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Archive:Jugular foramen

2008-04-29T22:57:57Z

82.35.65.182: /* Contents */

{{Infobox Anatomy |
Name = {{PAGENAME}} |
Latin = |
GraySubject = 46 |
GrayPage = 181 |
Image = Foramenjugulare.PNG |
Caption = Base of [[skull]]. Inferior surface. (label for jugular foramen is at right, third from the bottom)|
System = |
MeshName = |
MeshNumber = |
}}
The '''jugular [[foramen]]''', a large [[aperture]] in the [[base of the skull]]. It is located behind the [[carotid canal]] and is formed in front by the [[petrous]] portion of the [[temporal]], and behind by the [[occipital]]; it is generally larger on the right than on the left side

==Contents==
The jugular foramen may be subdivided into three compartments, each with their own contents.

* The ''anterior'' compartment transmits the [[inferior petrosal sinus]].
* The ''intermediate'' transmits the [[glossopharyngeal]], [[vagus]], and [[accessory nerve]]s.
* The ''posterior'' transmits the sigmoid sinus (becoming the internal jugular vein) and some meningeal branches from the [[occipital]] and [[ascending pharyngeal]] arteries.

==Additional images==
<gallery>
Image:Gray193.png|Base of the skull. Upper surface.
</gallery>

==External links==
* {{SUNYAnatomyFigs|22|5b|12}}
* {{SUNYAnatomyFigs|22|4a|08}}
* {{NormanAnatomy|cranialnerves}} ({{NormanAnatomyFig|IX}}, {{NormanAnatomyFig|XI}})
* {{RocheLexicon|34257.000-1}}
* [http://spinwarp.ucsd.edu/NeuroWeb/Anatomy/tmp-1.html UCSD]

{{Gray's}}
{{Sutures}}
{{Foramina of skull}}
[[Category:Foramina of the skull]]

{{musculoskeletal-stub}}

[[fr:Foramen jugulaire]]
[[hu:Foramen jugulare]]

Oil and Gas Industry metering and control system

2007-08-28T14:55:17Z

82.35.235.53: cleanup jargon

{{cleanup-confusing|December 2006}}
{{cleanup-jargon}}
{{Essay-entry|article}}


===Introduction===
Remote Gas well sites require local flow metering of the mineral reserve's gas flow rate for asset and revenue accounting purposes.

Traditionally, local flow metering was done using high maintenance mechanical circular chart recorders. Today these have been replaced with electrically powered [[RTU]]s, i.e., Remote Terminal Units. Multiple remote terminal units communicate to a central host system via [[radio]] systems or tap into the [[cellular phone]] system. The host (or Central Control Room) communicates with the RTUs and radio communication infrastructure is referred to as a [[SCADA]] system, i.e., Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition.
In addition to gas flow metering, the RTU also provides some local, self-contained, site control such as well shut-in in the event of abnormal gas flow conditions. However the bulk of the RTU's function is to provide the host with site specific [[data]] which includes the above mentioned gas flow metering data, plus process related data including pipeline and/or well pressure, condensate tank levels etc.

===Not all RTUs are the same===
The distinguishing feature of the remote gas well RTU is a "gas flow computer". This is essentially a sophiscated subprogram or flow computer algorithm. The oil well RTU is much less complex since liquid oil flow metering is simpler. In the case of electrical utility RTU, there is a critical need for precise event time monitoring so that the first breaker to trip (closest to the fault) can be determined.
As these sites are remote such that utility electrical power is rarely available, the RTUs must be powered by an array of [[Photovoltaic module|solar panel]]s plus batteries. The batteries enable the RTU to continue to function when the sun is below the horizon or is obscured by heavy cloud cover. These RTUs also must be extremely rugged and energy efficient, i.e., must function to -35 °C. Energy efficient RTUs vastly reduce the cost of the solar battery system especially at higher latitudes.

== References ==
<div class="messagebox cleanup metadata">This {{{1|article or section}}} does not cite its '''[[{{SITENAME}}:Citing sources|references or sources]].'''<br> You can [[{{SITENAME}}:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check|help]] Wikipedia by introducing appropriate citations.</div>

[[Category:Energy development]]

{{energy-stub}}

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2005-07-04T11:16:07Z

82.35.107.44: /* 21st century */

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Cæsar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon]]s and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Dark Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[India]], the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and ancient period===
* [[Roman_invasion_of_Britain|Roman Invasion]] (43)
**[[Manduessedum]] (61)
**[[Battle of Mons Graupius]] (83)

===Mediæval period===
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred_the_Great#Public_life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Hastings]] (1066) - last successful invasion of the British Isles by a foreign force
* [[Rebellion of 1088]]
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]]
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189)
* [[Welsh Uprising of 1211]]
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217)
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267)
* [[Welsh Uprising of 1282]]
* [[Wars of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1333)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453)
** [[Battle of Agincourt]] (1415)
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485)
** [[Battle of Bosworth Field]] (1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last British king to die in combat

===Early Modern period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Eighty_Years%27_War#Overseas_assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
** [[Spanish Armada]] (1588)
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651)
** [[Bishops' Wars]] (1639–1640)
** [[English Civil War]] (1642–1651)
** [[Scottish Civil War]] (1644–1645)
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685)
** [[Battle of Sedgemoor]] (1685)
* [[War of the Grand Alliance]] (or [[King William's War]]) (1688–1697)
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689–1746)
** [[Battle of Preston (1715)]]
** Clifton Moor, near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle on the [[Great Britain|British]] mainland
* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
*[[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713)
**[[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742)
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)

===Modern Period===
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775 to 1783)
*[[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815)
** [[Battle of Trafalgar]] (1805)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
* [[War of 1812|British-American War]] (1812)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Gurkha War]] (1814-1816)
* [[Peterloo massacre]] (1819)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856)
** [[Charge of the Light Brigade]]
* The [[Indian Mutiny]] (1857)
** The [[Siege of Lucknow]]
** The [[Storming of Delhi]]
* [[Second Opium War]] (or ''The Arrow War'') (1856–1860)
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[Boer War]] ( 1880–1881 and 1899–1902)
** [[Siege of Mafeking]] (1899–1900)

===20th century===
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919-1923)
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918)
* [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937-1945)
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945)
** [[British military history of World War II]]
*** [[British Commandos]]
*** [[Bletchley Park]]
* [[Cold War]] (1945–1991)
* [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953)
* [[Mau Mau|Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960)
* [[History_of_Cyprus#Proposed_Union_with_Greece|Cyprus Emergency]] (1955–1959)
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956)
* [[History of Brunei|Brunei Uprising]] (1962)
* [[Konfrontasi]] (1962–1966)
* [[Aden#The Aden Emergency|Aden Emergency]] (1963–1967)
* [[Icelandic Cod War]] (1975–1976)
* [[Falklands War]] (1982)
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991)
* [[Bosnian War|The Bosnian War]] ([[IFOR]]) (1995–1996)
* [[Kosovo War|The Kosovo War]] (1999)

===21st century===
* [[Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone Civil War]] (2000)
* [[2001 Afghanistan War|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–2002)
* [[2003 invasion of Iraq|Second Gulf War]] (2002-Present)

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
* [[Martello tower]]s

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
* [[Royal Navy]]
* [[Royal Scottish Navy]] (until 1707)
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
* [[Auld Alliance]] ([[1165]]-[[1560]])
===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)
* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])
* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])
* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - ?)

===British military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1704]]-)
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

----

==See also==
* [[Pax Britannica]]

* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[Military of the United Kingdom]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]

* [[British military rank insignia]]

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]