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Ekman transport

2008-04-20T05:25:38Z

82.18.44.72: {{Oceanic gyres}}

{{Citations missing|date=April 2007}}
'''Ekman transport''', named for [[Vagn Walfrid Ekman]], is the natural process by which wind causes movement of water near the ocean surface. Each layer of water in the ocean drags with it the layer beneath. Thus the movement of each layer of water is affected by the movement of the layer above, or below in the case of a frictional bottom boundary layer.

It is obtained by vertically integrating the [[Ekman spiral]]. Because of the [[Coriolis effect]], the ocean's surface movement is 45° to the right of direction of surface wind in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], and 45° to the left in the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. The average movement of ocean water at all depths (and thus the Ekman transport) is 90° to the right of the wind in the Northern Hemisphere, and 90° to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. If such a current transports water away from a coast, it creates an [[upwelling]] of deep, nutrient-rich sea water. This has the effect of creating good fishing regions along coasts where this phenomenon occurs.

{{Oceanic gyres}}
==External links==

* [http://www.schonwalder.org/The/Ekman.htm What is Ekman transport ?]
* [http://soconnell.web.wesleyan.edu/ees106/lecture_notes/lecture13_106ocean_cir1/sld010.htm A figure explaining Ekman transport]

{{ocean-stub}}
[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Oceanography]]
[[Category:Fluid dynamics]]

[[es:Transporte de Ekman]]
[[fr:Transport d'Ekman]]
[[no:Ekmantransport]]
[[nn:Ekmantransport]]

German/Adverbial phrases

2007-05-16T21:39:55Z

82.18.163.246: /* Adverbial forms of adjectives */

{{German grammar}}
An [[adverb]] is a word that modifies the meaning of a [[verb]], and an [[adverbial phrase]] is combination of words that perform the same function. The [[German grammar|German]] language includes several different kinds of [[adverbial phrase]]s.

=== Native adverbs ===
Many [[adverb]]s are not derived from an [[adjective]]. Often they have very important meanings. For example, "nicht", "leider" or "gerne". (''not, unfortunately, gladly.'')

=== Accusative nouns with adverbial meaning ===
The duration or the spatial extent of a verb's action can be expressed by a nominal expression in the [[accusative case]].

"Das Kind malte die ganze Zeit Bilder" (''The child was painting pictures all the time'')

=== Adverbial forms of adjectives ===
Adverb formation is simpler in German than most other languages. An adverb is simply the uninflected form of the adjective (or [[participle]]). This holds for the [[positive (linguistics)|positive]], [[comparative]] and [[superlative]] forms.

:"schnell" (''fast, quickly'')
:"groß" (''big, substantially'')
:"fließend" (''fluent, fluently'')
:"schneller" (''faster, more quickly'')
:"am schönsten" (''most beautiful, most beautifully'')
:"fließender" (''more fluent, more fluently'')

The adverb can be used to describe actions, adjectives or other adverbs. Comparative and superlative forms are unusual in the last two situations.

:"Der Vogel fliegt schnell" (''the bird flies fast'')
:"Der Vogel fliegt am schnellsten" (''the bird flies the fastest'')
:"Der schrecklich hohe Berg." (''the awfully high mountain'') ''is different from "Der schreckliche hohe Berg"''
:"Ein schrecklich langsam wachsender Baum" (''a terribly slow-growing tree'')
:"Ein schneller wachsender Baum" (''a faster-growing tree'')

=== Prepositional phrases ===
A [[prepositional phrase]] consists of a nominal phrase and a [[preposition]] or [[postposition]]. The case of the nominal phrase can be accusative or dative. Some prepositions always take the accusative case and some always take the dative case. Students usually memorize these because the difference may not be intuitive. A third group of prepositions takes either the accusative case or the dative case depending on the phrase's exact meaning. If the statement describes movement across a boundary then the phrase is accusative. Other situations, including movement within a confined area, take the dative case. For example:

:"Ich schlafe im Haus." (dative case) (''I sleep inside the house.'') [im is a contraction of in & dem]
:"Ich laufe ins Haus." (accusative case) (''I run into the house.'') [ins is a contraction of in & das]
:"Ich laufe im Haus." (dative case) (''I run within the house.'')

Note that prepositions do not always have a [[locative]] meaning; they can also be modal or temporal adverbs, for example.

Prepositional phrases, being adverbial, may be used to describe actions and adjectives. They can also be attributes of a [[German grammar#Nominal phrases|nominal phrase]].

:"Ich gehe ins Haus" (''I go into the house'')
:"(Eis ist) während der Sommerzeit begehrt" (''ice-cream is much sought-after in the summertime'')

In some cases, the preposition and the article of the nominal phrase may or must [[Elision|elide]] together. This is similar to Italian.

:NOT "von dem Himmel" BUT "vom Himmel"

==== Pronominal adverb ====
A real position can be substituted by a [[pronominal adverb]].

:"auf dem Tisch" - "darauf" (''on the table - on there'') 
:"auf den Berg hinauf" - "dort hinauf" (''up the mountain - up there '')
:"während der Schulstunde" - "währenddessen" (''during the lesson - during it'')
:"der Gerechtigkeit wegen" - "deswegen" (''because of justice - because of it'')
:"mit dem Flugzeug" - "damit" (''by plane - by it'')

Pronominal adverbs may be preceded by an adverbial clause. See below.

==== Adverbial clause ====
Besides prepositional phrases and pronominal adverbs, there are also [[adverbial clause]]s. They can be applied to actions as well as to nominal phrases and pronominal adverbs.

:"Ich ging nach Hause, während die Sonne unterging" (''I went home as the sun was setting'')
:"damals" - "damals, als/während Helmut Kohl Bundeskanzler war" (''in those days, when/while Helmut Kohl was chancellor'')
:"in jenem Jahr" - "in jenem Jahr, als/während Helmut Kohl Bundeskanzler war" (''in that year, when/while Helmut Kohl was chancellor'')

Such a sentence can also completely replace a position or pronominal adverb.
(''The previous sentence needs to be clarified by someone knowledgeable'')
:"als Willy Brandt Bundeskanzler war" INSTEAD OF "damals, als Willy Brandt Bundeskanzler war" (''when Willy Brandt was chancellor / in those days when Willy Brandt was chancellor'')
:"wo die Sonne scheint" INSTEAD OF "am Himmel, wo die Sonne scheint" (''where the sun shines / in the sky, where the sun shines'')

===See also===
*[[German grammar]]
*[[Adverbial phrase]]

[[Category:German grammar]]

Archive:Béatrice of Vermandois

2007-02-06T19:38:07Z

82.18.125.110: cat tidy

'''Béatrice of Vermandois''', born around [[880]], died after [[931]], was the daughter of [[Herbert I, Count of Vermandois|Herbert I]], [[List of counts of Vermandois|Count of Vermandois]].

She married in [[895]] [[Robert I of France|Robert]] (d. 923), [[marquis of Neustrie]], who became the [[King of France]] in [[922]]. The had:

* [[Emma of France|Emma]], married around 918 to [[Rudolph of France|Rudolph]], [[Duke of Burgundy]], later King of France.
* [[Hugh the Great]], [[duke]] of the Franks, who was the father of [[Hugh Capet of France|Hugh Capet]].

{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Queens and Empresses of France|Queen of Western Francia]]|before=[[Eadgifu of England]]|after=[[Emma of France]]|years=[[922]]–[[923]]}}
{{end box}}

== Reference ==
* [[Patrick Van Kerrebrouck]], ''Nouvelle histoire généalogique de l'auguste maison de France'', vol. 1 : ''La Préhistoire des Capétiens (par [[Christian Settipani]])'', 1993

[[Category:French queen consorts]]
[[Category:Medieval women]]
[[Category:880s births]]
[[Category:10th century deaths]]

[[fr:Béatrice de Vermandois]]

{{France-noble-stub}}