.

*'''lo''' - it (masculine)
*'''la''' - it (feminine)
*'''los''' - them (masculine)
*'''las''' - them (feminine)

'''Note''': Direct object pronouns are always placed before the verb it involves in a sentence.

===Country Focus (Perú)===
[[Image:Flag of Peru.svg|150px|right]]
[[Image:LocationPeru.png|noframe|150px|right]]
'''Peru''' (Spanish: Perú) is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.

Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a medium Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 40%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.

The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.

The earliest evidence of human presence in Peruvian territory has been dated to approximately 11,000 years BCE. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3000 and 1800 BCE. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures such as Chavin, Paracas, Mochica, Nazca, Wari, and Chimu. In the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; camelid husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money.

Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions, though it has also been influenced by various African, Asian, and European ethnic groups.

'''Factbox''':

-Official Languages: Spanish, Quechua

-Other Languages: Aymara, Native American language, European languages, Asian languages

-Capital: Lima

-Government: Democracy

-Area: 1,285,216 sq km (496,222 sq mi) (20th)

-Population: 28,750,770 (40th)

Religion: Christianity (Catholic 79%, other Christian 4.1%) 83.1%, Buddhism 2.3%, Traditional beliefs 1.2%, other (Non-religious, Judaism, Islam) 13.6%

-Human Development: 0.773 (87th, MEDIUM)

-Independence: July 28, 1821

-Currency: Nuevo Sol

{{sp1}}

Archive:Spanish/At the mall

2008-08-06T04:26:03Z

76.205.215.94:

==Chapter 15 (At the Mall)==
===Types of stores===
*'''almacén''' - department store
*'''en la Red''' - online
*'''joyería''' - jewelry store
*'''librería''' - bookstore
*'''tienda de descuentos''' - discount store
*'''tienda de electrodomésticos''' - household appliance store
*'''zapatería''' - shoe store

===Accessories===
*'''anillo''' - ring
*'''anteojos de sol''' - sunglasses
*'''aretes''' - earrings
*'''bolso''' - purse
*'''cadena''' - collar
*'''cartera''' - wallet
*'''collar''' - necklace
*'''corbata''' - tie
*'''guantes''' - gloves
*'''llavero''' - key chain
*'''perfume''' - perfume
*'''pulsera''' - bracelet
*'''reloj pulsera''' - watch
*'''software''' - software

*'''Note''': In Argentina, ''billetera'' is used side-by-side with ''cartera'', althogh this is falling out of usage rapidly among youth.

===Relationships===
*'''novio''' - boyfriend
*'''novia''' - girlfriend

===Words at the mall===
*'''barato(a)''' - cheap
*'''caro(a)''' - expensive
*'''mirar''' - to look
*'''pagar''' - to pay
*'''vender''' - to sell

===To talk about the past===
*'''anoche''' - last night
*'''año pasado''' - last year
*'''ayer''' - yesterday
*'''hace (+ time expression)''' - ago
*'''semana pasada''' - last week

===Other words===
*'''¡Uf!''' - Ugh!, Yuck!

===Preterite of -ar verbs===
Preterite verbs talk about past actions. In Spanish, preterite verbs are conjugatied in the same manner as their endings. Below is the list of conjugation of preterite verbs of -ar verbs:

yo: -é

tú: -aste

Ud./él/ella: -ó

nosotros/nosotras: -amos

vosotros/vosotras: -asteis

Uds./ellos/ellas: -aron

Note that the ''nosotros(as)'' conjugate the same as the present.

Example conjugation, ''comprar'':
*'''compré''' - I bought
*'''compraste''' - you bought (singular)
*'''compró''' - he/she brought
*'''compramos''' - we bought
*'''comprasteis''' - you bought (plural)
*'''compraron''' - they bought

'''Note''': Usted and ustedes continue to be conjugated in 3rd person form when in preterite form.

===Preterite of -car and -gar verbs===
Verbs ending in -car and -gar have there own conjugations in the ''yo'' form. The conjugation is the same even if the verb has a stem change, such as ''jugar''.

*'''busqué''' - I looked for
*'''pagué''' - I payed
*'''jugué''' - I played

===Direct object pronouns===
Direct object pronouns in English are "it" and "them." In Spanish, there are two ways to say these words.

*'''lo''' - it (masculine)
*'''la''' - it (feminine)
*'''los''' - them (masculine)
*'''las''' - them (feminine)

'''Note''': Direct object pronouns are always placed before the verb it involves in a sentence.

===Country Focus (Perú)===
[[Image:Flag of Peru.svg|150px|right]]
[[Image:LocationPeru.png|noframe|150px|right]]
'''Peru''' (Spanish: Perú) is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.

Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a medium Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 40%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.

The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.

The earliest evidence of human presence in Peruvian territory has been dated to approximately 11,000 years BCE. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3000 and 1800 BCE. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures such as Chavin, Paracas, Mochica, Nazca, Wari, and Chimu. In the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; camelid husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money.

Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions, though it has also been influenced by various African, Asian, and European ethnic groups.

'''Factbox''':

-Official Languages: Spanish, Quechua

-Other Languages: Aymara, Native American language, European languages, Asian languages

-Capital: Lima

-Government: Democracy

-Area: 1,285,216 sq km (496,222 sq mi) (20th)

-Population: 28,750,770 (40th)

Religion: Christianity (Catholic 79%, other Christian 4.1%) 83.1%, Traditional beliefs 1.2%, Buddhism 0.7%, other (Traditional beliefs, Judaism, Islam, Bahá'i) 15%

-Human Development: 0.773 (87th, MEDIUM)

-Independence: July 28, 1821

-Currency: Nuevo Sol

{{sp1}}

Archive:Spanish/At the mall

2008-08-06T04:17:10Z

76.205.215.94:

==Chapter 15 (At the Mall)==
===Types of stores===
*'''almacén''' - department store
*'''en la Red''' - online
*'''joyería''' - jewelry store
*'''librería''' - bookstore
*'''tienda de descuentos''' - discount store
*'''tienda de electrodomésticos''' - household appliance store
*'''zapatería''' - shoe store

===Accesories===
*'''anillo''' - ring
*'''anteojos de sol''' - sunglasses
*'''aretes''' - earrings
*'''bolso''' - purse
*'''cadena''' - collar
*'''cartera''' - wallet
*'''collar''' - necklace
*'''corbata''' - tie
*'''guantes''' - gloves
*'''llavero''' - key chain
*'''perfume''' - perfume
*'''pulsera''' - bracelet
*'''reloj pulsera''' - watch
*'''software''' - software

*'''Note''': In Argentina, ''billetera'' is used side-by-side with ''cartera'', althogh this is falling out of usage rapidly among youth.

===Relationships===
*'''novio''' - boyfriend
*'''novia''' - girlfriend

===Words at the mall===
*'''barato(a)''' - cheap
*'''caro(a)''' - expensive
*'''mirar''' - to look
*'''pagar''' - to pay
*'''vender''' - to sell

===To talk about the past===
*'''anoche''' - last night
*'''año pasado''' - last year
*'''ayer''' - yesterday
*'''hace (+ time expression)''' - ago
*'''semana pasada''' - last week

===Other words===
*'''¡Uf!''' - Ugh!, Yuck!

===Preterite of -ar verbs===
Preterite verbs talk about past actions. In Spanish, preterite verbs are conjugatied in the same manner as their endings. Below is the list of conjugation of preterite verbs of -ar verbs:

yo: -é

tú: -aste

Ud./él/ella: -ó

nosotros/nosotras: -amos

vosotros/vosotras: -asteis

Uds./ellos/ellas: -aron

Note that the ''nosotros(as)'' conjugate the same as the present.

Example conjugation, ''comprar'':
*'''compré''' - I bought
*'''compraste''' - you bought (singular)
*'''compró''' - he/she brought
*'''compramos''' - we bought
*'''comprasteis''' - you bought (plural)
*'''compraron''' - they bought

'''Note''': Usted and ustedes continue to be conjugated in 3rd person form when in preterite form.

===Preterite of -car and -gar verbs===
Verbs ending in -car and -gar have there own conjugations in the ''yo'' form. The conjugation is the same even if the verb has a stem change, such as ''jugar''.

*'''busqué''' - I looked for
*'''pagué''' - I payed
*'''jugué''' - I played

===Direct object pronouns===
Direct object pronouns in English are "it" and "them." In Spanish, there are two ways to say these words.

*'''lo''' - it (masculine)
*'''la''' - it (feminine)
*'''los''' - them (masculine)
*'''las''' - them (feminine)

'''Note''': Direct object pronouns are always placed before the verb it involves in a sentence.

===Country Focus (Perú)===
[[Image:Flag of Peru.svg|150px|right]]
[[Image:LocationPeru.png|noframe|150px|right]]
'''Peru''' (Spanish: Perú) is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.

Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a medium Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 40%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.

The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.

The earliest evidence of human presence in Peruvian territory has been dated to approximately 11,000 years BCE. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3000 and 1800 BCE. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures such as Chavin, Paracas, Mochica, Nazca, Wari, and Chimu. In the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; camelid husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money.

Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions, though it has also been influenced by various African, Asian, and European ethnic groups.

'''Factbox''':

-Official Languages: Spanish, Quechua

-Other Languages: Aymara, Native American language, European languages, Asian languages

-Capital: Lima

-Government: Democracy

-Area: 1,285,216 sq km (496,222 sq mi) (20th)

-Population: 28,750,770 (40th)

{{sp1}}

Archive:Spanish/Shopping

2008-08-06T01:00:18Z

76.205.215.94:

==Chapter 14 (Shopping)==
===Getting ready===
*'''buscar''' - to look for
*'''comprar''' - to buy
*'''dependiente, dependienta''' - salesperson
*'''¿En qué puedo sirvirle?''' - How can I help you?
*'''entrar''' - to enter
*'''tienda''' - store
*'''tienda de ropa''' - clothing store

===Clothing===
*'''abrigo''' - coat
*'''blusa''' - blouse
*'''botas''' - boots
*'''calcentines''' - socks
*'''camisa''' - shirt
*'''camiseta''' - T-shirt
*'''chaqueta''' - jacket
*'''falda''' - skirt
*'''gorra''' - cap
*'''jeans''' - jeans
*'''pantalones''' - pants
*'''pantalones cortos''' - shorts
*'''sudadera''' - sweatshirt
*'''suéter''' - sweater
*'''traje''' - suit
*'''traje de baño''' - swimsuit
*'''vestido''' - dress
*'''zapatos''' - shoes

===Questions===
*'''¿Cómo me queda(n)?''' - How does it (they) fit me?
*'''¿Cómo te queda(n)?''' - How does it (they) fit you?
*'''Me queda(n) bien/mal.''' - It (they) fits me well/poorly.
*'''Te queda(n) bien/mal.''' - It (they) fits you well/poorly.

===Useful words===
*'''llevar''' - to wear
*'''nuevo(a)''' - new
*'''quizás''' - maybe
*'''Pérdon.''' - Excuse me.
*'''¡Vamos!''' - Let's go!

===To talk about the price===
*'''¿Cúanto cuesta...?''' - How much does...cost?
*'''¿Cúanto cuestan...?''' - How much do...cost?
*'''costar''' - to cost
*'''precio''' - price
*'''tanto''' - so much

'''Note''': ''Costar'' conjugates with a stem change, like ''jugar'', so the ''o'' becomes ''ue'' when conjugated.

===Numbers: 200 to 1,000===
*'''doscientos(as)''' - two hundred
*'''trescientos(as)''' - three hundred
*'''cuatrocientos(as)''' - four hundred
*'''quinientos(as)''' - five hundred
*'''seiscientos(as)''' - six hundred
*'''setecientos(as)''' - seven hundred
*'''ochocientos(as)''' - eight hundred
*'''novecientos(as)''' - nine hundred
*'''mil''' - a thousand

===To be correct===
*'''tener razón''' - to be correct

===To be specific===
*'''los/las dos''' - both
*'''este, esta''' - this
*'''estos, estas''' - these
*'''ese, esa''' - that
*'''esos, esas''' - those

'''Note''': This and those are used to describe something specific, while that and those refer to something far away.

===Pensar (to think)===
''Pensar'' is another stem-changing verb like ''jugar''. In ''pensar'', the ''e'' changes to ''ie'' except in the ''nosotros(as)'' and ''vosotros(as)'' forms as always. Below is the conjugation for ''pensar'':

*'''pienso''' - I think
*'''piensas''' - you think (singular)
*'''piensa''' - he/she thinks
*'''pensamos''' - we think
*'''pensáis''' - you think (plural)
*'''piensan''' - they think

'''Note''': You should remember by now that usted & ustedes conjugate in the 3rd person form.

===Preferir (to prefer)===
''Preferir'' is also another stem-changing verb like ''jugar'' and ''pensar''. In ''preferir'', the second ''e'' changes to ''ie'', except in the ''nosotros(as)'' and ''vosotros(as)'' forms of course. Below is the conjugation for ''preferir'':

*'''prefiero''' - I prefer
*'''prefieres''' - you prefer (singular)
*'''prefiere''' - he/she prefers
*'''preferimos''' - we prefer
*'''preferís''' - you prefer (plural)
*'''prefieren''' - they prefer

'''Note''': Remember? Usted & ustedes conjugate in the 3rd person form.

Archive:Spanish/Shopping

2008-08-06T00:55:41Z

76.205.215.94:

Archive:Spanish/Shopping

2008-08-06T00:51:20Z

76.205.215.94:

Archive:Spanish/Shopping

2008-08-06T00:43:27Z

76.205.215.94: New page: ==Chapter 14 (Shopping)== ===Getting ready=== *'''buscar''' - to look for *'''comprar''' - to buy *'''dependiente, dependienta''' - salesperson *'''¿En qué puedo sirvirle?''' - How can I...

Spanish

2008-08-03T19:05:54Z

76.205.215.94: /* Spanish for Foreign Learners */

{{spanish}}
{{nav|Topic:Spanish}}
{{merge|Topic:Spanish}}

Spanish language courses are one of the most wanted units on Wikiversity. On the other side, there is no progress in course development. The following brainstorming page is trying to find a wiki way, how to develop these courses: [[Spanish/Brainstorming]].

----
This is a '''disambiguation page''' for [[w:en:Spanish language|Spanish language]] courses. It is operated by teachers from [[Topic:Spanish|Spanish Language Division]]. It offers courses and projects of Spanish for "foreign learners" (SFL), but also for "native speakers" (SNS). Courses are divided into six categories. They are numbered and they may reflect [[w:en:Common European Framework of Reference for Languages|Common European Framework of Reference for Languages]]. The exact categorization wasn’t already established. If you are not sure about your level of knowledge, you can ask one of these teachers to test you: [[Topic:Spanish/Active Participants#Spanish Language Teachers|teacher list]].

'''Important:''' note that for one level, more courses may be offered. They are about the same topic, but using different methodology.

'''Note:''' if you would like to help visit the [[Topic:Spanish|Spanish Language Divison]] and/or [[Spanish: An Introduction/Teaching tools]].

== Spanish for Native Speakers ==
* …
== Spanish for Foreign Learners ==
*'''Spanish 1 - beginners'''
**[[Spanish/Spanish One|Spanish One]]
***[[Spanish/Spanish One/SO-Lesson 1|Lesson 1]]
***[[Spanish/Spanish One/Vocabulary|Vocabulary]]
**[[Spanish: An Introduction]] - under construction
**[[Spanish 1]] - Complete curriculum of Spanish for beginners.

*'''Spanish 2 - lower-intermediate'''
**[[Spanish/Spanish Two|Spanish Two]] - not active

*'''Spanish 3 - intermediate'''
** …

*'''Spanish 4 - upper-intermediate'''
** …

*'''Spanish 5 - advance'''
** …

*'''Spanish 6 - upper-advance'''
** …

== Projects ==
*[http://www.spanishdict.com/ Spanish to English Dictionary and Translation]
*[[Spanish/Bilingual Spanish-English Dictionary|Bilingual Spanish-English Dictionary]]
*[http://www.valodas.com/ valodas] - free cross-platform language learning software
* …

==Resources==
* [[Spanish/Resources/Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (audio)]]
* [[Spanish nouns]]

[[Category:Spanish Language Division]]