IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Archive:Java tutorials

2007-06-17T19:27:28Z

82.243.133.6:

Welcome to the Java Tutorial, a learning project of the [[Topic:Java|Java Center]]! In this tutorial, you will learn all of the fundamentals of Java programming through examples and step-by-step explanations! This tutorial is designed for beginning programmers and programmers of a different language alike.

== How to use ==
All of the lessons can be found on the bottom of the page. Each page should have a discussion page if anyone has a specific question on the topic covered in the lesson. General questions/comments should be left in this discussion page.

== Java tutorial ==
=== Getting Started ===
* [[Java Tutorial/Installing Java|Installing Java]]
* [[Java Tutorial/Choosing the right text editor|Choosing the right text editor]]

=== Beginning Java ===
* [[Java Tutorial/Hello World!|Hello World!]]
* [[Java Tutorial/Control Structures I - Decision structures|Control Structures I - Decision structures]]
* [[Java Tutorial/Control Structures II - Looping|Control Structures II - Looping]]
* [[Java Tutorial/Methods|Methods]]
* [[Java Tutorial/Arrays|Arrays]]
* [[Java Tutorial/String and Character Manipulation|String and Character Manipulation]]

=== Object-Oriented Programming ===
* [[Java Tutorial/Objects|Objects]]
* [[Java Tutorial/Interfaces and abstract classes|Interfaces and abstract classes]]
* [[Java Tutorial/Inheritance and polymorphism|Inheritance and polymorphism]]

=== Advanced Java ===
* [[Java Tutorial/Exception Handling|Exception Handling]]
* [[Java Tutorial/Files and Streams|Files and Streams]]

=== Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) ===
* [[Java Tutorial/Applets|Applets]]
* [[Java Tutorial/Beginning GUIs|Beginning GUIs]]
* [[Java Tutorial/Basic GUIs|Basic GUIs]]
* [[Java Tutorial/Advanced GUIs|Advanced GUIs]]

== Reference section ==

== Java projects ==
These Java projects are designed for you to practice the skills you learn from the lessons found in this tutorial. Links to appropriate projects can be found in lessons as you read for your convenience.

=== Basic projects ===

=== Advanced projects ===

== Suggested reading ==
* [http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/ Sun Java Tutorial]

== External links ==
* [http://java.sun.com Java homepage]
* [http://java.com Resource for Java software]
* [http://java.net Java Collaboration]

[[fr:Java]]

Spanish

2007-06-08T18:52:02Z

82.243.133.6:

{{nav|Topic:Spanish}}
This is a '''disambiguation page''' for [[w:en:Spanish language|Spanish language]] courses. It is operated by teachers from [[Topic:Spanish|Spanish Language Division]]. It offers courses and projects of Spanish for "foreign learners" (SFL), but also for "native speakers" (SNS). Courses are divided into six categories. They are numbered and they may reflect [[w:en:Common European Framework of Reference for Languages|Common European Framework of Reference for Languages]]. The exact categorization wasn’t already established. If you are not sure about your level of knowledge, you can ask one of these teachers to test you: [[Topic:Spanish/Active Participants#Spanish Language Teachers|teacher list]].

'''Important:''' note that for one level, more courses may be offered. They are about the same topic, but using different methodology.

'''Note:''' if you would like to help visit the [[Topic:Spanish|Spanish Language Divison]] and/or [[Spanish: An Introduction/Teaching tools]].

== Spanish for Native Speakers ==
* …
== Spanish for Foreign Learners ==
*'''Spanish 1 - beginners'''
**[[Spanish/Spanish One|Spanish One]] - not active
**[[Spanish: An Introduction]]

*'''Spanish 2 - lower-intermediate'''
**[[Spanish/Spanish Two|Spanish Two]] - not active

*'''Spanish 3 - intermediate'''
** …

*'''Spanish 4 - upper-intermediate'''
** …

*'''Spanish 5 - advance'''
** …

*'''Spanish 6 - upper-advance'''
** …

== Projects ==
*[[Spanish/Bilingual Spanish-English Dictionary|Bilingual Spanish-English Dictionary]]
* …

[[Category:Spanish]]
[[Category:Spanish Language Division]]

[[fr:Département:Espagnol]]

Introductory Ancient Greek Language/Articles

2007-05-26T08:51:04Z

82.243.133.6: interwiki link to fr

== What is a Definite Article?==
The definite article we use in English is the word 'the' and its the only one we have. Ancient Greek has three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. The definite article will change accordingly. For those who have some background in Spanish or French this is the same difference between 'la' and 'le' in French and 'el' and 'la' in Spanish. We do not have this distinction in English.

Also unlike English, Greek differientiates between plural and singular. For, the comparison this is the 'los' and 'las' of Spanish or the 'les' of French.

Unlike most modern languages ancient Greek also has cases, and the definite article reflects this.

== Cases ==
Greek has five cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and vocative. Some of you taking this lesson may know what these words mean, but most probably won't. In English we use word order and helping words to understand what ancient Greek conveys with cases.

'''Nominative and Accusative'''

For, example take the sentence [The dog bites a cat.] In this sentence we understand that the dog is the subject doing the biting, while the cat is the direct object being bitten. In Greek the subject would be in the nominative case and the direct object in the accusative.

Because these cases explain to the reader what's happening in the sentence you can have a sentence structure in Greek such as [Cat bites dog.] which actually means that the dog bites the cat. This may be a little confusing, but this is just an introduction and it will make more sense when you see it in the actual Greek.

'''Dative'''

Words usually take the dative if they are indirect objects. In English we typically use the word 'with' to understand this. So, the sentence [The dog bites a cat with teeth.] would have 'dog' in the nominative since its the subject of the verb, 'cat' would be accusative since its the object, and 'teeth' would be dative.

'''Genitive'''

The genitive case primarily denotes belonging. We have some examples of the genitive case in English. This is the difference we find between the first person pronouns me and my. The sentence [Achilles' spear is bright] would have 'Achilles' in the genitive and 'spear' in nominative.

'''Vocative'''

Finally there is the vocative case which is only used when directly speaking to someone. Since ancient Greek is only used in the translation of texts you will rarely find this form. Examples would be in plays where a character addresses another.

== The Definite Article Table ==

{| border="1"'
|+ Singular
! !!Masculine !! Feminine!! Neuter
|-
!Nominative
| ὁ|| ἡ || τό
|-
!Genitive
|τοῦ||τῆς||τοῦ
|-
!Dative
|τῷ||τῇ||τῷ
|-
!Accusative
|τόν||τήν||τό
|-
!Vocative
|ὦ||ὦ||ὦ
|}

{| border="1"'
|+ Plural
! !!Masculine !! Feminine!! Neuter
|-
!Nominative
| οἱ||αἱ||τά
|-
!Genitive
|τῶν||τῶν||τῶν
|-
!Dative
|τοῖς||ταῖς||τοῖς
|-
!Accusative
|τούς||τᾱς||τά
|-
!Vocative
|ὦ||ὦ||ὦ
|}

[[Category:Ancient Greek Language]]

[[fr:Grec ancien/Cas]]

Introductory Ancient Greek Language/Basics

2007-05-26T08:49:00Z

82.243.133.6: interwiki link to fr

Learning a different alphabet may seem daunting at first, but Greek characters are very similar to the Latin ones English speakers are used to. Greek evolved from the Phoenicians who were the first recorded civilization to create an alphabet, and Latin similarly developed from Greek and other languages. The name alphabet itself comes from the words Alpha and Beta.

It's a lot to take in at one go so don't feel bad if you fail to remember all of these immediately. You will have plenty of time to get these characters under your belt. When you feel ready try to convert some Greek into English and some English into Greek below.

== The Letters, Greek orthography ==
The letters of the Greek alphabet look like this:
αβγδεζηθικ...

Here is more information about the letters

'''Alpha Α α '''

Short or long A pronounced like the English a in ''drama''.

'''Beta Β β '''

b

'''Gamma Γ γ '''

g

When followed by γ, κ, χ, or ξ it is pronounced like /ng/.

'''Delta Δ δ'''

d

'''Epsilon Ε ε'''

Short e pronounced like the e in ''bed''.

'''Zeta Ζ ζ'''

Commonly pronounced like z, however, it is more correctly the combination of a separate s and d sound as in the word ''wisdom''.

'''Eta Η η '''

Long a, e pronounced like ''hate''.

'''Theta Θ θ '''

Often pronounced simply as /th/ however it is more correctly pronounced as ''pothole''.

'''Iota Ι ι'''

This letter's name is pronounced as ''yota'' (not ''ee-ota'' or 'eye-ota' as is common). Pronounced as short or long English /i/.

'''Kappa Κ κ'''

k

'''Lambda Λ λ'''

l

'''Mi Μ μ'''

m

'''Ni Ν ν'''

n

'''Xi Ξ ξ'''

ks or x

'''Omicron Ο ο'''

Short o. The name itself means ''little o'', ''mikron'' being the Greek word for ''small''.

'''Pi Π π'''

p

'''Rho Ρ ρ'''

r

'''Sigma Σ σ,ς'''

s. It is written as σ when in the middle of a word, but as ς when at the end.

'''Taf Τ τ'''

t

'''Ypsilon Υ υ'''

y

Pronounced as in French ''tu'' or German ''über''

'''Phi Φ φ'''

Commonly pronounced as /f/ as in ''philosopher'', but is more correctly pronounced as in ''tophat''

'''Chi Χ χ'''

The name of this letter is pronounced "kee". Pronounced as in ''khaki''

'''Psi Ψ ψ'''

ps

'''Omega Ω ω'''

Long o. The name means big "o" since mega is Greek for large.

== Short and Long Syllables ==

Ancient Greek has short and long syllables. It is important to know which is which in order to understand some points about accents (lesson 2). Long syllables are held for approximately twice as long as short syllables.

Long syllables: ᾱ, ῡ, ῑ, η, ω, αυ, ευ, ηυ, υι, ει, ου, οι, αι

Short syllables: α, υ, ι, ε, ο

'''NB:''' αι and οι are considered short when at the end of a word.

== Latinization ==

Through history Greek names have been translated according to a Latin form, which English typically uses.

υ to y

κ to c

αι to ae

οι to oe

== Activities ==

Convert these English words to Greek characters.

Sparta
Spartans
philosopher
museum
nectar
genesis
angel
mētropolis
thōrax
critērion

Convert these Greek words to English.

Δελφι
Μιδας
Ξερξης
Λεωνιδας
Θερμοπυλη
κυκλοψ
κυδος

== Answers ==
<div class="NavFrame" style="clear:left; text-align: center; border: 0px; width:200px">
<div class="NavHead" style="background-color:transparent; text-align:left"> Click Expand to see answers:</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left">
Σπαρτα
Σπαρτανς
φιλοσοφερ
μυσευμ
νεκταρ
γενεσις
αγγελ
μητροπολις
θωραξ
κριτηριον

</div>
</div>
<div class="NavEnd"> </div>

<div class="NavFrame" style="clear:left; text-align: center; border: 0px; width:200px">
<div class="NavHead" style="background-color:transparent; text-align:left"> Click Expand to see answers:</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left">
Delphi
Midas
Xerxēs
Leōnidas
Thermopylae (literally Thermopulē)
Cyclops (literally Kuklops)
kudos

</div>
</div>
<div class="NavEnd"> </div>

[[Category:Ancient Greek Language]]|[[Learning activities]]

[[fr:Alphabet/Grec ancien]]