IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Texmaker

2009-05-25T15:42:50Z

80.223.128.164:

{{Infobox Software |
name=Texmaker |
screenshot= |
caption=Texmaker in action on Windows Vista. |
operating_system=[[Cross-platform]] |
developer=[[Pascal Brachet]], [[J.Amblard]] |
latest_release_version = 1.9.1 |
latest_release_date = May 24, 2009 |
genre=[[LaTeX]] |
website=[http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/ xm1math.net/texmaker] |
license=[[GNU General Public License|GPL]] |
}}
'''Texmaker''' is a [[cross-platform]] [[open source]] [[LaTeX]] editor with interface similar to [[Kile]].

==Features==
* A unicode editor to write LaTeX source files (syntax highlighting, undo-redo, search-replace, spell checker...).
* The principal LaTeX tags can be inserted directly with the "LaTeX" and "Math" menus.
* 370 mathematical symbols can be inserted in just one click.
* Wizards to generate code ('Quick document', 'Quick letter', tabular, tabbing and array environments).
* LaTeX-related programs can be launched via the "Tools" menu.
* The standard Bibtex entry types can be inserted in the ".bib" file with the "Bibliography" menu.
* A "structure view" of the document for easier navigation of a document (by clicking on an item in the "Structure" frame, you can jump directly to the corresponding part of your document.
* Extensive LaTeX documentation.
* In the "Messages / Log File" frame, one can see information about processes and the logfile after a LaTeX compilation.
* The "Next Latex Error" and "Previous Latex Error" commands let you reach the LaTeX errors detected in the log file.
* By clicking on the number of a line in the log file, the cursor jumps to the corresponding line in the editor.
* An integrated LaTeX to HTML conversion tool.

==See also==
{{Portal|Free software|Free Software Portal Logo.svg}}
*[[List of text editors]]
*[[Comparison of text editors]]

==External links==
*[http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/ Texmaker website]

{{TeX editors}}

[[Category:Free TeX editors]]
[[Category:Linux TeX software]]

{{compu-soft-stub}}

[[de:Texmaker]]
[[fr:Texmaker]]
[[pl:Texmaker]]
[[vi:TeXmaker]]

Criticism of Buddhism

2009-01-05T07:46:44Z

80.223.219.38: /* Devotional practices */

{{buddhism}}

Buddhist denominations, nations and leaders have been criticized by the [[anti-religion|anti-religious]], by proponents of other religions and by practitioners of Buddhism itself.

==Devotional practices==
Most forms of Buddhism are [[nontheism|nontheistic]] or [[atheism|atheistic]].<ref> [http://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/beliefs/atheism.htm Is Buddhism Atheistic?]</ref><ref>[http://www.vexen.co.uk/religion/buddhism_atheism.html Buddhism is Atheist]</ref><ref>[http://atheism.about.com/b/2005/11/28/buddhism-and-atheism.htm Buddhism and Atheism]</ref>

Conversely, "[[Antitheism#The_New_Atheism |New Atheism]]" proponent [[Richard Dawkins]] stated in his book ''[[The God Delusion]]'' that there is a case to be made for seeing Buddhism and [[Confucianism]] as ethical systems and philosophies rather than religions
<ref>{{cite book
| last = Dawkins
| first = Richard
| authorlink = Richard Dawkins
| title = [[The God Delusion]]
| publisher = [[Bantam Books]]
| location =
| date = 2006
| pages =
| doi =
| isbn = 0-618-68000-4}}
</ref>, whereas [[Sam Harris (author)|Sam Harris]], another prominent proponent of New Atheism,<ref>Dawkins, Harris, Hitchens and [[Daniel Dennett]] have been described as the "Four Horsemen" of the "[[Atheism|New Atheism]]". See [http://richarddawkins.net/article,2025,THE-FOUR-HORSEMEN,Discussions-With-Richard-Dawkins-Episode-1-RDFRS 'THE FOUR HORSEMEN,' Discussions with Richard Dawkins: Episode 1, RDFRS - RichardDawkins.net] and [http://daviddent.net/blog/2007/06/17/the-four-horsemen-of-the-new-atheism/ » Blog Archive » The Four Horsemen of the New Atheism]</ref> practices [[Buddhist meditation]]. Harris believes that the term “Buddhism” should be removed entirely, and that Buddhist meditation should leave the realm of religion and enter the realm of science.<ref>[http://www.samharris.org/media/killing_the_buddha.pdf Killing the Buddha] by Sam Harris</ref>

[[Adnan Oktar|Harun Yahya]], an [[Islamic creationism|Islamic creationist]] has criticized Buddhism for being idolatrous, through producing films on Buddhism.<ref>[http://www.harunyahya.com/buddhism02.php Islam and Buddhism – Harun Yahyah]</ref>

Sam Harris argues that the [[kamikaze]] attacks of WWII were inspired by Buddhism<ref>Harris, Sam (2004). ''[[The End of Faith]]'', ch. 7, "Experiments in Consciousness."</ref>.

Some people have asked that how does a 250 kg person have the balls to preach about self-discipline.

== Tibetan Buddhism ==

The writer [[Michael Parenti]] has also criticized pre-Chinese [[Tibet]] for having theocratic and feudal elements <ref>[http://www.michaelparenti.org/Tibet.html Friendly Feudalism - The Tibet Myth]</ref>.

Regarding the [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]], [[Christopher Hitchens]] has been a vocal critic.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Hitchens
| first = Christopher
| authorlink = Christopher Hitchens
| title = [[God Is Not Great]]: How Religion Poisons Everything
| publisher = [[Twelve Books]], [[Hachette Book Group]]
| location =
| date = 2007
| pages = Chapter Fourteen: ''There Is No "Eastern" Solution''
| doi =
| isbn = 978-0-446-57980-3}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Criticism of religion}}

[[Category:Criticism of religion|Buddhism]]
[[Category:Anti-Buddhism]]

Texmaker

2008-04-24T16:18:01Z

80.223.130.150:

{{Infobox Software |
name=Texmaker |
screenshot=[[Image:Texmaker.png|250px]] |
caption=Texmaker in action |
operating_system=[[Cross-platform]] |
developer=[[Pascal Brachet]], [[J.Amblard]] |
latest_release_version = 1.7 |
latest_release_date = [[April 24]], [[2008]] |
genre=[[LaTeX]] |
website=[http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/ xm1math.net/texmaker] |
license=[[GNU General Public License|GPL]] |
}}
'''Texmaker''' is a [[cross-platform]] [[open source]] [[LaTeX]] editor.

==Features==
* a unicode editor to write LaTeX source files (syntax highlighting, undo-redo, search-replace, spell checker...)
* the principal LaTex tags can be inserted directly with the "LaTeX" and "Math" menus
* 370 mathematical symbols can be inserted in just one click
* wizards to generate code ('Quick document', 'Quick letter', tabular, tabbing and array environments)
* LaTeX-related programs can be launched via the "Tools" menu
* the standard Bibtex entry types can be inserted in the ".bib" file with the "Bibliography" menu
* a "structure view" of the document for easier navigation of a document (by clicking on an item in the "Structure" frame, you can jump directly to the corresponding part of your document
* extensive LaTeX documentation
* in the "Messages / Log File" frame, one can see information about processes and the logfile after a LaTeX compilation
* the "Next Latex Error" and "Previous Latex Error" commands let you reach the LaTeX errors detected in the log file
* by clicking on the number of a line in the log file, the cursor jumps to the corresponding line in the editor
* an integrated LaTeX to html conversion tool

==See also==
{{Portal|Free software|Free Software Portal Logo.svg}}
*[[TeXnicCenter]]
*[[LaTeX-Editor (LEd)]]
*[[WinShell]]

==External links==
*[http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/ Texmaker website]

[[Category:Free TeX editors]]
[[Category:Linux TeX software]]

{{compu-soft-stub}}

[[de:Texmaker]]

Immunology basics

2005-02-11T18:57:14Z

80.223.185.85: fi: language link

'''Immunology''' is a broad branch of [[biomedical science|biomedical]] [[science]] that covers study of all aspects of the [[immune system]] in all [[organism]]s. It deals with, among other things, the [[physiology|physiological]] functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders ([[autoimmune diseases]], [[hypersensitivity|hypersensitivities]], [[immune deficiency]], [[transplant|allograph]] rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system [[in vitro]], [[in situ]], and [[in vivo]]. Immunology has various applications in several disciplines of science, and as such is further divided.

==Histological examination of the immune system==

Before even the concept of [[immunity]] was developed numerous early physicians characterised organs that would later prove to be part of the immune system. The key organs of the immune system are [[thymus]], [[spleen]], [[bone marrow]], [[lymphatic system|lymph vessels]], [[lymph node]]s and secondary lymphatic tissues such as [[tonsil]]s and [[adenoid]]s) and [[skin]]. The major organs, the thymus and spleen, are examined [[histology|histologically]] only post-mortem during [[autopsy]]. However some lymph nodes, and secondary lymphatic tissues can be [[surgery|surgically]] excised for examination while patients are still alive.

Many components of the immune system are actually [[cell (biology)|cell]]ular in nature and not associated with any specific organ, but imbedded or circulating in various [[tissue (anatomy)|tissues]] located about the body.

==Classical immunology==

Classical immunology ties in with the fields of [[epidemiology]] and [[medicine]]. It studies the relationship between the body systems, [[pathogen]]s and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the [[plague]] of [[Athens]] in [[430 BC]]. [[Thucydides]] noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could [[nurse]] the sick without coming down with the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenom but it was not until the [[19th century|19th]] and [[20th century|20th centuries]] before the concept developed into scientic theory.

The study of molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into [[innate immunity|innate immune system]], and [[adaptive immunity|acquired or adaptive immune system]], the latter of which is further divided into [[humoral immunity|humoral]] and [[cell-mediated immunity|cellular components]].

The mainstay of classical immunology has been the interaction between [[antibody|antibodies]] and [[antigen]]s. Without an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities, much of immunology would be non-existent.

In the [[21st century]] though, immunology has broadened its horizons with much research being performed in the more specialised niches of immunology. This includes the immunological function of cells, organs and systems not normally associated with immune system, as well as the function of the immune system outside classical models of immunity.

==Clinical immunology==

Clinical immunology is the study of [[disease]]s caused by the immune system and diseases of the immune system from a medical perspective.

Many diseases caused by the immune system fall into two broad categories: [[immunodeficiency]], in which parts of the immune system fail to provide an adequate response (examples include [[chronic granulomatous disease]]), and [[autoimmunity]], in which the immune system attacks its own antigens (examples include [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Hashimoto's disease]] and [[myasthenia gravis]]). Other immune system disorders include different [[hypersensitivity|hypersensitivities]], in which the system responds inappropriately to harmless compounds ([[asthma]] and [[allergies]]) or responds too intensively.

The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is [[Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome|AIDS]], caused by the [[HIV virus]]. AIDS is an immunodeficiency characterized by the lack of CD4+ ("helper") [[T cells]] and [[macrophages]], which are destroyed by the HIV virus.

Clinical immunologists also study ways to prevent [[transplant rejection]], in which the immune system attempts to destroy [[allograft]]s or [[xenograft]]s.

==Immunotherapy==

''See main article [[Immunotherapy]]''

The use of immune system components to treat a disease or disorder is known as immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is most commonly used in the context of the treatment of [[cancer]]s together with [[chemotherapy]] ([[drug]]s) and [[radiotherapy]] ([[electromagnetic radiation|radiation]]). However, immunotherapy is also often used in the immunosuppressed (such as [[HIV]] patients) and people suffering from other immune deficiencies or autoimmune diseases.

==Diagnostic immunology==

The specificity of the bond between antibody and antigen has made it an excellent tool in the detection of substances in a variety of diagnostic techniques. Antibodies specific for a desired [[antigen]] can be conjugated with a radiolabel, fluorescent label, or color-forming enzyme and are used as a "probe" to detect it.

Well known applications of this include [[immunoblot]]ting, [[ELISA]] and immunohistochemical staining of microscope slides. The speed, accuracy and simplicity of such tests has led to the development of rapid techniques for the diagnosis of disease, microbes and even illegal drugs ''[[in vivo]]'' (of course tests conducted in closed environmnet have a higher degree of accuracy). Such testing is also used to distinguish compatible [[blood type]]s.

==Evolutionary immunology==

Study of the immune system in extant and [[extinction|extinct]] species is capable of giving us a key understanding of the [[evolution]] of species and the immune system.

A development of complexity of the immune system can be seen from simple phagocytotic protection of single celled organisms, to circulating antimicrobial peptides in insects to lymphoid organs in vertebrates. Of course, like much of evolutionary, this is often seen from the [[anthropocentric]] aspect, but it must be recognised, that every organism's immune system is absolutely capable of protecting it from most forms of harm.

[[Insect]]s and other [[arthropod]]s, while not possessing true adaptive immunity, show highly evolved systems of innate immunity, and are additionally protected from external injury (and exposure to pathogens) by their [[chitin]]ous shells.

==See Also==
*[[Immune system]]
*[[autoimmunity]]

==References==
Goldsby RA, Kindt TK, Osborne BA and Kuby J (2003) '''Immunology''', 5th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, New York, ISBN 0-7167-4947-5

[[de:Immunologie]]
[[es:Inmunología]]
[[fi:Immunologia]]
[[fr:Immunologie]]
[[nl:Immunologie]]
[[ja:免疫学]]
[[pl:Immunologia]]
[[simple:Immunology]]
[[sv:Immunologi]]
[[zh:免疫学]]

[[Category:Immunology]]