IdeaWazaWiki - User contributions [en]

Precipitation (chemistry)

2008-06-09T18:20:33Z

84.67.205.201: /* Mechanism */

[[Image:Chemical precipitation diagram.png|thumb|right|Chemical Precipitation]]
{{about|a chemical [[separation process]]|other uses|Precipitation (disambiguation)}}
'''Precipitation''' is the formation of a [[solid]] in a [[solution]] during a [[chemical reaction]]. When the reaction occurs, the solid formed is called the '''precipitate''', and the liquid remaining above the solid is called the '''supernate'''.

== Uses of precipitation reactions ==
Precipitation reactions can be used for making [[pigments]], removing [[salts]] from water in [[water treatment]], and for qualitative [[chemical analysis]].

This effect is useful in many [[industrial]] and [[scientific]] applications whereby a chemical reaction may produce a solid that can be collected from the solution by various methods (e.g. [[filtration]], [[decanting]], [[centrifugation]]). Precipitation from a [[solid solution]] is also a useful way to [[precipitation strengthening|strengthen]] [[alloy]]s; this process is known as [[solid solution strengthening]].

== Mechanism ==
Precipitation can occur when an [[solubility|insoluble]] substance is formed in the [[solution (chemistry)|solution]] due to a [[chemical reaction]] or when the solution has been [[supersaturated]] by a [[compound (chemistry)|compound]]. The formation of a precipitate is a sign of a [[chemical change]]. In most situations, the solid forms ("falls") out of the solute phase, and sinks to the bottom of the solution (though it will float if it is less dense than the solvent, or form a [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]).

The solid may reaich the bottom of a container by means of [[settling]], [[sediment]]ation, or [[centrifugation]].

An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of [[nucleation]]. The creation of a hypothetical solid [[particle]] includes the formation of an [[interface (chemistry)|interface]], which requires some [[energy (chemistry)|energy]] based on the relative [[surface energy]] of the solid and the solution. If this energy is not available, and no suitable nucleation surface is available, [[supersaturation]] occurs.

== Representation using chemical equations ==
An example of a precipitation reaction: Aqueous [[silver nitrate]] (AgNO3) is added to a solution containing [[potassium chloride]] (KCl) and the precipitation of a white solid, [[silver chloride]] is observed. (Zumdahl, 2005)

:AgNO3 (aq) + KCl (aq) → AgCl (s) + KNO3 (aq)

The silver chloride(AgCl) has formed a solid, which is observed as a precipitate.

This reaction can be written emphasizing the [[dissociation|dissociated]] [[ions]] in a combined solution. This is known as the [[ionic equation]].
:Ag+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) + K+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) → AgCl (s) + K+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)

A final way to represent a precipitate reaction is known as a ''net ionic reaction''. In this case, any [[spectator ions]] (those which do not contribute to the reaction) are left out of the formula completely. This simplifies the above equations to the following:
:Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) → AgCl (s)

==Cation sensitivity==
Precipitate formation is useful in the detection of the type of [[cation]] in [[salt]]. To do this, an [[alkali]] first reacts with the unknown salt to produce a precipitate which is the [[hydroxide]] of the unknown salt. To identify the cation, the color of the precipitate and its solubility in excess are noted. Similar processes are often used to separate chemically similar elements, such as the [[Alkali earth metals]].

==Digestion==
Digestion, or ''precipitate ageing'', happens when a freshly-formed precipitate is left, usually at a higher [[temperature]], in the solution from which it is precipitated. It results in cleaner and bigger particles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ktf-split.hr/glossary/en_o.php?def=digestion |title=Chemical dictionary definition |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> The physico-chemical process underlying digestion is called [[Ostwald ripening]].

==Coprecipitation==
{{main|coprecipitation}}
Coprecipitation is the carrying down by a precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed. It is an important issue in chemical analysis, where it is often undesirable, but in some cases it can be exploited. In [[gravimetric analysis]], it is a problem because undesired impurities often coprecipitate with the analyte, resulting in excess mass. On the other hand, in the analysis of trace elements, as is often the case in [[radiochemistry]], coprecipitation is often the only way of separating an element.

==References==
*Zumdahl, Steven S. ''Chemical Principles.'' 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.
*Mark Smith ''Principles of Science'' 1993
{{reflist}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2008}}

==Further reading==
*Banert, T., Brenner, G., Peuker, U. A. (2006), Operating parameters of a continuous sono-chemical precipitation reactor, Proc. 5. WCPT, Orlando Fl., 23.-27. April 2006.

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Solid precipitation}}
* [http://www.hielscher.com/ultrasonics/precipitation_01.htm Continuous Precipitation Using Ultrasonication (e.g. for nano-size magnetite particles)]
* http://www.answers.com/supernatant

[[Category:Separation processes]]
[[Category:Chemical processes]]

[[ca:Precipitació (química)]]
[[da:Fældningsreaktion]]
[[de:Fällung]]
[[es:Precipitado]]
[[fr:Précipité]]
[[gl:Precipitación (reacción)]]
[[it:Precipitazione (chimica)]]
[[he:תגובת שיקוע]]
[[nl:Neerslag (scheikunde)]]
[[ja:沈殿]]
[[no:Fellingsreaksjon]]
[[nn:Fellingsreaksjon]]
[[pt:Precipitação (química)]]
[[ru:Преципитат (химия)]]
[[su:Présipitasi]]
[[sv:Utfällning]]
[[ur:عمل ترسیب]]
[[zh:沉淀]]

Military history of the peoples of the British Islands

2007-05-08T19:35:13Z

84.67.73.180: /* List of British military institutions */

{{UKHBS}}

'''British military history''' is a long and varied topic, extending from the [[prehistoric]] and ancient historic period, through the [[Roman invasion of Britain|Roman invasion]]s of [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Claudius]] and subsequent Roman occupation; [[war]]fare in the [[Mediaeval]] period, including the invasions of the [[Saxon people|Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s in the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Norman Conquest]], and wars against [[France]]; through the [[Early Modern]] period, wars against [[Spain]] and [[France]], and the [[English Civil War]], and the beginnings of the colonial [[British Empire]] in [[Colonial India|India]] and [[British colonization of the Americas|North America]]; and into the Modern period with the wars of [[Duke of Marlborough]] and against [[Napoleon]], the [[Crimean War]] and into the [[20th century]] with the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the [[Cold War]] the [[Korean War]]; and, most recently, [[Northern Ireland]], the [[Falklands War]] and military operations in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]].

==List of British military encounters==
===Prehistoric and Classical period===
* [[Roman conquest of Britain]] (43)
* [[Boudica#Boudica.27s uprising|Boudica's uprising]] (61)
** [[Battle of Watling Street]]

===Mediæval period===
* [[Battle of Aylesford]] (455) Anglo-Saxons
* [[Battle of Ellandun]]
* [[Viking Britain|Viking invasions]] (793–1066)
** Raid on [[Lindisfarne]] (793)
** [[Alfred the Great#Public life|Campaign of Alfred the Great]] (871–899)
*** [[Battle of Edington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Cannington]] (878)
** [[Battle of Ashingdon]] (1016)
** [[Battle of Fulford]] (1066)
** [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (1066)
* [[Norman Conquest of England]] (1066)
* [[Rebellion of 1088]] - civil war
* [[The Anarchy]] (1135–1154) - civil war
* [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - civil war
* [[Third Crusade]] (1189-1192)
* Richard I's war in France
* [[Welsh Uprising (1211)|Welsh Uprising]] (1211)
* [[Battle of Bouvines]] (1214) - loss of Normandy
* [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - civil war
* Henry III's war in France
* [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - civil war
* [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - civil war
* Edward I's war in France
* [[First War of Scottish Independence|The First War of Scottish Independence]] (1296–1328)
* Edward II's war in France
* [[Second War of Scottish Independence|The Second War of Scottish Independence]] (1332–1357)
* [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337 to 1453) against France
** War of Edward III (1337 to 1360) - victory
** War of Charles the Wise (1369 to 1396) - defeat
** War of Henry V (1415 to 1422) - victory
** War of Charles the Victorious (1428 to 1453) - defeat
* [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat - civil war

===Early Modern period===
* [[Italian Wars]] (1494 – 1559)
** [[War of the League of Cambrai]] (1511-1513)
** [[Italian War of 1521]] (1521-1525)
** [[Italian War of 1542]] (1542-1546)
** [[Italian War of 1551]] (1557-1559)
* [[Cornish Rebellion of 1497|Cornish Rebellion]] (1497)
* [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] (1513; 1544-1551)
* [[Calais|Loss of Calais]] (1558) - then England's last continental possession
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585-1604)
* [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] (1594–1603)
* [[Eighty Years' War#Overseas assistance|Eighty Years' War]] (1598–1648)
* [[First Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1609–1613) - North America
* [[Second Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1622) - North America
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1625)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1625-1630) (As a small part of the Thirty Years' War)
* [[Anglo-French War (1626)|Anglo-French War]] (1626-1629)
* [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - civil war
** [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
** [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
** [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
** [[English Civil War]] (1642–1651)
*** [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
*** [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|civil war in Scotland]] (1644–1647)
*** [[Second English Civil War]] (1648)
*** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
*** [[Third English Civil War]] (1650–1651)
* [[Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] (1644) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652–1654)
* [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1654–1660)
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665–1667)
* [[War of Devolution]] (1667–1668)
* [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672–1674)
* [[King Philip's War]] (1675–1676) - North America
* [[Bacon's Rebellion|Virginia Rebellion]] (1676)
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - civil war
* [[Nine Years War]] (1688–1697) - England, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France
**[[King William's War]] (1688–1697) - North America
* [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689-91; 1715-16; 1719; 1745-46) - Civil War
** [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
** [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
** [[Clifton Moor Skirmish]], near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
** [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1713) - Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and Holland v France and Spain
** [[Queen Anne's War]] (1702–1713)
* [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720) - Great Britain, France, Austria and Holland v Italy and Spain
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1742) - Great Britain v Spain
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1742–1748) - Great Britain, Austria and Holland v France and Germany
** [[King George's War]] (1744–1748)
* [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) - the first "world war"
** [[French and Indian War]] (1754–1763) - Great Britain and Germany v Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, Spain and Portugal
** [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] (1759–1763) - North America
* [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] (1763–1766) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1766–1769) - India
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (1775–1783) - North America
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782) - India
* [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] (1780–1784)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1789–1792) - India

===19th Century===
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802) - Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Russia, Germany v France
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the First Coalition|War of the First Coalition]] (1793–1797)
** [[French Revolutionary Wars#War of the Second Coalition|War of the Second Coalition]] (1798–1801)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799) - India
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]] (1798)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815) - Great Britain, Prussia, Austria, Sweden and Russia v France
** [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|South American War]] (1806–1807)
** [[Anglo-Turkish war 1807-1809|Anglo-Turkish War]] (1807–1809)
** [[Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812|Anglo-Russian War]] (1807–1812)
** [[Gunboat War]] (1807–1814)
** [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814)
** [[Hundred Days]] (1815)
* [[Kandian Wars|First Kandian War]] (1803–1804) - India
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805) - India
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806) - India
* [[Anglo-Dutch Java War]] (1810–1811)
* [[War of 1812]] (1812–1815)
* [[The Gurkha War|Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Kandian Wars|Second Kandian War]] (1815) - India
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818) - India
* [[First Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1823–1826)
* [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[Lower Canada Rebellion]] (1837)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
**[[Battle of Ghazni]]
* [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) - Great Britain v China
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846) - India
* [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]] (1845–1872)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849) - India
* [[Second Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War ]] (1852)
* [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856) - Great Britain, France, Turkey, and Piedmont-Sardinia v Russia
* [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860) - Great Britain and France v China
* [[Anglo-Persian War|Anglo-Persian War (1856–1857)]] - Great Britain and Persia
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] (1857)
* [[Pig War]] (1859) - Great Britain v USA
* [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] (1865)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878-1880)
* [[Anglo-Zulu War]] (1879)
* [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Gun War]] (1880–1881)
* [[Mahdist War]] (1881–1899)
* [[Third Burmese War|Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]] (1896)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900) - Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and USA v China
* [[Anglo-Aro war]] (1901-1902) - Nigeria

===20th Century===
* [[World War I]] (1914–1918) - Great Britain, France, Belgium, Serbia, Italy, Russia, United States v Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey
* [[Easter Rising]] (1916) - Ireland
* [[Russian Civil War]] (1918–1922)
* [[European influence in Afghanistan#Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence|Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Anglo-Irish War]] (1919–1921)
* [[World War II]] (1939–1945)
** [[Pacific War|The Pacific War]] (1937–1945) Britain, USA and China v Japan
** [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] (1941)
* [[Greek Civil War]] (1941–1949)
* [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960)
* [[Korean War]] (1950–1953)
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–1960)
* [[History of Cyprus#Proposed Union with Greece|Cyprus Emergency]] (1955–1959)
* [[Suez Crisis]] (1956)
* [[Brunei Revolt]] (1962)
* [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] (1962–1966)
* [[Aden#The Aden Emergency|Aden Emergency]] (1963–1967)
* [[Troubles|Northern Ireland Troubles]] (1969-mid 1990s)
* [[Cod War|Cod War Confrontation]] (1975–1976)
* [[Falklands War]] (1982)
* [[Gulf War|The First Gulf War]] (1990–1991)
* [[Bosnian War|The Bosnian War]] (1995–1996)
* [[Kosovo War|The Kosovo War]] (1999)
* [[Operation Palliser|Sierra Leone Civil War]] (2000)

===21st century===
* [[United States war in Afghanistan|The Afghanistan War]] (2001–Present)
* [[Iraq War]] and [[Iraqi insurgency]] (2003–Present)

===List of Civil Wars===
# [[Rebellion of 1088]] - in [[England]] and [[Normandy]]
# [[The Anarchy]] (1135–1154) - in [[England]]
# [[Revolt of 1173-1174]] - in [[England]], [[Normandy]], and [[Anjou]]
# [[First Barons' War]] (1215–1217) - in [[England]]
# [[Second Barons' War]] (1264–1267) - in [[England]]
# [[Welsh Uprising (1282)|Welsh Uprising]] (1282) - in [[England]] and [[Wales]]
# [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) - in [[England]] and [[Wales]]; [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last English king to die in combat
# [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1639–1651) - in [[England]], [[Wales]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]]
#* [[Bishops Wars#First Bishops.27 War .281639.29|First Bishops' War]] (1639)
#* [[Bishops Wars#Second Bishops.27 War .281640.29|Second Bishops' War]] (1640)
#* [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]] (1641)
#* [[First English Civil War]] (1642–1646)
#* [[Irish Confederate Wars#The Confederate.E2.80.99s war - 1642-48|The Confederate’s War ]] (1642-1648)
#* [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (1644–1647)
#* [[Second English Civil War]] (1648)
#* [[Third English Civil War]] (1650–1651)
#* [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649)
# [[Monmouth Rebellion]] (1685) - in [[England]]
# [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Rebellions]] (1689-91; 1715-16; 1719; 1745-46) - in [[England]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]]
#* [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1688–1691)
#* [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690) - last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
#* [[Clifton Moor]], near Penrith (1745) - last battle on [[England|English]] soil
#* [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746) - last battle in [[Great Britain]]
# [[American Revolutionary War]] (1775–1783) - Effectively Civil War with Loyalists fighting Revolutionaries

==List of fortifications in Britain==
===Roman & ancient===
* [[Hadrian's Wall]] AD 122
* [[Antonine Wall]] AD 142

===Mediæval===
* Castles in the UK
** [[Castles in England]]
** [[Castles in Northern Ireland]]
** [[Castles in Scotland]]
** [[Castles in Wales]]

===1600s===
*[[Royal Citadel, Plymouth|The Royal Citadel]]

===Georgian & Victorian===
*[[Fort Bovisand]]
*[[Crownhill Fort]]
*[[Martello tower]]s
*[[Picklecombe Fort]]
*[[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]

===World War II Stop Lines===
* [[Avon Stop Line]]
* [[Colchester Stop Line]]
* [[Coquet Stop Line]]
* [[GHQ Line]]
* [[Outer London Defence Ring]]
* [[Ringwood West Line]]
* [[Salisbury West Stop Line]]
* [[Taunton Stop Line]]

==List of British military institutions==
''See main article: [[British Armed Forces]]''

* [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Marines]]
** [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]
* [[British Army]]
** [[New Model Army]] (1645)
** [[Territorial Army]] (1907)
** [[Kitchener's Army]] (1914)
** [[Auxiliary Units]] (1940s)
** [[Home Guard]] (1940s)
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Ordnance Factory]]

* [[National Service]] (1949 - 1960)
** [[Joint Services School for Linguists]]

==List of British military alliances==
===Scottish military alliances===
*[[Auld Alliance]] ([[1295]]-[[1560]])

The Auld Alliance refers to a treaty of mutual defence concluded between [[France]] and [[Scotland]] in October 1295. It was renewed in 1326 in the [[Treaty of Corbeil]] and at several points thereafter. It provides for assistance if either of the parties to the treaty is attacked by a third nation. Though no third party nation is named, the treaty was most often invoked against [[England]]. In the early 1330s the [[French king]] [[Philip VI of France|Philip VI]] offered active military support to his ally during the [[Second War of Scottish Independence]], amongst other things providing a refuge for the infant [[David II]]. In [[1346]] David, who had returned home in 1341, invaded England to take the pressure off the French, recently defeated at the [[Battle of Crécy]], only to be defeated himself at the [[Battle of Neville's Cross]]. In [[1421]], at the [[Battle of Baugé]], French and Scots forces defeated an English army, their first such reverse in open battle during the [[Hundred Years War]]. In [[1429]] Scots came to the aid of [[Joan of Arc]] in the relief of [[Orléans]]; many went on to form the [[Garde Écossaise]], the bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish soldiers chose to settle in France, although they continued to consider themselves Scots. In 1513 [[Louis XII]], under threat from [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], asked [[James IV]] to launch a diversionary attack on northern England. James complied, only to meet defeat and death at the [[Battle of Flodden]]. The alliance was finally ended by the 1560 [[Treaty of Edinburgh]]. By this time the Scots saw the Catholic French as a greater threat to their liberty than their fellow Protestants in England.

===English military alliances===
* [[Anglo-Portuguese alliance]] ([[1386]]-)

The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal, signed in 1373, is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. Many times in history, this alliance has served England (and later Britain). This treaty largely influenced the British involvement in the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] [[Peninsular War]]. The last time that this treaty affected British history was during the 1982 Falklands War, when the facilities of the [[Azores]] were again offered to the British Royal Navy.

* [[Catholic League (Italian)|Holy League]] ([[1510]] to [[1513]])

The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The Kingdom of England participated in the alliance of the Holy League against France (1511–13). The Kingdom Scotland briefly took part in the war as an ally of France.

* [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] ([[1668]])

The Triple Alliance of 1668 consisted of England, Sweden, and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). It was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV's France in the War of Devolution.

* [[Grand Alliance]] ([[1689]] - 1697)
The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The league was named the 'Grand Alliance' after England had joined it. The primary reason for the League's creation was to defend the Palatinate from France. This organization fought the War of the Grand Alliance against France from 1688 to 1697.

===British military alliances===
* [[Triple Alliance (1717)]]
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between United Kingdom, France and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands), against Spain.
* [[Triple Alliance (1788)]]
The Triple Alliance of 1788 was an alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the Republic of the United Provinces (the Netherlands) against France.
* [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] (1902-1923)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London on January 30, 1902 by [[Lord Lansdowne]] (British foreign secretary) and [[Hayashi Tadasu]] (Japanese minister in London). The alliance was renewed and extended twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923. This alliance helped the British contain Russia and helped Britain's navy by providing coaling stations and repair facilities.
* [[Entente Cordiale]] (1904)
The Entente Cordiale (French for "friendly understanding") is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. It resolved differences concerning influence and control in various countries including Egypt, Morocco, Madagascar, Newfoundland, Siam (Thailand), West and Central Africa. The agreement also acknowledged the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. The year after its signing, Britain's sympathetic attitude toward France's position in Morocco helped to ward off a challenge from Germany to the status quo in the North African kingdom (the Tangier Crisis). The agreement also paved the way for the diplomatic and military cooperation that preceded World War I.
* [[Triple Entente]] (1908)
The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. France and Britain had already signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904, and France had signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894.
* [[NATO]] ([[1949]]-)
* [[Western European Union]] ([[1954]]-)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangement]] ([[1971]]-)

==See also==
* [[British Armed Forces]]
* [[Pax Britannica]]
* [[History of Britain]]
** [[History of the United Kingdom]]
** [[British Empire]]
* [[UK topics]]
** [[The United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction]]
** [[History of the British Army]]
** [[History of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of battles (geographic)]]
* [[List of wars]]
* [[British military rank insignia]]
* [[United Kingdom Casualties of War]]

==External links==
*[http://www.remuseum.org.uk/rem_his_history.htm Royal Engineers Museum] - Royal Engineers History

==References==
{{unreferenced|date=December 2005}}

{{Europe in topic|Military history of}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom| ]]

The Railway Stories

2007-02-23T14:16:04Z

84.67.195.244: /* Record Details */ added further titles

'''''The Railway Stories''''' are a series of audio adaptations of [[The Railway Series]] books by the [[W.V. Awdry|Rev. W Awdry]] and his son [[Christopher Awdry|Christopher]].

Every one of the 40 books in the series has been recorded by one of five different narrators: [[Johnny Morris]], [[William Rushton]], [[Ted Robbins]], [[Michael Angelis]], and even the Rev. Awdry himself.

=Rev. W. Awdry recordings=
The very first known audio adaptation was a 7" (33⅓rpm) [[EP]] narrated by the [[W.V. Awdry|Rev. Awdry]] himself ([http://www.pegnsean.net/~railwayseries/awdryania.htm see photo]), with "background effects taken from real engines".

This record, released in 1957 by Chiltern Records of [[Princes Risborough]], contained two stories – ''Edward's Day Out'' and ''Edward and Gordon'' – from the first book in the Railway Series: [[List of Railway Series Books#The Three Railway Engines|''The Three Railway Engines'']].

Examples of this recording are extremely rare.

=Johnny Morris recordings (Delysé)=
The first widely-available recordings were narrated by [[Johnny Morris]] and released in the early 1960's by the Delysé Recording Company. Each 7" (45rpm) [[vinyl record]] contained two stories, taken from the first eight books of The Railway Series. The recordings were released in [[monaural|mono]].

The front of the record sleeve showed an original illustration from the story in the original book. While on the back, there was a list of the other recordings in "The Railway Engine Series" [sic], together with an introduction from the [[W.V. Awdry| Rev. Awdry]]:

{{cquote|''My father was a railway enthusiast and brought me up accordingly. Our home at Box, Wiltshire, was near the Great Western main line and listening to heavy freights clawing up the grade it was not hard to imagine train engine and banker talking to each other, and for me, steam engines developed personality.'' 
''So when my son caught measles at the age of three I told him these stories to amuse him. They were not written down at first, I made them up as I went along. But I had to tell them so often, carefully using the same words, that both he and I soon knew them by heart.'' 
''It was only later, at my wife's suggestion, that I wrote them down, so that other children besides our own might have pleasure from them too.''      — Rev. W. Awdry
}}

The label on the record was also quite distinctive, showing a smiling red engine on a blue/white background. The label was carefully designed so that the [[record player]] spindle fitted through the engine's 'nose'! No attempt had been made to make the engine look like one of those from the stories.

===Record Details===
Stories from Book 1 - [[List of Railway Series Books#The Three Railway Engines|''The Three Railway Engines'']]:
*'''DEL101''' ([[196x]]) - 1. Edward's Day Out, 2. Edward and Gordon
*'''DEL102''' ([[196x]]) - 1. The Sad Story of Henry, 2. Edward, Gordon and Henry

Stories from Book 2 - [[List of Railway Series Books#Thomas the Tank Engine|''Thomas the Tank Engine'']]:
*'''DEL103''' ([[1961]]) - 1. Thomas and Gordon, 2. Thomas's Train
*'''DEL104''' ([[196x]]) - 1. Thomas and the Trucks, 2. Thomas and the Breakdown Train

Stories from Book 3 - [[List of Railway Series Books#James the Red Engine|''James the Red Engine'']]:
*'''DEL114''' ([[196x]]) - 1. James and the Top Hat, 2. James and the Bootlace
*'''DEL115''' ([[196x]]) - 1. Troublesome Trucks, 2. James and the Express

Stories from Book 4 - [[List of Railway Series Books#Tank Engine Thomas Again|''Tank Engine Thomas Again'']]:
*'''DEL137''' ([[1964]]) - 1. Thomas and the Guard, 2. Thomas Goes Fishing
*'''DEL138''' ([[196x]]) - 1. Thomas, Terence and the Snow, 2. Thomas and Bertie

Stories from Book 5 - [[List of Railway Series Books#Troublesome Engines|''Troublesome Engines'']] :
*'''DEL142''' ([[196x]]) - 1. Henry and the Elephant, 2. Tenders and Turntables
*'''DEL143''' ([[196x]]) - 1. Trouble in the Shed, 2. Percy Runs Away

Stories from Book 6 - [[List of Railway Series Books#Henry the Green Engine|''Henry the Green Engine'']]:
*'''DEL150''' ([[196x]]) - 1. Coal, 2. The Flying Kipper
*'''DEL151''' ([[1966]]) - 1. Gordon's Whistle, 2. Henry's Sneeze

Stories from Book 7 - [[List of Railway Series Books#Toby the Tram Engine|''Toby the Tram Engine'']]:
*'''DEL152''' ([[196x]]) - 1. Toby and the Stout Gentleman, 2. Thomas in Trouble
*'''DEL153''' ([[196x]]) - 1. Dirty Objects, 2. Mrs Kindley's Christmas

Stories from Book 8 - [[List of Railway Series Books#Gordon the Big Engine|''Gordon the Big Engine'']]:
*'''DEL154''' ([[196x]]) - 1. Off the Rails, 2. Leaves
*'''DEL155''' ([[1966]]) - 1. Down the Mine, 2. Paint Pots and Queens

Stories from Book 9 - [[List of Railway Series Books#Edward the Blue Engine|''Edward the Blue Engine'']]:
*'''DEL212''' ([[196x]]) - 1. Cows!, 2. Berties Chase
*'''DEL213''' ([[196x]]) - 1. Saved from Scrap, 2. Old Iron

Stories from Book 10 - [[List of Railway Series Books#Four Little Engines|''Four Little Engines'']]:
*'''DEL214''' ([[196x]]) - 1. Skarloey Remembers, 2. Sir Handel
*'''DEL215''' ([[196x]]) - 1. Peter Sam and the Refreshment Lady, 2. Old Faithful

Stories from Book 11 - [[List of Railway Series Books#Percy the Small Engine|''Percy the Small Engine'']]:
*'''DEL216''' ([[196x]]) - 1. Percy and the Signal, 2. Duck Takes Charge
*'''DEL217''' ([[196x]]) - 1. Percy and Harold, 2. Percy's Promise

=Decca and Argo recordings=
In the 1970s the stories were released on 12" (33⅓rpm) vinyl albums by [[Decca Records]] as part of their "World of Children's Stories" series. Each record contained the stories from two complete books, one book on each side. The sleeve notes included the same quote from Rev. Awdry (see Delysé recordings, above). The sleeve illustrations were taken directly from the artwork of the original books.

The first eight books were again narrated by [[Johnny Morris]]. It is fairly safe to assume that the original Delysé recordings were re-used: Delysé is mentioned on the record label, and the copyright date matches the original singles from the 1960s.

Decca was also the owner of the [[Argo Records (UK)|Argo]] label, renowned for its audiobooks and other non-music recordings. It was therefore a natural progression to extend the series on this label. New recordings were made for six further books from The Railway Series, starting with [[List of Railway Series Books#Edward the Blue Engine|''Edward the Blue Engine'']]. These stories were narrated by [[Willie Rushton]] and the gaps between the tracks included atmospheric (if not always accurate) steam or diesel sound effects.

The albums were later released on audio cassette under the same labels. Recordings were produced by Peter Johnson ('Peter John Productions'); with Kaye & Ward Ltd and Third Man Music being identified as owners of the works.

Subsequently, Willie Rushton also recorded the remaining books (up to no. 26 [[List of Railway Series Books#Tramway Engines|''Tramway Engines'']]) on the Argo label. These recordings were never released on vinyl, only on audio cassette.

==List of recordings==
===Individual books===
The Johnny Morris albums were identified as 'Volume 1' to 'Volume 4'; while the Willie Rushton recordings omitted any 'Volume' identity on the front cover. For clarity, the recording details below have been identified by volume numbers, regardless of whether these were shown on the sleeve.

'''Volume 1: DECCA MONO LP - PA 270 ([[1972]]), Cassette - KCPA 270 ([[19xx]])'''
*Narrator: [[Johnny Morris]]

'''Side 1''' (from Book 1: [[List of Railway Series Books#The Three Railway Engines|''The Three Railway Engines'']])
# Edward's Day Out
# Edward and Gordon
# The Sad Story of Henry
# Edward, Gordon and Henry

'''Side 2''' (from Book 2: [[List of Railway Series Books#Thomas the Tank Engine|''Thomas the Tank Engine'']])
# Thomas and Gordon
# Thomas's Train
# Thomas and the Trucks
# Thomas and the Breakdown Train

'''Volume 2: DECCA MONO LP - PA 271 ([[1972]]), Cassette - KCPA 271 ([[19xx]])'''
*Narrator: [[Johnny Morris]]

'''Side 1''' (from Book 3: [[List of Railway Series Books#James the Red Engine|''James the Red Engine'']])
# James and the Top Hat
# James and the Bootlace
# Troublesome Trucks
# James and the Express

'''Side 2''' (from Book 4: [[List of Railway Series Books#Tank Engine Thomas Again|''Tank Engine Thomas Again'']])
# Thomas and the Guard
# Thomas Goes Fishing
# Thomas, Terence and the Snow
# Thomas and Bertie

'''Volume 3: DECCA MONO LP - PA 272 ([[1972]]), Cassette - KCPA 272 ([[19xx]])'''
*Narrator: [[Johnny Morris]]

'''Side 1''' (from Book 5: [[List of Railway Series Books#Troublesome Engines|''Troublesome Engines'']])
# Henry and the Elephant
# Tenders and Turntables
# Trouble in the Shed
# Percy Runs Away

'''Side 2''' (from Book 6: [[List of Railway Series Books#Henry the Green Engine|''Henry the Green Engine'']])
# Coal
# The Flying Kipper
# Gordon’s Whistle
# Henry’s Sneeze
''(The book ''Henry the Green Engine'' was unique in the series by having five stories rather than four. For the recording, it was the fourth story "Percy and the Trousers" which was omitted.)''

'''Volume 4: DECCA MONO LP - PA 273 ([[1972]]), Cassette - KCPA 273 ([[19xx]])'''
*Narrator: [[Johnny Morris]]

'''Side 1''' (from Book 7: [[List of Railway Series Books#Toby the Tram Engine|''Toby the Tram Engine'']])
# Toby and the Stout Gentleman
# Thomas in Trouble
# Dirty Objects
# Mrs Kindley's Christmas

'''Side 2''' (from Book 8: [[List of Railway Series Books#Gordon the Big Engine|''Gordon the Big Engine'']])
# Off the Rails
# Leaves
# Down the Mine
# Paint Pots and Queens

'''Volume 5: ARGO STEREO LP - SPA 559 ([[19xx]]), Cassette - KCSP 559 ([[1979]])'''
*Narrator: [[Willie Rushton|William Rushton]]

'''Side 1''' (from Book 9: [[List of Railway Series Books#Edward the Blue Engine|''Edward the Blue Engine'']])
# Cows
# Bertie's Chase
# Saved from Scrap
# Old Iron

'''Side 2''' (from Book 10: [[List of Railway Series Books#Four Little Engines|''Four Little Engines'']])
# Skarloey Remembers
# Sir Handel
# Peter Sam & The Refreshment Lady
# Old Faithful

'''Volume 6: ARGO STEREO LP - SPA 560 ([[19xx]]), Cassette - KCSP 560 ([[1979]])'''
*Narrator: [[Willie Rushton|William Rushton]]

'''Side 1''' (from Book 11: [[List of Railway Series Books#Percy the Small Engine|''Percy the Small Engine'']])
#Percy and the Signal
#Duck Takes Charge
#Percy and Harold
#Percy’s Promise

'''Side 2''' (from Book 12: [[List of Railway Series Books#The Eight Famous Engines|''The Eight Famous Engines'']])
#Percy Takes the Plunge
#Gordon Goes Foreign
#Double Header
#The Fat Controller’s Engines

'''Volume 7: ARGO STEREO LP - SPA 561 ([[1972]]), Cassette - KCSP 561 ([[1979]])'''
*Narrator: [[Willie Rushton|William Rushton]]

'''Side 1''' (from Book 13: [[List of Railway Series Books#Duck and the Diesel Engine|''Duck and the Diesel Engine'']])
#Domeless Engines
#Pop Goes The Diesel
#Dirty Work
#A Close Shave

'''Side 2''' (from Book 14: [[List of Railway Series Books#The Little Old Engine|''The Little Old Engine'']])
#Trucks
#Home At Last
#Rock 'n' Roll
#Little Old Twins

''The case insert for the cassette version lists the story titles as being on 'Side 1' and 'Side 2', but the labels on the cassette itself are marked '5' and '6'. By comparison, the label on cassette KCSP 559 identifies the sides conventionally ('1' and '2'). '' 

===Compilations===
In addition to the individual releases, the recordings were re-released together as compilations on the Argo label. The first compilations were released on two pairs of individually-cased cassettes: one pair for the Johnny Morris stories, one pair for Willie Rushton's.

The Willie Rushton compilation was released again after Decca's acquisition by [[PolyGram]] in [[1980]], this time as a twin boxed set. The recordings were distributed exclusively by [[EMI]], which was somewhat ironic as EMI was Decca's main competitor for several decades. In addition to the 'new' Argo logo, the EMI logo was displayed on the spine of the case sleeve.

The sleeve artwork was a heavilly-cropped portion of the illustration from the earlier compilation. The picture was based on one from the original books, the artist being credited as "Quick on the Draw". Decca was shown as copyright holder; Kaye & Ward Ltd and Third Man Music were no longer mentioned in the sleeve notes

First release: 
'''The Railway Stories - ARGO - SAY 87/1 - two mono cassettes - (date unknown)'''
* Narrator: [[Johnny Morris]]

*Side 1 - [[List of Railway Series Books#The Three Railway Engines|''The Three Railway Engines'']]
*Side 2 - [[List of Railway Series Books#Thomas the Tank Engine|''Thomas the Tank Engine'']]
*Side 3 - [[List of Railway Series Books#James the Red Engine|''James the Red Engine'']]:
*Side 4 - [[List of Railway Series Books#Tank Engine Thomas Again|''Tank Engine Thomas Again'']]

''These tapes were marked as 'a Delesé Production.'''

'''The Railway Stories - ARGO - SAY 29 - two stereo cassettes - (date unknown)'''
* Narrator: [[Willie Rushton|William Rushton]]

* Tape content is the same as for the 'second release' tapes.

''The cassette label and case insert showed the title as "The Railway Stories", and named the narrator and original author. Apart from this, and the usual copyright data, they were completely devoid of any indication as to the content of the recordings or the people behind them. It is not known whether the cassettes were originally supplied in some form of additional outer case that better described their content.''

Second release: 
'''The Railway Stories - ARGO 1058 - Double stereo cassette - ([[1982]])'''
* Narrator: [[Willie Rushton|William Rushton]]

'''Sides One & Two''' – (tape 1 - individually labelled '''ARGO 1059'''):
* Book 9: [[List of Railway Series Books#Edward the Blue Engine|''Edward the Blue Engine'']]
* Book 10: [[List of Railway Series Books#Four Little Engines|''Four Little Engines'']]
* Book 11: [[List of Railway Series Books#Percy the Small Engine|''Percy the Small Engine'']]

'''Sides Three & Four''' – (tape 2 - individually labelled '''ARGO 1060'''):
* Book 12: [[List of Railway Series Books#The Eight Famous Engines|''The Eight Famous Engines'']]
* Book 13: [[List of Railway Series Books#Duck and the Diesel Engine|''Duck and the Diesel Engine'']]
* Book 14: [[List of Railway Series Books#The Little Old Engine|''The Little Old Engine'']]

'''More Railway Stories - ARGO xxxx - Double stereo cassette - ([[19xx]])'''
* Narrator: [[Willie Rushton|William Rushton]]
* Cover picture: [[Peter Sam]]

'''Sides One & Two''' – (tape 1 - individually labelled '''ARGO xxxx'''):
* Book 15: [[List of Railway Series Books#The Twin Engines|''The Twin Engines'']]
* Book 16: [[List of Railway Series Books#Branch Line Engines|''Branch Line Engines'']]
* Book 17: [[List of Railway Series Books#Gallant Old Engine|''Gallant Old Engine'']]

'''Sides Three & Four''' – (tape 2 - individually labelled '''ARGO xxxx'''):
* Book 18: [[List of Railway Series Books#Stepney the “Bluebell” Engine|''Stepney the "Bluebell" Engine'']]
* Book 19: [[List of Railway Series Books#Mountain Engines|''Mountain Engines'']]
* Book 20: [[List of Railway Series Books#Very Old Engines|''Very Old Engines'']]

'''Further Railway Stories - ARGO xxxx - Double stereo cassette - ([[19xx]])'''
* Narrator: [[Willie Rushton|William Rushton]]
* Cover picture: [[Henry the Green Engine|Henry]], from "Super Rescue"

'''Sides One & Two''' – (tape 1 - individually labelled '''ARGO xxxx'''):
* Book 21: [[List of Railway Series Books#Main Line Engines|''Main Line Engines'']]
* Book 22: [[List of Railway Series Books#Small Railway Engines|''Small Railway Engines'']]
* Book 23: [[List of Railway Series Books#Enterprising Engines|''Enterprising Engines'']]

'''Sides Three & Four''' – (tape 2 - individually labelled '''ARGO xxxx'''):
* Book 24: [[List of Railway Series Books#Oliver the Western Engine|''Oliver the Western Engine'']]
* Book 25: [[List of Railway Series Books#Duke the Lost Engine|''Duke the Lost Engine'']]
* Book 26: [[List of Railway Series Books#Tramway Engines|''Tramway Engines'']]

=Ted Robbins recordings=
In association with Reed-Tempo Publishing, [[Ted Robbins]] recorded all of the stories written by [[Christopher Awdry]]. These were released in the 1990s by Egmont Books, on a series of four audio cassettes:
* ''James and the Diesel Engine, and Other Stories'' (1999) ( ISBN 186021021X )
* ''Thomas and the Twins, and other stories'' (1994) ( ISBN 1860210007 )
* ''Really Useful Engines, and other stories'' (1995) ( ISBN 1860210139 )
* ''Gordon the High Speed Engine, and other stories'' (1994) ( ISBN 1860210015 )


A selection of the stories were later released for the [[Early Learning Centre]], under the title ''Storytime with Thomas the Tank Engine'': "10 classic railway stories with music and sound effects". There were two cassettes released, both using the same [[Ken Stott (illustrator)|Ken Stott]]-style illustration, the second being labelled 'Volume 2'.

=Michael Angelis recordings=
A new Railway Stories recording was released on CD by [[BBC Audiobooks]] in March 2006. It contained adaptations of the first three Railway Series books, and was narrated by [[Michael Angelis]]. The cover artwork featured a picture of [[Thomas the Tank Engine|Thomas]] from the [[Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends]] TV series.

=Other Recordings=
There have been other audiobooks containing stories from The Railway Series, although most of these are based on stories re-written for the [[Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends]] TV series.

==Translations==
At least one set of stories has been released in Welsh [http://www.amazon.co.uk/Tomos-Goeden-Nadolig-Christopher-Awdry/dp/0905775139/sr=1-10/qid=1170415471/ref=sr_1_10/026-1411109-3270818?ie=UTF8&s=books (Tomos A'r Goeden Nadolig)]. Published by Cyhoeddiadau Mei in September 1998, it is ISBN 0905775139, but no more is known about this recording.

=External links=
* [http://www.pegnsean.net/~railwayseries/awdryania.htm 'Awdryania'] - Description of the merchandise spawned from The Railway Series before the advent of the TV series. Includes pictures of The Railway Stories vinyl singles and albums.
* [http://melgarvewarrior.tripod.com/sodorisland/narrators.html Profile of the narrators of the TV series and audio recordings]

{{Thomas}}
[[Category:The Railway Series|Railway Stories, The]]
[[Category:Audio books|Railway Stories, The]]